,i 1 i^"B!!| 1 ' , i^ ' ' '> i handbound AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/biographicaldict09johnuoft THE BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF AMERICA LIBRARY EDITION Limited to three hundred fifty numbered and registered copies, of which this is Number. Jf,cOWHATA/<*. Pickens, Fla. He commanded the second division of the mor- tar flotilla under Admiral Porter during the bombardment of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, and during the attack on Vicksburg he ac- companied Flag-officer Farragut on the pas- QUIGLEY QUINBY sage of the batteries. He was appointed lieu- tenant-commander in 1862 ; was on ordnance duty at Washington, 1863-63 ; was in charge of the double ender Wyalusiiig of the North Atlan- tic blockading squadron. 1863-64, and on May 5, 1864, in company with the Sassacus, Mattabesitt and Miami, steamed up Albemarle Sound to give battle to the Confederate ram Albemarle and the transports Bombshell and Cotton Plant. After a severe engagement the Federal vessels were all badly crippled, but the Albemarle was obliged to steam into the Roanoke river, the engagement thus defeating her plans to aid the Confederate forces in an attack on New Berne. He was pronioted commander, July 25, 1866 ; de- tailed on special duty at Hartford, Conn., and at Washington, D.C., 1866-67, as a member of the examining board. He commanded the Tuscarora of the South Pacific and North Atlantic squad- rons. 1867-70; commanded the receiving ship and rendezvous at Philadelphia, 1870-72, and was stationed at the navy yard, Washington, D.C., 1873-74. He was commissioned captain, June 4, 1874 ; commanded the Saranac in the North Pacific squadron, 1874-75, and the receiving ships Worcester and Franklin at Norfolk, Va., 1876-77. He was captain in the Brooklyn navy yard, 1878-79 ; commanded the flag-ship Trenton of the European station in 1880, and was detailed on special duty in the bureau of yards and docks, Washington, D.C., 1882-83. He was commission- ed commodore, Feb. 9, 1884 ; was a member of the retiring board in 1885 ; was commandant at the Washington navy yard, 1885-86 ; was com- missioned rear-admiral, Aug. 27, 1886, and was retired, Oct. 6, 1886. He died at Washington, D.C., Oct. 24, 1893 QUIGLEY, James Edward, R. C. bishop, was born in Oshawa, Canada, Oct. 15, 1854 ; son of James and Mary (Lacey) Quigley. He removed with his parents to Lima, N.Y., in 1856, and was graduated from St. Joseph's college, Buffalo, N.Y., in 1872. He attended the Seminary of Our Lady of Angels, Niagara, N.Y. ; the University of Inns- bruck, Austrian Tyrol ; was graduated from the College of the Propaganda, Rome, with the de- gree D.D., May 28, 1879, and ordained priest by Cardinal Monaco della Valleta, April 13, 1879. He was pastor of St. Vincent's church, Attica, N. Y., 1879-84 ; of St. Joseph's cathedral, 1884-96 ; of St. Bridget's church, Buffalo, 1897, and was con- secrated bishop at Buffalo, N.Y. , Feb. 24, 1897, by Archbishop Corrigan, assisted by Bishops McQuaid and McDonnell. In 1902 his diocese contained a Catholic population of 210,000 souls. He was ap- pointed archbishop of Chicago, Dec. 20, 1902, to succeed Archbishop P. A. Feehan, who died July 12, 1902, and he immediately assumed jurisdiction over the archdiocese. QUINBV, Isaac Ferdinand, soldier and edu- cator, was born in Morris county, near Morris- town, N.J., Jan. 29, 1821. He was graduate.! from the U.S. Military academy in 1843, and assigned to the 2d artillery. He was assistant professor of mathematics at the U.S. Military academy, 1845, and assistant professor of natural and experimental philosophy, 1845-47. He was promoted 2d lieutenant, Dec. 29, 1845 ; 1st lieu- tenant, March 3, 1847 ; served throughout the war with Mexico, 1847-48 ; was quartermaster, 3d artillery, 1848-50 ; adjutant, 1850-51, and act- ing assistant adjutant-general, 1st military de- partment, 1850-52. He resigned his commission, March 16, 1852, to accept the professorship of mathematics and natural and experimental phil- osophy at the University of Rochester, N.Y., which chair he held until 1861. He was colonel of the 13th regiment. New York volunteers, which in 1861 enlisted for three months, leading his regiment througli Baltimore, Md., to Wash- ington, D.C., immediately after the attack on the 0th Massachusetts regiment in the streets of Baltimore, the first regiment that was marched through the city in proper order, and he com manded it in the Manassas campaign, form- ing part of Sherman's brigade, in the action of Blackburn Ford, July 18, 1861. and in the battle of Bull Run, July 21. 1861. He resigned, Aug. 4, 1861, and returned to his professorship at the University of Rochester, but on March 17, 1862, was commissioned brigadier-general of U.S. vol- unteers, and was placed in command of the District of the Mississippi. He took part in the northern Mississippi campaign of 1862-63, where he was detailed to guard the western extremity of the Memphis and Charleston railroad. He commanded the seventh division. Army of the Tennessee, sent to turn the right flank of the Confederate army at Vicksburg by the Yazoo Pass. He arrived at Fort Pemberton, March 23, 1863, and planned an attack, but orders from General Grant caused his abandonment of the attack and he returned to the Mississippi river, April 14, 1863. He was ordered home on sick leave, but hearing of Grant's proposed attack on Vicksburg, he returned to the command of his division, and engaged in the battle of Champion's Hill, May 16, 1863, and in the assaults upon Vicksburg, May 19-22, 1863. He was on sick leave of absence, June-August, 1863, and com- manded the draft rendezvous at Elmira, N.Y., August-December, 1863. Ill health caused his resignation, Dec. 31, 1863, but he continued to serve as provost marshal of the 28th congressional district, Jan. 21 to Oct. 15, 1865. He resumed his chair at the University of Rochester, N.Y., in 1863. He was city surveyor of Rochester, 1886- 90 ; a trustee of the Soldiers' Home at Bath, N. Y., QCINBY QUINCY and vice-president of that institution. 1879-86. He was married to Elizabeth G., daughter of Gen. John L. Gardner, U.S.A. He revised the books of the Robinson course of niatheiuatics, and wrote the treatise on the calculus. He died in Rochester, N.Y., Sept. 18, 1891. QUINBY, Watson Fell, author, was born in Brandy wine Springs, Del., Dec. 15, 18i35 ; son of Dr. John and Elizabeth Starr (Phillips) Quinby ; grandson of Moses and Jane (Fell) Quinby, and of William D. and Phebe (Starr) Phillips, and a de- scendant of John Quinby of Westchester county, N.Y., member of the first New York assembly. He matriculated at Haverford college for the junior class of 1843 and left in 1843 without graduating, to enter Jefferson Medical college, Philadelphia, where he was graduated in 1847. He crossed the plains in 1849 with a party of California pioneers and lived for some years in mining camps in the mountains. He was mar- ried, Feb. 23, 1855, to Annie, daughter of James and Mary (Foote) Giffen of New Castle Co., Del., and afterward practiced medicine in Wilming- ton, Del. He is the author of : Mongrelism (1876) ; The Coming Kingdom (1878); Solomon's Seal (1880): A Solution of the Circle (1885); Weights and Measures (1885); Silver (1885); Greek Names in America (1888); The Yard or the Metre, Which Will Ye Choose? (1891). QUINBY, William Emory, diplomatist and journalist, was born at Brewer, Maine, Dec. 14, 1835 ; son of Daniel Franklin andArazina (Reed) Quinby ; grandson of Benjamin Franklin and Phoebe (Larrabee) Quinby, and of Samuel Webb and Sarah (Kidder) Reed, and a descend- ant of William Quinby, who settled in Connecti- cut in 1650. He removed with his father to Detroit, Mich., in 1850; attended the literary department of Gregory's Commercial college, Detroit ; was graduated from the University of Michigan, A.B., 1858, A.M., 1861, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1859. He was married, in April, 1860, to Adeline Frazier. As a boy he assisted his father in publishing the Literary Miscellany, and in 1861 obtained employment with the Detroit Free Press, becoming manag- ing-editor in 1863, and general manager, editor- in-chief, and principal owner in 1873. He was U.S. minister to The Netherlands, 1893-97. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by tlie University of Michigan in 1896. QUINCY, Josiah, patriot, was born in Boston, Mass., Feb. 23, 1744; son of Josiah and Hannah (Sturgis) Quincy ; grandson of Edmund and Dorothy (Flynt) Quincy ; great-grandson of Ed- mund and Elizabeth (Gookin) Eliot Quincy, and greats-grandson of Edmund and Judith (Pares) Quincy, the immigrants. He was graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1763, A.M., 1766, when he de- livered his master's oration "Patriotism," his first oration in English, in which he demonstra- ted unusual power as an orator. He studied law under Oxenbridge Thacher in Boston, and prac- tised in Boston, 1766-73. His political views rendering him obnoxious to the supreme court of the province, his name was omitted in the distribution of the honors of the gown. He was mar- ried in October, 1779, to Abigail, daughter of William PhiUips. On March 5, 1770, the difiiculties between citizens of Boston and the British soldiers, known as the Boston massacre, occurred, and the citizens were clamorous for ven- geance against Cap- tain Preston and the though sympathizing 'i^cJv XMU4*!•>/ Course of Analytical and Applied Chemistry (1872); Chemical Qualita- tive Analysis (1879); History of the Confederate Powder Works (1882); and numerous essays. He died at Newburg, N.Y., March 21, 1898. RAINS, James Edward, soldier, was born in Wilson county, Tenn., April 10, 1833 ; son of the IX. -2 Rev. John and Lucinda (Cartwright) Rains. He was graduated from Yale in 1854; was admitted to the bar, and practised in Nashville. He edited the Daily Republican Banner in 1857 ; was city attorney in 1858, and attorney-general for his judicial district in 1860. He was married about 1860, to Ida, only daughter of H. T. Yeatman. Mrs. Rains was residing in Nashville in 1903. In 1801 he joined the Confederate army as lieutenant- colonel of the 11th Tennessee regiment ; was pro- moted colonel, and commanded the 2d brigade, 1st division, department of East Tennessee. He was ordered by Gen. J. D. Stevenson, division commander, to cover the evacuation of Cimaber- land Gap, June 14, 1862, and after effecting the purpose, withdraw his two regiments and mai'ched toward Morristown. He was commis- sioned brigadier-general, Nov. 4, 1862 ; com- manded his brigade in McCown's division, Har- dee's corps, Bragg's Ai my of the Tennessee, in the battle of Stone's river, and while leading a charge against McCook's Federal corps, he was shot through the heart, dying instantly, Dec. 31, 1862. RAINSFORD, William Stephen, clergyman, was born in Dublin, Ireland, Oct. 30, 1850 ; son of the Rev. Marcus and Louisa (Dickson) Rainsford. Ill health caused his early withdrawal from school, and led to travel abroad for some time. He became interested in one of the first efforts made in Eng- land to apply a thor- ough study to the conditions of life in East London. The result of such study was a visit to Canada, in company with Herbert Watney, his brother-in-law, which visit had for its object the settling of eight hundred emigrants /^/^~~T KJ) L^^ from the East of /K^/j2[^Mx4^^ London in the Do- minion. He then traveled extensively all over the United States, among other journeys un- dertaking one from St. Paul, Minn., to Victo- ria, Vancouver's Island. This trip lasted many months and was not without danger. His party consisted of Herbert Watney and himself and their two men. The country was wild and absolutely unsettled, and the United States' re- lations with the Indians very much disturbed. He returned to England iu 1869, and was gradu- ated from St. John's college, Cambridge, in 1873 ; was ordained deacon and priest in consecutive years, and held during this time the curacy of St. Giles's parish in Norwich. In 1876-78 he de- RALPH RALPH voted himself entirely to evangelistic work in the United States and Canada, conducting services in Philadelphia, Baltimore, Richmond, New Or- leans, Louisville, Sandusky, Boston and New York. He took charge of Holy Trinity church. New York city, for three months during the absence of Dr. Stephen H. Tyng, Jr., and while there hud full charge of the meetings in Dr. Tyng's gospel tent, corner of 34th Street and Broadway. In 1S78 he returned to England, and married Emily Alma, daughter of Frederick Green of 38 Princess Gardens, London. From England he was called to be assistant rector of the Catiiedral of St. James, Toronto, Canada, where he remained until 1883, in which year he succeeded Dr. "Williams as rector of St. George's church, New York, taking up his i-esidence, Jan. 1. 1883. All seats in the clmrch were declared free, the cliurch was opened for private devotion at all hours of the day. dailj^ services were held and frequent services on Sunday, and a large choir, chiefly volunteex's, was placed in the chancel, alterations in the clmrch being made to admit of this change. Tiie staff of the church became one of the most efficient in the country, consisting of four clergy, five deaconesses and two secretaries. The Sunday school grew to a membership of 2000. In 1903 tlie communicants of St. Geoi-ge's numbered over 8.000, the number of societies and classes thirty-nine, the money raised during twenty years of rectorship $2,254,543. The mem- bership of the church was unique ; living in tene- ments houses, 5400 ; in boarding houaes, 1001 ; in flats, apartments, hotels, 938 ; in private houses, 589 ; out of town, 127 ; unclassified, 235 ; total : 8290. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred by Trinity in 1887. He was baccalau- reate preacher at Harvard, Columbia and Chi- cago. He is the author of : Sermons Preached at St. George's (1887); A Good Friday Meditation (1901) The Reasonableness of Faith (1902) and many sermons. RALPH, Julian, author and journalist, was born in New York city, May 27, 1853 ; son of Dr. Joseph Edward and Selina (Mahoney) Ralph. He was graduated from the public schools, ap- prenticed in the printing office of the Standard at Red Bank, N. J., in 1868 ; at once began writing short stories and humorous articles, and in 1870 became local editor of the paper. He founded the Leader at Red Bank, 1871, became acting editor of the Webster, Mass., Times in 1872, re- turned to New York to become a reporter on the World under William Henry Hurlbert in 1872, reported for the Daily Graphic, 1872-75, and was continuously on tlie staff of the New York Sun, 187.5-95. He was married. May 15, 1870, to Isabella, daughter of Thomas H. and Frances C. Mount of Chapel Hill, N.J. He started Chatter, e^^^^fc^ a literary weekly, in 1889, and after its failure in 1900, made many important journeys for Har- per's Magazine. He devoted himself to the United States and Canada, 1891-93, to Asia, 1894- 97, and through Russia to the border of Persia in 1897. He was Lon- don correspondent of the New York Jour- nal in 1896-97, an^J reported the Turko- Gret'k war ; became London correspond- ent of the New York Herald and the Brook- lyn £a(/?e, and in 1899 a member of the staff of the London Daily Mail, for which he spent a year in the British-Boer war. At the command of Lord Roberts, command- ing the British forces, he and Rudyard Kipling, Percival Landon and H. E. Gwynne established 77(6 Friend, the first daily newspaper ever pub- lished for the information and entertainment of an army. It was establisiied at Bloemfon- tein, in the then Orange Free State. In 1889 he was elected a member of the Royal Geograpli- ical society, and in 1900 he received the honorary degree A.M. from Middlebury college, Vermont. He returned to America in 1902, and in Decem- ber was appointed Eastern representative of the Louisiana Purchase exposition of 1904. He is the author of: Cuba (1882); Long Island of To-day and The Sun's German Barber (1884); On Can- ada's Frontier (1892); Our Great West and Chicago and the World's Fair (1893); Along the Boivstring (1894); Dixie (1895); People We Pasa (1895); Alone in China (1896); An Angel in a Web (1896); .4 Prince of Georgia (1897); Towards Pretoria (1900); At Pretoria, called in America, An American With Lord Roberts (1901); TT'ar's Brighter Side (1901); Tlte Millionairess (1902). He died in New York city, Jan. 20. 1903. RALPH, Lester, painter and illustrator, was born in New York city, July 19, 1876 ; son of Julian and Isabella (Mount) Ralpli. He attendeil the Brooklyn High school and Adelphi academy ; studied in tiie Art Students' League, and tht-n spent three years as a student in Paris and Rome, 1896-99. He illustrated scenes in the Turko-Greek war for Harper's Magazine, and in the Britisli- Boer war for the London Black and White. He made a number of paintings of South African war scenes after his return to London, where he es- tablished his residence until 1902, when he re- turned to America and took up illustrating for the leading magazines. RALSTON RAMSAY RALSTON, James Qrier, educator, was born in Chester county. Pa., Dec. 28, 1815; son of Samuel and Nancy Hays (Grier) Ralston ; grand- son of John and Christiana (King) Ralston, and a descendant of John and Mary (McCummack) Ralston, who came from Ballymena parish, county Antrim, Ireland, to "Craigs," or the Irish settlement in Northampton county, Pa., about 1733. He was graduated at Washington college. Pa., 1838; attended Princeton Theological semi- nary, 1839—10 ; was principal of Oxford Female seminary, Chester County, Pa., 1841-15 ; was or- dained by the presbytery of New Castle, Dec. 17, 1815 ; founded, and was principal of Oakland Fe- male institute, Norristown, Pa., 1845-74 and 1877- 80. He was a student of natural history and chem- istry and the discoverer of a fluoride of alum- inum and calcium, the mineral being named Ralstonite after the discoverer. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Lafayette college in 1865, having served as trustee of that institu- tion, 1860-65 ; and the degree of D.D. from Wash- ington and Jefferson college in 1868. He died in Norristown, Pa., Nov. 10. 1880. RAMBAUT, Mary LucindaBonney, educator, was born at Hamilton, N.Y., June 8. 1816 ; daughter of Benjamin and Lucinda (Wilder) Bonney, and granddaughter of Benjamin Bonney and of' Abel Wilder, both of Chesterfield, Mass., and both soldiers in the Revolution. She ac- quired her education at Hamilton academy, and at Troy Female seminary, graduating from the latter in 1834, and taught at Jersey City, N.J., New York city, De Ruyter, N.Y., and at the Troy Female seminary, successively, 1834-42. She was a teacher at Beaufort and Roberville, S.C, 1843-48, and in 1850, with the assistance of Harriette Dillaye, opened the Chestnut Street Female seminary, Philadelphia, Pa., which soon became an important institution. It was re- rKoN-r view moved in 1883 to Ogoutz. near Philadelphia, the estate formerly occupied by Jay Cooke (q.v.), where it continued to increase in attendance and influence. In 1879, with Mrs. Amelia S. Quinton (q.v.), she was instrumental In forming the Women's National Indian association which led the popular movement for Indian citizenship, es- tablished fifty missions among the Indians, made loans, and provided many with homes and educa- tional advantages. In March, 1881, Miss Bonney was elected president and in 1879 a first petition, endorsed by 50,000 signatures, was sent to the President and both houses of congress " to guard the Indians in the enjoyment of all the rights guaranteed to them by the faith of the nation."' A second petition with 100,000 signatures affixed was sent in 1880 and a third in 1881. In 1880 she resigned as senior principal of the Ogontz school and in the same year was made a delegate to the World's Missionary convention at London. While in London, she was married to the Rev. Dr. Thomas Rambaut (q.v.). After her husband's death she made her home with her brother in Hamilton, N.Y'.. wliere she died, July 24, 1900, RAMBAUT, Thomas, educator, was born in Dublin, Ireland, Aug. 25. 1819. His parents were Huguenots, and he attended the Huguenot academy at Portarlington. Ireland, and was grad- uated from Trinity college, Dublin, Ireland, in 1839. He came to the United States in 1810, and settled in Savannah, Ga., where he intended to enter upon the study of law, but decided to study for the ministry. He was principal of Beach Island academy, D.C., 1843-43 ; was ordained to the Baptist ministry, 1843, and was pastor of churches at Robertsville, S.C, 1843-44, and at Savannah, Ga., 1848-56. He was professor of ancient languages at Cherokee Baptist college, Cassville, Ga., 1856-63, and president of Cherokee Baptist college, 1857-63. He was professor of history and Roman literature in Georgia Military institute. Marietta, Ga., 1863-64, and agent of the Baptist Home Missionary society, preaching in nearly every southern state, 1864-67. He was president of William Jewell college, Liberty, Mo., 1867-74, meantime filling the chair of philosophy and theology, 1868-73 ; and traveled abroad, 1873- 74, visiting the principal European universities, under the authority of the trustees of the college. He was pastor of Baptist churches at Brooklyn, N.Y''., Newark, N.J., Albany, N.Y^.. and Franklin Pa., 1874-84, and returned to Brooklyn, N.Y.. in 1887. He was the general delegate of the Baptist church in the United States to the World's Mis~ sionary convention held at London, England, it* 1888. The honorary degree of A.M. was con, ferred on him by Mercer university, Macon, Ga., in 1857 and that of LL.D. by Madison university. New Y'ork, in 1860. He removed to Hamilton, N.Y., in 1888. and died there, Oct. 15. 1890. RAMSAY, David, delegate, was born iu Dunmore, Lancaster county, Pa., April 2, 1749; son of James and Jane (Montgomery) Ramsay. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1765, A.M., 1768 ; was a tutor in Maryland, 1765-67, and was graduated M.B. from RAMSAY RAMSAY the University of Pennsylvania in 1773. He be- gan practice in Cecil county, Md., but removed to Charleston, S.C., in 1773, and in 1776 joined the American army as surgeon and took part in the defence of Savannah. He was a member of the house of commons of Soutli Carolina, 1776-83 ; a member of the council of safety, where his aggressive .stand against Britisli oppression and their tory allies in the colonies so incensed tlie enemy that when Charleston was captured, May 12. 1780, he was imprisoned at St. Augustine with forty other hostages until exchanged in March, 1871. He was a delegate from South Carolina to the Continental congress, 1783-84 and 1785-86, and served as president pro tempore of that body dur- ing his last term. He was also a member of the South Carolina senate, and its president seven years. He was married to Frances, daughter of John Witherspoon. and after her deatli, secondly, Jan. 23, 1787. to Martha, daughter of Henry and Eleanor (Ball) Laurens of Charleston, S.C. He received his M.D. degree from tlie University of Pennsylvania in 1780. and tlie lionorary degree of M.D. from Yale in 1789. His publislied works include : Touch not. Taste not. Handle not (a ser- mon on tea, 1775) ; An Oration on American In- dependence (1778); History of the Revolution of South Carolina from a British Province to an In- dependent State (1785) ; History of the American Revolution (1789) ; On the Means of Preserving Health in Charleston and its Vicinity (1790) ; Review of the Imiirovements, Progress and State of Medicine in the Eighteenth Century (1802); Life of George Washington (1807) ; History of South Carolina from its Settlement in 1670 to the Year ISOS (1809) ; Memoirs of Martha Laurens Ramsay, with Extracts from her Diary (1811) ; Eulogium on Dr. Benjamin Rush (1813) ; History of the United States, 1607-180S, continued to the treaty of Ghent by Samuel S. Smith and others and published posthumously (1816-17). Tliis work formed tlie first tliree volumes of " Universal History Americanized" (12 vols., 1819). He met death from a pistol shot at the hands of a maniac to whose insanity he had testified as an expert in court. He died in Charleson. S.C, May 8, 1815. RAMSAY, Francis Munroe, naval officer, was born in tlni District of Colutnl)ia, April 5. 1835; son of Gen. George Douglas and Frances Whet- croft (Munroe) Rain-iay. He entered the navy as a midsliipman, Oct. 5, 18-50, served on board the Preble, 1851, and the .SY. Lawrence, Pacific station, 1851-.55 ; was graduated from the U.S. Naval academy, June 20, 1856 ; served on the Falmouth, Brazil squadron, 1857, and the Mer- rimac. Pacific squadron, 1857-60. He was pro- moted acting master, June 24, 18.57 ; master, Jan. 22, 1858 ; lieutenant. Jan. 23, 1858 ; lieutenant- commander, July 16, 1862. He served on the Saratoga, 1860-62 ; commanded the ironclad Choctaw of tlie Mississippi squadron, 1863-64; and took part in tlie engagements on the Yazoo river in 1863. including Haines's Bluff, April 30- May 1 ; Liverpool's Landing in May, and Milliken's Bend. June 7. He was in charge of a battery at Vicks- burg, June 19-July 4, 1863; commanded the 3d division of the Mississippi fleet, 1863-64 ; served at Trinity and Harri- sonburg, La., March, 1864 ; took part in exi)editions up the Black, Ouaciiita, Red and Atchafalaya rivers in the spring of 1864; was engaged at Simnisport, La., June 8, 1864 ; commanded the gunboat Unudilla of the North Atlantic squadron, 1864-65 ; was pres- ent at the storming of Fort Fislier, and of several Cape Fear river forts, including Fort Anderson, and was in the James river flotilla in the capture of Richmond, Va., in 1865. He had charge of the department of gunnery at the Naval academy. 1865-66 ; was promoted com- mander, July 25, 1866, and served on navigation duty at the navy yard, Washington, D.C., 1866- 67 ; as fleet-captain and chief of staff of the South Atlantic squadron on the flag-ship Guerriere, .^^rs^.. i^V*^ THE DOnBARDAAE/HT OF FORT F15HER 1867-69. and as cojnmander of the Guerriere, June and July, 1869. He was married, June 9, 1869, to Anna, daugliter of Patrick and Mary (Powers) ]\IcMahon of Ireland. He served on ordnance duty at tlie navy yard, Washington, D.C.. 1869-72 ; in the bureau of ordnance in 1872, and as naval attaclie in Europe. 1872-73. He com- manded the Ossipee on the Nortli Atlantic station, 1873-74 ; was at the Philadelpiiia naval asylum, 1875-76. inspector of ordnance in New York, 1876- 78: promoted captain, Dec. 1, 1877 ; commanded the torpedo station, Newport, R.I., 1878-81 ; the Trenton, European station, 1881 ; was superinten- dent, Naval academy, 1881-86 ; a member of the RAMSAY RAMSDELL board of examiners, 1886-87, and commanded the Boston on special service, 1887-89. He com- manded the New York navy yard and station, 1889 ; was promoted commodore, March 26, 1889 ; chief of the bureau of navigation, 1889-97 ; was promoted rear-admiral, April 11, 1894, and having reached the age of sixty-two was placed on the retired list, April 5, 1897, making his home in Washington, D.C., where in March, 1903, he was still residing. RAMSAY, George Douglas, soldier, was born in Dumfries, Va., Feb. 21, 1802; son of Andrew and Catherine (Graham) Ramsay; grandson of Patrick and Elizabeth (Poythress) Ramsay and of Richard and James (Brent) Graham. Patrick Ramsay emigrated from Glasgow, Scotland, to Virginia, and settled in Bristol Parish. He returned to Scotland prior to the Revolution, and after his death, in 1791, his widow brought her sons to Alexandria, Va., where they followed mercantile, pursuits. George Douglas Ramsay was graduated from the U.S. Military academy, and promoted 2d lieutenant, light artillery, July 1, 1820 ; was transferred to the 1st artillery on re-organization of the army, June 1, 1821 ; and promoted 1st lieutenant, March 1, 1826. He served as adjutant of the 1st artillery, 1833-35 ; as assistant ordnance officer at Washington arsenal, D.G., in 1835, and was promoted captain and transferred to the ordnance department, Feb. 25, 1835, serving as commandant of the New York, Washington, Frankford and Augusta arsenals. He was married, Sept. 23, 1830, to Frances Whetcroft, daughter of Thomas and Frances (Whetcroft) Munroe of Washington, D.C. ; his wife died, April 22, 1835, He was married, secondly, June 28, 1838, to Eliza Rae, daughter of Thomas Gales of Louisiana. He was ordnance officer at Corpus Christi and Point Isabel in the military occupation of Texas, 1845- 46, and in the battle of Monterey, Sept, 21-23, 1846, where he was brevetted major, for gallant conduct. He was chief of ordnance of General Taylor's army, 1847-48 ; commandant of the Frankford, Fort Munroe, St, Louis and Wash- ington arsenals, 1848-61 ; and was promoted major, April 22, 1861 ; lieutenant-colonel, Aug, 3, 1861, and colonel, June 1, 1863, He commanded the arsenal at Washington, D.C, 1861-63 ; served as chief of ordnance of the U.S. army with head- quarters at Washington, 1863-64 ; was promoted brigadier-general, and made chief of ordnance of the U.S. army, Sept. 15, 1863, and retired by age limit, Sept. 12, 1864. He was inspector of arsenals, 1864-66 ; commanded the Washington arsenal, 1866-70 ; was brevetted major-general, U.S.A., March 13, 1865, for long and faithful ser- vices, and was a member of the examining board. He died in Washington, D.C, May 23, 1882. RAMSAY, Nathaniel, soldier, was born in Lancaster county. Pa., May 1, 1741 ; son of James and Jane (Montgomery) Ramsay, James Ramsay having emigrated from the north of Ireland, and settled in Drumore, Lancaster county. Pa. , early in the eighteentli century. He was graduated at the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1767, A.M., 1771, and was admitted to the bar in 1771. He signed the declaration of the freemen of Maryland, was a delegate from Cecil county to the Maryland con- vention of 1775, and a member of the committees to promote the manufacture of saltpetre, and to encoui'age manufactures of any kind. He was appointed captain in Sniallwood's Maryland regiment, Jan. 14, 1776 ; joined the Continental army in Philadelphia in July, taking part in the battle of Long Island, Aug. 27 ; was promoted lieutenant-colonel of the 3d regiment, Maryland line, Dec. 10, 1776, and was stationed with the army at Valley Forge during the winter of 1777- 78, After the retreat of Gen, Charles Lee at Monmouth, June 28, 1778, where he commanded a regiment, he was ordered to drive back the advancing British troops, which he did, holding his position with a remnant of his regiment against the British dragoons until his men were exhausted and he was left alone, wounded and apparently dead. He was taken prisoner and did not obtain an exchange until Dec. 14, 1780. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel U.S.A., June 1, 1779 to date from Jan. 1, 1777, and was retired Jan. 1, 1781. He practised law in Cecil county, 1781-83 ; in Baltimore, 1783-90 ; represented Mary- land in the Contintental congress, 1785-78 ; was appointed U.S. marshal for Maryland, by Presi- dent Washington, serving 1790-98, and was U.S. naval officer of the port of Baltimore, 1794-1817. He was married first in 1771, to Margaret Jane, sister of Charles Wilson Peale, the portrait paint- er, and secondly in 1792, to Charlotte, daughter of Aquila and Sophia (White) Hall of Maryland. He died in Baltimore, Md., Oct. 23, 1817. RAMSDELL, George Allen, governor of New Hampshire, was born in Milford, N.H., March 11, 1834 ; son of William and Maria A. (Moore) Ramsdell ; grandson of William and Mary (South- ward) Ramsdell, and of Humphrey and Hannah (Peabody) Moore, and a descendant of Abijah Ramsdell, who emigrated from England to America, and settled in Lynn, Mass. He at- tended Appleton academy, and Amherst college for one year, and studied law in Manchester, N.H. He was admitted to the bar in 1857 ; was married in November, 1860, to Eliza D., daughter of David and Margaret (Dinsmore) Wilson of Deering, N.H, ; practised law in Peterboro, N.H., 1857-63 ; and was clerk of the supreme court of Hillsborough county, 1864-88, residing at Am- herst, 1864-66, and at Nashua, 1866-67. He RAMSEUR RAMSEY resigned his clerkship and practised law, 1887- 91 ; represented Hillsborough county in the New Hampshire legislature, 1870-72, where he served on the judiciary and other important committees ; was a member of the state consti- tutional convention in 1876, >.\;is;^s=^^««^ ami of the governor's council, 1891-92. He declined a seat on the supreme bench of the state in 1893, and was Re- jniblican governor of New Hampshire, 1897-99. He held many local offices, includ- ing the presidency of thob(Kird of trustees of the State Industrial School at Manchester. N.ll. He received tlie honorary degree of A.M. from Dart- mouth college in 1871. Governor Ramsdell died in Nashua, N.H.. Nov. 16. 1900. RAMSEUR, Stephen Dodson, soldier, was born in Lincolnton, N.C., May 31, 1837; son of Jocob A. and Lucy M. (Wilfong) Ramseur. He was a student at Davidson college, N.C., 1853-55 ; was graduated at the U.S. Military academy, fourteenth in a class of 41, in 1860, and was as- signed to the artillery. He served in garrison at Fort Monroe, Va.,and at "Washington, D.C., 1860- 61 : was promoted 2d lieutenant, 4th artillery, Feb. 1, 1861. and resigned from the U.S. army, April 6. 1861, entering the Confederate service as captain of artillery. Early in 1862 he reported to Gen. John B. Magruder on the Peninsula with the lUth North Carolina artillery, having been promoted major. He was transferred to the 49th Nortli C.irolina infanty as colonel, April 12, 1862, which he commanded in Robert Ransom's brig- ade, Holmes's division, Magruder's command in the seven days' battles before Richmond, June 25-July 1, 1862, where he was wounded. He was promoted brigadier-general. Nov. 1, 1862, and commanded the third brigade, composed of the 2d, 4th, 14th and 30th North Carolina regiments in D. H. Hill's division, Jacksons corps, in the Chancellorsville campaign, and was again wounded. He commanded his brigade in Rodes's division, Ewell's 2d corps at Getty.sburg, and from the Wilderness to Cold Harbor, and was promoted major-general, June 1, 1864. "When the second corps was transferred from Ewell to Early, June 12, 1864, for the invasion of Mar}-- land and attack on Wa.shington. Ramseur's di- vision was made up of the brigades of Lilley, Johnston and Lewis. After engaging the enemy at Harper's Ferry and Maryland Heights, he oc- cupied the centre of Early's line of battle at tiie Monocacy crossing, July 9, 1864. wliere Gen. Lew Wallace opposed the advance but was re- pulsed and driven south witiiin tlir> lines of di-- fences of Washington. On July 13. when witliin sight of the dome of tlie capitol, learning of the advance of General Grant to the relief of ft Federal capitol, Early ordered his army to fall back, which they did that night, crossing the Potomac at Wliite's Ford above Leesburg on the morning of the 14th, entering the valley through Snicker's Gap and after crossing the Shenandoak. awaiting the Federal armj' at Berryville. Or Aug. 7, 1864, Sheridan had assumed comman.'] of the middle military division and of the Army of the Shenandoah. Then followed the battles of Cedar ville, Winchester. Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek, August-October, 1864. Meantime Ram- seur's division had been given the fir.st position in Early's army, and his command was made up of the brigades of C. A. Battle, Phil Cook, Bryan Grimes, and W. R. Cox in the battle of Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19, 1864, where he was mortally wounded. He died at Winchester, Oct. 20, 1864. RAMSEY, Alexander, governor of Minnesota, was born near Harrisburg, Pa., Sept 8, 1815 ; son of Thomas and Elizabeth (Kelker) Ramsay, and grandson of Alexander and Vera Frit (Cor- nelius) Ramsey, and of Henry and Elizabeth (Greenawalt) Kelker. He attended Lafay- ette college, 1834-35 ; entered the regis- ter's office, Dauphin county, as clerk in 1838 ; was admitted to the bar in 1839, and began practice in Harrisburg. He was secretary to the presi- dential electors in 1840; clerk of the Pennsylvania house of representatives ia 1841 ; a Whig repre- sentative from the Harrisburg district in the 28th and 29th con- gresses, 1843-47, and chairman of the Whig state central committee in 1848. He was married in 1845, to Anna Eail, daughter of Michael H. Jenks of Newton, Pa. He was the first territorial governor of Minnesota from A[)ril 2, 1849 to May 15, 1853, and between 1849 and 1858 made various treaties with the Indian tribes in Minnesota, procuring for tlie United States that portion of land now contained in the .state of Minnesota. He was mayor of St. Paul, 18.5.5-57 ; second gov- ernor of the state of Minnesota from Jan. 21, 1860, to July 10, 1863, and U.S. senator. 1863-75. serving on the committees on naval affairs, posts, patents and pensions. He was secretary of war in President Hayes's cabinet, 1879-81, and a meml)er and chairman of the Utali commission. 1 881-86, resigning in 1880. He received the ho> orary degree of A.M. from Lafayette college ;■• 'a/m^ RAMSEY RANDALL 1865. He celebrated the eighty-seventh anniver- sary of his bii^tli Sept. 8, 1902, at his home in St. Paul, INIinn., wliere he died, April 22, 1903. RAMSEY, James Qettys McQrady, author, was born in Knox county, Tenn., March 25, 1797 ; son of Francis Alexander (177—1820) and Peggy McKnitt (Alexander) (177—1805) Ramsey ; grand- aon of Reynolds (172—1816) and Naomi (Alex- ander) (173—1813) Ramsey, and of John Mc- Knitt Alexander of North Carolina, a signer of the Mecklenberg Declaration of Independence. and great-grandson of Ramsey who came to America from the North of Ireland in 1730, and settled wliere Adams county is now located. His wife was lost overboard from the ship on the voyage to America, and he lived with his son Reynolds, who married Naomi, daughter of Francis Alexander of Pennsylvania, and removed to Rockbridge county, Va. Francis Alexander Ramsey removed to Holston settlements, N.C., 1783, and became secretary of the proposed state of Franklin, subsequently Tennessee. He built a stone house in Knox county six miles northeast of Knoxville, which was still standing in 1903. His eldest son, J. G. McG. Ramsey, graduated at Wash- ington college, Tenn., A.B., 1815, receiving the degree A.M. later ; was clerk and register of Knox county, 1816-20 ; studied medicine in Knoxville, and at the University of Pennsylvania, and was married, March 1, 1821*, to Margaret Barton (1802- 1889), daughter of Capt. John and Hannah (Bar- ton) Crozier. He practised in Knoxville, residing in the fork of the Holston and French Broad rivers, four and a half miles northeast of the city. He .was president of the Bank of Ten- nessee ; founder of the first historical society of Tennessee ; president of the Charleston and Cin- cinnati railroad, projected in 1836 ; and finan- cial agent of the Confederate States, 1861-65. He was the author of : Annals of Tennessee to the End of the Eighteenth Century (Vol. I. 1853, new ed., 1860), and when his house was burned by the Federal soldiers in 1863 his his- torical papers and MS. of Vol. II. of the Annals of Tennessee, and MS. of History of Lebanon Church, 1791-1S54, were lost. He died in Knoxville, Tenn., April 41, 1884. RANCK, George W., author, was bom in Louisville, Ky., Feb. 13, 1841 ; son of Solomon and Sarah (Marman) Ranck ; grandson of Samuel, 2d. and Mary (Aultz) Ranck, and descendant of Michael and Anna (Barbara) Ranck, Huguenots, and adherents of the Moravian church, who escaped from Holland in the English vessel Mor- ton Hmise, and landed in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 24, 1728, helping to found the town of New Hol- land. George W. Ranck was a student at Ken- tucky university, 1864-68. at Harrodsburg, 1864- 65, and at Lexington, 1865-68 ; was tutor there for some time and principal of its academy in 1868. He was editor of the Lexington Observer and Reporter, 1868-71, and in 1871 became owner of the paper. He was married in 1868, to Helen, daugliter of John and Mary E. Carty of Lexington. He was one of the organizers of the Kentucky Historical society at Frankfort, 1878 ; was a member of the Virginia Historical society; the Massachusetts Historical society, and of various other learned and patriotic organiza- tions ; and delivered the historical address, " Cen- tennial of Lexington," at Morrison college, April 2, 1879. His death resulted from being struck by a train, wliile examining the stone sills and under ties of the first railroad built in Lexington, Ky., in quest of historical information for an article he had in preparation. His publications are : History of Lexington, Kentucky (1872); G'Hara and His Elegies (1875); several chapters for His- tory of Lafayette Co., Ky. (1882) ; Guide to Lex- ington (1883); airty, the ^Miite Indian (1886): Tlte Traveling Church (1891); TJie Story of Bryan's Station (1896) ; Tlie Bivouac of the Dead and its Author (1898) ; Boonesborough (1901). He died in Lexington, Ky., Aug. 2, 1901. RAND, Edward Sprague, floriculturist, was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 20, 1834 ; son of Ed- ward Sprague and Elizabeth (Arnold) Rand ; grandson of Edward Sprague Rand (1782-1863), a shipping merchant of Amsterdam, Holland, and shipping merchant and banker of Newbury- port, Mass., and a de.scendant in the eighth generation from Robert and Alice Rand, who settled in Charlestown, Mass., in 1635. He was graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1855, LL.B., 1857, A.M., 1858 ; and engaged in business with his father, residing in Dedham, Mass., where he devoted his leisure to floriculture and literature. He was assistant editor of Harris on Insects In- jurious to Vegetation in 1862, edited the floral department of The Homestead, and assisted in the preparation of a new edition of Dr. Jacob Bige- low's " Florula Bostouiensis." He traveled exten- sively in the Southern states and in South Ameri- ca, and is the author of : Life Memoirs and other Poems (1859); Flowers for the Parlor and Garden (1863); Garden Flowers (1866) : Bulbs (1866); Seventy-five Popular Flowers and How to Culti- vate Them (1870); Tlie Rhododendron and Ameri- can Plants (1871); Window Gardener (1872); and Complete Maiiual of Orchid Culture (1876). He died in Para, Brazil. Sept. 28, 1897. RANDALL, Alexander Williams, postmaster general, was born in Ames, Montgomery county N.Y., Oct. 31, 1819; son of Phineas Randall, a native of Massachusetts. He received a colle- giate education, studied law and established him- self in practice in Waukesha, AVisconsin Territory, in 1840. He was appointed postmaster of Wauke- RANDALL RANDALL aha in 1840 ; was a member of the first convention that met at Madison, Oct. 5, 1846, and framed a constitution that the people failed to ratify in April, 1847; a representative in the state legislature in 1855 ; an unsuccessful candidate for attorney- general of the state tlie same j-ear, and judge of the second circuit of the state supreme court in 1856. He was gov- ernor of Wisconsin from Jan. 4, 1858, to Jan. 6, 1862. He organized, equipped and sent into the field eleven regi- ments of volunteers and mustered in sixteen regi- ments during liis governorship. He was U.S. minister to Italy, 1861-62 ; first assistant post- master-general. 1862-66. and postmaster-general, 1866-69. He died in Elmira. N.Y., July 25, 1872. RANDALL, Emilius Oviatt, lawyer and his- torian, was born at Richfield, Ohio, Oct. 28, 1850 ; son of the Rev. Dr. David Austin and Harriet (Oviatt) Randall ; grandson of Heman and Eunice (Newton) Oviatt, and of James and Joanna (Pem- berton) Randall ; great-grandson of John Randall, of Benjamin Oviatt and of Patrick Pembertou, all Revolutionary soldiers ; and a direct descend- ant of El)enezer Pemberton, one of the founders and early pastors of the Old South church, Bos- ton. He prepared for college at Phillips' An- dover academ}-, 1869--70 ; and was graduated from Cornell university, Ph.B., 1874. He was married Oct. 28. 1874. to Mary A., daughter of John Howe and Catherine (Granger) Coy of Ithaca, N.Y. He engaged in mercantile business in Columbus ; was editor of the Columbus Saturdarj Gazette, 1883 ; president of the Columbus board of trade, 1887 ; and a member of the school board, 1888, He was admitted to the bar in 1890 ; was gradu- ated from Ohio State university LL.B. and LL.M., 1892 ; and began tlie practice of law in Columbus. He was made professor of law in the Ohio State university in 1893, secretary of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical society in 1894, and oflBcial reporter of the Ohio supreme court in 1895, all of which positions he still held in 1903. He became well-known as a lecturer and writer, and was elected a member of the American His- torical association, American Bar association and other national and state organizations. He edited the Ohio Archceological and Historical Quarterly from 1897 ; was associate editor of tlie Bench aiid Bar of Ohio (2 vols., 1898) ; and editor of the publications of the Ohio State Archajological and Historical society (7 vols., 1895-1902) and of four- teen volumes of Ohio state reports of the supreme court decisions (1895. et seq.). He is the author of : The House Handsome (1885); History of Blen- nerhasseft (1889) : History of the Separatist So- ciety of Zoar (1899). RANDALL, George M., soldier, was born in Ohio, Oct. 8, 1841. He entered the volunte<'r army as a private in the 4th Pennsylvania in- fantry, April 20, 1861, and was discharged July 25, 1861 ; was appointed 2d lieutenant in tlie 4th U.S. infantry, Oct. 24. 1861 ; was brevetted cai>- tain U.S.A., Sept. 17, 1862. for gallant and meri- torious services at the battle of Antietam. MJ. ; was appointed 1st lieutenant in the 4th U.S. in- fantry, Nov. 6, 1862 ; and captain Sept. 23, 1865. He was apjiointed major of the 14th N.Y. artil- lery, Aug. 16, 1864 ; led his command in the first division, 9th army corps, at tlie battles of Peters- burg and Richmond, and was brevetted lieu- tenant-colonel and colonel U.S.V., March 26, 1865, for gallantry in the attack on Fort Sted- man. Va. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel June 1, 1865, and honorably mustered out of the volunteer service Aug. 26, 1865. He was brevetted major U.S.A. April 2, 1865, for gallant and meri- torious conduct in front of Petersburg, Va. ; \\ as appointed captain U.S.A., Sept. 23, 1865. He was without assignment from March 23, 1869. to Jan. 1, 1871, when he was assigned to the 23d L'.S. infantry, and took part in the campaign against the Indians. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel U.S.A., Feb.27, 1890, for gallant services in actions against Indians at Turret Mountain, Arizona, March 27, 1873, and at Diamond Butte, Arizona, April 22, 1873 ; and colonel Feb. 27, 1890. for gal- lant services in action against the Indians near Pinal, Arizona, March 8, 1874, and distinguished services during the campaign against the Indians in Arizona in 1874. He was appointed major of 4th U.S. infantry, Jan. 15, 1891 ; lieutenant- colonel of the 8th U.S. infantry, March 1, 1894 ; colonel of 17th U.S. infantry Aug. 8, 1898, and was transferred to the 8th U.S. infantry, Sept. 16, 1898. He commanded a picked detachment of the 8th infantry, which was sent to Alaska in 1897, soon after the outbreak of the gold fever, and when the military department of the terri- tory of Alaska was created, he was appointed brigadier-general U.S.V., Jan. 20, 1900, and assigned to the command of the department, which command he vacated March 5, 1901. On Feb. 6, 1901, he was commissioned brigadier- general U.S.A., and assigned to the department of the Columbia with headquarters at Vancouver barracks. Wash., which post he accepted March 5, 1901. RANDALL, George Maxwell, first missionary bisliop of Colorado, and 77th in succession in the American episcopate, was born in Warren. R.I., Nov. 23, 1810, son of Samuel and Martlia (Max- well) Randall. He obtained employment in a printing office, but later decided on a professional life and was graduated from Brown university, A.B., 1835, A.M., 1838, and from the General iiANDALL RANDALL Tlieological seminary, N.Y., in 1838. He was ordered deacon July 17, 1838, and ordained priest Nov. 2, 1839. He was married in May, 1839, to Eliza, daughter of Lewis Hoar of Warren. He was rector of the Church of the Ascension, Fall River, Mass., 1838-44, and of the Church of the Messiah, Boston, 1844-66. He was a member of the school committee of Boston ; secretary of the general convention, a member of the .standing committee of the diocese of Massachusetts, 1850- 65, and for many years edited the Christian Wit- ness, the representative organ of the church in New England. He was elected missionary bishop of Colorado with jurisdiction in adjacent terri- tories (Wyoming and New Mexico) in 1865, and was consecrated Dec. 28, 1865, by Bisliops Hop- kins, Smith and Eastburn, assisted by Bishops Chase, Clark,Vail, and Staley of Honolulu. When he entered upon the charge of his episcopal duties, there were but two parishes in the diocese, and at the end of seven years' work, the par- ishes had increased to twenty-four, with twenty churches and a theological school. He promoted good will toward the Indians and was closely identified with the progress of civilization. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Brown university in 1856. He is the author of : W^iy I am a Churchman, and Observation on Confirmation (1868). He died in Denver, Colo- rado Territory, Sept. 98, 1873. RANDALL, James Ryder, poet and journalist, was born in Baltimore, Md., Jan. 1, 1839; son of John Killen and Ruth Maria (Hooper) Randall ; grandson of John and Caroline Randall and of Robert and' Margaret Hooper ; great-grandson of the celebrated Robert Hooper, known as " King " Hooper of Marblehead, Mass., and a descendant ma- ternally of the people of " Evangeline," the French of Acadie, who were driven from Nova Scotia by the British. He was ed- ucated by private tu- tors, and at George- town college, D.C., 1849-56 ; was em- ployed as a clerk in a Baltimore book store ; taught school in Florida, and removed to Louisiana, where he became clerk to a shipping merchant. He was professor of English and the classics in Poydras college, Pointe Coupee parish. La., 1859-61. and contributed poems to the New Orleans Sunday Delta. His most famous poem, "My Maryland" which he wrote after reading the news of the passage of the Massachusetts vol- unteers through the streets of Baltimore, became popular throughout the South and gained him an international reputation. It was set to music by Mrs. Hettie (Cary) Martin of Baltimore to the German air " Tannebaum." He was married in December, 1864, to Katherine, daughter of Mar- cus and Harriet Hammond, and removed to Au- gusta, Ga., where he became editor of the Con- stitutionalist and subsequently of the Chronicle, of both of which papers he was the Washington correspondent during the successive sessions of congress. The honorary degree of LL.D. was con- ferred on him by the University of Notre Dame, Ind., in 1899. Among his other poems are : TliC Cameo Bracelet ; The Lone Sentry ; Arlington : Tliere's Life in the Old Land yet ; Tlie Battle Cry of the South ; Stonewall Jackson ; Eidolon ; At Arlington ; John Pelham and Why the Robin's Breast is Red. RANDALL, Robert Richard, philanthropist, was born in New Jersey about 1740 ; son of Thomas Randall, a member of the committee of 100 chosen to control the affairs of the city of New York in 1775. He went to sea as a boy and became master of a ship. In 1771 he was a mem- ber of the marine society of New York for the re- lief of indigent masters of vessels, their widows and orphan children. He was a member of the chamber of commerce of the state of NewYork in 1780, and in 1790 he purchased from Baron Poel- nitz the property above Canal street in New York city known as Minthorn, consisting of twenty- one acres of land. This, with four other lots of land in New York city, and stocks amounting to $10,000, he bequeathed to found a home for sailors to be known as Sailors' Snug Harbor. On ac- count of lawsuits the property was not available to his executors until 1831. Meanwhile, the growth of the city made it advisable to locate the home in a more quiet section, and Staten Is- land was selected and a site purchased near New Brighton. In October, 1831, the corner stone of the main building was laid, and the rents from the lands in New York city produced a large yeai'ly income for the support of the institution. In 1834 Randall's remains were removed to Sailors' Snug Harbor, and in 1884 a heroic statue by St. Gaudens was unveiled in front of the main build- ing. He died in New York city, June 5, 1801. RANDALL, Samuel Jackson, representative, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 10, 1828 ; son of Josiah and Ann (Worrell) Randall, and grand- son of Joseph Worrell, a well known political leader of the Jefferson school. He attended the University academy at Philadelphia. Pa., en- gaged in mercantile business, and devoted him- self to politics. He was a member of the city council for four years, and of tiie state senate, RANDOLPH RANDOLPH 1858-59. In 1861 as a member of the first city- troop of Pluladeliihia. he went to the front for three months, and in 1863, upon Lee's invasion of Pennsjlvania, he again served as captain of a company, being promoted provost-marslial dur- ing the battle of Gettysburg. He was the Demo- cratic representative from the third district of Pennsylvania in tiie 38th-51st congresses, 1863-90, and during the 43d congress, wlien the force bill was introduced, he led the opposition and suc- ceeded in preventing its passage. He succeeded Miciiael C. Kerr as sj)eaker of the house in 1875, and wjis re-elected by the 45tli and 46th congresses, 1877-81. He was married to a daughter of Gen. Aaron Ward of Sing Sing, N.Y. He died in Washington. D.C.. April 12. 1890. RANDOLPH, Alfred Magill, first bishop of Southern Virginia and 132d in succession in the American episcopate, was born at "The Mead- ows," the estate of John Magill near Winchester, Va., Aug. 31. 18-36 ; son of Robert Lee and Mary Buckner Thruston (Magill) Randolph ; grandson of Col. Robert and Eliza (Carter) Randolph and of Col. Charles and Mary (Thruston) Magill, and a descendant of William Randolph of Turkey Island. Va.. who came from Warwickshire, Eng- land, arriving in Jamestown, Va., in 1674. He was graduated from William and Mary college, A.B., 18."35, A.M., 1858, andfrom the Virginia The- ological seminary in 1858 ; was admitted to the diaconate in 1858 and advanced to the priesthood in 1860. He was married. April 27, 1859, to Sallie Griffith, daughter of Dr. William and Eliza (Grif- fith) Hoxton of Alexandria, Va., and great-grand- daughter of the Rev. Dr. David Griffith (q.v.). He was the rector of St. George's, Fredericksburg, Va., 1862-63 ; chaplain in the Confederate army, 1862-65 ; rector of Christ church, Alexandria, Va., 1866-67 ; of Emanuel church, Baltimore, Md., 1867-83, and was elected bishop coadjutor of Virginia in 1S83. He was consecrated, Oct. 21, 1883, by Bishops Williams, Howe, Dudley, Perry, Alexander Burgess and Peterkin. Upon the divi- sion of the diocese of Virginia in 1892 he became the first bishop of the diocese of Southern Virginia and made Norfolk the see city. He received the degree of D.D. from William and Mary college in 1876 ; that of LL.D. from Washington and Lee university in 1887 and that of D.C.L. from the University of the South in 1902. RANDOLPH, Beverly, governor of Virginia, was born in Chatsworth, Henrico county, Va., in 1754 ; son of Col. Peter and Lucy (Boiling) Ran- dolph. His father was surveyor of customs of North America in 1749 and a member of the Vir- ginia house of burgesses for many years. He was graduated from the College of William and Mary in 1771, and during the Revolution served as a member of the general assembly of Virginia and upheld the patriot cause. He was president of the executive council of Virginia, 1787-88, and succeeded Edmund Randolph as governor of the state, serving, 1788-81. He was appointed a visi- tor of the College of William antl Mary in 1784. He died at Green Creek. Cumberland, Va., in 1797. RANDOLPH, Edmund (Jennings), cabinet officer, was born in Williamslnng. Va.. Aug. 10, 1753 ; son of John Randolph (1727-1784) king's attorney, 1766-75. He was graduated at the Col- lege of William and Mary, and studied law with his father. He remained in Virginia when his father fled to England in 1775, and Washington made him a member of his own family, and his aide-de-camp, Aug. 15, 1775. On the sudden death of his uncle Peyton he returned to Wil- liamsburg to care for the estate, and was married to a daughter of R. C. Nicholas. He was a member of the committee of 1776, where he assisted in passing the bill of rights, and in fram- ing the constitution for Virginia. He was elected attorney-general of the state, under the new constitution, and was also mayor of Williams- burg. He was a delegate to the Continental congress, 1779-82, where he had a place in the committee on foreign affairs. He resigned his seat in 1782, and devoted himself to the care of his estate inherited from his uncle, Peyton Randolph, which was subject to the debts of his father who died in England in 1783, which debts he paid out of his practice of the law. He was - appointed a commissioner from Virginia to the Annopolis convention, and as a member of that body urged the calling by congress of a constitu- tional convention. He was governor of Virginia, 1786-88, and leader of the Virginia delegation to the constitutional convention of 1787, when he introduced the general plan of the instrument as had been agreed upon, and prepared another plan which he did not introduce, but which was found among the papers of George Mason in 1887, and brought to light by M. D. Conway. He op- posed a single executive, preferring an executive commission ; opposed re-elegibility of the Pres- ident, and his holding pardoning power, the vice-presidential office, and states having two senators irrespective of their population ; and favored the giving of powers to the Federal gov- ernment sufficient to prevent any state from carrying out a law declared by the supreme court to be unconstitutional. It was this motion that eliminated the word "slavery" from the constitution. He refused to sign the instrument as prepared, unless a second national convention should act on it after it had been discussed by the people. In the Virginia convention of 1788, however, he advocated its ratification as necessary to union, claiming that by so doing Virginia could secure needed amendments. The clatise of RANDOLPH RANDOLPH Art. VI. on religious tests was added at his sug- gestion before the adoption. He resigned as governor in 1788, and secured a seat in the as- sembly that he might take part in codifying the laws of tlie state, the code published in 1794 being tlie result. On Sept. 27, 1789, he was named by President Washington as attorney-general in his <3abinet, and he served until Jan. 2, 1794, when he succeeded Tliomas Jefferson as secretary of state, and was succeeded by William Bradford of Penn- sylvania, as attorney-general. He opposed the signing of the Jay treaty unless the clause per- mitting the search of neutral ships was revoked, and the President promised to withhold his signa- ture, but when Randolph was charged by Fau- chet with being purchasable, in a dispatch of the French minister to his home government, which dispatch was intercepted and sent to the English minister Hammond in Philadelphia, Washington signed the treaty, and Randolph resigned his portfolio, protesting his innocence, and followed the recalled French minister to Newport, R.I., where he obtained from him a full retraction of the false charge and wrote his " Vindication." In the interim the President did not withhold from his former secretary of state his personal regard, visiting him at his house on several occasions, and twice giving him the place of honor at the executive table. In 1888 a dispatch was found in Paris written by Faucliet which conclusively disproved the cliarge of intrigue made against Randolph. He resumed the practice of law in Richmond, Va. An account was made up against him of $49,000 for moneys placed in his Iiands to defray the expenses of foreign in- tercourse, and as he was held responsible for all moneys lost tlirougli accidents and other calami- ties, after repeated trials and arbitration, his lands and slaves were sold, the government gain- ing, besides the debt and interest, about $7000. He appeared as counsel for Aaron Burr in his trial for treason in Richmond. He is the author of: Democratic Societies (1795); Vindication of Mr. Randolph's Resignation (1795); Political Truth, or Animadversions on the Past and Present State of Public Affairs {17^Q), and History of Virginia (MS. in possession of Virginia His- torical society). Moncure D. Conway published " Omitted Chapters of History disclosed in the Life and Papers of Edmund Randolph " (1888) ; and an article published in LippincotVs Magazine in September, 1887, entitled "A Suppressed Statesman." His son, Peyton Randolph (1779- 1828), married Maria Ward, and was the author of: '-Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of Virginia" (6 vols., 1823-32). Edmund Randolph died in Clarke county, Va., Sept. 13, 1813. RANDOLPH, George Wythe, cabinet officer, was born at Monticello, Va., March 10, 1818 ; son of Gov, Thomas Mann and Martha (Jefferson) Randolph. He attended school at Cambridge, Mass., while under the care of his brother-in-law, Joseph Coolidge of Boston, and in 1831 was warranted mid- shipman in the U.S. navy. He was given leave of absence in 1837, to attend the University of Vir- ginia, where he studied two years. In 1839 he resigned his commission in the navy, and after studying law, prac- tised in Richmond. He was one of the commissioners sent by the state of Virginia to confer with Abraham Lincoln at his home in Springfield, with the hope of maintaining peace. He raised a com- pany of artillery at the time of the John Brown raid, and the organization then known as the Virginia Howitzer Battalion, Maj. George W. Randolph, was attached to Magruder's force in the battle of Big Bethel, Va., June 10, 1861, He was commissioned brigadier-general, and com- manded a brigade in Magruder's army until March 17, 1862, when President Davis appointed him secretary of war in his cabinet to succeed Judah P. Benjamin, transferred to the state department. The question of the use of hidden shells as charged against the Confederate troops at the evacution of Yorktown, led to his decision that it was not admissible in civilized warfare to take life with no other object than the destruc- tion of life, but that planting shells was ad- missible on the parapet of a fort to prevent its capture or on the trail of a retreating army to save the army. He resigned his seat in the cabinet of President Davis, Nov. 17, 1862, and returned to the army, but was forced to resign and seek relief from a pulmonary complaint by running the blockade and living in Southern France. He returned to Virginia several years after the close of the war, and died at Edgar Hill, Va., April 10. 1878. RANDOLPH, Harrison, educator, was born in New Orleans. La., Dec. 8, 1871 ; son of John Field and Virginia Dashiell (Bayard) Randolph ; grandson of Edward and Margaret (Turnbull) Randolph of Petersburg, Va.. and of Samuel John and Jane Winder (Dashiell) Bayard, and a descendant of William Randolph of Turkey Is- land, Virginia (born in Warwickshire, England, and came to America, arriving at Jamestown, Va., in 1674); and of Peter Bavard of Bohemia RANDOLPH RANDOLPH Manor, Cecil county, Maryland ; son of Samuel and Anna (Stuyvesant) Bayard, born in Holland, who came to New York with his uncle, Peter Stuyvesant, in 1647. He was graduated from tlie University of Virginia. A.B.. A.M., 18'J2 ; was instructor of matlieniatics in tlie university, 1890-95 ; professor of mathematics in the Uni- versity of Arkansas, 1895-97, and in 1897 was elected president of the College of Charleston, wliich position he still lield in 1903. He received the lionorary degree of LL.D. from Washington and Lee university. Lexington. Va.. in 1899. RANDOLPH, James Fitz, representative, was born in :Middlest4X county. N.J. . June 26,1791; a descendant of Edwanl Fitz Randolph, who emigrated to America from England in 1630. He received a common school education, served as apprentice in a printing office, and was one of the editors of the New Brunswick weekly Fredonia, 1812-42. He was U.S. collector of in- ternal revenue, 1815—46 ; clerk of the court of common pleas for Middlesex count}-, and a rep- resentative in the state legislature for two years. He was a Democratic representative in the 20th, 21st and 22d congresses, 1828-33, having been elected in 1828 to fill a vacancy caused by the death of George Holcombe (q.v.). He died in Jersey City. N. J.. March 19, 1871. RANDOLPH, John, statesman, was born in Cawsuns. Va.. June 2, 1773; son of Ricliard of Curies, and Frances (Bland) Randolph ; grand- son of Richard Randolph (1691-1748); great-grand- sorn in Kirchbra(!iit, Hesi^e-Darmstadt, Ger- many, July 27. l^iOO; son of a clergyman. He was graduated at the University of Marl)urg in 1827; took post graduate studies at the Univer- sity of Giessen, 1827-28 ; was assistant to his uncle who conducted a literary institution in Frankford. 1828-29; and taught in the Univer- sity of Heidelljerg. 1829-30, and at the University of Giessen. 1830-31. In 1831, being obliged to leave the romitry owing to his free expression of his political opinions, he came to the United States and studied the Englisli language. Mean- while he supiwrted him.self by giving lessons on the piano and teaching the German language in Lafayette college, 1833, and conducted a classi- cal school in connection with the German Re- formed Theological seminary, York, Pa., 1832-34. He was ordained to the German Reformed min- istry in 1832, and was profes.sor of Biblical litera- ture in the seminary, 1832-41. He was married in 1833 to a daughter of Laomi Moore of Morris- town, N.J. He removed his academj% with the seminary, to Mercersburg, Pa., in 1834, and in 1835 the academy became Marshall college, of which he was first presiilent, 1836-41. He re- ceived the degree Ph.D. from Heidelberg and the honorary degree of D.D. elsewhere. He is the author of: De Sojyhoclis Electra ; De Ressurec- tion Mortuorum ; Psychology; Tlie Inner Life, and Commentary on Goethe" s Faust. He died in Mercersburg, Pa., March 2, 1841. RAUCH, John Henry, physician, was born in Lebanon, Pa.. Sept. 4, 1828; son of Bernhard and Jane (Brown) Ranch, and a descendant of the Rev. Christian Henry Ranch, a Reformed Moravian clergyman, missionary to the Indians, 1741-42 ; a German Reformed clergyman in Lebanon, Berks, Lancaster, and other counties, 1746, and a teacher and preacher in Lititz and Warwick, Pa., 1749. He prepared for college at Lebanon academy, and was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, M.D., in 1849. He removed to Burlington, Iowa, in 1850. and as a member of the Iowa State Medical society re- ported on the medical and economical botany of the state in 1850. He was the first delegate from Iowa to the American Medical association in 1851. He assisted Professor Agassiz in the collection of materials for Natural History of the United States, from valuable collections secured from the Upper Mississippi and Missouri rivers. 1855-56, a description of which appeared in Silliman's Journal of Natural Sciences. He was an active member of the Iowa Historical and Geological institute ; professor of materia medica in Rush Medical college, Chicago. 111., 1857-60; president of the Iowa State Medical society, 1858, and an organizer and professor of materia medica and medical botany in the Chi- cago College of Pharmacy, 1859-01. He was brigade-surgeon in Hunter's and McDowell's army in Virginia, 1861-62 ; assi-stant medical director of the army of Virginia, 1862 ; of the army in Louisiana, 1862-64 ; and at Detroit, Mich., and in the Madison general hospital, 1864-65. He was mustered out with the brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1865 ; settled in Chicago, where he aided in reorganizing the health service of the city in 1867, and was a member of the board of health, and sanitary superintendent, 1867-73. lie visited the mining regions of South America in 1870, in the hope RAUM RAVENEL of bettering their sanitary condition. He was president of the American Public Health asso- ciation in 1876 ; first president of the Illinois state board of health, 1877, and its secretary, 1878-80. His interest in the yellow fever epi- demic of 1878-79 resulted in the formation of the sanitary council of the Mississippi Valley, and the establishment of the river-inspection service of the national board of health in 1879, and he also investigated the relation of small- pox to foreign immigration. He was a member of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science ; of the American Social Science association, and one of the Agassiz memorial committee. He is the author of : Intramural Interments and their Influence on Health and Epidemics (186(}) ; Practical Recommendations for the Exclusion and Prevention of Asiatic Cholera in North America (1884); monographs on sanitary science and preventive medicine, and Reports of the Illinois state board of health. He died in Chicago, 111., March 24. 1894. RAUM, Green Berry, soldier and representa- tive, was born inGolconda, 111., Dec. 3, 1829 ; son of John and Juliet C. (Feild) Raum ; grandson of Melchoir and Mary (King) Raum, and of Green B. and Mary Elenor (Cogswell) Feild ; and great- grandson of Conrad (who emigrated from Alsace to Pennsylvania, landing at Philadelpliia in April, 1742) and Catherine (Weiser) Rahm, and of Dr. Joseph (a native of Connecticut, and of English descent) and Frances (Mitchel) Cogswell. He was educated in the common schools and by tutors, and was admitted to the bar in 1853. He practised law in Golconda, 1853-56 ; in Kansas, wliere he was a member of the free state party, 1856-57, and in 1857 located in Harrisburg, 111. He was married, Oct. 16, 1851, to Maria, daughter of Daniel and Elizabeth (Daily ) Field of Golconda. He was alternate delegate to the Democratic nationa convention which met in Charleston, S.C., April 23, 1860, and in Baltimore, Md., June 18, 1860,1 and which nominated Stephen A, Douglas for President ; made the tirst war speech in soutiiern Illinois, at Metropolis, after the fall of Foit Sumter, April 23, 1861, and entered the Federal volunteer army as major of the 56th Illinois volunteers. He served under Gen. William S. Rosecrans in the Army of the Mississippi, as lieutenant-colonel, commanding the 56th Illinois in the 2d brigade, 3d division, where he led a successful bayonet charge in the battle of Corinth. Oct. 4, 1862. He served under Grant in the Army of the Mississippi as colonel of his regiment and commanded the 2d brigade in the 7th divi- sion, 17th corps, in the Vicksburg campaign. May 1-July 4. 1863, and in the Chattanooga campaign, Nov. 23-25, 1863, being severely wounded at Missionary Ridge, Nov. 25, 1863. He took part in the Atlanta campaign and held the line of communication from Dalton to Acwortli and from Kingston to Rome, Ga. ; discovered and defeated General Wheeler's raid, and re-inforced Resaca at night against General Hood in October, 1864. He was promoted brevet brigadier-general and brigadier-general ; was on Sherman's march to the sea, and with the assembling of his army in South Carolina, and ended his military service by commanding a brigade in the veteran corps under General Hancock at Winchester, Va. He resigned his commission, May 6, 1865. and en- gaged in railroading as first president and builder of the Cairo and Vincennes railroad company in 1866. He was a Republican representative from tlie thirteenth Illinois district in the 40th congress. 1867-69. and defeated for the 41st congress in 1868 ; was president of the Illinois Republican convention of 1866, and temporary president of the state convention of 1876. and a delegate to the Republican national convention at Cincinnati, Ohio, the same year. He was president of the Illinois Republican convention in 1880, and a delegate at-large to the Republican national con- vention, and was one of the '"loyal 306" who supported General Grant for the presidential nomination. He served as U.S. commissioner of internal revenue, 1876-83 ; practised law in Washington, D.C., 1883-89; was U.S. commis- sioner of pensions, 1889-93. and subsequently engaged in the practice of law in Chicago. He is the author of : TJte Existing Conflict beticeen Republican Government and Sotithem Oligarchy (1884); History of Blinois Repid)licanism (1900); History of the War for the Union, and of official reports on pensions and contributions to current magazines. RAVENEL, Henry William, botanist, was born in St. John's parish. Berkeley district, S.C., May 19, 1814. He was graduated at South Caro- lina college, Columbia, S.C, A.B., 1832, A.M., 1835 ; engaged in planting. 1832-53. and removed to Aiken, S.C, in 1853. He made a study of the pha^nogams, mosses, lichens, algae and fungi of South Carolina, and discovered a few new phaeno- gams. He was botanist of the government commission sent to Texas to investigate the cattle disease in 1869, and botanist to the department of agriculture of South Carolina. He received the degree LL.D. from the University of Nortii Carolina in 1886. His name is perpetuated in the genus Ravenelia of the Uredineae and by many species of cryptogams which he discovered. He was agricultural editor of the Weekly Netcs and Courier ; published many botanical papers, and is the author of : Fungi Caroliniani Exsiceati, (5 vols.. 1853-60) ; and Fungi Americani Exsiceati, with Mordecai C. Cooke of London (^ vols., 1878-82). He died in Aiken, S.C, July 17, 1887. RAVENEL KAWLE RAVENEL, St. Julien, chemist, was born in Charleston, S.C, Dec. 15. 1819. He was gradu- ated at the Medical College of the State of South Carolina in 1840 ; attended medical lectures in Philadelpliia. Pa., and in Paris, France, and practised in Charleston, S.C, 1840-52. He studied natural history, microscopy and physiology, under Louis Agassiz, 1849-50, and after 1853 devoted himself to agricultural chemistry. He established with Clement H. Stevens, the lime works at Stoney Landing, on Cooper river, in 185G, and from the marl bluffs supplied the Con- federate States with most of the lime used during the civil war. As surgeon to the Confederate army he devoted himself to hospital practice, and be- came surgeon-iu-chief of the Confederate hospital. He designed the torpedo cigar boat Little David, wliich did effective service during the investment of Charleston, S.C, in 1S63. He was director of the Confederate laboratory at Columbia, S.C, 1861-65 ; discovered the value for agricultural purposes of the phosphate deposits near Charles- ton in 1866. and advocated the use of the rich rice lands for diversified crops. He died in Cliarleston, S.C. March 16, 1882. RAVENSCROFT, John Stark, first bishop of North Carolina and 20th in succession in the American episcopate, was born near Blanford, Va., in 1772 ; son of Dr. John and (Miller) Ravenscroft : grandson of Hugh Miller, and a descendant of Scotch an- cestors. His parents re- turned to Scotland during his infancy, and he at- tended school there, and in the north of England until January, 1789, when he re- turned to the United States. He studied law in the Col- lege of William and Mary ; went to Scotland in 1792 to settle his father's estate, and on his return rein- vested his money in an estate in Lunenburg county, Va., which he managed and where he lived a wild and irreligious life. In 1810 he joined a religious body known as the Republican Meth- odists, and in 1815, being moved to enter the ministry, he applied to the Rt. Rev. Richard Channing Moore, bishop of Virginia, for admis- sion to the diaconate and pursued his theological studies under the direction of the bishop. He labored meantime as a lay-reader in the parishes of Cumberland and St. James ; was ordered deacon, April 25, 1817, and advanced to the priest- hood, May 6, 1817, by Bisliop Moore. He was rector of St. James's churcli. Boylton, Mecklen- burg county, Va., 1817-1823 ; declined two calls and was elected in 1823 first bishop of North Car- olina, which diocese had been organized in 1817. and he was consecrated in St. Pauls church, Philadelphia, Pa., May 22, 1823, by Bishops White, Kemp and Croes, assisted by Bishops Bowen and Brownell. In addition to his duties as bishop he assumed the rectorship of Christ church, Raleigh, which afforded him a home and salary enabling him to administer the affairs of a diocese too poor to pay a bishop's salary. In 1828 his health began to fail, and he relinquished the charge of Christ chui-ch, and assumed that of St. John's church, Williamsborough. He at- tended the general convention of 1829 at Phila- delphia. He was married first, to a daughter of Lewis Burwell of Mecklenburg county, and secondly, to a Miss Buford of Lunenburg county, Va. He received the degree D.D. from Columbia college, from the CoUege of William and Mary and from the University of North Carolina, in 1823. He published several sermons and ad- dresses, which were collected together with sixty- one additional sermons, as: "Sermons and Me- moir of the Life of Bishop John Stark Ravens- croft, edited by the Rev. Dr. J. M. Wainwrighf (2 vols., 18;J0). 11,3 died in Williamsborough, N.C. March 5, 18:30. RAWLE, Francis, lawyer, was born at the Freedom Iron Works, Mitflin county, Pa., Aug. 7, 1846 ; son of Francis William and Louisa (Hall) Rawle ; grandson of William (q.v.) and Sarah Coates (Burge) Rawle, and of Ciiarles (a lawyer) and Elizabetli (Coleman) Hall of Sunbury, Pa.; great-grandson of Robert Coleman of Cornwall. Pa., and a descendant of Francis Rawle and Francis Rawle, Jr., of Cornwall, England, who landed in Philadelphia, June 23, 1686. His father (1795-1881), University of Pennsylvania, A.B., 1812, A.M., 1816, served as sergeant and lieutenant, 1st Pennsylvania volunteers, in tlie war of 1812; was one of the first civil engineers emploj-ed in the construction of the Pennsylvania road ; subsequently an iron master, and owner of the Freedom Iron Works, Mifflin county, and associate judge. Francis Rawle removed with his parents in 1848 to Pliiladelphia : attended Phillips Exeter academy, N.H., 1863-65. and was graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1869, LL.B., 1871, A.M., 1872, having spent the year 1869-70 studying law in the office of William Henry Rawle (q.v.). He was admitted to the Philadel- phia bar, Nov. 4, 1871, soon after becoming as- sociated in practice with Samuel Robb. He was married, Nov. 25, 1873, to Margaretta, daughter of James M. and Harriet Romeyn (Smith) Aert- sen, and granddaughter of Jonathan Smith, cashier of tlie Baii'c of the United States. She died in 1891. leaving two sons. Mr. Rawle was elected temporary secretary of the American Bar association upon its organization at Saratoga, RAWLE RAWLE 1878, and in the same year became its treasurer, serving as such until 1902, when he was elected president. He prepared a new edition of Bouvier s " Law Dictionary " with extensive original addi- tions (1883), and another edition largely re-writ- ten (1898) ; and read a paper before the American Bar association on Car Trust Securities (1885), which was subsequently published and came into general professional use. In 1887 he was appointed a delegate of the American Bar association to the London meeting of the Association for the Reform and Codification of the Laws of Nations. In 1899-1902 he was a member of the executive committee of the latter association. He was elected a member of the board of overseers of Harvard university in 1890, and re-elected in 1896. He is the author of various articles in legal periodicals. RAWLE, William, jurist, was born in Phila- delphia, Pa., April 28, 1759; son of Francis and Rebecca (AVarner) Rawle ; grandson of William and Margaret (Hodge) Rawle and of Edward and Anna (Coleman) Warner; great-grandson of Francis, and greats-grandson of Francis Rawle, a member of the ancient lords of the manor of Tresparrett, parish of St. JuUot, Cornwall, Eng- land, both of whom were Quakers who immi- grated to Pennsylvania in the ship Desire from Plymouth, England, in 1686. His great--grand- father (1660-1727) founded "The Plymouth Friends " settlement ; married a daughter of Robert Turner; was one of the commissioners under Penn ; judge of tlie Philadelphia county courts ; justice of the peace and an alderman of the city under its first charter, and pub- lished " Ways and Means for the Inliabitants of Delaware to Become Rich,'" probably the first book on political economy written in America. William Rawle attended the Friends academy at Philadelphia, and subsequently studied law under Counsellor Kemp of New York city, and at the Middle Temple, London. Returning to this country in 1783, he was admitted to the bar and began practice in Philadelphia, Pa. He married in 1783 Sarah Coates, daughter of Samuel and Beulah (Shoemaker) Burge. He was a represen- tative in the state assembly, 1789 ; U.S. district at- torney of Pennsylvania by appointment from Pres- ident Washington. 1791-1800. He was offered but declined the attorney -generalship of the United States ; participated as U.S. attorney in the sup- pression of the whisky insurrection, under the President's orders, in October, 1794, and subse- quently conducted the prosecution of the ring- leaders. He was chancellor of the Associated Members of the Bar of Philadelphia, 1822-27, and of that organization's successor, the Law Asso- ciation of Philadelphia, 1827-36, and one of the committee of three appointed by the legislature to revise the civil code of Pennsylvania in 1830 , was a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, 1796-1836; one of the founders in 1805 of the Pennsjlvania Academy of the Fine Arts ; re- ceived the honorary degree of LL.D. from the Collegeof New Jersey, 1827, and from Dartmouth college, 1828 ; was the first vice-president of tlie Philadelphia Law academy, and in connection with Benjamin Franklin founded and formed the Societ}' for Political Inquirers ; was for many years between 1786 and 1825 the secretary, and af- terward director of the Library Company of Phil- adelphia. He was a fellow of the American Pliil- osophical society'' ; founder of the Pennsylvania Historical society in 1824, and its first president, and was actively connected with various literary, political and scientific associations. He trans- lated Plato's " Phaedrus," adding an original com- mentary, and is the author of ; An Address before the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agricul- ture (1819); Two Addresses to the Associated Members of the Bar of Philadelphia (1824); A View of the Constitution of the United States (1825); The Study of Laii; (1832), and a Vindica- tion of the Rev. Mr. Heckewelder'' s History of the Indian Nations, a Biogrophical Sketch of Sir William Keith, and a Sketch of the Life of Thomas Mifflin, the three latter being contribu- tions to the Historical Society publications ; Essay on Angelic Influences. (MS.), and also reports of the civil code commission (1830). He died in Philadelphia, April 12, 1836. RAWLE, William, lawyer, was born in Phila- delphia, Pa., July 19, 1788 ; son of William, jurist (q.v.), and Sarah Coates (Burge) Rawle. He was a student at the College of New Jersey, but did not graduate ; was admitted to the Phila- delphia bar, where he practised, 1810-58 ; was captain of the 2d troop of Philadelphia city cavalry, 1812-14 ; reporter of the decisions of the supreme court of Penns^^lvania, 1814-35 ; U.S. district attorney of Pennsylvania, and president of the common council of Philadelphia. 1836-40. He was married, Oct. 7, 1817, to Mary Anna, daughter of Edward and Elizabeth (Chew) Tilgh- man of Philadelphia, Pa. He was one of the founders and vice-presidents of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania ; a member of the American Philosophical company ; secretary and director of the Library company of Philadelphia, continuously from 1825 to 1855, and a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, 1836-55. He is the autlior of : Reports of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania (25 vols., 1818-33); Address before Law Academy of Philadelphia (1835) : Address before the Trustees of Lafayette College (1836). He died near Merion, Pa., Aug. 9. 1858. RAWLE, William Brooke. See Brooke- Rawle, William, RAWLE KAWLINS RAWLE, William Henry, lawyer, WcOS born in Philadelphia, Pa.. Aug. 31, 182:3; sou of Wil- liam, lawyer (q.v.) aud Mary Anna (Tilghman) Riiwle. He was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, A.B., 1841, A.M., 1844; was ad- mitted to the bar in 1844. and engaged in prac- tice in Philadelphia. When his state was threat- ened by an invasion in 18G-,». he enlisted in tlie artillery as a private, and again in 18(53 as a quartermaster. He was vice-pruvost of the Law Academy of Philadelphia, 186.")-73 ; vice-ciiancel- lor of the Law association, 1880-89, and a secre- tary and director of the Library Company of Pliiladelphia for several years. He was married, Sept. 13, 1849. to Mary Binney, daughter of Judge John and Mary (Binney) Cadwalader of Phila- delphia ; and secondly, Oct. 7, 1869, to Emily, daughter of Gen. Thomas and Maria C. (Gouver- neur) Cadwalader of Trenton, N.J. He received the degree of LL.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1882. He published : Laio of Covenants for Title (1852) ; John W. Smith's " Law of Contracts'" (third American ed., with notes, 1>>53) ; Joslma William's '• Law of Real Property " (second American ed.. 1857) ; Equity in Pennsyl- vania, including the Registrar's Book of Gov. William Keith's Court in Chancery (1868) ; Some Contrasts in the Growth of Pennsylvania in English Law (1881) : Oration at Unveiling of the Monument Erected by the Bar of the United States ^) Chief Justice Marshall (1884), and Tlie Case of the Educated Unemployed (1885). He died in Philadelphia, Pa.. April 19, 1889. RAWLES, William A., educator, was born in Remington. Ind., Dec. 4, 1863; son of Lycurgus and Catherine (Oilar) Rawles ; grandson of John ;ind Matilda (Newell) Rawles, and of Henry aud Ruth (Darnell) Oilar. He attended the Reming- ton and Bloomington public schools, and was graduated from Indiana university in 1884. He was principal of the high school at Mitchell, Ind., 18^84-85 ; assistant in the preparatory department of Indiana university, 1885-87; principal of tlie Vincennes high school, 1887-89 ; principal of the high school at SeJalia, Mo., 1889-92 and 1893-94 ; serving as assistant in the St. Louis high school, 1892-93. and was instructor in history at the In- ;:J0.000. of which Mr. Wesley furnished tlie greater part, Mr. ILiymond controlling a third interest. This paper so increased in circulation that at tlie end of eight years its owners refused an offer of $1,000,000 for the property. He was a delegate to the Whig national convention of 1852 ; was lieutenant-governor of New York, 1855-57 ; and took a prominent part in the organization of the Republican party, writing its "Declaration of Principles." He refused to be a candidate for governor in 1856 ; advocated the nomination of William H. Seward for President in 1860, and supported President Lincoln in his active war measures. He was re-elected to the state assembly, in 1S')0 ; chosen speaker in 1861. and in 1863 was a candidate before the Republican caucus of the state legislature for U.S. senator, but was de- feated by El win D. Morgan. He was a Repub- lican representative in the 39th congress, 186.5-67 ; refu.sed the appointment as U.S. minister to Austria tendered him by President Johnson in 1867 ; assisted in organizing the National Union convention held at Philadelphia, Pa., in August, 1866, and wrote the address to the people of the United States. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on him by the College of New Jersey in 1847. In 1864 he wrote a campaign life of Abraham Lincoln under the title : History of the Administration of President Lincoln, and after the President's assassination he revised and enlarged the work as Life and Public Services of Abraham Lincoln with his State Papers, Speeches, Letters, etr. (1865). lie is also the author of: Political Lessons of the Revolution (1851), and Letters to Mr. Yancey (1860). He died suddenly of apoplexy in the hallway of his residence, in New York city. .June 18, 1869. RAYMOND, Henry Warren, journalist, was l>.>rn in N-w York city. Sept. 10, 1847; son of Henry Jarvis and Juliette (Weaver) Raymond. He was graduated from Y'ale. A.B., 1809, A.M., 1 ^72. :u\<\ engaged in journalistic work ; graduated from Columbia Law school in 1871, with the degree of LL.B., was admitted to the bar in 1871, and practised in New York, 1871-72, and Chicago, 1878-80. He was married, Sept. 29, 1875, to Harriet White, daughter of James and Margaret Eleanor (Wheeler) Allen of Brooklyn, N.Y. He was a reporter and editor of the New York Times. tin^ New Y'ork Evening Post and tiie Brooklyn Union; was literary and musical critic on the Cliicago Tribune, 1880-84, and in 1884, tinougli the generosity of George W. Childs. was enabled to purchase the Telegraph of Germantown, Pa. He was elected a member of the Sons of the Revolution, and of the Military Order of Foreign Wars ; was private secretary to Benjamin F. Tracy, secretary of the navy, 1889-93. and ap- pointed solicitor of the state department, Feb- ruary, 1893, but failed of confirmation by adjournment of the senate. He lectured exten- sively on naval matters and is the author of articles on the Use of Nickel Steel in Armour (1898); Extracts from my Father's Diary, and a series on the civil side of naval administration, in the Army and Navy Journal (1900), besides numerous contributions to tlie leading periodicals. RAYMOND, Jerome Hall, educator, was born in Clinton, Iowa, March 10, 1869; son of Henry and Virginia (Hall) Raymond. He was educated in the Chicago public schools and worked as a stenograplier and typewriter in St. Paul, Minn., and Chicago, 111. He was graduated from the Northwestern university, Evanston, 111., A.B., 1892. A.M.. 1893, and from the University of Chicago, Pli.D., 1895. He was private secretary to George M. Pullman, 1889-90, and to Frances E. Willard wiiile at tiie university. 1890-92 ; was secretary to Bishop Thoburn in a tour around the world, 1892-93, traveling extensively in Europe and Asia; secretaiy and lecturer on history, Chicago Society for University Extension. 1893- 94 ; professor of liistory and political science, Lawrence university-, Wisconsin, and lecturer on sociology and secretary, class study department, University Extension division, University of Chicago. 1894-95. He was married, Aug. 15. 1895, to Nettie Josephine, daughter of Rev. f21i and Deborah (Meade) Hunt of Aurora, 111. He was professor of sociology and secretary of tlie Uni- versity Extension department, Universitj- of Wis- consin, 189.5-97 ; president and professor of eco- nomics and sociology. West Virginia university. 1897-1901, and in April. 1901, became associate pro- fessor of sociology in the University of Chicago. RAYMOND, John Howard, educator, w as born in New York city, March 7, 1814; sonof Eliachim and Mary (Carrington) Raymond ; grandson of Nathaniel and Dolly (Wood) Raymond, and a descendant of Richard Raymond, a mariner, who .settled in Salem, Mass., previous to 1634; re- RAYMOND RAYMOND moved to Norwalk, Conn., in 1662. and from there to Say brook, Conn., in 1664. He attended Colum- bia college for one j'ear ; was graduated at Union, A.B., 1833, A.M., 1835, and was admitted to tiie bar in 1835, but never practised. He was grad- uated in theology at Madison university, Hamilton, N.Y., in 1838; was a tutor in Hebrew there, 1837-39, and professor of rhetoric and English literature, 1839-49. He was married. May 12, 1840. to Cornelia E. Morse of Eaton, N.Y. He aided in establishing the University of Rocliester in 1850 ; was professor of history and belles-let- tres there, 1850-55, and organized and was president of the Brooklyn Collegiate and Poly- technic institute, N. Y., 1856-64. He accompanied Henry Ward Beecher to Europe in 1863 : organ- ized Vassar college at Poughkeepsie in 1865, and was its first president, and professor of mental and moral philosophy, 1865-78. He received the degree LL.D. from the University of Rochester in 1855. He is the author of several pamphlets and sermons, and his " Life and tetters '' were prepared by Harriet Raymond Lloyd (1880). He died in Poughkeepsie, N.Y., Aug. 14, 1878. RAYMOND, John T., actor, was born in Buffalo, N.Y., April 5, 1836 ; son of Irish parents by the name of O'Brien. He attended the public school, engaged as a merchant's clerk, but deter- mined to become an actor. He changed his name to Raymond, secured an engagement at the tlieatre in Rochester. N.Y., and there made his debut as Lopez in " The Honey-moon," June 27, 1853, immediately scoring a reputation for farcical roles. He appeared as Timothy Quaint in " The Soldier's Daughter," at the Chestnut Street theatre in Philadelphia in 1854 ; went to Halifax, N.S., 1857, with Edward Askew Sothern, and subsequently became a favorite in Savannah, Mobile, New Orleans, and other southern cities. Upon his return to New York city, he played in the Winter Garden in support of Julia Dean Hayne, and in 1861 joined Laura Keene's com- pany, making a notable success as AsaTrenchard in "Our American Cousin," Sothern playing the role of Lord Dundreary. In 1867, in the same character, he appeared with Sothern (q.v.) in England and in Paris, where his wife played Florence Trenchard. He returned in October, 186*^. to New York, where he re-opened the Theatre Comique as Toby Twinkle in " All that Glitters is not Gold ; " appeared as Graves in "Money" at the California theatre, San Fran- cisco, Jan. 18, 1869, his wife taking the part of Clara Douglas, and remained west until 1871. In 1874, at the Park theatre, New York city, he made liis first appearance in tlie character of Col. Mulberry Sellers, in the dramatization of Mark Twain's " The Gilded Age," in whicli role he made a national reputation, although it failed to meet with success in England in 1880. His other roles include : Risks in " Wolfert's Roost"; the leading characters in "Fresh, the American"; " In Paradise " ; "For Congress" ("The Politi- cian"); "A Gold Mine," and "The Woman Hater," the last-named play being performed by him only a few times. He died suddenly at Evansville. Ind., April 10, 1887. RAYMOND, Rossiter Worthington, consult- ing engineer and autlior, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, April 27, 1840; son of Professor Robert Raikes and Mary Ann (Pratt) Raymond. He was graduated at the Brooklyn Polytechnic institute in 1858 ; and studied at the Royal Mining academy, Freiberg, Saxony, and at the Heidelberg and Munich universities, 1858-61. He was aide-de-camp in the Union army, witli the rank of captain, 1861-64. In 1863 lie married Sarah Mellen, daughter of William R. Dwiglit of Brooklyn, N.Y. He practised as consulting mining engineer and metallurgist in New York city, 1864-68 ; was U.S. commissioner of mining statistics, 1868-76; commissioner to the Vienna exposition, 1873 ; professor of economic geology at Lafayette college. Pa., 1870-81 ; an original member (1871) of the American Institute of Mining Engineers and president, 1872-75, and the secretary from 1884. He was made an honorary member of the Society of Civil Engineers in France, and of several other technical societies. He edited the American Journal of Mining, 1867- 68, and the same periodical under the name Engineering and Mining Jozirnal, 1868-90. He was a state electric subway commissioner for Brooklyn, N.Y., 1885-89. He is the author of: Reports on the Mineral Resources of the United States West of the Rocky Mountains (8 vols., 1869-76); Die Leibgarde (1863), a German trans- lation of Mrs. John C. Fremont's "Story of the Guard " ; Tlie Children s Week (1871) ; Brave Hearts (1873); Tlie Man in the Moon and other People {ISli); Tlie Book of Job (1878); The Merry- go-Round (1880) ; Camp and Cabin (1880) ; Two Ghosts (1890) ; A Glossary of Mining and Metal- lurgical Terms (1881); Tlie Law of the Apex, and other essays on mining law (1883-95); and Memo- rial of Alexander L. Holley (1883). He edited the Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers (Vols. XII.-XXXII., 1884 to 1902). RAYNER READ RAYNER, Isidor, representative, was born in Baltimore, Md.. April 11, 1850; son of William S. and Amalie R^iyner. He was graduated at the University of Virginia and was admitted to the Baltimore bar in 1871. He was a representative in the Maryland legislature, 1879-80; chairman of the Baltimore delegation ; state senator, 1887- 91 ; and a Democratic representative from the fourth district of Maryland in the 50th, 52d, and 53d congresses, 1887-89 and 1891-95, serving on the committees of foreign affairs, coinage, and commerce. He was elected attorney -general of Maryland in 1900, and was the leading counsel for Rear-Admiral Winfield Scott Schley in his famous trial before the court of inquiry in No- vember, 1901. RAYNER, Kenneth, representative, was born in Bertie county, N.C., in 1808; son of the Rev. Amos Rayner, a Baptist clergyman and a soldier in the Revolutionary war. He was educated at the Tarborough academy, was admitted to the bar in 18'29. but engaged in planting in Hertford county, and was a member of the state constitu- tional convention of 1835. He was married in 1841. to Susan, daughter of Col. William Polk of Raleigh. X.C.. an oflScer of the Revolution. He represented Hertford county in the state legisla- ture, 1835. 1836, 1838. 1839, 1846, 1848, and 1851 ; was a Whig representative in the 26th, 27th, and 2Sth congresses, 1839-45 ; a presidential elector for Taylor and Fillmore in 1849, and after the close of the civil war removed to Mississippi. He was a judge of the court of commissioners of Alabama claims, 1874-76, and was solicitor of the U.S. treasury, 1877-84. He is the author of : The Life and Services of Andrew Johnson (1866). He died in Washington, D.C., March 4, 1884. REA, John, representative, was born in Pennsylvania in 1755. He served in the Revo- lutionary war ; was a representative in the state legislature for several years ; was a Demo- cratic representative from the Chambersburg district in the 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th congresses, 1803-11 ; was defeated in 1810 for the 12th con- gress, and was elected to the 13th congress, 1813- 15. He died in Chambersburg, Pa., Feb. 6, 1829. READ, Daniel, educator, was born in Mari- etta. Ohio, June 24, 1805 ; son of Ezra Read of Urbana, Ohio. He was graduated at Ohio uni- versity, A.B., 1824, A.M., 1827, and was married to Alice Brice of Athens, Ohio. He was principal of the preparatory department of Ohio univer- sity, 1824-35 ; was admitted to the bar in 1836 ; was professor of ancient languages in Ohio uni- versity, 1836-38 ; of Latin and political economy, 1839-42 ; professor of languages in Indiana State university, 184.3-56 ; acting president of the uni- versity, 1853-54, and a member of the Indiana state corr^titutional convention in 1851. He was professor of mental philosophy, logic, rhetoric and English literature in the University of Wis- consin, 1855-66, and president of the University of the State of Missouri, 18G6-76. He was a government visitor to the U.S. military academy in 1840, and received the degree LL.D. from Indiana Asbury (now De Pauw) university, in 1853. He died in Keokuk, Iowa, Oct. 3, 1878. READ, George, signer, was born in Cecil county, Md., Sept. 18, 1733 ; son of John and Mary (Howell) Read. John Read came from Ireland ear- ly in the eighteenth century, and settled in Cecil county, where, with six associates, he founded and laid out Charlestown. He spent his last years in Newcastle county, Del. George attended the schools of Chester and New London ; studied law with John Moland of Philadelphia, Pa., and en- tered upon its practice at New Castle, Del., March 6, 1754. He was married in 1763 to Gertrude, daughter of the Rev. George Ross of New Castle, and sister of George Ross, the signer. He was the first attorney-general for Delaware, 1763-75 ; a member of the gs'neral assembly, 1765-77 ; a delegate from Delaware to the Continental con- gress, 1774-77, and president of the convention that framed the first constitution of the state of Delaware in September. 1776. He voted against the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776, but finally signed the instrument and was its firm supporter. He declined the presidency of the state in 1776, and was elected its vice-president, becoming acting-presi- dent upon the capture of President John Mc- Kmly in October, 1777, and serving until March, 1778. He was appointed justice of the court of appeals in admiralty cases in 1782 ; was a dele- gate to the commercial convention held at Annapolis, Md., in 1786 ; president of the Dela- ware deputies to the United States constitutional convention held at Philadelphia, and a signer of the instrument, Sept. 17, 1787. He was elected with Richard Bassett, U.S. senator from Delaware, 1789-93 ; drew the short term expiring. March 3, 1791 ; was elected for a full term, but resigned in 1793 to take his seat as chief justice of the state of Delaware, having been appointed by Gov. Joshua Clayton, Sept. 18, 1793. He died in New- castle, Del.. Sept. 21. 1798. READ, George Campbell, naval officer, was born in Ireland about 1787 ; came to the United States with his parents in childhood, and was warranted midshipman in the U.S. navy, April 2, 1804. He was promoted lieutenant, April 25, 1810 ; was 3d lieutenant on the Constitution in the fight with the British frigate Guerriere, Aug. 19, 1812, and was honored by Capt. Isaac Hull, as the oflicer to receive the sword of Capt. .James R. Dacres. He was lieutenant on the United States in the capture of the Macedonian, Oct. 25, READ READ 1812, and commanded the Chippeica of the flying squadron under Com. Oliver H. Perry, 1813. He was promoted commander. April 27, 1816, and captain, March 3, 1825. He commanded the East India squadron in 1840, the African squadron in 1846, and the Mediterranean squadron subse- quently. He was placed on the reserved list, Sept. 13, 1855, was governor of the Naval asylum at Philadelphia, Pa., 1861-62, and was promoted rear-admiral on the retired list, July 16, 1862, He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 22, 1862. READ, Mollis, missionary, was born in New- fane, Vt. , Aug, 26, 1802, He was graduated from Williams college, A,B., 1826, A.M., 1829 ; at- tended Princeton Theological seminary, 1826- 28 ; was a missionary at Bombay, India, 1830-35, and an agent of the A. B.C. for F.M., 1835-37, He preached in Babylon, L.I., 1837-38; Derby, Conn., 1838-43 ; was agent of the American Tract society, 1843-44, and pastor at New Pres- ton, Conn,, 1845-51. He taught school at Orange, N.J., and was agent of the Society for the Con- version of the Jews, 1851-55 ; was stated supply at Cranford, N.J., 1855-64, and was agent of the Freedman's Relief association. He is the author of: Journal in India (1835); Babajee the Chris- tian Brahmin (1837); TJie Hand of God in His- tory (1848-52); Memoirs and Sermons of W. J. Armstrong, D.D. (1851); Palace of a Great King (1855); Commerce and Christianity (1856); India and its People (1858); The Coming Crisis of the World (1858); The Negro Problem Solved (1864); Footp)rints of Satayi {18QQ). He died in Somer- ville, N.J., April 7, 1887. READ, Jacob, senator, was born in South Car- olina in 17 ).'. He received a liberal education; studied la\v in England, 1773-76, and established himself in practice in Charleston, S.C, in 1776. He was appointed major of a regiment of South Carolina volunteers, and was taken prisoner early in the war and t-u.iJined at St. Augustine, Fla., 1778-82. He was ;i representative in the South Carolina legislature ; a delegate to the Continen- tal congress, 1783-85 ; a Federalist U.S. senator, 1795-1801, and judge of the U.S. court for the district of South Carolina, 1801-16. He died in Charleston. S.C, July 17. 1816. READ, John Joseph, naval officer, was born in New Jersey, June 17, 1842. He was appointed a cadet in the U.S. Naval academy, Sept. 21, 1858, and was ordered into active service in May, 1861 ; promoted ensign, Nov. 25, 1862 ; lieutenant, Feb. 22, 1864, lieutenant colonel, July 25, 1866; commander, Dec. 11, 1S77 ; captain, April 27, 1893. and rear-admiral. Nov. 29. 1900. During the civil war he served on the flagship Hartford, West Gulf blockading squadron, under Admiral Farragut, in the battles from Southwest Pass to Vicksburg, 1863 ; stationed with the South IX. — 4 Atlantic blockading squadron, 1862-64 ; on the steamer R. R. Cuyler, North Atlantic squadron, 1864-65 ; De Soto and Rhode Island, Atlantic squadron, 1865-67; flagship Susquehanna, North Atlantic squadron, 1867-68 ; Michigan on the Lakes, 1869; Guerriere, European station, 1870-72 ; Richmond, North Pacific station, 1873-76, and South Pacific station, 1876-77. He was in com- mand of the bureau of yards and docks, 1877-79 ; lighthouse inspector, 1879-83, 1886-90, and 1892- 93 ; in command of the Michigan, 1883-86 ; of the Iroquois. March, 1891-July, 1892 ; inspector, on temporary duty at Newport, R.I., from May, 1893, until August, 1894, when he was assigned to the command of the receiving ship Independ- ence. He commanded the flagship Olympia, Asiatic squadron, 1895-97 ; was on waiting orders, November, 1897-98 ; commanded the re- ceiving ship Richmond, League Island navy yard, 1898-1900 ; and on April 1, 1900, was placed in command of the U.S. navy yard at Ports- mouth, N.H., his date of retirement by operation of law being June 17, 1904. READ, John Meredith, jurist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 21, 1797 ; son of the Hon. John and Martha (Meredith) Read. He was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, A.B., 1812, A.M., 1816.; was admitted to the bar in 1818, and established himself in practice in Philadelphia. He was a representative in the state legislature, 1822-24 ; city solicitor of Phila- delphia, 1824-27 ; member of the select council, 1827-30 ; U. S. attorney for the eastern district of Pennsylvania, 1837-41 ; solicitor for the U.S. treasury, 1841-45, and attorney-general of the state in 1846. He was nominated hv President Polk as associate justice of the U.S. supreme court, but owing to the opposition of the Southern senators to his free-soil views, he re- quested the President to withdraw his name. He advocated the annexation of Texas, and sup- ported President Jackson in opptbing the cliarter for the Bank of the United States. In 1856 he joined the Republican party, and delivered a speech on the " Power of Congress over Slavery in the Territories," which was used as a campaign document during the canvass. He was elected by the Republican party justice of the supreme court of Pennsylvania in 1858. serving, 1858-72, and as chief justice, 1872-73. He was proposed as the Republican candidate for President in 1860, with Abraham Lincoln for vice-president, but the arrangement was defeated by Simon Cameron in the Republicui state convention lield in Pennsylvania in 1860. He received sixty votes for the nomination for President at the Chicago convention of 1860. but withdrew in favor of Abraham Lincoln. He was made a member of the American Philosophical society in 1863. He READ READ was twice married ; first, to Priscilla, daughter of the Hon. Joliii Marshall of Boston, and secondly, to Amelia, daughter of Edward Thompson of Philadelpliia. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Brown university in 1860. He is the author of : Plan for the Admin- istration of the Girard Trust (ISS'S); Views on the SusjH'usion of the Writ of Habeas Corpus (1863); The Laic of Evidence (1864); Jefferson Davis and his Complicity in the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln (1866). He died in Philadel- phia, Pa., Nov. 29, 187 4. READ, John Meredith, diplomatist, was born in Philad.^lphia, Pa., Feb. 21, 1837; son of John Meredith Read (q.v.). He attended a military school and Brown university ; was graduated from the Albany Law school in 1859 ; studied international law in Europe, and was ad- mitted to the bar in Philadelpliia in 1839. He removed to Al- bany, N.Y., in 1860, and was adjutant- general of the state, with the rank of brig- adier-general, 1860- 66, receiving the thanks of the war department for his efficiency in equip- ping and forwarding New York volun- teers. He was U.S. consul-general for France and Algeria, 1869-73, and during tlie Franco-German war he was acting consul-general for Germany, 1870-72. General De Cissy, French minister of war, ap- pointed him president of a commission to con- sider the advisability of teaching the English language to French soldiers. He was U.S. min- ister-resident to Greece, 1873-79, and in his official position he secured the release of the American ship Arynenia, and obtained a revoca- tion of the order prohibiting the sale of the Bible in Greece. During the Russo-Turkish war he discovered a single port open in Russia to foreign commerce, and his report to the U.S. government led to sending a grain fleet from New York to that port, resulting in great gains to American commerce. He received the thanks of the U.S. government for his effectual protec- tion of American citizens in Greece, and in 1881 was created a knight of the grand cross of the Order of the Redeemer, the higliest degree in the gift of the Greek government, by King George. He was president of the social science congress, Albany, N.Y., in 1868 ; vice-president of the social science cungreis, Plymoutli, England, in 1872 ; a trustee of the Albany female academy and of Cornell university, 1865-73. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on him by Brown in 1866. He is the author of : Relation of Soil to Plants and Animals (1860) ; First Annual Dis- course before the Delatvare Historical Socicti/ (1864) ; Historical Inqniry concerniiKj Henry Hudson (1866); and many articles on legal, arclK\?ological and historical subjects. He died in Paris, France, Dec. 27, 1896. READ, Opie, author, was born in Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 22, 1852; son of Guilford and Eliza- beth (Wallace) Read ; grandson of James and Lydia Read and of James and Eiizabetli Wal- lace, and a descendtint of the Reads and Wal- laces who settled in North Carolina and Virginia early in the seventeenth century. He attended schools in Gallatin, Tenn., and engaged in news- paper work in Franklin, Ky. He removed to Little Rock, Ark. ; was editor of the Arkansas Gazette, 1878-81 ; was connected with the Cleve- land Leader, 1881-83, and established the Arkan- sas Traveler, a humorous paper that gained him a wide rej)utation in 1883. He conducted this paper until 1891, wlien he removed to Chicago and engaged in literary work. He was married, June 30, 1880, to Ada, daughter of Lucinda and Philo Benham of New York. He is the author of : Len Gansett (1888) ; A Kentucky Colonel (1889) ; Enimett Benlore (1891); A Tennessee Judge (1893) ; Wives of the Prophet (1894); Tlie Jucklins (1895) ; My Young Master (1896) ; ,4?-- kansas Planter (1896) ; Bolanyo (1897) ; Waters of Caney Fork (1899); The Starbucks (1902). READ, Thomas, naval officer, was born in Newcastle, Del., in 1740; son of Col. John (tlie immigrant) and Mary (Howell) Read, and grand- son of Henry Read, an English gentleman. He received a liberal education, and was appointeil commodore of tiie Pennsylvania navy, Oct. 23, 1775, being the fust American naval officer to receive tiiat rank. He successfully defended the entrance to tlie Delaware river, and was appoint- ed to the iiighest grade in the Continental navy, June 7, 1776, and assigned to the command of the 32-gun frigate George Washington, still on the stocks on the Delaware river. While waiting- for his vessel to be launched and fitted for service, he was appointed captain in the Continental army by the committee of safety, and joined General Washington before tiie army crossed the Dela- ware. He commanded a battery made up of guns intended for his frigate, in the battle of Trenton, and for his part in that battle received the formal thanks of all the general officers who took part. He subsequently resigned liis com- mission and retired to his estate near Borden- town, N.J., and in 1787 was induced by Ro1)en Morris to take command of the frigate Alliance, READ REAGAN owned by the former. He made a Toyage to the Cliiua seas, for commercial purposes, over a course that had never been sailed before, and reached Canton in December, 1787, having been more than six months on the way. He discovered tw^o islands, naming them "Morris "and "Alliance," which form part of the Caroline group, and made the first out of season passage to China. He died at White Hill, N.J.. Ort. 26, 1788. READ, Thomas Buchanan, artist and poet, was born in Chester county, Pa., March 13, 1832. After his father's death he was apprenticed to a tailor, but, disliking the trade, he secretly made his way to Philadelphia, where for a time he was employed in a cigar manufactory, and in 1837 went to Cincinnati. Ohio. There he lived with Shobal V. Clevenger (q.v.), the sculptor; became a sign-painter, and at times went to school. After spending a year in Dayton as employee in a theatre, he returned to Cincinnati and established himself as a portrait painter through the kindness of Nicholas Longworth. He was obliged, however, to earn a precari- ous living by sign-painting in various towns, by cigar-making, and by giving readings and dramatic performances. He removed to New York city in 1841, and soon after to Boston, Mass., where he began to devote himself to literary pursuits, and contributed poems to the Courier, 1843-44. He removed to Philadelphia, Pa., in 1846; traveled abroad in 1850, Jind in 1853 returned to Italy, where he remained for art-study in Florence and Rome until 1858, and after many visits to Philadelphia and Cincinnati, finally made Rome his permanent home. During the civil war he recited his National war-songs in the camps, and devoted the proceeds of his public readings to the comfort of the wounded soldiers. His paintings include: " The Spirit of the Waterfall" ; " The Lost Pleiad " ; " The Star of Bethlehem " ; " Undine " ; " Longfellow's Chil- dren " ; " Cleopatra and her Barge " ; " Sheridan's Ride " ; portraits of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, George M. Dallas, and Longfellow. He made his reputation, however, chiefly by his patriotic poetry, and is the author of : Poems (1847); Lays and Ballads (1848); Tlie Pilgrims of the Great St. Bernard, a serial romance in prose ; The Neio Pastoral (1854) ; The House hy the Sea (1856) ; Sylvia, or the Lost Shepherd, and other Poems (1857); ^4 Voyage to Iceland (1857); Rural Poems (London, 1857); Complete Poetical Works (1860); The Wagoner of the Alleghanies (1862); Sheri- dan's Ride and A Summer Story (1865) •, TJie Good Samaritan (1867); Poetical Works (3 vols., 1865; 1867). He died in New York city. May 11. 1872. READY, Charles, representative, was born in Readyville, Tenn., Dec. 22, 1802. He was grad- uated from Greenville college, Tenn.; was ad- njitted to the bar, and began practice in Miir- freesboro. He was a Whig rejjresentative in the state legislature in 1835 ; in the 33d, 34th and 35th congresses, 1853-59, and was defeated as the In- dependent candidate for the 26th congress by Robert Hatton in 1858. He was an active sup- porter of tlie Confederate States government ; was identified with the organization of the judi- ciary of Tennessee, and by special permission twice presided over its supreme court. He re- ceived the degree of A.M. from Nashville uni- versity, and was a trustee of the institution. 1847-78. He died in Murf reesboro, Tenn. , in 1878. REAGAN, John Henninger, statesman, was born in Sevier county, Tenn., Oct. 8. 1818; son of Timothy R. and Elizabeth (Lusk) Reagan ; grandson of Richard and (Shulz) Reagan and of Joseph Lusk ; great-grandson of Timothy Reagan, an Irishman? who was a soldier in the American Revolution and was wounded at Brandy wine, and a descendant of English, Irish, Welsh and German ancestry. He attended the Southwestern college, Marysville, Tenn. ; Nancy academy ; Boyd's Creek academy, and for two years worked in a tanyard, on a farm, on board a flatboat, managed a flouring and saw mill in Tennessee, and was overseer of a large planta- tion in Mississippi. In 1838 he went to Texas, joined the army of the republic, and took part in battles with the Cherokee Indians, July 15-16, 1839. He was deputy surveyor of public lands, 1839-43 ; was elected captain of a company of militia, and justice of the peace, and in 1846 was elected probate judge and lieutenant-colonel of Henderson county militia. He was temporarily licensed to practice law in 1846, and regularly licensed in 1848 ; was a represeirtative in the Texas legislature in 1847-48 ; judge of the 9th judicial district of Texas, 1852-57 ; a Democratic representative in the 35th, 36th congresses, 1857- 1861 ; presidential elector in 1860 ; a member of the secession convention of Texas in 1861 ; a dele- gate to tlie provisional congress of the Confederate States in 1861 ; postmaster-general of the Con- federate States, 1862-65, and sec- retary of the Confederate States treasury ad interim on the resignation* of Secretary Trenholm in 1865. He es- caped from Richmond with President Davis and was made a prisoner of war. May 10, 1865, with President Davis, Governor Lubbock, Col. Wil- liam Preston Johnston and Burton Harrison, and was taken to Macon, Ga., thence to Hampton REAVIS RECTOR Roads, Va.. and finally with Vice-President Alexander H. Stephens to Fort AVarren, Boston harbor, where he was confined until October, 1865. He returned to Palestine, Texas, and woi-ked on his farm in order to support his family. He declined the appointment of military governor of Texas in 1807 from Governor Griflln ; resumed liis law practice. is(»s ; was a member of the stale constitutional convention of 1875, and chairman of the judiciary committee. He was a represen- tative in tlie 44th-49th congresses, 1875-87. and re- signed before taking his seat in the oOtli congress to take that of U S. senator, serving, 1887-91. He resigned his seat in the senate in 1891 to become chairman of the railroad commission of Texas by appointment of Gov. James S. Hogg; was re-appointed in 1893, and by Governor C. A. Culberson in 1895, and was elected to the same position in 1896, serving 1897-1903. He retired from public life in 1903. holding the unique dis- tinction of having served under three govern- ments witiiout removing from the state of his adoption, in each of wjiich he was honored with high public office. REAVIS, James Bradley, jurist, was born in Boone county. Mo.. May 21, 1848; son of Jolin Newton and Elizabeth (Preston) Reavis ; grand- son of Marcus A. and Lucy (Bradly) Reavis and of John and Jane (Raniey) Preston, and a des- cendant of a refugee, wlio landed with Ashley Cooper's expedition at Albemarle Sound, N.C., and adopted the name of Reavis, and in the maternal line descended from the Lees of Lees- burg, Va. He was a student at Kentucky uni- versity, 1868-71 ; was admitted to the bar at Hannibal, Mo., in 1872; edited the Monroe City, Mo., Appeal, 1872-74, and in the latter year re- moved to California. In 1880 he opened a law office in Goldendale, Wasliington Territory. He was a member of the upper house of the terri- torial legislature, 1888. and a regent of the Territorial university, 1888-89. On the admission of Washington as a state he was Democratic candidate for justice of the supreme court and was defeated. He was married. May 27, 1891, to Minnie A. Freeman, daughter of Smith and Martha (Butler) Freeman of Nashville, Tenn. In 189G he became chief-justice of the supreme court of Wasliington. REAVIS, Logan Uriah, editor and author, was born in Sangamon Bottom, Mason county. 111., March 26,1831. He attended tiie grammar and high scliools : t.aught school 1851-55 ; was an edi- tor and part owner of tln^ Gazette, which name he changed to the Central Illinoian, Beardstown, 111., 1855-57; resided in Nebraska. 18.57-60; repurcliased and edited The Central Illinoian, 1860-66, and through lectures and otherwise, inaugurated a movement looking to the removal of the national capital to St. Louis, earning for himself the sobriquet of " The Capital Mover," 1866-79. He also began a movement, 1879, to promote im- migration to Missouri ; made two lecturing tours of England to further tlie scheme, and in tlie same interests published : TJte New Republic, or the Transition Complete, with an Approaching Cliange of National Empire, based upon tlie Commercial and Industrial Expansion of the Great West (1867) ; St. Lotiis the Future Great City of the World (1867) ; and A Change of National Empire, or Arguments for the Removal of the National Grtpital from Washington to the Mistiissippi Valley, with maps (1869). He also is tlie author of : A Representative Life of Horace Greeley, ivith an Introduction by Cassius 31. Clay (1872); Thoughts for the Young Men and Women of America (1873); Life of Gen. William S. Harney (ISlo), and Railway and River System (1879). He died in St. Louis, Mo., April 25, 1889. RECTOR, Henry Massey, governor of Ark- ansas, was born in St. Louis, Mo.. May 1, 1816; son of Elias and Fannie B. (Thruston) Rector; grandson of John Rector, and of the Hon. John Tlu-uston of Kentucky, and great-grandson of Frederick M. Rector, who emigrated from Wurteniburg, Sax- ony, and settled in Fauquier county, Va., during Lord Dun- '■" ' : • more's administra- I tion, as a fief of the British crown. Henry spent his early ^> -^j^ years as a laborer ^ '^ in Missouri, attended ^ school in Louisville, T Ky., 1834-35, and in / 1835 removed to Ar- kansas to look after landed interests in- herited from his father. He was married in 1839 to Miss Field, and a second time to the daughter of Albert Linde. He was teller of the State bank of Arkansas, 1839-40 ; engaged in farming in Saline county. Ark., in 1841, and studied law. He was appointed U.S. marshal for the district of Ark- ansas by President Tyler, serving, 1842-45 ; was elected to the state senate in 1848, and engaged in tlie pr.actice of law in Little Rock in 1854, confining himself chiefl}' to criminal law. He was elected a judge of the supreme court in 1859, and governor of Arkansas as an Independent Democrat for a four j-ears' term. He refused to furnish Arkansas's quota of 7-50 men in response to Lincoln's call in 1861. and seizerl the arsenal at Little Rock and the Fort at Fort Smith, with all arms, ammunition and stores. He was a / ^^ RECTOR REDFIELD member of the military board which raised and equipped forty regiments for the Confederate army in May, 1861, and in June, 1862, was forced to retire from office because the convexition of 1861 Iiad omitted in its enactments to continue the office of governor, and therefore, after a con- test, the state supreme court declared it vacant. He then joined the reserve corps of the Confed- erate array and served as a private until the close of the war, having been refused a commissary or quarter-master's position. He engaged in the cotton business after the war, and was a member of the state constitutional convention in 1868, He died in Little Rock, Ark., in August, 1899. RECTOR, John Benjamin, jurist, was born in Jackson county, Ala., Nov. 24, 1837. He re- moved with his parents to Texas in 1847, prepared for college and was graduated from Yale in 1859. He was admitted to the bar ; established himself in practice in Austin, Texas ; served throughout the civil war in Terry's Texas Rangers, and in 1865 removed to Bastrop, Texas, and resumed his law practice. He was attorney of the 2d judicial district of Texas, 1866-67 ; judge of the state court, 1871-76 ; engaged in private practice in Austin, 1876-92, and was judge of the U.S. court for the northern district of Texas, 1892-98. He died in Austin, Texas, April 9, 1898. REDDEN, Laura Catherine. See Searing, Laura Catherine Redden. REDFIELD, Anna Maria Treadwell, scientist, was born in L'Orignal, Ontario, Jan. 17, 1800 ; daughter of Nathaniel Hazard and Margaret (Piatt) Treadwell, and granddaughter of Judge Charles Piatt. Her father removed liis family to Plattsburgli, N.Y.. in 1812, and she was graduated at the seminary of Mrs. Emma Willard, Middle- bury, Vt., and took a post-graduate course under direction of her uncle, the Rev. Dr. Henry Davis (q.v.), president of Hamilton college. She was married, Feb. 7, 1820, to Lewis H. Redfield, editor of the Register, Onondaga Hollow, N.Y., and re- moved to Syracuse, N.Y., in 1829, when her hus- band consolidated the Register with the Syra- cuse Gazette. Mrs. Redfield made a large collec- tion of shells, minerals and botanical specimens which she used in the preparation of her work, illustrating nature in living forms and in papers prepared for the use of students of nature in Hamilton college, and by the Long Island and Chicago historical societies. At the time she resided in Syracuse, that city was the centre of advanced thought, and she was actively inter- ested in the conventions held there in the in- terest of political economy, religion and educa- tion. Ingham university, Le Roy, N.Y., conferred on her the degree of honor equivalent to master of arts, never before accorded to any woman in America. Her husband died, July 14, 1882, two sons and four daughters surviving. Mrs. Redfield is the author of : Zoological Science, or Nature in Living Forms, which work Professor Agassiz pronounced " would do credit to the majority of college professors." She died in Syracuse, N.Y., June 15, 1888. REDFIELD, Isaac Fletcher, jurist, was born in Wethersfield, Vt., April 10, 1804; son of Dr. Peleg and Hannah (Parker) Redfield. His parents removed to Coventry, Vt., in 1805, and he was graduated from Dartmouth college, A.B., 1825, A.M. 1828 ; was admitted to the bar in Orleans county, Vt.. in 1827, andestablislied him- self in practice in Derby, and later in Windsor, Vt. He was state's attorney for Orleans county, 1832-35 ; judge of the supreme court of Vermont, 1835-52; chief- judge, 1852-60, and professor of medical jurisprudence at Dartmouth, 1857-61. He removed to Boston in 1861, and was sent as special counsel of the United States government to adjust claims with Great Britain, and to re- cover property held on behalf of the Southern Confederacy. He was twice married, first, Sept. 28, 1836, to Mary Ward Smith of Stanstead, Vt., and secondly. May 4, 1842, to Catharine Blanchard Clark of St. Johnsbury, Vt. The degree of A.M. was conferred on him by the University of Vermont in 1885, and tliat of LL.D. by Trinity college in 1849, and by Dartmouth in 1855. He edited the American Laiv Register of Philadelphia, 1862-76, and is the author of : Practical Treatise on the Law of Raihoays (1857); Law of Wills (3 parts, 1864-70); Practical Treatise of Civil Pleading and Pract ice loith Forms (1868); The Law of Carriers and Bailments (1869), and Leading American Railway Cases (2 vols., 1870). He also edited Judge Joseph Story's "Equity Pleadings " and " Conflict of Laws " and Greenleaf " On Evidence." He died in Charlestown, Mass., March 23, 1876. REDFIELD, William C, pioneer railroad pro- jector, was born at Middletown, Conn., March 26, 1789. He was a saddler and harness maker's apprentice, 1803-10; engaged in the business, 1810-27, and in 1827 removed to New York city and interested himself in steam navigation. He introduced a line of large passenger barges towed by a steamboat between New York and Albany ; planned a steam railroad route to connect tlie Hudson and Mississippi rivers, which was after- ward carried into operation by the New York and Erie Railway company ; secured the charter of the New York and Harlem railroad ; was associated with James Brewster in the construc- tion of the Hartford and New Haven railroad, and petitioned the common council of New York city for permission to lay tracks for a street rail- road on Canal street. He became a student of meteorology and geology, and was elected a REDPATII REDWAY ';i' member of the American Association of Natural- ists and Geologists, and its president in 1843. Tlie honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on him by Yale college in 1839. He is tlie author of ** Atlantic Storms" and " Hurricanes and Storms of the United States and "West Indies," publisiied in the America ti Journal of Science (1831). He di.'d in New York city. Feb. 12, 1857. REDPATH, James, journalist, editor and author, was born in Hervvick-on-Tweed, Xortlmm- berlandsliire, England, Aug. '^U, 1833. His father was a scliool-master, and immigrated with his family to the United States, settling in Michigan. James obtained em- ployment on the Kal- amazoo Telegraph in 1850 ; was subse- quently employed as a compositor on the Advertiser, Detroit, Jlich., where he did his first journalistic work, and soon after wrote a series of sketches giving liis experience and ob- servations of under- ground life in Phila- delphia, which pro- duced a great sensa- tion. He wrote articles on life in city prisons, for tlie New York Rambler; was employed on the New York Tribune, and during the Kansas troubles in \S~h) was the correspondent for that paper. He made a careful study of the Free Soil movement from the standpoint of the settlers, and aroused the enmity of the opponents of that party, then known as '• Border Ruffians," by whom his life was threatened. In 1857 he made a tour of the south on foot, studying the lives of the slaves bj' associa- ting with them, and his observations, known as the "Berwick" letters, were published in the Tribune. He favored the colonization of slaves in Hayti. and to that end made visits to thatcountry in 1859, and was appointed by the President of Ha^vti emigration agent in the United States and Haytian consul in Philadelphia. He founded the Haytian bureau of emigration in Boston and New York, and published in the interests of the movement a weekly newspaper called Pine and Palm, having established liiinself in the book and stationery business in Boston. He was war correspondent for the New York Tribune and the Boston Journal in the armies of the Cumberland and Ohio, 1861-65, and in 1865 was superintendent of the Freedman"s bureau for the department in- cluding South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. He organized the Redpath lyceum bureau in Boston, Mass., in 1865, and for several years con- trolled the imblic lecture system for the whole country. His letters from the distressed di&tricts of Ireland in 1879-81, created a considerable sen- sation. He made a lecturing tour of the United States and published Redimtli's Weeklij, 1881-80 ; was editor of the North American Revieu\ 1885 ; editor of Belford's Magazine, 1886, and was an advocate of the reforms advanced by Henry George and Dr. ^IcGlynn. He assisted Jefferson Davis, in iirei)aring the revised edition of "Rise and Fall of the Confederate States of America" (1881); and Mrs. Davis in compiling the memoirs of her husb.tnd under the title "Jefferson Davis Ex-President of the Confederate States of America" (1891). He is the author of: Hand Book to Kansas (1859); Tlie Roving Editor, or Talks toith Slaves in the Southern States (1859); Echoes of Harper's Ferry {\SQO) ; Southeiii Notes {ISGO); Guide to Hayti (1860); The John Brown Invasion (1860); Tlie Public Life of Captain John Brown (1860); Jo/tn Brown the Hero {\8m); Talks about Ireland (1881). His death, the result of an accident, occurred in New York city, Feb. 10, 1891. REDWAY, Jaques Wardlaw, geographer, was born near Murfreesboro, Tenn., May 5, 1849 ; son of John W. and Lady Alexandrina (Wardlaw) Redwa}'. His father and two brothers died in the service of the Confederate States, and his mother and sister did not long survive them. He was placed in the family of a friend in the northern states to be educated, but lie ran away and was employed on the Morning Post, Chicago, and began to study medicine. He went across the plains with a party of emigrants, who em- ployed him as a scout and mail rider, and he en- gaged in mining and engineering in Oregon, California, Arizona and Mexico, 1870-81. He took a special course in chemistry at the Univer- sity of California, and studied also in Europe, where he married Lilian Burnham Lascelle, then residing in Dresden. He was instructor in chem- istry at the University of California. He also traveled in South America, Europe, Asia and Northern Africa, making extensive geographical researches. In 1898 he became a lecturer on geog- raphy and political economy on the Institute .staff of the University of the State of New York. A research concerning the first landing place of Columbus won liim a fellow.sliip in the Royal Geographical society. He edited: "Sir John Mandeville's Travels" (1899), and Kinglake's " Eothen " (1899). He is the author of : Manual of Geography (1887); joint author of Natural Geographies (1898); ZMi\\or oi Elementary Physi- cal Geography {\900); New Basis of Geography (1901); Inquiry Concerning the First Landfall of Columbus (1892) ; The Treeless Plains of North America (1894); .4 Commercial Geography {1^01) \ Stories in New York History (1903). REDWOOD REED REDWOOD, Abraham, philanthropist, was born on the island of Antigua. W.I., in 1710. His father, son of Abraham and Mehetable (Lang- ford) Redwood, who was born in Bristol, Eng- land, 1665, and owned a large sugar plantation in Antigua, known as Cassada Garden, removed to the New England colonies in 1713 ; lived in Salem, JMass., and Newport, R.I., and died at Salem in 1728. Abraham, Jr., attended the scliools of Philadelphia, and in 1727 settled on his father's estate at Portsmouth, R.I., known as Redwood farm, wliich came into his possession on the death of his elder brother, Jonas Langford Red- wood. He there cultivated rare plants, shrubs and trees. He was married abovit 1730 to Martha Coggeshall of Newport. He gave £500 for the purchase in London of standard books, and in 1750 the Redwood Library company, Ne%vport, was formed, and an edifice was built. During the Revolutionary war a large number of the volumes in the library were destroyed, but these were afterward replaced. He also gave £500 to the Society of Friends, of which he was a mem- ber for the establishment of a school in Newport, and a like sum to found Friends school in Prov- idence, organized, 1784, long conducted by Augus- tine Jones (q.v.). His son. Jonas Langford, mar- ried Abigail Godfrey ; their son, Abraham, be- came a benefactor of the Redwood library, and his coat of arms and portrait are on the walls of tlie library building. Abraham Redwood the elder died in Newport, R.I., March 6, 1788. REED, Elizabeth Armstrong, author, was born in Winthrop, Maine, May 16, 1842 ; daughter of Alvin and Sylvia (Morrell) Armstrong ; grand- daughter of William and Hannah (Legrow) Arm- strong, and of Benjamin and Elizabeth Morrell, and a descendant of Captain William Armstrong, who was born in Carlisle, England, April 20, 1739, and settled in Readfield, Maine, in 1774, where some of the family still live. Her parents were both prominent educators, and she studied under private tutors and at home until 1860. She was married, April 29, 1860, to Hiram Von Reed of Harvard, 111. She was elected a member of tlie International Congress of Orientalists : the Royal Asiatic society ; the Victoria Institute, and the Philosophical Society of Great Britain. She was chairman of the Woman's Congress of Philology held at Chicago, 111., in 1893. and (in 1903) was the only woman whose work had been accepted by the Philosophical Society of Great Britain. She is the author of : Tlie Bible Trium- phant (1866); Hindu Literature, or the Ancient Books of India (1891); Persian Literature, Ancient and Modern (1893) ; PrHmitive Buddhism, its Origin and Teachings (1896). In 1903 she was doing active work upon important books of reference. REED, George Edward, educator, was born in Brownville, Maine, March 28. 1846 ; son of the Rev. George and Ann (Hellyer) Reed, who came from England to America in 1838. His father was a clergyman of the Wesleyau Methodist church in England, and his great-grand- mother was a class leader under John Wesley. His father died in 1852, leaving the family in strait- ened circumstances, and tliey removed to Lowell, Mass., whei-e George attended the public schools. He obtained employment in a mill, and worked on a farm, and deciding to be- come a minister, he entered the Wesleyan academy, Wilbraham, Mass., in 1864, completed a three years' course in half a year, was gi'aduated from Wesleyan uni- versity, Middletown, Conn., in 1869, and studied theology at Boston university in 1870, meanwhile preaching at Clif tondale, Mass. He was married in June, 1870, to Ella Frances Leffingwell of Nor- wich, Conn. He was pastor at Willimantic, ./ Conn., 1870- at Fall River, Mass., 1872-75 ; of Hanson Place (1875-78, 1884-87) and Nostrand Avenue churches (1881-84), Brooklyn; N.Y.; at Stamford, Conn., 1878-81, and of Trinity church. New Haven, Conn., 1887-89. He was president of Dickinson college, Carlisle, Pa., 1889-1903, suc- ceeding Dr. James Andrew McCauley (q.v.), re- signed. He deeded the president's house, valued at $16,000, to the college, and during his adminis- tration the Dickinson scliool of law was estab- lished. He was state librarian of Pennsylvania, 1899-1902, when he resigned, not being in politi- cal accord with the state administration. The honorary degree of S.T.D. was conferred on him by Wesleyan university in 1886, and that of LL.D. by Lafayette college in 1889. He con- tributed largely to magazines and newspapers. REED, Henry Hope, educator, was born in Philadelphia, Pa.. July 11, 1808 : son of Joseph and Maria Ellis (Watniough) Reed. He was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, A.B., 1825, A.M., 1828 ; was admitted to the bar in 1829, and entered into practice in Philadel- phia. He was assistant professor of moral phil- osophy at the University of Pennsylvania. 1831- 34 ; professor of rhetoric and English literature, 1834-54, and vice-provost, 1845. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical society in 1838, and received the honorary degree of REED REED LL.D. from the University of Vermont in 184G. He was married to Elizabeth White, daughter of Enos Bronson of Philadelphia. He assisted Wordsworth in an arrangement of an American edition of his poems in 1837, and wrote a preface to the volume and an article on Wordsworth in the New York Eevieic in 1839. He also superin- tended the publication of an edition of Dr. Chris- topher Wordsworth's memoirs of the poet (2 vols., 1851). He edited Alexander Reed's " Dictionary of the English Language" (1845); American re- prints of Thomas Arnold's " Lectures on Modern History (1815); George F. Graham's "English Synonj-ms" (1847); Lord Mahon's "History of England" (2 vols., 1849), and the poetical works of Thomas Gray, with a memoir (1850). He is tlie author of: Lectures of English Literature from Chaucer to Tennyson (1855); Lectures on English History and Tragic Poetry as Illustrated by Shakespeare (1855); Lectures on the History of the American Union (1856), and Lectures on the British Poets (2 vols., 1857). He sailed for Eng- land on the stea,ineT Arctic, which was lost at sea, Sept 27, 1854. REED, James, clergyman, was born in Boston, Mass., Dec. 8, 1834; son of Sampson and Cath- erine (Clark) Reed ; grandson of the Rev. Dr. John and Hannah (Sampson) Reed, and of John and Lydia (Sanderson) Clark, and a descendant of William Reade of Weymouth, Mass., who arrived from England in 1635. He was graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1855, A.M.. 1858, and was married, Dec. 19, 1858, to Emily Elizabeth, daughter of Francis Ripley of Brookline, Mass. He entered the ministry of the New Church (Swedenborgian), and was connected with the Boston .society of the New Jerusalem Church as assistant minister, 1860-68, being made pastor in 1868. In 1894 he became president of the New Church Theological seminary. He also served as president of the Massachusetts Home for Intem- perate Women, and as a member of the Boston school board. He edited the New Church Review from 1894, and is the author of : Religion and Life (1809); Man and Woman, Equal but Unlike (1870); Swedcnborg and the New Church {ISbO) . REED, John, clergyman, was born in Framing- ham, Mass., Nov. 11, 1751 ; son of Solomon (a clergyman at Middleljorough, Mass.) and Abigail (Stoughton, or Houghton) Reed ; grandson of William and Alice (Nash) Reed, and a descend- ant of William Reade of Weymouth, who came from England about 1635. He was graduated from Yale in 1772 ; was married in 1780 to Han- nah, daughter of Uriah and Anna (White) Samp- son of Middleborough, and practised law, 1773- 80. He was ordained to the Congregational ministry in 1780, and was settled at the church in West Bridgewater, 1780-1831. He represented his district in the 4th, 5th and 6th congresses as a Federalist, 1795-1801, and served for a time as chaplnin of the U.S. navy. He received the hon- orary degree of D.D. from Brown in 1803. He is the author of : An Apology for the Rite of Infant Baptism (1806), besides several ordination and convention sermons (1787-1804). He died in West Bridgewater, Mass., Feb. 17, 1831. REED, John, representative, was born in West Bridgewater, Mass., Sept. 2, 1781 ; son of the Rev. Dr. John and Hannah (Sampson) Reed. He was graduated from Brown uni- versity, A.B.,'l803, A.M., 1806; was tutor in languages at Brown, 1804-06 ; principal of the academy at Bridgewater, Mass., 1806-07 ; studied law with William Baylies, and engaged in prac- tice in Yarmouth, Mass. He was married in 1809 to Olive, daughter of Abiezer and Hepzibah (Keith) Alger of West Bridgewater. He was a Federalist representative in the 13th and 14th congresses, 1813-17 ; a Whig representative in the 17th-26th congresses, 1821-41, and lieutenant- governor of Massachusetts, 1845-51. The honor- ary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Brown in 1845. He died in West Bridgewater, Mass., Nov. 25, 1860. REED, Joseph, statesman, was born in Tren- ton, N.J., Aug. 27, 1741 ; son of Andrew and Theodosia (Bowers) Reed. His grandfather emi- grated from Carrickfergus, Ireland, and his father, a prosperous storekeeper in Trenton, removed to Philadelphia, Pa., soon after 1741, residing there till about 1752, when he returned to Trenton. Joseph prepared for college in Philadelphia, and was graduated from the Col- lege of New Jersey, A.B., 1757, A.M., 1760; studied law with Robert Stockton, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1762. He was a law student at the Middle Temple, London, England, 1765-67, and was deputy-secretary of New Jersey in 1767. He was married in May, 1770, to Esther, daughter of Dennis De Berdt of London, England. He removed to Philadelphia in October, 1770, and there continued the practice of law. In 1772, upon the succession of the Earl of Dartmouth to the colonial office. Reed became his confiden- tial correspondent, and was of great assistance to the colonists in informing the British ministry of the actual condition of afTairs in America. He endeavored to persuade the British ministry to adopt moderate measures toward the colonists and advised that : " This country will be deluged in blood before it will submit to any taxation than by their own legislature." He was a mem- ber of the committee of correspondence for Phila- delphia in 1774 ; was president of the Pennsyl- vania provincial convention in January, 1775 ; accompanied Washington to Boston in July, 1775, and accepted the post of aide and con- REED FEED fideatial secretary to the commander-in-chief, with the rank of Heutenaut-colonel. He was chairman of the PhiUidelphia committee of safety, 1775-76, and was a member of the pro- vincial assembly, Jan.-Sept., 1776. In June, 1776, he was appointed adjutant-general of the Continental army, with the rank of colonel, and took an active part in tlie battles of Long Island, Aug. 27, 1776 ; White Plains, Oct. 28, 1776, and Fort Washington, Nov. 16, 1776. In 1777 he was offered the appointment of briga- dier-general with the command of all the Ameri- can cavalry, and also the chief-justiceship of Pennsylvania, both of which offices he refused. He was present as a volunteer officer at the battles of Brandywine, Germantown and Mon- mouth. He was elected a delegate from Pennsyl- vania to the Continental congress in September, 1777, but remained with the army until April 6, 1778, when he took his seat in the congress assembled at York, Pa. He was chairman of a committee to confer with Washington concern- ing the management of the campaign of 1778 ; declined election to the Pennsylvania assembly in October, 1777, but accepted the appointment of president of the supreme executive council, Dec. 1, 1778, and continued in office until 1781, He aided in founding the University of Pennsyl- vania, of which he was a trustee, 1782-85 ; favored the abolishment of the proprietary powers of the Penn family, and in 1780 was instrumental in suppressing the insubordination in the Pennsyl- vania line. He resumed his law practice in 1781; was a member of the commission to settle the boundary dispute between Pennsylvania and Connecticut ; visited England for his health in 1784, and was again chosen a delegate to con- gress in 1785, but did not live to take his seat. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on him by the University of Pennsylvania in 1766. He was elected a member of the American Philo- .sophical society in 1768, and served as a trustee of the College of New Jersey, 1780-85. He is the author of : Remarks on Governor Johnstone's Speech in Parliament (1779), and Remarks on a Late Publication in the Independent Gazetteer, with an Address to the People of Pennsylvania (1783). He died in Philadelphia, Pa., March 5, 1785. REED, Myrtle, author, was born at Norwood Park, Chicago, 111., Sept. 27, 1874; daughter of Hii-am Von and Elizabeth (Armstrong) Reed ; granddaughter of Dyer and Huldah (Holdredge) Reed and of Alvin O. and Sylvia (Murrell) Arm- strong ; and great granddaughter of Capt. Dyer Reed of the American Revolutionary army and of Capt. William Armstrong, born in Carlisle, England, April 20, 1739. She was graduated from a Chicago high school in 1893, and became known as a contributor of short stories, verse and essays to periodicals. Her published books are: Love Letters of a Musician (1899); Later Love Letters of a Musician (1900); Tlie Spinster Book (1901). REED, Philip, senator, was born in Kent county, Md. He was liberally educated, and served as a captain in the Revolutionary army. He was elected U.S. senator from Maryland by the Democratic party to fill the unexpired term of Robert Wright, resigned, and served, Dec. 20, 1806-March 3. 1807, and was re-elected for a full term, serving 1807-13. At Moorefields, Md., Aug. 30, 1814, he was in command of the regiment of Maryland guards that defeated the British sea- men under Sir Peter Parker. He was a Demo- cratic representative from Maryland in the 15th congress, 1817-19, and successfully contested the seat of his opponent, Jeremiah Causden. to the 17th congress, serving, March 20, 1822-March 3, 1823. He died at Huntingville, Md., Nov. 2, 1829. REED, Thomas B., senator, was born in Ken- tucky. He practised law in Lexington, Ky., and removed to Natchez, Miss., where he presented the argument for the defence in the criminal case of the state versus the Blennerhassetts in 1818. He was attorney-general of the state, 1821-25 ; was elected U.S. senator from Mississippi to com- plete the term of David Holmes who had re- ' signed in 1825, Powhatan Ellis having been ap- pointed by the governor, senator j^ro tempore, and Reed took his seat, March 11, 1826. serving until March 8, 1827. He was re-elected for the term expiring March 3, 1833, but died while on his way to Washington to take his seat, at Lex- ington, Ky., Nov. 26, 1829. REED, Thomas Brackett, representative, was born in the ancestral home of the Reed family for eight generations, in Portland, Maine, Oct. 18, 1839 ; son of Thomas Brackett Reed. He was assisted through Bowdoin college by the Congregational church of which he was a member, this course having been undertaken with a view to his entering the ministry. He was graduated at Bowdoin, A.B., 1860, and when he de- cided upon studying law, his first concern was to repay the money loaned by the society, wliich he did by teaching in the Portland High school. 1860-63. He removed to California in 1863, where he completed his law studies and was admitted ^^filu^ S". ^eec^ REED REEDER to the bar early in 1865. He received appoint- ment as acting assistant paymaster in the U.S. navy, April 19, 1804, and served in the Mississippi squadron on various vessels up to Nov. 4, 18(55, when he was honorably discliarged. He estab- lished himself in tlie practice of law in Portland ; was a Republican representative in the state legislature, 18G8-6i) ; state senator in 1870 ; at- torney-general of tlie state, 1870-7'-i, and city solicitor of Portland. 1874-77. He was a Repub- lican representative from Maine in the 45tli-55th congresses. 1877-99, serving as speaker of the house during the 51st, 54th and 55th congresses. He was the minority leader in the 52d and 53d congresses ; chairman of the committee on ways and means, and a vigorous opponent to the free coinage of silver. As chairman of tlie judiciary committee in the47tli congress he introduced and secured tlie passage of the bill distributing the balance of the Geneva award. As speaker of the iiouse in the 51st congress, he introduced a measure, afterward known as the " Reed Rules." for completing a quorum by ordering recorded as present on the roll-call tlie names of the opposi- tion present wlio refused to respond to the call. In this course he reversed the practice of the house and brought upon liimself severe criticism, including the characterization of "Czar." The supreme court sustained his position, and the house adopted the rule, Feb. 14, 1890. When by change in the house he became merely the leader of tlie minority, he as skilfully fought for mi- nority rights as he had before for the majority rule, and on financial and tariff questions his streugtli was acknowledged by the opposition and applauded by his own party. His course secured his re-election as speaker of the 54th and 55th congresses, but he did not agree with the admin- istration of President McKinley on the questions growing out of tlie war with Spain, and ratlier tlian embarrass his party by joining those opposed to the expansion polic}', he resigned in August, 1899, and became a member of a prominent law firm in New York city. He received the liouor- ary degree of LL.D. from Colby university in 1885, and from Bowdoin college in 1890. He is the author of: Reed's Rides (1894), and edited " Modern Ehjquence" (10 vols. lOOH, being assisted in this work by Justin McCarthy and Rossiter Johnson. His last political utteranrf was entitled " Wiiat Sliall We Do with the Tariff ? ", published in tlie North American Revieiv, December, 1902. He died while on a visit to Wasliington, D.C., Dpc. 7. 1902. REED, William Bradford, historian and dip- lomatist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., June 30, 1806 ; son of Joseph and Maria Ellis (Watmougli) Reed ; grandson of Joseph and Estlier (De Berdt) Reed, and great-grandson of Andrew and Theo- dosia (Bowers) Reed. He was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, A.B., 1822, A.M., 1825 ; accompanied Joel R. Poinsett (q.v.) to Mex- ico, serving as his private secretary. 1825-27, and establislied himself in the practice of law in Philadelphia. He was a representative in the state legislature, 1834-35 ; attorney-general of Pennsylvania in 1838 ; state senator in 1841 ; vice-i)rovost of the law academy, Philadelpliia, 1840-41, and professor of American liistory at the University of Pennsylvania, 1850-56. He was U.S. ministQ^- to China, 1857-58, and negotiated the treat}' of 18G0, securing to the United States all tlie advantages acquired by the allies from the Chinese. He settled in New York city, and engaged in journalistic and literary work. He was elected a naember of the American Philosophical society in 1856. and of the Historical Society of Penn- .sylvania. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Harvard in 1860. He was twice married : first, to Loui.sa Whelan of Balti- nioi'e, Md.; and, secondly, to Marj' Love, daugliter of Robert Ralston of Philadelpliia. He contri- buted to the press of New York city; was American correspondent of the London Times; edited the works of his brother. Henry Hope Reed, and is the author of : Life and Correspondence of Joseph Reed (2 vols.. 1847); Life of Esther De Berdt, afterwards Esther Reed (1853); President Reed of Pennsylvania: a Reply to George Bancroft and Otliers: A Rejoinder to Mr. Bancroft' s Historical Essay, besides pamphlets on historical subjects. He died in New York city. Feb. 18. 1876. REED, William Shields, educator, was born in West Nottingham. Pa.. April' 21. 1778 ; son of Adam and Martlia (Sliields) Reid. who emigrated from the North of Ireland to Pennsylvania. He was graduated at the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1802, A.M., 1805 ; taught in the Georgetown, D.C., academy, 1802-04; was professor in Hamp- den-Sidney college, Va., 1804-06, and president of the college, as successor to Dr. Archibald Alexander, 1806-08. Having, while engaged in teaching, taken a course in theology under Drs. Balch and Hoge. he was licensed to preacii by the presbytery of Winchester in 1806, and removed to Lynchburg. Va., 1808. where he opened a scliool for young ladies, wliicli he conducted until 1848. He organized a Presbyterian churcli in Lynchburg, of wliich he was pastor, 1822-53. He received tlie honorary degree D.D. from the Col- lege of New Jersey in 1834. He died in Lynch- burg, Va., June 23. 1853. REEDER, Andrew Horatio, governor of Kan- sas, was born at Easton, Pa.. July 12, 1807; .son of Ab.salom and Christina (Smith) Reeder ; grand- son of John and Hannah (Marchand) Reeder and of Leonard and Regina (Hungesser) Smith, and a descendant of Jolin Reeder of Norwich. Eng. REEDER REESE land, who settled at Newtown, Long Island, about 1650. He attended the academy at Lawrence- ville, N.J., and practised law in Easton from 1828, attaining a high position at the Pennsyh'ania bar, and as a campaign orator in Democratic political meetings. He was married, Sept. 13, 1831, to Fredericka Amalia, daughter of Chris- tian J. and Charlotte (Bauer) Hutter of Easton. He was appointed by President Pierce, governor of Kansas Territory in 1854, and although in sympathy with the policy of the administration regarding slavery, he expressed himself as satis- lied that the admission of the institution in Kansas would result in lawlessness, and be was removed from office in July, 1855. He claimed to have been elected a Free State delegate from Kansas to the 34th congress in 1855, but his elec- tion was successfully contested by John W. Whitfield, the incumbent delegate ; and after his election as U.S. senator under the Topeka •constitution, which congress refused to ratify, Mr. Reeder returned to Easton. where he sup- ported John C. Fremont, the Republican candidate for President. He was ciiairman of the Republi- can state delegation to the national convention at Ciiicago in 1800 ; a candidate for Vice-President before tlie convention, receiving the third highest vote, and in 1861, after having secured the ap- pointment of Simon Cameron as secretary of war. declined a commission as brigadier-general in the U.S. army from President Lincoln on the ground that he had no military educatitm except that gained by liis service as captain in the state militia at Easton. He, however, sent three sons to tlie Union army. He was chairman of the Republican state delegation to the Republican national convention of 1864, wliich re-nominated Lincoln for President, and served as chairman of tlie commission to investigate the charges against Surgeon-General Hammond in 1864. On Sept. 23, 1901, his portrait was presented to the county of Northampton, by his surviving sou and daughter. He died m Easton, Pa., July 5, 1864. REEDER, William Augustus, representative, -was born in Cumberland county, Pa., Aug. 28, 1849. He removed with his parents to Ipava, Fulton county. 111., in 1853, attended the public schools, and taught school in Illinois, 1863-71, and in Beloit, Kan., 1871-79. He was married, Aug. 18, 1876, to Eunice H. Andrews of Beloit, and removed to Logan, Kan., where he engaged in banking. In 1890, in partnership with A. H. Ellis and J. J. Wiltrout, he purchased an exten- sive tract of land on the Solomon river, and established the largest irrigation farm in tlie state of Kansas. He was a Republican repre- .sentative from the sixth congressional district of Kansas in the 56th, 57th and 58th congresses, 1899-1905. REES, John Krotn, astronomer, was born in New York city, Oct. 27. 1851 ; son of Hans and Lucinda (Krom) Rees ; grandson of Iver Jensen and Lena Maria Rees and of Reuben and Mary (Dubois) Krom, and a descendant of Louis Dii- Bois (1660). He was graduated from Columbia college, A.B., 1872, A.M., 1875, and from the Columbia School of Mines, E.M.. 1875. He was assistant in mathematics at the School of Mines, 1873-76 ; was married Sept. 7. 1876, to Louise E., daughter of Nathaniel and Emma (Chambers) Sands of New York city ; was professor of math- ematics and astronomy at Washington universit}', St. Louis, Mo., 1876-81; was recalled to Columbia as director of the observatory in 1881, and also served as adjunct professor of geodesy and prac- tical astronomy, 1882-84 ; and professor, 1884-92, being transferred to the chair of astronomy in 1892. He was chau-man of the board of editors of the School of 31ines Quarterly, 1883-90. He prepared with Prof. Harold Jacoby (q.v.) and Dr. Herman S. Davis as assistants, an account of the seven years' campaign (1893-1900) with the Royal Observatory of Naples (M. Fergola, direc- tor), for the purpose of determining the varia- tions of latitude, and the constant of aberration, the result of this work being published by the ■ New York Academy of Sciences as a volume of the Annals of the Academy (1903): and under his general direction the measurements and re- duction of the C. M. Rutherfurd star plates were carried out by Professor Jacoby and the Observa- tory computing staff, and also publi^^hed by the Academy (1892-1903). In 1900 he completed ar- rangements for the mounting of a fixed telescope at Helsingfors, Finland, adapted for photograph- ing star plates about the North Pole, according to a plan suggested by Professor Jacoby. For astronomical work done, the degree of Ph.D. was conferred on him by Columbia in 1895. He was president of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1894-96 ; secretary of the American Metrological society, 1882-96, being made vice-president in 1896 ; vice-president of the American Mathemati- cal society, 1890-91 ; secretary of the University Council of Columbia university, 1892-98 ; a fellow of the Royal Astronomical society of London and a member of the Astronomische Gesellschaft. He received from the French government in January, 1901, the decoration of the Legion of Honor. REESE, William Brown, jurist and educator, was born in Jefferson county, Tenn., Nov. 19, 1793 ; son of James Reese, a pioneer settler of East Tennessee (then Washington county, N.C.) and a representative in the legislature of the proposed state of Franklin, 1785-87. William B. Reese attended the preparatory school of the Rev. Dr. Henderson, and Blount college, and was REESE KEEVE graduated from Greeneville college, Tenn., about 1814. He was admitted to the bar in 1817, and practised at Kuoxville, Tenn. He was president of the East Tennes- see Historical society, 1830-59 ; chancellor of the eastern district of Tennessee, 1831-35, succeeding Natlian Green, resigned, and in 1835 was unani- mously elected by tiie legislature a judge of the supreme court, serving on the bench until 1847, when his term expired, and he became a candidate for U.S. senator, but was defeated by John Bell. He became president of East Tennessee university in 1850, as successor to President East- brook, resigned, and Judge Reese resigned in 1853. He advocated the building of a canal to one of the South Atlantic ports, and was in- terested in the introduction of railroads in his native state. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from East Tennessee university, 1845. He died near Knoxville, Tenn., July 7, 1859. REESE, William Smythe, educator, was born in Pipestone, Mich., May 18, 1850 ; a descendant of tiie Reeses and Rulisons of tlie Schoharie Valley, N.Y. He attended the schools of Berrien county, and was graduated from Otterbein university, Westerville, Ohio, Ph.B., 1885, Ph.M.. 1888. He was married, June 11, 1874, to Amy M.. daughter of David and Mary Johnson of Westerville, Ohio, and engaged in farming. He entered the min- istry of the United Brethren church, in 1886 ; was ordained in 1888, and was pastor at Marion, Oliio. and at Avalon, Mo. He was professor of mathematics at Avalon college. 1887-89, and at Western college, Toledo, Iowa, 1889-94 ; was president of York college, Nebraska, 1894-97 ; was elected president of Westfield college. Illinois, in 1897, serving as professor of mental and moral sci- ence there, 1897-1900, as prof essor of philosophy, 1900-02, and as professor of mathematics and ped- agogy from 1902. The honorary degree of D.D. wa.« conferred on him by York college in 1900. REEVE, Charles McCormick, lawyer, was born in Dansville, N.Y., Aug. 7, 1847 ; son of Gen. Isaac V. D. and Elizabeth (]\tann) Reeve; grandson of Isaac and Harriet (Howell) Reeve, and of Joshua and Elizabeth (Hurlbert) Shepard, and a descendant of James Reeve, who came to .Southold, L.L, in 1640, from England ; Ralph Sliepard, who came from Stepney Parish, Eng- land, in 1634, and settled in Massachusetts, and Edward Howell, who came from England in 1635, and settled on Long Island, N.Y. He at- tended Canandaigua 'academy, was graduated from Yale, A.B.. 1870, A.M., 1873, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1872. He was married, June 4. 1873. to Christine, daughter of James and Helen (Wetherbee) Lawrence, and established himself in practice in Minneapolis. He was a representative in the state legislature in 1890 ; was sent to Russia during the famine of 1892 as a relief commissioner from Minnesota and Ne- braska, ant^ was secretary of the World's Fair commission, 1891-93. At the outbreak of the Spanish- American war lie was appointed colonel of the 13th Minnesota volunteers. May 7, 1898 ; was promoted brigadier-general, U.S.V., Aug. 13, 1898, for gallant and meritorious service in the battle of Manila, and served as deputy provost- marshal and 1st American chief-of-police of ^Manila. He was appointed warden of the Min- nesota State prison, Dec. 1, 1899. He is the author of How We Went, and What We Saw (1890). REEVE, Tapping, jurist, was born in Brook- haven, L.L, in October, 1744; son of the Rev. Abner Reeve, a minister of Long Island, and afterward of Vermont, who lived to be on© hundred and four years old, preaching his last sermon when one hundred and two years of age. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B.. 1763, A.M., 1766; taught school at Elizabeth, N.J., being joint headmaster of a flourisliing institution, 1763-67. and at the same time was a tutor to Aaron and Sarah (children of the Rev. Aaron) Burr. He was a tutor at the College of New Jersey, 1767-70 ; married Sarah Burr in 1771, when she was seventeen years of age ; studied law with Judge Root, and in 1772 established himself in practice in Litchfield, Conn. Owing to his wife's invalidism he could not take up active service in the Revolutionary war, altliough an ardent patriot. In December, 1776, however, he was appointed by tiie Connecticut assembly a member of the committee (as was Oliver Ellsworth, his classmate at college) to go througii the state and rouse the people to aid tiie desperate Continental army by enlistments. He himself took a commission as an officer, and got as far as New York with the new volunteers, when tiie news of the battles of Trenton and Princeton, and Washington's altered fortunes reached him, and he immediately returned to hi& invalid wife. In 1784 he founded a law school in Litchfield, in which he was the only instructor till 1798, when James Gould became associated with him. the school of Reeve and Gould becom- ing the most prominent of its kind in the country. His wife died. March 30, 1797, leaving one son, Aaron Burr Reeve, born Oct. 3, 1780 ; graduated REEVES REHN at Yale. 1802 ; married Annabella Sheldon of New York, Nov. 21, 1808 ; settled as a lawyer at Troy, N.Y.. and dieil tliere, Sept. 1, 1809, leaving a son, Tapping Burr Reeve, who died at Litchfield, Aug. 28, 1829, age 20 years, while a student at Yale. Annabella Reeve, after the death of her first husband, married David T. Burr of New Haven, and removed to Richmond, Va. Judge Reeve was married a second time in 1799, and this wife, who survived him, had no children. He was a judge of the superior court of Con- necticut, 1798-1814 ; chief justice of the supreme court, 1814, and a Federalist representative in tlie state legislature for several years. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by 3Iiddle- bury college, Vt. , in 1808, and by the College of ^New Jersey in 1813. He is the author of: Tlie 'Law of Baron and Femme (1816; 2d ed., 1846; 3ded., 1862); Laic of Parent and Child (1816); Law of Guardian and Ward (1816); Law of Mas- ter and Servant (1816 ; 2d ed., 1862); Treatise on the Laiv of Descents in the United States of America (1825), and Essays on, the Legal Lnport of the Terms, Heirs, Heirs of the Body Issue, Etc. The best biographical sketch of him is found in the funeral sermon preached over him by his pastor, the Rev. Lj^man Beecher, and published in the Christian Spectator for 1887, pp. 62-71. He died in Litchfield, Conn., Dec. 13, 1823. REEVES, Walter, representative, was born near Brownsville, Pa., Sept. 25, 1848 ; son of Harrison and Maria (Leonard) Reeves ; grandson of Samuel and Martha (Palmer) Reeves, and of Benjamin and Mary Leonard. He removed to Illinois in 1856, and engaged in farming, later becoming a teacher. He was admitted to the bar in 1875, and practised in the courts of Illinois. He was married, June 27, 1876, to Marietta M., daughter of Lucius and Catherine (Warner) Cogswell of New Milford, Conn. He was a Republican representative from the eleventh district of Illinois in the 54th, 55th, 56th and 57th congresses, 1895-1903. As a mem- ber of the committee on rivers and harbors he devoted his energies to the internal development of the country. He also proposed and prepared the legislation under which President McKinley appointed the Isthmian Canal commission which investigated the Panama and Nicaraguan routes for the inter-oceanic canal. In the 57th congress he was chairman of the committee on patents. REHAN, Ada, actress, was born in Limerick, Ireland, April 22, 1860 ; daughter of Thomas and Harriet Crehan. She immigrated to the United States with her parents in 1804, and set- tled in Brooklyn, N.Y., where she attended the public schools until 1873. She made her first public appearance on the stage in Newark, N.J. . in 1873, taking the part of an actress in the company of Oliver Doud Byron, then producing " Across the Continent." She succeeded so well that her parents decided upon her adopting tlie profession, whicli was followed by her older sisters as well. She studied for one year, and then played in support of Edwin Booth, Adelaide Neilson, John McCullough, Mrs. D. P. Bowers, John T. Raymond and Lawrence Barrett in the roles of Ophelia, Desdemona, Celia, Olivia and other Shakesperian characters, in Philadelphia, Baltimore, Albany, and Louisville stock com- panies. She declined the offer of leading lady in Edwin Booth's company to engage with Augus- tin Daly in 1878, and in 1879 made her appear- ance under his management at Daly's theatre, New York city, as Nelly Beers in '• Love's Young Dream" and as Lulu Ten Eyck in "Divorce." She became very successful in such comedy roles as Katherine in "The Taming of the Shrew," Rosalind in " As Y"ou Like It ; '' the Countess Vera in •• The Last Word ; " and the principal female characters in " Cinderella at School ; " " Needles and Pins ; " " A Wooden Spoon ; " " The Railroad of Love ; " " After Business Hours ; " " Our Eng- lish Friends," and "The Country Girl." She achieved remarkable success in Daly's companj- in London and Paris, and remained under the one manager until his death in 1899, when she retired from the stage. REHN, Frank Knox Morton, artist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 12, 1848; son of Pro- fessor Isaac and Abigail Francis (Zelly) Rehn? grandson of James and Susanna (Asy) Zelly, and a descendant of immigrants from Holland. He attended the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts under Christian Schussell, and engaged in por- trait, landscape, marine, still-life and figure painting. He was married, Dec. 1, 1881, to Mar- garet Selby, daughter of George C. and Margaret (Rackliffe) Bower of Philadelphia, and removed to New Y^ork city, where he opened a studio. He ex- hibited at the Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts and the National Academy of Design, New York cit}', and was awarded the first prize for marine painting at the St. Louis exposition in 1882 ; a prize of $250 at a water-color competitive exhibition held in New York in 1885, a gold medal at the prize fund exhibition at New Y'ork in 1886, honorable mention at the Paris exposition, 1900, and a silver medal at the Pan-American, 1901, and South Caro- lina, 1902, expositions. He was made associate National Academician, a member of the American Water Color society, and the Society of Ameri- can Artists. Among his famous paintings are : Tlie Turkish Harem ; Looking down on tlie Sea from the Eocks at Magnolia, Mass. (1885) ; Tlie Missing Vessel; The Close of a Summer Day (1887) ; Evening, Gloucester Harbor (1887) ; and the Derelict (1892). RElCilEL UEID REICHEL, Charles Qotthold, Moravian bishop, was burn in Uermsdorf, Silesia. Jul}' 14, 1751 ; son of the Rev. C. R. Reichel. a Lutheran min- ister, lie was educated in the Moravian college at Nisby. and in the theological seminary at Gradenfeld, Germany, and came to the United States in 1784 to take charge of the boys' mili- tary boarding school at Nazareth, Pa., founded by Francis Ciiristian Lembke in 1759. Under Reichel's administration the school was greatly increased, and he resigned the principalship in lyOl to receive consecration to the episcopacy of the Moravian church. He served as presiding bishop of the southern district, residing in Salem, X.C, until 1811, when he was transferred to the northern district, and resided in Bethlehem, Pa. He was present at the general synod at Herrn- hut. Saxony, in 1818. after which he resigned his appointment and continued to live in Germany. He received the honorary degree of D.D. from the University of North Carolina in 1811. He died at Niesky, Prussia, April 18, 1825. REICHEL, Levin Theodore, Moravian bishop, was Itoin in Bethleliem. Pa., March 4, 1812; son of Bishop Charles Gotthold Reichel (q.v.). He went witli his parents to Saxony in 1818 ; was educated in the Moravian college at Nisby and in the theological seminary in Gradenfeld, Germany, and returned to the United States in 1834. He taught for three years at Nazareth Hall, Pa., and subsequently in the theological seminary at Bethlehem ; served as preacher in Schoeneck, Enimaus and Nazareth, and was principal of Nazareth Hall, 1849-53. He was pastor at Lititz, Pa., 1853-54, and served as president of the pro- vincial board of the southern district, 1854-57, residing at Salem, N.C. He was president of the general synod at Herrnhut in 1858. and was made a member of the mission board, which position he continued to hold throughout his life. He was consecrated bishop, July 7, 1869, and as such visited the West Indies and Labrador. He was tiie founder and for several j'ears editor of Dan Bru'Ier Blatt. the pioneer German Moravian publication in the United States, and is the author of : History of Nazareth Hall (1855); Tlie Moravians in North Carolina (1857); 3Iissions- Atlas der Briider-Kirche (1860), and an unfinish- ed history of the American branch of the Morav- ian church. He died near Herrnhut, Saxon}', May 23, 1878. REICHEL, WJlliaiti Cornelius, author, was born in Salem. N.C, May 9. 1^24 : .son of the Rev. G. Benjamin Reichel, principal of the Salem Female academj', and grandson of Bishop Charles Gotthold Reichel (q.v.). He attended Nazareth Hall, Pa., and was graduated from the Moravian Theological seminary in 1844. He was tutor at Nazareth Hall, 1844-48 : taught school in Beth- lehem, Pa., 1848-58 ; was professor in the Morav- ian Theological seminary, 1858-62 ; principal of Linden seminary. Lititz, Pa., 1862-68, and i)ro- fessor of Latin and natural sciences in the Young Ladies' seminary, Bethlehem, Pa., 1868-76. He was ordained to the diaconate in 1862, and to the priesthood in May, 1864. He is the author of many books on the early history of the Moravian church, including: Historn of Nazareth Hall { 1855); Hislovy of the Bellilehcm Female Sentin(ny 1785- i.s'.7.V(1858); Moravianism in Neic York and Connec- ticut (186(/); Memorials of flie Moravian Church (1870); Wyalnsing and the Moravian 3Iission at Friedenshuetten. (1871); Names which the Lenni Lennape or Delaware Indians give to Rivers, Streams and Localities tcithin the States of Penn- sylvania, Neic Jersey, Maryland and Vircjinia, with, their Significations (1872); A Red Rose from the Olden Time (1872); The Croxni Inn near Bethlehem, Pa., 17^5 (1872) ; The Old Sun Inn at Bethlhem, Pa., 1758 (1873); A Register of Mem- bers of the Moravian Churcli 1727 to 1754 (1873) ; and a revised edition of John Heckewelder's History of the Indian Nations (1876). He died in Bethlehem. Pa.. Oct. 15, 1876. REID, David Settle, senator, was born in Rockingham county, N.C, April 19, 1813 ; son of Reuben Reid. He attended the public school ; was admitted to the bar in 1834, and opened a law office in Wentworth. He was a member of the state senate, 1835-42 ; .jgfSSESB^^ a Democratic representative from the third North Carolina district in the 28th and 29th congresses, 1843-47 ; was de- feated for governor of the state in 1848, by Charles Manly, Whig, and was gov- ernor for two terms. 1851-54, and was U.S. senator from North Carolina, from Dec. 11, 1854, to March 3, 1859, serving as chairman of the committee on patents and the patent office. He was a delegate to the Peace convention that met in Washington, D.C, in February, 1861. He married a daughter of the Hon. Thomas Settle (q.v.). He died in Wentworth. N.C, June 19. 1891. REID, John Morrison, educator, was born in New York city, May 30, 1820 ; son of John and Jane (Morrison) Reid. He was graduated from the University of the City of New Y^ork, A.B., 1839, A.M., 1842. and was a teacher and principal of the Mechanics' In.stitute school. New Y'ork city. 18.39-44. He entered the ministr}' of the Methodist Episcopal church in 1844; was pastor at Wolcottsville, Conn., 1844-45; New Hartford, Conn., 1846; Jamaica, N.Y., 1847-49 ; Birming- ham. Conn., 1849-50; Middletown, Conn., 1851- 52 : Seventh street, N.Y\, 1853-54 ; Brooklyn. N.Y^., 1855-56, and Bridgeport, Coun., 1857. He KEID KEID was president of Genesee -college, Lima, N.Y., 1858-64 : editor of tlie Western Christian Advo- cate, Cincinnati, Oliio, 1864-68 ; editor of the Northwestern Christian Advocate, Chicago, 1868- 73 ; secretary of the Missionary Society of the M. E. Cliurch, 1873-88, and honorary secretary 1888-96 ; delegate to the general conference, 1856- 88, and to the Ecumenical Methodist conference, Loudon, England, 1881. He was married first, Nov. 14, 1844, to Ann Mason of New York city ; and secondly, May 3, 1848, to Caroline S. . daughter of Thomas B. Fanton of Redding, Conn. He received the degrees, A.M., from Wesleyan uni- versity in 1858. D.D., from the University of the City of New York in 1858, and LL.D. from Syra- cuse university in 1881. He is the author of: Missions and Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church (2 vols., 1883) ; Doomed Relig- ions (1883), and many religious tracts and pamph- lets. He died in New York city. May 16, 1896. REID, Robert Raymond, governor of Florida, was born in Prince William parish, S.C, Sept. 8, 1789. He was educated at South Carolina college, and in early life removed to Augusta, Ga., where he was admitted to the bar in 1810. He was judge of the Georgia superior court, 1816-18 and 1833-35 ; a Democratic representative in the loth congress, completing the term of John Forsyth, elected to the U.S. senate, and in the 16th and 17th congresses, serving from Feb. 18, 1819, to March 3, 1823. He was mayor of Augusta, 1827- 30 ; judge of the superior court for the district of East Florida, 1833-39 ; governor of the terri- tory of Florida, 1839-41, and presiding officer of the state constitutional convention held at St. Joseph, Fla., from Deo. 3, 1838, to Jan, 11, 1839. He was married in 1811 to Anna Marga- retta McLaws of Augusta, Ga. ; secondly, May 8, 1829, to Elizabeth Napier Delphia Virginia Ran- dolph of Columbia county, Ga. ; and thirdly, Nov. 6, 1837, to Mary Martha, daughter of Capt. James Snaith of Camden count}-, Ga. He died near Tallahassee, Fla., July 1, 1841. REID, Sam Chester, author, was born in New York city, Oct. 21, 1818 ; son of Capt. Samuel Chester (q.v.) and Mary (Jennings) Reid. He shipped before the mast in 1834, and was attached to the U.S. survey of the Ohio river in 1838. He settled in Natchez, Miss., in 1839 ; studied law with Gen. John A. Quitman, and practised in Natchez, 1841-44, where he was U.S. deputy marshal. He removed to Louisiana in 1844, and served during the war with Mexico in Capt. Ben McCulloch's company of Texas Rangers, being mentioned for meritorious services and dis- tinguished gallantry at Monterey. He was a member of the editorial staff of the New Orleans Picayune in 1849, and was a delegate to the national railroad convention at Memphis, Tenn., to decide upon a line to the Pacific. He declined appointment of U.S. minister to Italy in 1857, and during the civil war he was tiie Confederate war correspondent for a number of southern newspapers. He resumed his law practice in 1865, and was married in July, 1866, to Josephine Rowen of Kentucky. In 1874 he established the Mississippi Valley and Brazil steamship company at St. Louis, Mo. He lectured in the principal cities of tlie south on " The Restoration of South- ern Trade and Commerce," and is the author of : The U.S. Bankrupt Laic of IS41, with a Synopsis and Notes (1842) ; The Scouting Expeditions of McCulloch's Texas Eaiigers (I8i7); The Battle of Chickamauga, a Concise History of Events from the Evacuation of Chattanooga (1863), and T'he Daring Raid of Gen. John H. Morgan in Ohio, His Capture and Wonderful Escape u-ith Capt. T. Henry Hines (1864). He edited : Tlie Case of the Private-Armed Brig-of-War, General Arm- strong (1857). and Life and Times of Col. Aaron Bw-r, a Vindication, which was never published, the manuscript being destroyed by fire in 1850. He died in Washington, D.C., Aug. 13, 1897. REID, Samuel Chester, naval officer, was born in Norwich, Conn., Aug. 25,1783; second son of Lieut. John and Rebecca (Chester) Reid, and grandson of Lord John Reid of Glasgow, Scotland, and of John Chester of Norwich. His father was an officer in the Royal navy ; was taken prisoner at New London, Conn., in October, 1778, and afterward resigned his commission and espoused the Ameri- can cause. Samuel Chester Reid went to sea in 1794, and en- tered the U.S. navy as midshipman on the sloop-of-war Bal- timore, under Com- modore Truxton. He " ^"^^^^^ ■ ~" was married in New York city, June 8, 1813, to Mary, daughter of Capt. Nathan Jennings of Fairfield. Conn. He was commissioned captain by President Mad- ison, and given command of the brigantine. General Armstrong, fitted out as a privateer and on Sept. 9, 1814, he ran the blockade of British war-ships off Sandy Hook, New York harbor. He arrived at the island of Fayal, Azores, and while there, the British brig-of-war Carnation, the frigate Rosa, and the ship-of-the- line Plantagenet entered the bay. After a fruit- less effort to escape, Reid cleared his decks for action, and was attacked by the British in small Se^^^^^^MuJy REID in:iD boats, which he drove back. At midiiiglit a second attack was made, and after a hand to hand figlit, the British were repulsed with great slaughter, and retreated in their boats. In fort}' minutes, the British loss amounted to over 120 killedand 130 wounded. On Sept. 27, the Carna- tion weighed anchor and stood close in for the General Armstrnnrj, opening a heavy fire. Tiiis fire was returned with wonderful effect, the maintopmast of the Carnation going by the board, the hull and rigging being much cut up, and the vessel forced to retire. The British fieet then determined to use its entire force against the Armstrong, and finding further resistance futile, Captain Reid set a fuse to his magazine and with his. crew went ashore. Captain Lloyd perceiving the desertion of the Armstrong sent two armed boats to seize lier just as slie blew up. In the three engagements, the British loss was 210 killed and 140 wounded, while the American loss was but two killed and seven wounded. When Captain Lloyd demanded the American crow from tlie governor of Fayal as prisoners of war, Reid took refuge in a deserted convent, about half a mile in the interior, fortified it, ran up tiie American flag and the British fleet soon left for New Orleans. The news of the battle reached the United States in November, 1814, and was received with great demonstrations. Tlie battle undoubtedly saved the newly acquired territory of Louisiana from falling into the hands of the British, for at this time the balance of the British naval force was waiting at Jamaica for the arrival of Lloyd's squadron to attack New Orleans, but tlie delay caused b}- the encounter with Captain Reid enabled General Jackson to prepare the city for defence, and resulted in the victory of Jan. 8, 1815. The battle of Faj'al was the last naval engagement of the war of 1812, and on Nov. 15, 1814, Captain Reid with his officers and crew were landed at St. Mary, Fla. He received ovations at every city through which he passed from Savannah to New York, state legislatures passing resolutions of thanks for gloriously maintaining the honor of the Ameri- can flag. New York state voted him a gold sword, which was presented, Nov. 25, 1816, by Governor Tompkins, and the citizens of New York city presented him with a silver service. He declined promotion to past captain in the navy, but accepted tiie position of harl)or master of New York. He invented and erected the first marine telegraph between the highlands of the Navesink, N.J., and the Battery, New York city ; re-organized and perfected regulations for governing the pilots of New York, designating the pilot boats by numerals ; published a national code of signals for all vessels belonging to the United States, and established the lightship oflf Sandy Hook. In 1826 he invented a new system of land telegraphs by means of which he satis- factorily demonstrated that a message could be sent from Washington to New Orleans in two hours. A bill was before congress for its adop- tion, wiien it was superseded by Morse's inven- tion. Captain Reid also designed the United Stales Hag witli thirteen stripes to represent the thirteen original states, providing that the re- spective states be represented by a star in the union of blue, and suggested that the stars be formetl' into one grand star symbolizing the national motto " E Pluribus Unum." The design was accepted in a bill which became a law by the signature of President Monroe, April 4, 1818. The fir.st flag, as designed by Captain Reid, was made in silk by Mrs. Reid and her young friends, each of whom embroidered her name in the centre of a star, and on April 13, 1818, it was hoisted on the flag-staff of the National House of Representatives. Captain Reid re-entered tlie U.S. navy in 1842, and was retired in 1856. His son was Sam Chester Reid (q.v.). One daughter, IMary Isabel, married Count Luigi Palma di Ces- nola (q.v.), and another, Louise Gouverneur, married John Savage, the journalist (q.v.). He died in New York city. Jan. 28, 1801, his last words being " Soon I shall solve the great mystery of life." REID, Whitelaw, editor, was born near Xenia, Oliio, Oct. 27, 1837 ; son of Robert Charl- ton and Marian (Ronalds) Reid, and a grandson of James Reid, a Scotch covenanter, who emi- grated to America in 1783, and after residence till 1800 in Western Pennsylvania and Fayette county, Ken- tucky, became a foun- der of the town of Xenia, Ohio. White- law Reid was gradu- ated at Miami uni- versity, A.B., 1856, A.M., 1859; taught school, 185&-58; ed- ited the Xenia News, 1858-59 ; was cor- respondent for the Cinciimati Gazette and Cleveland Herald in Columbus, Ohio ; city editor of the Cincinnati Gazette in 1861 ; war correspondent, 1801-62 ; served as aide- de-camp on the staffs of Thomas A. Morris and W. S. Rosecrans in the two Western Vir- ginia campaigns, and was with Grant at the battle of Shiloh. He was Washington and war correspondent of the Gazette, 1862-68. and finally one of its proprietors and editors ; served as REID REILLY clerk of the military committee of the 37th con- gress, 1862-63 ; was librarian of the U.S. house of representatives, 1863-66, and engaged in cotton planting in Concordia Parish, La., 1866- 67. He became an editorial writer on the New York Tribune by invitation from Horace Greeley ill 1868 ; managing editor in 1869, editor-in-chief in 1872, and chief proprietor on the death of Mr. Greeley. He declined the office of U.S. minister to Germany tendered by President Hayes in 1877, and by President Garfield in 1881 ; served as U.S. minister to France by ap- pointment from President Harrison. 1889-92; was chairman of the New York Republican state convention in 1892, and the Republican nominee for vice-president of the United States on the ticket with Benjamin Harrison in 1892. He was appointed by President McKinley special ambassador of the United States to Queen Vic- toria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897 ; was a member of the Peace commission to Paris, negotiating the treaty witli Spain in 1898, and special ambas- sador of the United Slates to the coronation of Edward VII. of England in 1902. He was chosen a life regent of the New York State university by tiie legislature in 1870, and its vice chancellor in 1902; was president of the Lotus club for four- teen years, and a member of the Century asso- ciation, the University, Grolier, Metropolitan, Union League, Republican, Tuxedo and Riding •clubs, and of the Ohio, New England, St. An- drew's and American Geographical societies. He was also a director of numerous financial and charitable corporations, an honorary member of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New Y'ork. and a trustee of the ^Metropolitan Museum. He was married, April 26, 1881, to Elizabeth, daughter of Darius Ogden and Jane Templeton (Cunningham) Mills of New York. He is the author of : After the War, a Southern Tour (1867); Ohio in the Civil War (1868): Schools of Jotirnalism (1870); Newspaper Tendencies (1874); Town Hall Suggestions (1881); Two Speeches at the Queen's Jubilee (1897); Some Consequences of the Last Treaty of Paris (1899) ; Our New Duties (1899); Later AsjJects of Our New Duties (1899); A Continental Union (1900); Our New Interests (1900) ; Problems of Expansion (1900); a biogra- phical and memorial sketch of Horace Greeley, and many other published speeches and contri- butions to periodical literature. He received the honorary degree A.M. from the University of the City of New York in 1872, and from Dartmouth in 1873, and LL.D. from Miami in 1890, from Princeton in 1899, from Yale at the Bi-Centen- nial in 1901, and from the University of Cam- bridge, England, in 1902. REID, William Thomas, educator, was born near Jacksonville, 111., Nov. 8, 1843 ; son of George IX.— 5 Washington and Martlia Elizabeth (WiUiams) Reid, and grandson of Stephen Holland and Mary (Prather) Reid and of William White and Lydia (Williams) Whitehurst Williams of Vir- ginia. From his father's death in 1850 until 1859 he worked on his grandfather's farm. He at- tended Illinois college, 1859-61, enlisted in the 68th Illinois volunteers as sergeant in April, 1861, and served near Alexandria, Va. He was grad- uated from Harvard, A.B., 1868, A.M., 1872, and was principal of the high school at Newport, R.I., 1868-71, meanwhile studying law, which he finally abandoned. He was married. Aug. 16, 1870, to Julia, daughter of Maro McLean and Elizabeth (Lathrop) Reed, of Jacksonville, 111. He was assistant to Dr. Francis Gardner, head master of the Boston Latin school. 1871-73 ; super- intendent of the public schools of Brookline, Mass., 1873-75, and principal of the Boys' high school at San Francisco, Cal., 1875-81. He was elected president of the University of California at Berkeley in 1881, succeeding Dr. John LeConte, and filled the office until 1885, when he resigned, and founded and ojiened the Belmont School in Belmont, San Mateo county, Cal. REILLY, James B., representative, was born in West Brunswig township, Schuylkill, Pa., Aug. 13, 1845. He was graduated from the Pottsville high school in 1862 ; was admitted to the bar, Jan. 11, 1869, and established himself in practice in Pottsville. He was district attorney of Schuyl- kill county, 1871-75 ; a Democratic representative in the 44th and 45th congresses, 1875-79 ; a delegate to the Democratic national convention in 1880 ; law judge of his county, 1881-83, and a representative from the thirteenth district in the 51st, 52d and 53d congresses, 1889-95. He was defeated for the 54th congress in 1894, by Charles N. Brown. Republican. REILLY, James William, soldier, was born in Akron, Ohio, May 21, 1828 ; son of Thomas Reilly. He attended Mt. St. Mary's college, Emmittsburg, Md.; was admitted to the bar, and in 1861 was elected a representative from Columbiana county in the Ohio legislature. He enlisted in the Ohio volunteers ; was commissioned colonel, 104 Ohio ; joined Gen. Lew Wallace's division at Covington, Ky., Sept. 2, 1862, and with him marched to Lexington. He served in the army of the Ohio under Gen. H. G. Wright and later under General Burnside, and in August, 1863, moved upon Knox- ville, Tenn.; fought at Cumberland Gap, Tenn.; was ordered to organize and command the eastern Tennessee recruits and formed them into the Ist brigade, 3d division, 23d army corps. He fought at the battle of Knoxville, Dec. 4, 1863 ; joined in the pursuit of Longstreet, and remained in eastern Tennessee until April. 1864. when under Schofield, he marched to Dalton, Tenn. The KEILLY KEINHART army of the Ohio participated in Sherman's march to Atlanta, and Juh' 30, 18G4, during the opera- tions before Atlanta, Colonel Reilly was promoted brigadier-general. When General Ilood began to threaten Sherman's communications, Schotield was sent back with the 23d corps, and Nov. 30, 1864, at Franklin, Ti-nn., was attacked by Hood. General Reilly 's brigade was in reserve and after the Confederates had entered the fortifications and routed some raw troops, Reilly charged, re- stored the Federal line, and captured 1000 pris- oners and twenty-two colors. From that point the corps moved to Nashville where it joined Thoniivs and participated in the battle of Decem- ber 15-16, General Reilly handling his brigade with valor and coolness. He commanded the third division in Cox's corps (the 23d) which he led in the battle of Bentonville, N.C., March 18, 1865. He resigned his commission, April 20, 1865, and practiced law in Wellsville, Ohio, where he was still living in 1903. REILY, James, diplomatist and soldier, was born in Butler county, Ohio, in 1811. He was graduated from Miami university, Ohio, A.B., 1829, A.M., 1832 ; was admitted to the bar, and practised in Houston, Texas. He was a represen- tative from Harris county to the congress of the Republic, 1840-41 ; minister to the United States until the annexation of Texas, 1845, and com- manded a Texas volunteer regiment during the Mexican war, 1 846-47. He served as colonel of the 4th Texas cavalrj', Confederate States army, par- ticipating in the invasion of New Mexico, 1862, and was sent on a diplomatic mission to Mexico in the same year. At Galveston, Texas, he was in command of Gen. W. C. Scurry's and H. H. Sibley's brigades, under Maj.-Gen. J. P. Magruder, wiien three companies of the 42d Massachusetts regiment, Col. Isaac S. Burrell, were taken prison- ers, Jan. 1, 1863, and he prevented the Federal troops from taking possession of the city. His brigade, concealed by the woods, delayed the advance of General Grover from Red River to Madame Porter's plantation, March 13, 1863, previous to the capture of Port Hudson. While leading his regiment with conspicuous gallantry at Franklin, La., he was killed, April 13, 1863. REINHART, Benjamin Franklin, artist, was born near Waynesburg, Pa., Aug. 29, 1829. His first paternal ancestor in America came from Loraine to Pennsylvania in 1704. He took les- sons in oil painting in Pittsburg, Pa., as early as 1844 ; attended the National Academy of Design in New York city, 1847-50 ; studied in Rome, Paris and Diisseldorf, 1850-53, making a specialty of historical and genre painting ; opened a studio in New Y'ork city in 1853 ; resided in England, 1860-68, where he painted portraits of royalty, and celebrities ; re-opened liis studio in New York city in 1S68, ami was elected an associate of the National Academy in 1871. He first exhib- ited at the National Academy in 1847, and his works, many of which were engraved, include : Cleopatra (1865); Evangeline (1877); Pocahontas {IS17); Katrina Van Tassel (1878); iVashhajton receiving t lie News of Arnold's Treason (1875); Consolation (1875); After the Crucifixion (1875); Nymphs of the Wood (1879)); Young Franklin and Sir William Keith (1884) ; The Regatta (1884); Tlie Priie of the Village (1884); Capt. Kidd and the Governor (1884), and Baby Mine (1884). The subjects of his portraits include : The Princess of Wales, the Duchess of Newcastle, the Count- ess of Portsmouth. Lady Vane Tempest, Lord Brougham, John Phillip, R.A., Thomas Carlyle, Lord Tennyson, Mark Lemon, Charles O'Connor, George M. Dallas, James Buchanan, Edwin M. Stanton, Gen. Winfield Scott, John C. Breckin- ridge, Stephen A. Douglas and Sam Houston. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., May 3, 1885. REINHART, Charles Stanley, artist, was born in Pittsburg, Pa., May 16, 1844; son of Aaron Grant- ley and Catherine (McHenry) Reinhart, and nephew of Benjamin Franklin Reinhart (q.v.). He attended Sewickley academy near Pittsburg ; as a telegraph operator in the transportation department of the Army of the Potomac. 1861-64, and clerk in a steel manufactory in Pittsburg, 1864-67. He studied at the Atelier Sui.sse, Paris, in 1867, and attheRoj'al Academy, Munich, under Echter and Otto, 1868-70, and settled in New York city as an illustrator in 1870. He was married, Nov. 19, 1873, to Emilie, daughter of Emil Varet of New York city. He was employed by Harper and Brothers, 1871-77 ; worked in- dependently in New York, 1877-81, and opened a studio in Paris in 1881, where he resided until 1891, when he returned to New York city. He was a member of the National Academy of Design, of the Society of American Artists, of the Ameri- can Water Color society, the New York Etching, Players and Salmagundi clubs, and the Century association. He received honorable mention at the Paris Salon of 1887 for Washed Ashore, and the fii'st gold medal at the Academy of Fine Ai'ts. Philadelphia, Pa., in 1888; the first gold medal and silver medals at the Paris Salon of 1889 ; first honor at the exposition at Adelaide. Australia, in 1887, and two medals at the World's Columbian exposition, Chicago, 111., in 1893. He was best known as an illustrator in black and white, was the pioneer in the modern style of designing for books and magazine illustrations, and contributed illustrations to both foreign and home publica- tions. His color work in oil includes : Clearing Up (1875) ; Caught Napping ( 1875) : Reconnoitring (1876); Rebuke (\8T,); September Morning (1879); Old Life Boat (1880); Coast of Normandy (1882); REINKE REMINGTON Jaa Garden (1883); Mussel Fisher-tvoman (1884); Flats at Villerville {I88i); Sundaij (1885) ; English Garden (1886); Fisherman at Villerville (1886); Eising Tide (1888), purchased by Paris exposition in 1889 ; Awaiti)ig the Absent (1888), and his water colors, Gathering Wood (1877); Close of Day (1877); At the Ferry (1878) The Spanish Barber (1884). He died in New York city, Aug. 30, 1896. REINKE, Amadeus Abraham, Moravian bishop, was born in Lancaster, Pa.. March 11, 1822 ; son of Samuel Reinke, bishop at Betlilehem, Pa. He was graduated at the Moravian Theolo- gical seminary at Betldehem, Pa., was sent as a missionary to Jamaica, West Indies, in 1844, and later engaged in a missionary exploratory tour on the Mosquito coast. He returned to the United States and was pastor at Salem, N.C.: Graceham, Md.; New Dorp, Staten Island ; Philadelphia, Pa., and in New York city, 1865-88. He w^as a delegate to the General Moravian Synod of the World in Germany in 1869 : was elected and con- secrated bisliop in the Moravian church at the synod in York, Pa., in 1870. and was president of the synod in Bethlehem, Pa., in 1888, where he was chosen a member of the provincial executive committee, and a delegate to the General Mora- vian Synod of the World, held in Herrnhut in 1889. He was the senior bishop of the Moravian church in the United States at the time of his death, which occurred in Herrnhut, Germany, Aug. 12. 1889. REINKE, Samuel, Moravian bishop, was born in Lititz, Pa., Aug. 12, 1791. He was graduated at the Moravian Theological seminary at Nazareth, Pa., in 1810, in its first class, and filled various pastorates until 1858, when he was consecrated bishop in the Moravian church. In 1860. having become blind, he was forced to retire from active duties. An operation partially restored his sight, aftel- which he occasionally preached and ordain- ed ministers, and in 1870 assisted in the con- secration of his son, Amadeus Abraham Reinke. He died at Bethlehem, Pa., Jan. 21, 1875. REMEY, George Collier, naval oflficer, was born in Burlington, Iowa, Aug. 10, 1841 ; son of William Butler and Eliza Smith (Howland) Remey. the former a native of Kentucky, the latter u native of Vermont ; grandson of Natha- niel and Mathilda (Gi'igsby) Remey, and of Seth and Harriet (Emmons) Howland, and a descend- ant of the Pilgrim, John Howland, of the May- flower, who landed at Plymouth, Mass., Decem- ber, 1020. He was graduated from the U.S. Naval academy in 1859, and was attached to the Hart- ford, East India squadron, 1859-61. He was com- missioned lieutenant, Aug. 31. 1861, and served on tlie gunboat Marblehead at the siege of York- town, and operations on the York and the Pam- unkey rivers succeeding ; was on the blockade A<>rt^r1^^^^y^ and engaged in the siege of Battery Wagner, August and September, 1863 ; for a time during tliis period commanded the Marblehead ; com- manded the Naval battery on Morris Island ; took part in the bombardment of Fort Sumter, where he commanded the second division of boats in a night as- sault on the fort on the night of Sept. 8, 1863, was taken pris- oner, and exclianged Nov. 15, 1864. He was promoted lieu- tenant commander, June 25, 1865, and was attached to the steamer Mohan go. Pacific squadron, tlie Naval academy, tlie sailing frigate Sa- bine, the Teliauntepec and Nicaragua Ship Canal survey, the Naval observatory, the flagships Worcester and Poio- hatan. and commanded the Frolic, 1865-73. He was commissioned commander, Nov. 25, 1872. He was married, July 8, 1873, to Mary Josephine, daughter of Judge Charles Mason (q.v. ). He served in the bureau of yards and docks and on other duty, 1874-76 ; commanded the Enterprise, 1877-78 ; was chief of staff on the flagship Lan- caster, European station, 1881-83, and was stationed at the navy yard, Washington, D.C., 1884-86. He was promoted captain, Oct. 30. 1885 ; was captain of the navy yard, Norfolk, Va., 1886-89 ; commanded the cruiser Charles- ton, 1889-92, Pacific and Asiatic squadrons ; was captain of the navy yard. Portsmouth, N.H., 1892-95, and commandant of same j'ard, 1896-98. He was promoted commodore, June 19, 1897 ; commanded the naval base. Key West, Florida, during the Spanish war. and afterward commanded the navy yard, Ports- mouth, N.H., 1898-1900. He was promoted rear- admiral, Nov. 22, 1898 ; was commander-in-chief of the Asiatic station, April, 1900. to March. 1902, and in 1903 was chairman of the light house board, and senior rear-admiral of the active list of the navy, the date of his retirement being Aug. 10, 1903. REMINGTON, Eliphalet, manufacturer, was born in Suffield, Conn., Oct. 27, 1793; son of Eliphalet and Elizabeth (Kilbourn) Remington. His father removed to Crane's Corners. Herkimer county. N.Y., in 1800, where he manufactured agricultural impliments, and established a forge. Eliphalet worked in the shop and attained skill in forging gun-barrels. He was married, May 12, 1814, to Abigail, daughter of William and REMINGTON REMSEN Lucy Paddock. The manufactory was removed to Ilion, N.Y., in 1828, and upon the death of his father, he continued the business alone, in 1845 bringing out a contract awarded Ames & Co. of Springfield, Mass., for several thousands of car- bines for the U.S. army. In 1857 he added the manufacture of pistols, and in 1861 numer- ous government orders necessitated the enlarge- ment of his works. Under the pressure of these demands his healtli broke down, and his sons Philo and Samuel took his place in the factory. He was president of the Ilion bank, and was interested in the local affairs of the city. He died in Ilion. N.Y.. Aug. 12, 1861. REMINGTON, Frederick, artist, was born in Canton, N.Y., Oct. 4, 1861 ; son of Pierre and Clara Remington ; grandson of Seth and (Cushing) Remington, and a descendant of John and Mary Remington, who settled in Newbury- port, Mass., in 1634. He attended the Yale Art school, and the Art Students' league in New Y'ork city, and went to the far west, where he established a ranch. He devoted himself to drawing, using military and western subjects entirely, and illustrating for the leading maga- zines, and also became well known as a painter, sculptor and author. He was married, Oct. 1, 1S83, to Eva Adelle, daughter of Lawton and (Hoyt) Calen. He was one of the first to depart from the conventional methods of draw- ing a horse in motion. He made pictures of the Geronimo war, the Yaqui war, the outbreak of Sioux in '90, and the Spanish Cuban rebellion, and went to Cuba as a newspaper artist during the Santiago campaign. He was elected an as- sociate member of the National Academy of De- sign, and among his works in sculpture are : The Broncho Buster, The Wounded Bunkie, TJie Buf- falo Signal, and Tlie Xorther. He is the author of : Pony Tracks; Crooked Trails; Frontier Sketches ; Sundown Leflare (1899); Men icith the Bark On (1900); John Ermine of the Yellowstone (1902). REMSEN, Ira, educator, was born in New York city. Feb. 10, 1846 ; son of James Vander- bilt and Rosanna (Secor) Remsen ; grandson of Garret and Martha (Vanderbilt) Remsen and of Theodore and Mary (Haring) Secor, and a descend- ant of Rem Jansen Vanderbeeck (came to this country from the Netherlands in 1642, and set- tled first at Albany. N.Y., and shortly afterwards at Wallabout (or Flatbush), Long Island), and of John Haring (q.v.). He was a student at the College of the City of New York, and was gradu- ated M.D. from the College of Physicians and Surgeons. New York, 1867. He began the prac- tice of medicine but soon gave it up for the study of chemistry. lie went to Munich in 1867. where he heard the lectures of Liebig. and worked under Volhard, afterward professor of chemistry in the University of Halle ; to Gottingen in 1868, where he came in contact with Wohler, Hiibner and Fittig, and received the degree Ph.D. in 1870; and to Tiibingen in 1870 as an assistant of Fittig, holding the position for two years. He was professor of chemistry and phy- sics in "Williams col- lege, 1872-76 ; profes- sor of Chemistry in Johns Hopkins uni- versity, 1876-1901 ; acting president, 1889-90, and upon the resignation of Presi- dent Oilman in 1901, he became president. He was married, April 5. 1875. to Bes- sie Hillyer, daughter of "William and Mary (Melius) Mallory of New York city. In 1879 he founded and became editor of the Anierica7i Chemical Journal. He was made a member of the National Academy of Sciences, 1882, and was elected foreign member of the Chem- ical Society of London, and honorary member of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. He declined several attractive calls, among tliemone to Chicago tmiversity, preferring to remain at Johns Hopkins, where most of his work was done. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Columbia in 1893, from Princeton in 1896, from Y'ale in 1901, and from Toronto in 1902. Among his many published articles embodying the results of original investigations in the field of pure chemistry are : oxidation of substituticn-products of aromatic hydrocarbons ; investigations on the sulphinides; on the decomposition of diazo-com- pounds by alcohols ; on chemical action in a magnetic field ; on the sulphonphthaleins ; on ozone and active oxygen ; on the nature and structure of the double halides. His text-book publications are : Principles of Tlieoretical Chemistry (5 editions: also German and Italian translations); Introduction to the Study of the Compounds of Carbon (1885, many later edition.';), of which there is an English edition by Macmillan & Co., and German, Russian and Italian transla- tions ; Introduction to the Study of Chemistry (1886. and many later editions), of which there is an English edition, and German, French and Japanese translations ; llie Elements of Chemis- try (1887, 2d ed., 1891), reprinted by Macmillan & Co., London, and translated into German and Japanese ; Inorganic Chemistry, Advanced Course (1889, 3d. ed., 1892), of wliich there is an English edition by Macmillan & Co., and German and Italian translations. RENCHER RENO -^5^ /cL^'L^^Jic't''^ RENCHER, Abraham, statesman, was born in Wake county, N.C., Aug. 13, 1798; son of John Grant and Ann (Nelson) Renclier, His father came to America from Ireland, and was for many years high sherilf of Wake county, and his mother was a near relative of Lord Nel- son. He was gradu- ated from the Uni- versity of North Car- olina in 1822, received the degree of A.M. in 1831, and having ob- tained a license he formed a law co-part- nership with Francis Lister Hawks (q.v.). He made liis home in Pittsboro and soon rose to distinction. He was a WJiig rep- resentative in the 21st-2.'5th congresses, 1829-39, and in the 27th congress, 1841-42, declining re-election to the 26th and 28th congresses on account of ill- health. Under President Tyler's appointment he served as U.S. minister to Portugal, 1843-47. In 1852, as an elector on the Pierce and King ticket, he made a brilliant and effective campaign of the state. He declined the portfolio of the navy offered by President Buchanan, and served as governor of New Mexico, 1857-61. In 1836 he was married to Louisa Mary, daughter of Col. Edward (q.v.) and Elizabeth (Mallett) Jones, granddaughter of Peter and Eunice (Curtis) Mal- lett and great-granddaughter of Jeremiah Curtis of Stratford, Conn. They had four children : John Grant and William Conway both served in the Confederate army ; Sarah married Col. Latham Anderson, U.S.A., and Eva married Robert Winston of Franklinton, N.C. Governor Reiicher died at Chapel Hill. N.C, July 6, 1883. RENFROW, William Gary, governor of Okla- homa, was born in Smithfield, N.C, March 15, 1845 ; son of Perry and Lucinda (Atkinson) Ren- frew, and grandson of William Renfrow and of Cary Atkinson. He served in the Confederate army throughout the civil war, and at its close removed to Jackson county. Ark., where he en- gaged in mercantile business. In 1889 he removed to Norman, Oklahoma Territory, where he was president of the Norman State bank. He was appointed by President Cleveland governor of Oklahoma Territory and served as such from May 7, 1893, to May 24, 1897, when he resumed his banking business in Norman. RENO, Conrad, lawyer author, was born in Mt. Vernon Arsenal, near Mobile, Ala., Dec. 28, 1859 ; son of Gen. Jesse Lee and Mary Bradley Blanes (Cross) Reno. He attended the schools of Baltimore, Md., Media, Pa., Lehigh university, and the law department of Harvard, and was graduated from Boston university, LL.B. in 1883. He was admitted to the bar in 1883, and engaged in practice in Boston. He was married, April 13, 1887, to Susan Moore, daughter of the Rev. William T. and Maria (Dwight) Eustis of Spring- field. Mass. He is the author of the industrial court bill, and the industrial partnership bill, intended to reconcile the conflicting interests of employees and stockholders of corporations, and to avert strikes and lockouts, and of : State Regulation of Wages (1891) : Nan- Residents and Foreign Corporations (1892); Employers' Liabi- lity Acts (1896; 2nd ed., 1903); History of the Judicial System of Neio England (1900), and con- tributions to legal and scientific periodicals. RENO, Jesse Lee, soldier, was born in Wheel- ing, Va., June 20, 1833; son of Lewis Thomas and Rebecca (Quinby) Reno ; grandson of Charles and Francis (Laughlin) Reno, and a descendant of John Renault wlio came to America about 1700. He was appointed to the U.S. Military academy from Pennsylvania, and was graduated there and brevetted 2d lieutenant of ordnance, July 1, 1846. He served as assistant ordnance officer at Watervliet arsenal, N.Y., in 1846 ; took part in the Mexican war, being engaged with the Howitzer battery at the siege of Vera Cruz, March 19-29, 1847, and in the battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco and Chapultepec. He was promoted 2d lieutenant of ordnance, March 3, 1847 : was brevetted 1st lieutenant, April 18, 1847. for gallant and meritorious service in the battle of Cerro Gordo, Mexico, and captain, Sept. 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Chapultepec, Mexico ; was on special duty at Erie, Pa., in 1848, and assistant professor of mathematics in the U.S. Military academy from January to July, 1849. He was secretary of the board for preparing a '-System of Instruction for Heavy Artillery," 1849-50 ; as- sistant to the ordnance board at Washington Ar- senal, D.C. 1851-53. and on topogi-aphical duty, making a survey of the military road fi-om the mouth of the Big Sioux river to Mendota. I\Iinn., 1853-54. He was married, Nov. 1, 1853, to Mary Bradley Blanes, daughter of Trueman and Eliza (Blanes) Cross of Washington, D.C He was promoted first lieutenant of ordnance, March 3, 1853 ; served on coast survey duty. April to July, 1854 ; as assistant ordnance officer at Frankford Arsenal, Pa., 1854-57; as chief of ordnance on the Utah expedition, 1857-59, and in command of the Mount Vernon Arsenal, Ala., from 1859 until its seizure by the Confederates in January, 1861. He was promoted captain of ordnance. July 1, 1800, for fourteen years' coutuiuous service; RENWICK RENWICK commanded tlie arsenal at Leavenworth, Kan., February to December, 1861 ; was ai)pointed brigadier-general of volunteers. Nov. 12, 1861 ; commanded a brigade in General Burnside's ex- pedition to Nortli Carolina from December, 1861, to April 1862, and participated in the capture of Roanoke island with its garrison and armament, Feb. 8. 186-3, the combat at Newbern, N.C., Marcii 4. 1862. and the action at Camden, April 19, 1863. He commanded a division in the department of North Carolina, April to August, 1862; was en- gaged in the movement to Newport News and the Rappahannock in August, 1862, and was promoted majur-general of volunteers, July 18, 1862. He commanded the 9th corps in the Northern Vir- ginia campaign, August to September, 1862, being engaged in the battles of Manassas and Chantilly and in the battle of South Mountain in the Maryland campaign, where he was killed while leading his men. On Sept. 13, 1862, the day after the Confederates forces evacuated Frederick. Md., General Reno called upon Barbara Fritchie, and received from her hands tlie large cotton flag which she had frequently waved from lier attic window. This flag was brought to Boston with General Reno's body a few days afterward by his brother, Col. B. F. Reno, a member of his staff, and delivered to General Reno's widow, remaining in the possession of the family until it was loaned for safe keeping to the ^lassachusetts Commandary of the Loyal Legion of the United States. He died on South Moun- tain. Md.. Sept.. 14, 1862. RENWICK, Edward Sabine, patent expert, was born in New York city, Jan. 3, 1823 ; son of James (q.v.) and Margaret Anne (Brevoort) Ren- wick. He was gradated at Columbia, A.B., 1839, A.M., 1842 ; engaged in civil and mechanical en- gineering and became superintendent of large iron works in Wilkesbarre, Pa. He was married, June 4, 1862, to Alice, daughter of Henry and Bridget (Seley) Brevoort of Lenox, Mass. He engaged as an expert in the trials of patent cases in the U.S. courts 1S^:V.M>7. In 1)^63. in consulta- tion with his brotlier, Henry B. Renwick, lie re- paired the Great Eastern while afloat, replatinga fracture in the bilge eiglity-two feet long and ten feet wide in the greate.st widtii,and twenty-seven feet under water, which feat had been pronounced impossible by other experts. He invented many machines and meclianical devices, among them a wroughl-iron railway-chair for connecting the ends of rails (18.")0); a steam cut-off for beam engines (1856); a system of side propulsion for steamers (1862), and many improvements in in- cubators and brooders (1877-86), besides being the principal joint inventor of the original self- binding reaping-machine (1851-53). Hewaselect- ed a member of many scientiflc societies and of several New York clubs. He is tlie author of : The ThermoHtatic Incubator (1883), a,n.d Practical Invention (1893). RENWICK, Henry Brevoort, engineer, was born in New York city. Sept. 4, 1817 ; son of Prof. James and Margaret Anne (Brevoort) Renwick. He was graduated from Columbia college in 1833 ; followed commercial pursuits for a time, and then practised civil and mechanical engineering. He entered the service of the U.S. government as an assistant engineer in 1837, served as first assistant astronomer of the U.S. boundary com- mission, 1840-42 ; was appointed examiner in the U.S. patent office in 1848, and the first U.S. in- spector of steam ve.ssels at the port of New York in 1853. He was married in June. 1852. to Mar- garet, daughter of Jonathan and Elizabeth (Mc- Pherson) Janney of Alexandria, Va. While civil engineer in the government service he was en- gaged in many important works, including the breakwaters at Sandy Hook and Egg harljor, and the survey that settled the boundary line between Maine and Ne%v Brunswick. He devoted himself to consultation practice in the specialty of me- chanical engineering in which he ranked as an authority, and was engaged to testify in the suits growing out of the invention of sewing machines, the McCormick reaper and the Bell telephone. He wrote with his father, Tlie Life of John Bay (1841). He died in New York city. Jan. 27. 1895. RENWICK, James, physicist, was born in Liver- pool, Eng., May 30, 1790 ; son of William and Jen- nie (Jeffrey) Renwick, and grandson of James Ren- wick, wlio settled in New York city in 1783. and of tlie Rev. Dr. Andrew Jeffrey, a Scotch clergy- man. He was graduated at Columbia college, New York city, A.B., 1807, A.M., 1810; was an instructor in natural and experimental philosophy and chemistry in Columbia college, 1812, and was married, Oct. 10, 1816, to Margaret Anne, daugh- ter of Henry and Sarah (Whetten) Brevoort. He was professor of philosoi)hy and cliemistry at Columbia, 1820-53, and professor emeritus. 1853- 63. He entered the service of the United States as topographical engineer with the rank of major in 1814, devoting his summers to this work, and RENWICK RESTARICK was appointed by the U.S. government one of the commissioners for the survey of tlie northeast boundary' line between the United States and New Brunswick in 1838. He was a trustee of Columbia college, 1817-20, and received the de- gree LL.D. from there in 1829. He contributed to the New York Revieio, the Whig Revieiv, and the American Quarterly Revieio ; translated from the French, Lallemand's " Treatise on Artillery " (2 vols., 1820), and edited with notes, American editions of Parker's " Rudiments of Chemistry" (1824); Lardner's "Popular Lectures on the Steam Engine" (1828): DanielFs "Chemical Philosophy" (2 vols., 1832). and Moseley's "Il- lustrations of Practical Meolianics " (1839). He is the author of : Life of David Rittenhouse (1839); Life of Robert Fulton (1845), and Life of Coxmt Rumford (1848), in Sparks's " Library of Ameri- can Biography ;" Outlines of Natural Philosopliij {■I vols., 1822-23); Treatise on the Steam Engine (1830): Elements of Mechanics (1832); Ajjplica- tions of the Science of Mechanics to Practical Purposes (1840) ; First Principles in Chemistry (privately printed for the use of his classes, 1838); Life of DeWitt Clinton loith Selections of his Liters (1840); Life of John Jay (with Henry B. Ren wick, 1841) ; Life of Alexander Hamilton (1841); First Principles of Chemistry (1841); First Principles of Natural Philosophy (1842). He d;L>, 1 ill New York city, Jan. 12, 1863. RENWICK, James, architect, was born in New York city, Nov. 3, 1818 ; son of James (q.v.) and Margaret Anne (Brevoort) Ren wick. He was graduated from Columbia college, A.B., 1S16. A.M., 1839: engaged in civil engineering on tlia Erie railway, and became assistant engineer o;i the Croton aqueduct, superintending the con- struction of the distributing reservoir, Fifth avenue and Forty-Second street, now the site of the New York Public library. He furnished a plan for a fountain to be erected at the expense of the property owners in LTnion Square, New York, and another in the Bowling Green, both of which were accepted ; was the successful competing architect for Grace church, New York city, com- pleted in 1845 ; architect of Calvary P. E. church and of the Church of tlie Puritans in New York city ; of the new building of the Smithsonian Institution, and of the Corcoran art gallery, in Washington, D.C. ; of St. Patrick's cathedral, New York city, 1855-59, and of the two towers, 1887-88 ; of the group of buildings of Vassar col- lege, Poughkeepsie, N.Y. ; of St. Ann's church, Brooklyn ; of Booth's theatre, and the Young ]\Ieu"s Christian Association building. New York city ; of the restoration of the old Spanish cathe- dral at St. Augustine. Fla., and of many other churches. He was married in April, 1850, to Anna Lloyd, daughter of William H. and Anna (Breck) Aspinwall of New York. During h.is lifetime he made a collection of the paiiiLiiij^s of old masters, and at his death bequeathed seventy- four paintings and other objects of art to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, together with a bust of himself, on condition that they should all be placed in a special room and be known as the James Renwick collection. The trustees declined the gift in the December following his death, as the condition was impracticable. He died in New York city. June 23. 1895. REPPLIER, Agnes, author, was born in Phil- adelphia. Pa.. April 1, 1859; daughter of Jolin and Agnes (Mathias) Repplier, and granddaugh- ter of Jolm and Catharine (Alghaier) Repplier and of Jacob and Mary (Shorb) Mathias. She at- tended the Sacred Heart convent, Tor- resdale. Pa., and early engaged in lit- erature, contributing essays to the Atlantic Monthly, Scribner's, Harpers', and other magazines. She re- ceived the degree of Litt. D. from the O^^pr^^j V^^i^^ University of Penn- sylvania in 1902. She is the author of : Bnols and Men (1888); Points of Vieiu (1891); Essays ni Miniature (1892); Essays in Idleness (1893); la the Dozy Hours (1895); Varia (1897); Philadel- 2^hia, The Place and the People (1898); The Fire- side Sphinx (1902). RESTARICK, Henry Bend, first American missionary bishop of Honolulu and 2IOtii in suc- cession in the American episcopate, was born in Somerset, England, Dec. 26, 1854 : son of Edwin and Amelia Riall (Webb) Restarick, He at- tended King James Collegiate school, Bridge- water, Eng., and was graduated at Griswold col- lege, Iowa, A.B.. 1882. He was married, June 28, 1882, to May Lottie, daughter of Peter Baker of Council Bluffs, Iowa. He was ordained deacon at Council Bluffs, Iowa, 1881 ; priest at Daven- port, Iowa, 1882 ; had charge of Trinity church, 0" REVELS REVERE Muscatine, Iowa, 1881-82, and was rector of St. Pauls cliurch, San Diego. Cal., 1882-1902. He was elected first bishop of the missionary district of Honolulu by the House of Bishops assembled in sj)ecial session at the parish house of Christ church, Cincinnati, April IT. 1902, and was con- secrated. July 2, 1902. by Bishops Nichols, Ken- drick and Johnson, assisted by Bishop Jagger, who preached the sermon. He is the author of : Lay Readers (1894); Tlte Love of God, or Addresses on the Last Seven Words (1897), and various pamphlets and magazine articles. REVELS, Hiram R., senator, was born in Fayetteville. N.C.. Sept. 1, 1822. He was the son of free-born parents of mixed blood. Education being denied him under the laws of North Caro- lina, he removed to Indiana in 1844, attended the Friends seminary at Liberty and a theological school in Ohio, and was ordained a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal church. He engaged in missionary work among the Negroes of Indiana, Illinois, Ohio and Missouri, and in 18fl0 settled in Baltimore, Ohio, as a minister and principal of a high school for Negro students. He assisted in organizing colored regiments in Maryland and Missouri, taught scliool in St. Louis. 1863-64, and in 1864 went to Vicksburg as chaplain of a colored regiment, assisting the provost-marshal in establishing order and indus- try among the freedmen. He accompanied the army to Jackson, Miss., where he preached to the emancipated slaves, organized several churches, and engaged in similar work in Kansas and Mis- souri, 1865-67. He settled at Natchez, Miss., in 1868, was chosen presiding elder in the African cliurch, and served as a member of the city coun- cil and as state senator. On the reconstruction of the state he was elected U.S. senator from Mississippi with Adelbert Ames, and drew the short term expiring, March 3, 1871. He took his seat in the senate, Feb. 2.5, 1870, being the first colored man to sit in that body. He was presi- dent of the Alcorn Agricultural university, Rod- ney, Miss., 1871-83, and subsequently pastor of churches at Holly Springs, Miss., and at Rich- mond, Ind. He died at Aberdeen, Miss., wliile ad- dressing the Mississippi conference, Jan. 15, 1901. REVERE, Joseph Warren, soldier, was born in Boston, Mass., May 17, 1812 ; son of John and Lydia Le Baron (Goodwin) Revere, and grand- son of Paul (q.v.) and Rachel (Walker) Revere. He entered the U.S. navy as a midsiiipman, April 1, 1828 ; was promoted passed midshipmai", June 4, 18.34. and lieutenant. Feb. 25. 1841. He was married, Oct. 4, 1842, to Rosanna Duncan, daughter of Benjamin Waldo Lamb. He took part in the Mexican war, raised the first U.S. flagon the north side of the bay of San Francisco, and resigned from the U.S. navj', Sept. 20, 1850. He entered the Mexican service as lieutenant- colonel of artillery, and was knighted by Queen Isabella of Spain for saving the lives of several of her subjects. He entered the U.S. service as colonel of the 7th New Jersey volunteers, Aug. 31, 1861 ; was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, Oct. 25, 1862, and led the 3d brigade, Sickles's division, Stonemans corps, in the battle of Fredericksburg. He was transferred to the command of the 2d brigade in the 2d division, Sickles's corps, at Chancellorsville, where he was censured^ by Gen. Joseph B. Carr, commanding the division, and the command of the brigade was given to J. Egbert Faruum of the 71st New York volunteers. He was court-martialed and dismissed from the service in May, 1863, but he succeeded in re-opening the proceedings and ex- plaining tlie circumstances of his dismissal, and on Sept. 10, 1SG4, President Lincoln accepted his resignation from tlie army. He is the author of : Keel and Saddle (1872). He died in Hoboken, N.J.. April 20, 1880. REVERE, Paul, patriot, was born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 1, 1735 ; son of Apollos and Deborah (Hitchborne) Rivuire. His father, a native of Riancnud, Fiance, emigrated to the island of Guernsey, and thence to Boston, Mass., in 1715, where he engaged in business as a goldsmith in 1722, and changed his name to Paul Revere. The son attended the North Grammar school, learned the goldsmith's trade under his father, and be- came skilful as an engraver. He served in General Winslow's expedition against Crown Point in 1756, as 2nd lieutenant of artillery, and was stationed at Fort William Henry on Lake George, from May to November, 1756. Returning to Boston he engaged in business as a gold-and- silver-smith. He produced many excellent cop- perplate engravings, including representations of the imposition and repeal of the stamp act, which achieved immediate popularity ; illustrations of the " Boston Massacre," '* Landing of the British Troops in Boston " (1774), and " A Warm Place — Hell," representing the seventeen members of the house who voted to rescind the circular of 1768 to tlie provincial legislature. He also exe- cuted several portraits of colonial celebrities. Many of his engravings appeared in the Royal American Magazine, and he illustrated Capt. James Cook's " New Voyage Round the World, 1768-71 " (1774). He was a member of the famous Sons of Liberty, and was frequently commis- sioned to carry to New York and Philadelpliia the sentiments of Massachusetts, and to propose uniting the colonies through a Continental con- gress. He was a member of the guard of twenty- five men appointed to watch the ship r)artmouth. laden with tea, and to prevent the landing of anj' of the cargo. A promise was obtained from the REVERE REX owner of the Dartmouth, and of two other ships, that the cargo would be sent back to Esigland. Governor Hutchinson upset this peaceful solution by refusing the ships clearance papers, and after a meeting held at the Old South Meeting house, Dec. 16, 1773. a baud of men disguised as Indians, and led by Paul Revere, boarded the ships, and destroyed three hundred and forty -two chests of tea. He was sent to enlist the support of the southern provinces; carried the "Suffolk Re- solves" to the Continental congress at Phila- delphia, and carried to Portsmouth, N.H., the message that Parliament had forbidden the further importation of gunpowder and military stores. Acting on this intelligence, the " Sons of Liberty " surprised the fort and removed over one hundred barrels of gunpowder and fifteen cannon, Dec. 14, 1774. On April 18, 1775, Dr. Joseph "Warren learned that troops were gather- ing on Boston Common, and confided to Revere his fears for the safety of John Hancock and Samuel Adams, who were at Lexington, and for whose cap- ture and that of the stores at Concord he believed the expedi- tion organized. Re- vere at once volun- teered to warn the patriots. Arrange- ments were made with Robert New- man, sexton of the North church, for the displaying of ,_|^ two lights from the ® ^^ ' belfry, if the troops departed by water, and of one if by land. He was rowed across the Charles river and arrived safely in Charlestown, where he waited until two signal lights shone out from the belfry. He procured a horse and started for Lexington by way of Med- ford, alarming the minute men along the route. He delivered his message to Hancock and Adams at the home of the Rev. Jonas Clark, and was joined by William Dawes and Samuel Prescott. When about half way to Concord, Revere and Dawes were captured by British scouts, but in .the excitement that followed they were released, Prescott managing to escape and to give timely warning at Concord. On April 20, 1775, Revere was employed as a trusted messenger for the committee of safety. He repaired the cannon at Castle William that had been broken by tlie British ; and in July, 1776, he was commissioned major of a regiment raised for town and harbor defence, and lieutenant-colonel, Nov. 27, 1776. He was a member of the unsuccessful expedition to Castine, Maine, under Gen. Solomon Lovel, June 26, 1779, and after the war he resumed his trade in Boston, and established a foundry for casting church-bells and bronze cannon. He en- graved and printed the first notes issued by congress and by the Commonwealth of Mass- achusetts. He inaugurated the method of rolling copper into large sheets, at Canton, Mass., and made the plates for frigate Constitution, and for Robert Fulton's steamboats. He assisted Gover- nor Samuel Adams in laying the cornerstone of the Massachusetts state house, July 4, 1795, and was a founder of the Charitable Mechanics as- sociation in 1795, and its first president, 1795-99. He was twice married ; first, Aug. 17, 1737, to Sarah Orne, and secondly, Nov. 10, 1773, to Rachel Walker, both of Boston. He died in Boston, Mass., May 10, 1818, and was buried in the Granary burial ground. REVERE, Paul Joseph, soldier, was born in Boston, Mass., Sept. 10, 1832 ; son of Joseph War- ren and Mary (Robbins) Revere, and grandson of Col. Paul and Rachel (Walker) Revere and of Edward Hutchinson and Elizabeth (Murray) Robbins. He was graduated at Harvard in 1852 ; engaged in mercantile pursuits, made trips into the mountain and lake regions, had tlie care of an extensive wharf in Boston, and defended the cause of laborers and women and children. He was married in 1859 to Lucretia W^atson, daughter of the Rev. Dr. W. P. Lunt. He was commis- sioned major of the 20th Massachusetts volunteers, July 1, 1861 ; was wounded and taken prisoner at tlie' battle of Ball's Bluff, Oct. 21, 1861, and with his brother, Dr. E. H. R. Revere, was confined in Henrico county prison from November, 1861, to February, 1862, and held with six others as hostages for a number of Confederate privateers under sentence of death by the U.S. court. He was paroled, Feb. 22, 1862, exchanged in May, 1862, and served in the Peninsular campaign until August, 1862, when he was granted sick leave. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel, and appointed assistant inspector-general on the staff of Gen. Edwin V. Sumner, Sept. 4, 1862 ; was severely wounded at tlie battle of Antietam, and was an invalid at home until April 14, 1863, when he was promoted colonel of the 20th Massachusetts vol- unteers. He received a mortal wound at Gettys- burg, July 2, 1863, and was brevetted brigadier- general of volunteers for his bravery in that battle. He died at Westminster, July 4, 1863. REX, Charles D., educator, was born in Bal- timore, Md., in 1856. He matriculated at St. Charles college, Ellicott city, Md.. Sept. 11, 1871, was graduated in December. 1876. and was a student at St. Mary's seminary, Baltimore, Md., 1876-78. He also studied theology at the semi- nary of St. Sulpice, Paris, France, 1878-80, where REXFORD REYNOLDS he took the vows of the order and was ordained priest in 1880. He continued liis studies at Rome, 1880-82 ; was professor of chissics at St. Clwirles college, 1883-.S4 : treasurer of St. John's seminary, Brighton, in 1884, and later became professor of dogmatic theology. He succeeded the Rev. Fr. Hogan as superior of St. John's seminary in 1889, filling the office, 1889-94. He was president of St. Charles college, 1894-96, and died at Colorado Springs, Col.. Feb. 22, 1897. REXFORD, Eben Eugene, author, was born in Johnsburg, N.Y., July 10, 1848 ; son of Jabez Burrows and Rebecca (Wilcox) Rexford ; grand- son of Rowell and Betsey Rexford and of Jacob and Susanna Wilcox. He was a student at Law- rence university, Appleton, Wis.; contributed to current periodicals from 1862, and was a mem- ber of the editorial staff of the Ladies' Home Journal. Philadelphia, from 1890. conducting the horticultural department. He also edited the floral department of Home and Flowers, Springfield. Ohio. He was married, Dec. 9, 1890, to Mrs. Harriet Harsh, daughter of Carl and Anna Bauman. He is the author of several well-known songs, including "Silver Tiireads Among the Gold " and " Only a Pansy Blossom." He is also the author of : Brother and Lover, poem of the war (1886, new ed., 1897): Home Floricidture (1888, rev. and enl., 1903): Jo7m Fielding and His Enemy (1888) ; Grandmothers Garden (1890) ; Flowers, How to Grow TJiem (1898); The Swamp Secret (1897); Into the Light (1899), and many contributions to periodicals. REYNOLDS, Alexander Welch, soldier, was born in Clarke county, Va., in August, 1817. He was graduated at the U.S. Military academy and promoted 2d lieutenant, 1st infantry, July 1, 1838 ; served in the Florida war, 1838-40, and as adjutant, 1840-41, and was on frontier and in garrison duty in Iowa, Wisconsin, and Missouri, 1841-46. He was promoted 1st lieutenant, June 11, 1839, and assistant quartermaster with the rank of captain, Aug. 5, 1847 ; served on quarter- master duty in Philadelphia, Pa., 1847-48, and in Mexico in 1848, and was promoted captain, March 15, 1848. He was engaged in convoying trains to Forts Washita and Towson, Indian Territory, and to Santa Fe, Mexico, 1848-52, and in settling his accounts at Washington, D.C., 18.52-55. A deficiency could not be accounted for, and he was dismissed from the service, Oct. 8, 18.55. He was reinstated as assistant quartermaster with the rank of captain in 1857, served on quartermaster duty, 1858-61, and having failed to report for several months was dropped from tiie army list. Oct. 4, 1861. He joine64, tlie de- partment of Arkansas from November, 1864, to April, 1866, and tlie Ttli army corps from Novem- ber. 1864, to August, 1865. He was mustered out of the volunteer service, Sept. 1, 1866, having been reappointed to the U.S. army as colonel of tlie 26th infantry. July 28. 1866. He commanded the sub-district of the Rio Grande. Tex., the dis- trict of Texas and the 5tli military district, 1867- 68 ; was brevetted brigadier-general of the U.S. army, March 2. 1867, for Ciiickamauga and Mis- sion Ridge respectively, served as assistant com- missioner of the Freedmen's Bureau for Texas in December, 1868, and January, 1869, and as a member of the court of inquiry at "\Va.shington, D.C.. January to February, 1869. He commanded the 3th military district, 1869-70 ; the department of Texas. 1870-72, was transferred to the 25th infantry, Jan. 8, 1870, and to the 3d cavalry, Dec. 15. 1870. and commanded Fort McPher.son, Neb., from March. 1872. to May, 1873, and from August, 1873. to February, 1874. He was a member of the board of visitors to the U.S. Naval academy in July. 1873, and of the court of inquiry at "Washington, D.C., February to May, 1874; in command of Fort D. A. Russell, Wyo., and of the district of South Platte, 1874-76, and of the Big Horn expedition, February to April, 1876, and was retired from active service for disability con- tracted in the line of duty, June 25, 1877. He received the honorar}- degree A.M. from Wabash college in 1853, and declined the nomination of U.S. senator from Texas in 1871. He died in Washin.-ton. D.C.. Feb. 25. 1899. REYNOLDS, Robert John, governor of Dela- ware, was born in Smyrna, Del., March 17, 1838 ; sun of Robert W. Reynolds, who was defeated by four votes for governor of Delaware in 1862. He was educated in the public schools of Fairfield, N.Y., and engaged in farming in Petersburg, Del., in 1861, making a specialty of the cultiva- tion of peacljes. He was married in 1861 to Lavinia L., daughter of W^illiam E. Riggs of Newcastle county, Del. He was elected a mem- ber of the general assembl}' of Delaware, 1879-83, served as state treasurer, 1879-83, and as chair- man of the Democratic state committee. 1883-87. He was elected governor of Delaware by the Democratic party, serving 1891-95. He was a delegate to the Democratic national convention of 1'<92. and resumed farming in 1895. REYNOLDS, Thomas, governor of Missouri, was born in Bracken county, Ky., March 12, 1796. He was admitted to the bar in 1817 ; removed to Illinois, where he engaged in the practice of law and was elected clerk of tiie state house of rep- resentatives. He was a representative in and speaker of that body ; attorney -general of the state, and chief-justice of the state supreme court. He removed to Fay- ette, Howard county, Mo., in 1829 ; represented How- ard county in the state leg- islature, and was elected speaker in 1832. He was a circuit judge for several years, «aud in 1840 was elected governor of Missouri by the Democratic party serving, 1841-44. He died by his own hand at Jefferson City. Mo.. Feb. 9. 1844. REYNOLDS, William, naval officer, was born in Lancaster, Pa.. Dec. 18, 1815; son of John and Lydia (Moore) Reynolds. He was appointed acting midshipnian in the U.S. navy, Nov. 17, 1831 ; was stationed at the Naval school, Norfolk, Va,, 1836-67; promoted past midshipman, June 15, 1837 ; served on Capt. Charles Wilkes's explor- ing expedition. 1838-42, and was commissioned lieutenant, Sept. 8, 1841. He was attached to the Cumberland and Plymouth of the Mediter- ranean squadron, 1843-45 ; to the steamer Alle- gluiny, on the Mississip[)i river, in the Gulf of Mexico, at Brazil and in the Mediterranean, 1846-49; was on sick leave, 1850-57; naval store keeper at Honolulu, in the Sandwicii Lslands. 1857-61 ; was returned to the active list, April 25, 1861 ; promoted commander, June 9. 1862, and commanded the Vermont at Port Royal. S.C., in November, 1862, and the New Hampshire, and the naval depot at Port Royal, 1863-65. He was promoted captain, July 25, 1866, commanded the Lackawanna oi the North Pacific squadron. 1866- 69 ; served as senior officer of the ordnance board, 1869-70, and was promoted commodore, June 10, 1870. He was chief of the bureau of equipment, 1870-75 ; acting secretary of the navy, during the temporary absence of Secretary Robeson, 1873-74 ; was promoted rear-admiral, Dec. 12, 1873. and commanded tiie Asiatic station on the flagsiiip Tennessee, 1875-77. In 1877 ill health forced him to return to the United States, and he was placed on the retired list, Dec. 10, 1877, and died in Washington, D.C., Nov. 5, 1879. REYNOLDS, WUliam Morton, clergyman, was born in Fayette county, Pa., March 4. 1812 ; son of Col. George (a Revolutionary soldier) and Mary (Babe) Reynolds. He was graduated at the Theological seminary at Gettysburg. Pa., in 1828, and at Jefferson college, Canonsburg, Pa., in 1832 ; was principal of the preparatory depart- ment of Pennsylvania college, Gettysburg. Pa., 1833-35 ; financial agent of the college in 1835 ; was licensed to preacli by the Western Penn- sylvania Synod of the Lutheran church in 1835, and ordained in 1836. He was pastor of the EEZE RHEA Lutlieran congregation at Deerfield, N.J., 1835- 36, and professor of Latin in Pennsylvania col- lege, 1836-50. He was married in June, 1838, to Anna Maria, daughter of John Swan. He was the first president of Capitol uni%'ersity, Colum- bus, Ohio, 1850-53 : principal of a female seminary, Easton, Pa., and of a classical academy, Allen- town, Pa., 1853-57; president of Illinois State university, 1857-60 ; principal of a female semi- nary in Chicago, 111., 1860-64 ; was admitted to the diaconate and ordained priest in the Protestant Episcopal church by Bishop Whitehouse of Illi- nois in 1864, and was rector of various parishes in the diocese of Illinois until his death. He received the degree D.D. from Jefferson college in 1850. He founded and became editor of the Evangelical Magazine in 1840 ; edited the Lin- ncean Record and Journal in 1845, and established and edited the Evangelical Review, 1849-63. He was also tlie chief editor of the hymn book of the general synod in 1850, and an active member of its litux-gical committee for several years. He publislied American Literature, an address (1845); The Captivi of Plautus, with introduction and notes (1846); Inaugural Address as President of Capitol University (1850); Historical Address before the Historical Society of the Lutheran Church (1848); Inaugural Address as President of Illinois State University {lS'i8}; and translated witli introduction and notes. History of Xew Sweden, by Israel Acrelius (1874), He died in Oak Park, 111., Sept. 5, 1876. REZE, Frederic, R.C. bishop, was born near Vienenberg, diocese of Hildeshiem, Germany, Feb. 6, 1791 ; son of John Gotfried and Caroline (Alrutz) Reese and was baptized John Frederic Conrad Rese (Reese). Being left an orphan he was apprenticed to a tailor, and subsequently engaged in that trade until 1813, when he was drafted into tlie military service of his country. He served in the English Hanoverian campaigns, 1813-14, being a dragoon under General Bliicher at Water- loo. He was prepared for the priesthood in the College of the Propaganda at Rome, and ordained at Rome by Cardinal Zurla, prefect of the Pro- paganda in 1822, his name being thereafter written Frederic Reze. He served on the African mission, 1822-24, when ill-health forced him to retire. He accompanied Bishop Edwai-d D. Fenwick to the United States in 1825, became his secretary, and labored in the diocese of Cin- cinnati, devoting himself specially to the Ger- mans. He was sent to Europe by Bishop Fenwick in 1827, to secure German priests and financial aid, and returned in 1828 with several mission- aries, having been successful and instrumental in founding the Leopoldine society in Vienna, Austria, for helping poor missions in America. He went on a mission to the Indians in "Wiscon- sin and Michigan in 1830, having been appointed vicar-general of these states ; became adminis- trator of the diocese of Cincinnati on tlie death of Bishop Fenwick in 1832. and on Feb. 25, 1833, was appointed the first bishop of the diocese of Detroit, established, March 8, 1833. He was con- secrated at Cincinnati, Ohio, Oct. 6, 1833, by Bishop Rosati, assisted by Bishop Flaget and Coadjutor-Bishop David, and was the first bishop of German birth in the United States. He at- tended the 2d provincial council of Baltimore in 1833, and during his bisliopric founded St. Pliilip's college in Detroit, established academies there and at Green Bay, which he placed under the order of the Poor Clares, and opened scliools for the Indians. He also introduced the Redemp- torists into the United States. Although successful in his work he met with innumerable difficulties in his diocese, and becoming ill from a disease of the brain he was called to Rome and given a coadjutor in 1837, in the person of Peter Paul Lefevre (q.v.). Bishop Reze continued to per- form some duties at Rome, 1837-49, and was placed in the hospital of the Sisters of Charity, at Lappenberg, Germany, in 1849. He died in Hildesheim, Germany, Dec. 30, 1871. RHEA, John, representative, was born in Ire- land, about 1753. He came to the United States with his father, a Scotcli-Irish Presbyterian min- ister in 1769 ; settled in Pennsylvania, and re- moved to eastern Tennessee, then a part of the state of North Carolina, in 1778. He was gradu- ated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1780, A.M. 1783, was a member of the Patriot force in the battle of King's Mountain in October, 1780, and was clerk of the county court of Sullivan county in the proposed state of Franklin, and subsequenth' in North Carolina, 1785-90. serving in the North Carolina house of commons and in the state convention that ratified the consti- tution of the United States, 1789. He was a del- egate from Sullivan county to the constitutional convention of Tennessee, 1796, serving on the committee that drafted the constitution of the new state. He was attorney-general of Greene county, 1796 ; a representative from Washington district in the lower house of the Tennessee leg- islature and doorkeeperof the house, 1796-97. and a legislation elector to select presidential electors in 1796. He was a Democratic representative from Washington district in the 8th-12th con- gresses, 1803-13, and from the first Tennessee dis- trict in the 13th, 15th, 16th, and 17th congresses, 1813-15 and 1817-23, serving for many years as chairman of the committee on postoffices and postroads. He was appointed U.S. commissioner to treat with the Choctaw Nation in 1816 ; was an intermediary between General Jackson and President Monroe in the memorable correspond- RHEA RHEES ence preceding the war in Florida, 1818, and is the author of the ' ' Rhea Letter " written to James Monroe in 1^31 during President Jackson's ad- ministration. He was actively connected with the progress of higher education in Tennessee, being appointed a charter trustee of Greeneville college. 1794 ; of "Washington college, 1795, and of Eiist Tennessee college, 1807. He died in Suli- van. Tenn.. May 27. 1832. RHEA, John S., representative, was born in Russellville. Logan county, Ky., Marcli 9, 1855. He attended Bethel college, Russellville, and Washington and Lee university. Lexington, Va.; studied law ; was admitted to tiie bar in 1873, and establislied himself in practice at Russell- ville. He was prosecuting attorney of Logan county, 1878-84 ; Democratic presidential elec- tor in 1884 and 1888. and a delegate to the Democratic national conventions of 1893 and 1896, proposing at the latter the name of Senator J. C. S. Blackburn for presidential nominee. He was Democratic representative from the tliird Kentucky district in the 55th. 56th and 57th congresses, 1897-1903, and was re-elected to the 58th congress in November, 1902, for the term expiring in 1905. RHEA, William Francis, representative, was born in Wasliington county. Va., April 20. 1859 ; son of Josepii W. and Elizabeth Rhea. He at- tended the Oldfield school : worked on a farm, and was a student in King college, Bristol, Tenn., 1875-78. He was married in November, 1878, to Mary Chester, daughter of V. and Mary (Chester) Keebler of Bristol. Va. He was admitted to the bar in 1879 and began practice in Bristol ; was judge of the county court of Washington county, 1881-85 ; state senator, 1885-89, and judge of the city court of Bristol, 1890-95 when he resigned, and resumed the practice of law in Bristol. He was a Democratic representative from the ninth district of Virginia in the 56th and 57th congresses, 1899-1903, and was a candidate for re-election to the 58th congress, but was defeated by Campbell Slemp. After the election Congressman Rhea published the statement that if a certificate of election should be issued by the Virginia state board to himself based on the exclusion of the votes of precincts Pattison and Mendota, he he should decline to accept it, believing that the votes belong'^d to his opponent. RHEES, Benjamin Rush, educator, was born in Chicago. III., Feb. 8. 18G0 : son of John Evans and Annie (McCutchen) Rhees ; grandson of Morgan John and Grace (Evans) Rhees, and of William Moore and Eliza (St. Jolm) McCutchen, and a descendant of Morgan John Rhees, who came to Philadelphia from Glamorganshire, Wales, in 1794. He was graduated from Am- herst college in 1883, and from Hartford Theo- logical seminary in 1888. He was Walker in- structor in mathematics at Amherst, 1883-85 r pastor of the Middle Street Bapti.st church, Ports- mouth. N.H., 1889-92; associate professor of New TesUiment interpretation at the Newton Tlieolo- gical Institution, Newton Centre, Mass., 1892-94; full professor, 1894-1900, and in 1900 became president of the University of Rochester, suc- ceeding David Jayne Hill (q.v.). He was mar- ried. July 6, 1899, to Harriet Chapin, daughter of President L. Clark Seelye of Smith college. The degree of A.M. was conferred on him in 1897 by Amherst for special work and thesis ; the honor- ary degree of LL.D. by Amherst in 1900, and that of D.D. by Colgate in 1901. He is the author of : Tlie Life of Jesus of Nazareth, a Study (1900); and many articles on biblical sub- jects in the leading journals and periodicals. RHEES, William Jones, bibliographer, was born in Pliiladelphia. Pa., March 13, 1830; son of Dr. Benjamin Rush and Margaret Grace (Evans) Rhees, and grandson of the Rev. Morgan John and Ann (Loxley) Rhees or Rhys, and of Evan Rice and Grace (Wallis) Evans. The Rev. Morgan John Rhys, a native of Gla- morganshire, Wales, immigrated to the United States in 1794, and after residing in Philadelphia, Pa., purchased, in connec- tion with Dr. Benja- min Rush, a large tract of land in Pennsylvania, which he called Cambria, and formed Cambria county. He founded Beulah as the capital of this tract, with a number of Welsh colonists in 1798, but subse quently settled in Somerset county, Pa., where he served as judge, appointed by Governor Mifflin. William Jones Rhees was graduated at the Central High school, Philadelphia, Pa.. A.B., 1847, A.M., 1852 ; became a clerk and draughts- man in the office of the Holland Land company at Meadville, Pa., in 1847, and a clerk in the cen- sus office in Washington, D.C., in 1850. where he had charge of the division of social statistics and miscellaneous printing until 1853. He served as secretary of the executive committee of the United States for the Industrial Exhibition in London, 1851 ; was private secretary to Professor Joseph Henry of the Smitlisonian Institution. 1853-S8 ; chief clerk of the Institution from 1853, and at various times (1884-87) acting secretary of the Institution. He was married, Nov. 13. 1856, RHETT KHIND to Laura O., daughter of Isaac and Mary A. (Everett) Clarke of Washington, D.C. ; and secondly, Sept. 20, 1866, to Romenia F. Ellis of Boston, Mass. He was one of the three original founders of the Young Men's Christian associa- tion, serving in all its offices from librarian to president, and was a delegate to and secretary of many national conventions. He was also one of the founders of the Sous of the American Revolution ; organized a lecture bureau in 1856 for the Y.M.C.A., securing the service of emi- nent speakers, and conducted Professor John Tyndall's lecture tour of the United States in 1872. He was a trustee of the public schools of Washington, 1862-68, 1873-74 and 1878-79, and invented and patented the Rhees ruler and pencil- case slate in 1868. He had charge of the publica- tions of the Smithsonian Institution ; edited TJie Scientific Writings of James Smithson (1879), and is the author of : Manual of Public Libraries, Institutions and Societies in the United States and British Provinces of North America (1859) ; Guide to the Smithsonian Institution and Na- tional Museum (1859, and many later editions) ; Manual of Public Schools of Washington (1863- 66) ; Tlie Smithsonian Institution : Documents Relative to its Origin and History (1879 and 1901); James Smithson and his Bequest (1880) ; and various Catalogues of Publications of the Smith- sonian Institution (1862-1903). RHETT, Robert Barnwell, statesman, was born in Beaufort, S.C, Dec. 14, 1800 ; son of James and Marianna (Gough) Smith. He re- ceived an academic education ; was admitted to the bar in 1824 ; was a representative from the Beaufort district in the state legislature in 1826 ; attorney-gen- eral of the state in 1832, and in 1837 sub- stituted the surname Rhett from a colonial ancestor for his pat- ronymic Smith. He was a States' Rights representative from the seventh district of South Carolina in the 25th-30th con- gresses, 1837-49, and was elected to the U.S. senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of John C. Cal- houn, serving from Jan. 6, 1851, to Aug. 31, 1852, and resigning during the vacation of con- gress from Aug. 31, to Dec. 6, 1852, on account of the death of his wife. While in the senate he urged the withdrawal of South Carolina from the Union, even if the state stood alone IX. — 6 in the movement. He took no active part in public affairs after his resignation until Decem- ber, 1860, when he was a member of the South Carolina secession convention, and prepared the declaration of her people in convention, giving to the world her reasons for seceding. He w;is chairman of the South Carolina delegation to the congress of seceded states that met at Jilont- gomery, Ala., Feb. 4, 1861, and was made chair- man of the committee appointed to frame a con- stitution for a permanent government. To this instrument he proposed the amendments in rela- tion to the protective policj' ; the presidential term ; the modification of the removal from office or civil service reform, and the mode provided for future amendments. It was his casting vote that elected Jefferson Davis provisional president of the Confederate States, although he was per- sonally opposed to his candidacy, and he was chairman of the committee to notify the presi- dent elect and to present him to the convention for inauguration. He was chairman of the com- mittee on foreign affairs in the provisional con- gress, and favored the immediate demand from foreign nations of recognition of the Confederate States of America as an independent government, in which he was opposed by the administration. On the removal of the seat of government to Richmond and the organization of the govern- ment under a permanent constitution, Feb. 22, 1862, he appears to have taken no part either in the administrative or legislative departments. He owned the Charleston Mercury, in which he advo- cated his extreme states' rights views, and his son, Robert B. Rhett, Jr., conducted the paper during the civil war. Senator Rhett removed to St. James parish, La., from whence he was sent as a delegate to the Democratic national conven- tion of 1868, apparently his last public act. He died in St. James Parish, La., Sept. 14, 1876. RHIND, Alexander Colden, naval officer, was born in New York city, Oct. oL, 1821; son of Charles and (Colden) Rhind. He was war- ranted midshipman, U.S.N. , Sept. 3, 1838; at- tended the naval school, Philadelphia, Pa., 1844- 45 ; was advanced to passed midshipman, July 2, 1845, and was attached to Commodore Conner's squadron during the Mexican war, participating in the capture of Alvarado and Tabasco. He was commissioned master, April 20, 1853 ; lieutenant, Feb. 17, 1854 ; commanded the E. B. Hall on the South Atlantic blockading squadron, and on April 29, 1862, captured and destroyed the bat- teries on the north and south Edisto ; engaged in a shore figlit at Seabrook's plantation, when with his crew and a Pennsylvania company, he defeated a mounted force of Confederates, for which he received the thanks of the navy depart- ment ; was promoted lieutenant-commander, RHOADS RHODES July 16, 1862, and commanded the Seneca on the Soutli Atlantic blockading squadron late in 1862. He was promoted commander, Jan. 2, 1862, and in Du Font's attack on Cliarleston, S.C., April 7, 1863, he commanded the Keokuk, which made the nearest approacli to Fort Sumter, and was struck ninety times, nineteen shots piercing her armor at or below the water line, and several passing througli her two turrets and disabling the forward gun early in the action. Rhind with difficulty kept the ironclad afloat till the next morning, wlien she sank at the lower anchorage. In this engagement Commander Rliind was wounded. He succeeded Capt. Cliarles Steedman to the command of tlie double-ender gunboat Paul Jones, and participated in several engagements with Fort Wagner and in the boat attack on Fort Sumter in July, 1863, being subsequently trans- ferred to the command of the Wabash, flagship of the South At- lantic blockad- ing squadron. He commanded the steam gun- boat ^r/aim??! on tlie North At- lantic blockad- ing squadron, 1864 ; was on duty in the James river, May to October, 1864, and actively engaged with the Confederate batteries at Deep Bottom, for which he received the thanks of the navy department, Sept. 7, 1864. On Dec. 23, 1865, with a crew of volunteers, he success- fully performed the perilous duty of navigat- ing the po\vde)"-ship Louisiana under the walls of Fort Fisher, where it was exploded with the expectation of destroying the fort. He escaped with his crew to the Wilderness, and steaming to a safe distance witnessed the harm- less explosion, after which the naval fleet stood in toward the fort in close order of division, the ironclads leading ; and after the guns were silenced, the Confederate garrison took refuge in their bombproofs. He commanded the receiving ship Vermont at New York, 1866-67 ; the naval rendezvous at New York in 1868 ; the U.S. navy yard, New York, 1869-70 ; was promoted captain, March 2, 1870, and commanded the Congress on the European station, 1872-73. He served as light-house inspector, 1876-79 ; was promoted commodore, Sept. 30, 1876 ; was president of the board of inspection, 1880-82 ; governor of the Naval Asylum in 1883; was promoted rear-admiral, Oct. 30, 1883, and retired, Oct. 31, 1883. He died in New York city. Nov. 8, 1897. RHOADS, James Evans, educator, was born at Marple, Delaware county, Pa., Jan. 21, 1828; U S.S. WABASh son of Joseph and Hannah (Evans) Rhoads. He was educated at the Westtown school, Pa. ; graduated in medicine at theUniversity of Penn- sylvania in 1851, and for a short time had charge of the Pliiladelphia dispensary. He was resident physician of the Pennsylvania hospital, 1852-54, and conducted a general practice in Germantown, Philadelphia, 1854-62. In 1860 lie married Mar- garet W. Ely, of New Hope, Pa. After 1862 he devoted himself to philanthroi)y and was for many years secretary of the associated executive committee on Indian affairs, and for several years was president of the Indian Riglits associa- tion. In 1876 he was appointed editor of the Friends' Revieio. and served as the first president of Bryn Mawr college, 1883-94. He also held tlie professorship of ethics at Bryn Mawr, 1883- 94, and was president of the board of trustees from 1883 until his death. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Union college in 1890. He died at Bryn Mawr, Pa., Jan. 2, 1895. RHOADS, Samuel, delegate, was born in Phil- adelphia, Pa., in 1711 ; son of John Rhoads, and grandson of Jolm Rhoads who emigrated from Derbyshire, England, and settled in Pliiladel- phia. He learned the carpenter's trade and be- came a builder. He was a member of the city council in 1741 ; of the provincial assembly, 1761- 64 and 1771-74, and served as commissioner to the Indians at Lancaster, Pa., and in the West. He was a delegate to the Continental congress, 1774-75 ; was elected mayor of Philadelphia in 1774 ; was a founder and a member of the board of managers of the Pennsylvania hospital, 1751- 81 ; a director of the Philadelphia library and an early member of the American Philosophical so- ciety. He died in Pliiladelphia, Pa., April 7, 1784. RHODES, James Ford, historian, was born in Cleveland, Ohio, May 1, 1848; son of Daniel Pomeroy and Sophia (Lord) Rhodes. He attended the public schools of Cleveland, Ohio ; was a special student at the University of the City of New York, 1865-66. and attended the University of Chicago, 1866-67. In 1867-68 he studied in Paris and Berlin, and later made a tour of in- spection of the iron and steel works of Germany and Great Britain. Upon his return to Cleveland in 1868, he engaged in the coal and iron industry. He was married, Jan. 4, 1872, to Ann. daughter of Jonathan F. and Maria Card of Cleveland. He devoted his leisure time to historical research, and in 1885 retired from business and engaged entirely in literary pursuits. He was elected a member of the Massachusetts Historical society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and president of the American Historical asso- ciation in 1899. Tlie honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Adelbert college. West- ern Reserve university in 1893, and by Harvard RICAUD RICE and Yale in 1901. His History of the United States from the Compromise of 1S50 (4 vols., 1850- 64) was awarded the Loubat prize of 3000 marks for American history by the Berlin Academy of Science in 1901 and new edition was issued in 1900. RICAUD, James Barroll, jurist, was born in Baltimore, Md., Feb. 11, 1808. He attended St. Mary's college, Baltimore, Md., was admitted to the bar, and establislied himself in practice at Chestertown, Md. He was a representative in the state legislature in 183-4-3G ; state senator, 1836-44 ; presidential elector on the Harrison and Tyler ticket in 1836. and on the Clay and Freling- huysen ticket in 1844, and a Native American representative from Maryland in the 84th and 35th congresses, 1855-59. He was re-elected to the state senate in 1860, but resigned in 1864 on being appointed judge of the circuit court. He died at Chestertown, Md,, Jan. 24, 1866. RICE, Alexander Hamilton, governor of Mas- sachusetts, was born in Newton Lower Falls, Mass., Aug. 30, 1818 ; son of Thomas and Lydia (Smith) Rice. His father was a paper manufac- turer at Newton Lower Falls. He attended the public schools of Newton ; was gradu- ated from Union col- lege, Schenectad}', N.Y., A.B., 1844, A.M., 1847, and began business in Boston , Mass., with Wilkins, Carter and Comimny, as a paper dealer and manufacturer, which business developed into the Rice, Kendall Company. He was a member of the Bos- ton school commit- tee ; a member of the board of public institutions, and a mem- ber and president of the common council of Bos- ton. He was the first Republican maj^or of the city of Boston, 1856-57, and during his admin- istration the territory known as the Back Bay district was developed, the City Hospital was started and the Public Library building was finished and dedicated. He was president of the Boston board of trade for several years, and was a Republican representative in the 36th-39th con- gresses, 1859-67, serving as chairman of the com- mittee on naval affairs, 1863-65. He was a dele- gate to the Philadelphia Loyalists' convention of 1866, and to the Republican national convention of 1868. He was governor of the commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1876-78, inclusive. He was twice married ; first, in 1844, to Augusta E., sister of Judge McKim of the Suffolk county probate court, and secondly, to Angie Erickson Powell of Rochester. N.Y. He was a member of the American Archteological society ; a fellow of the American Geographical society of New York ; a member of the American Historial asso- ciation ; a trustee of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, of the Episcopal Theological school, Cam- bridge, and honorary chancellor of Union univer- sity, 1881. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Harvard in 1876. He died in Melrose, Mass.. July 22, 1895. RICE, Charles Allen Thorndike, journalist and reformer, was born in Boston, Mass., June 18, 1851. He studied in Germany under the supervision of his stepfather. Professor Koppler, a well-known scholar of Darmstadt, and was graduated from tlie University of Oxford, A.B.. A.M. Returning to the United States, he studied law at Columbia Law school, New York city. In 1876, having inherited a large fortune, he pur- chased the North American Review and became its editor, making the magazine non-partisan, securing able contributions from authorities on both sides of every political, religious, or social question, and soon building up a large circula- tion. He organized and managed an expedition to Central America for the purpose of unearthing tiie buried antiquities of that country, which work was begun by John L. Stephens (q.v.), and carried on by Ephraim Squires. He enlisted the assistance of Pierce Lorillard, who furnished funds for the enterprise, and after securing the co-operation of the French government, he sent out, under the lead of M. Charnay. the expedi- tion, which was very successful. For his manage- ment of the enterprise, Mr. Rice was made an officer of the Legion of Honor of France. In 1884 he founded Le Matin, conducted it on the American plan and made it one of the leading morning journals of Paris. He was the unsuc- cessful Republican candidate for representative from New York city in the 50th congress in 1886, and his defeat caused him to draft a ballot reform bill. He was the first to recommend the Austra- lian system of voting in the United States ; de- clined the Republican nomination for mayor of New York city in 1888, and in 1889 was ap- pointed by President Harrison, U.S. minister to Russia, but died before sailing for St. Petersburg. He wrote the introduction to the American edi- tion of Charnay's " Account of the Discoveries in Central America " : edited Reminiscences of Abra- ham Lincoln (1886), and contributed to " Ancient Cities of the New World" ( 1887) . He died in New York city. May 16. 1889. RICE, David, clergyman, was born in Hanover county, Va.. Dec. 29, 1733. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1761 ; studied RICE RICE theology and was pastor of the Presbyterian church at Hanover, Va., 1763-68, and pastor of congregations in Bedford county, Va., 1768-83. He removed to Kentucky in Octol)er, 1783, and organized tlie first religious congregation in Mer- cer county, Kj'., and tlie first school. He organ- ized and was chairman of the conference held in 1785 for the purpose of instituting a regular organization of the Presbyterian cliurch in the new territory ; was founder of Transylvania academy, and a member of the state ct)nstitu- tional convention in 1792. He was married to Mary, daugliter of tlie Rev. Samuel Blair. He is the author of: Essay on Baj^tism (1789) ; Lecture on Divine Decrees (1791) ; Shivery Inconsistent with Justice and Policy (1792); An Epistle to the Citizens of Kentucky Professing Christianity (1805) ; .4 Second Epistle (1808), and A Kentucky Protest Against Slavery (1812). He died in Green county, Ky., June 18. 181G. RICE, Edwin Wilbur, editor, was born in Kingsborongh, N.Y., July 24, 1831 ; son of Eben- ezer and Eliza Ann (Port) .Rice ; grandson of Ebenezer and Martha (Tliroop) Rice, and a de- scendant of the Rices (Royces) of Massachusetts Bay colony. He was graduated at Union college, A.B., 1854, A.M., 1857; studied law, 1854r-55, and attended Union Theological seminary in New York city, 1855-57. He was a student missionary of the American Sunday-school union, 1853, and .subsequently of the American Tract society ; taught school in Brooklyn, N.Y.. 1857-58, mean- while declining the superin tendency of colport- age for the upper Mississippi valley ; was a Sunday-school missionary at La Crosse, Wis., 1859-00 ; ordained by the Presbyterian and Con- gregational convention of Wisconsin, Sept. 5, 1860, and was engaged in Sunday-school mission work in St. Louis, Mo., and La Crosse, Wis., 18G1- 64, and as superintendent of the American Sun- day-school union at Milwaukee, Wis., 1864-70. He was assistant secretary of missions and assis- tant editor of the periodicals of the American Sunday School union at Philadelphia, Pa., 1871- 77 ; editor of its periodicals, 1877-79, and of all its periodicals and publications from 1879, and chairman of its executive committee from 1880, in which capacity lie accomplislied the liquida- tion of the society's debt, amounting to about $2.50.000. He was married, Jan. 23, 1861, to Margaret E., daughter of Richard and Eliza (Williams) Williams of Potter, N.Y. ; and sec- ondly, Aug. 13. 1868, to Mary, daughter of the Rev. Alfred and Hannah Judd (Belden) Gardner of New Britain, Conn. He received the honorary degree of D.D. from Union college in 1884, and on May 25, 1899, at the seventy-fifth anniversary of the American Sunday-school union, was pre- sented with a silver loving cup in recognition of his forty years of service. He edited the Sunday School World and the Youths' World from 1871 : a series of lesson papers from 1872 ; prepared the Scholar's Handbooks on the International Lessons (1873-89) ; edited tlie Union Companion and Quarterly from 1875, Kennedy's " Four Gospels" (1881), and Paxton Hood's " Great Revival of the Eighteenth Century" (1882). He is the author of geographical and topographical articles in Philip Schaff's "Bible Dictionary" (1880); Pictorial Comirlentaries on Mark (1881); Historical Sketch of Sunday Schools (1886) ; Peojile's Commentary on Matthew (1887; rev. ed., 1897) ; People's Lesson Book on Matthew (1888) ; Stories of Great Painters (1888) ; People's Commentary on Luke (1889) ; People's Commentary on John (1891) ; Our Sixty- six Sacred Books (1891); People's Dictionary of the Bible (1893) ; People's Commentary on Acts (1896); Handy Helps for Busy Workers (1899); TJie Heavenly City (1899); History of Interna- tional Lessons for Thirty-three Years (1902), and a History of the American Sunday School Union . RICE, Elliott Warren, soldier, was born in Pittsburg, Pa., Nov, 16, 1835. His parents re- moved to Martinsville, Ohio, and he attended the Ohio university ; was admitted to the bar in 1856, and practised in Oskaloosa, Iowa, where his brother, Samuel Allen Rice (q.v.), had located. He enlisted in the 7th Iowa volunteers, Col. J. G. Lauman, as a private in 1861, participating in the battle of Belmont, J\Io., Nov. 7, and was rapidly promoted through the various ranks to colonel, taking part at Shiloh, Corinth, Oct. 3-4, 1862, and in all the important battles of the southwest, commanding his regiment in the 1st brigade, 2d division, Army of West Tennessee. He was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, June 20, 1864, commanded tlie 1st brigade and for a time the 2d division, 16th Army corps, in the Atlanta campaign, and the 1st brigade, Cor.se's 4th divi- sion, Logan's 15th corps, in Slierman's march through Georgia and the Carolinas. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, March 13, 1865, was mustered out of the service, Aug. 24, 1865, and resumed the practice of law in Oska- loosa, subsequently removing to Sioux City, Iowa, whore he dicnl, June 22, 1887. RICE, Harvey, educationist, was born in Con- way, Mass., June 11, 1800. His father was a farmer, and in 1817 the son left tiie farm with his parents' permission and devoted his earnings to the preparation for college. He was graduated from AVilliams college in 1824. and removed to Cleveland, Ohio, where he re-opened St. Clair academy as a classical school. He was admitted to the bar in 1826, and practised law in Cleve- land, 1826-28, as a partner with his preceptor, Reuben Wood. In 1828 he purchased the Inde- RICE RICE /^•^W^>T£*;r /^i<-e_=> pendent Neivs Letter, changed the name to the Cleveland Plam Dealer, and edited the paper, 1828-29. He was a Democratic representative from Cuyahoga county in the state legislature, 1830-31 ; agent at Millersburg for the sale of "Western Reserve school lands in the Virginia military district, completing in three years (1833- 36) the sale of 50,000 acres, and paying nearly $150,000 to the state treasury, as a school fund for the exclusive benefit of the children of the Western Reserve. He was clerk of the court of common pleas at Cleveland, and of the supreme court, 1833- 40 ; the unsuccessful candidate for the 25th and 26th congresses, 1836 and 1838; state senator, 1852-54, and introduced the bill for a new system for the public schools of Ohio, and the establishment of school libraries. He was a member of the city council in 1857, serving as chairman of the committee that establislied the Cleveland Industrial school, and the same year projected the Perry monument for the public park. In 1862 he was a commissioner to conduct the first draft made in the country. In 1807 lie erected, at his own expense, a monu- ment at Mission park, Williamstovvn, Mass., com- memorative of the origination by Samuel J. Mills in 1806 of the American Board of Foreign Mis- sions ; and on July 22, 1898, the citizens of Cleve- land unveiled a bronze statue to the memory of Dr. Rice as the " Father of the Ohio School System." The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Williams college in 1871. He was i)resi- dent of the Early Settlers' association of Cuya- hoga county at the time of his death. He is the author of : Mount Vernon and Other Poems (1858); Nature and Culture (1875); Pioneers of the Western Reserve (1S82): Select Poems (1885), and Sketches of Westetm Life (1888). He died in Cleveland, Ohio, Nov. 7. 1891. RICE, Henry Mower, senator, was born in Waitsfield, Vt., Nov. 29, 1816; son of Edmund and Ellen (Durkee) Rice ; grandson of Jedediah and Jemima (Hastings) Rice and of Sylvanus and Jemima (Willard) Hastings, and a descendant of Edmund Rice, born in Berkhampstead. Hertford- shire, England, 1594, settled at Sudbury. Mass., 1639 ; and died at Marlboro. 1663. Henry M. Rice removed to Michigan in 1835, and was employed on the survey of tlie Kalamazoo and Grand rivers, and of the Sault Sainte Marie canal in 1837. In 1839 he went to Fort Snelling, Iowa Territory, and was employed as post-sutler at Fort Atkin- son, 1840-42. He became agent among the Win- nebago Indians for P. Chouteau, Jr., & Company, of St. Louis, in 1843, and besides establishing trad- ing posts from Lake Superior to the Red River of the North, procured the removal of the Chippewas from Lake Superior to the Mississippi. He re- moved to Upper Town, Minn., and continued fur- trading. He married, March 29, 1849. Matilda, daugliter of Gilbert and Rachel (Newbold)Whitall, of Richmond, Va. He succeeded Henry H. Sibley as a delegate in the 33d congress in 1853, and was re-elected in 1854 to the 34tli congress, serving from Dec. 5, 1853, to March 3, \-i:,7. During his first term he secured the passage of an act authoi'iz- ing the people of Minnesota to form a state con- stitution. He was elected with James Shields, the first U.S. senator from the state of Minnesota, and drew the long term, serving from May 12, 1858, to March 8, 1863. During his senatorial term he secured to the state an extensive grant of lands which formed the basis of the railroad system of Minnesota. He was treasurer of Ram- say co.unty in 1878 ; was the founder of Bayfield, Wis., and of Munising, Mich., and presented a tract of land (Rice Park) to the city of St. Paul. He died in San Antonio. Texas, Jan. 15, 1894. RICE, James Clay, soldier, was born in Worth- ington, Mass., Dec. 27, 1829. He was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1854, A.M., 1857; engaged in teach- ing in Natchez, Miss., 1854-55; was admitted to the Mississippi bar in 1855 ; prepared for admis- sion to the New York bar in the office of Thomas Sedgwick in New York city in 1856, and in which city he practised, 1857-61. He enlisted as a private in the 39th New York volunteers (Garibaldi Guards) and was promoted lieutenant and captain, serving in the reserve division in the first battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861. On the organization of the 44th New York volunteers he became its lieutenant-colonel, and subsequently colonel. In the seven days' battles before Richmond, under McClellan. in the second battle of Bull Run. Aug. 16-Sept. 2, 1862, and at Chancellorsville, lie commanded his regiment in the 3d brigade, 1st division, 5th Army corps. He succeeded Col. Strong Vincent in the command of 3d brigade, 1st division. 5th Array corps, at Gettysburg, where on the second day he performed an im- portant service, by holding the extreme left ui the line against repeated attacks in the defence of Round Top against a flank movement. For his services at the battle of Gettysburg he was pro- moted brigadier-general of volunteers, Aug. 17, 1863. He served in the advance on Mine Run in November, 1863, and in the Wilderness cam])aign. May, 1864. He was killed in AVarren's assault at Spottsylvania. Va., May 11, 1864. RICE RICE RICE, John Holt, clergyman, was burn at New London, Bedford county, Va., Nov. 28, 1777 ; son of Benjamin and Catharine (Holt) Rice ; grandson of tlie Rev. David (College of New Jersey. 1761) and Mary (Blair) Rice, and a descendant of Thomas Rice, who emigrated from England and settled in Virginia at an early period. He received his early education under Parson Holt and the Rev. James Mitchel ; attended Liberty Hall academy, Lexington, Va. ; engaged in teacliiiig a private scliool ; was a tutor in Hampden-Sidney college, Va., 17'JG-99 and 1800- 04 ; studied medicine one year ; prepared for the ministry under the Rev. Arcliibald Alexander, and was licensed to preach by tlie presbytery of Hanover, Sept. 12, 1803. He was pastor at Cub Creek, Charlotte county, Va., 1804-13 ; of the first separate Presbyterian church, Richmond, Va., 1812-23 ; began the publication of Tlie Christian Monitor in 1815: edited the Virginia Evangelical and Literary Magazine, 1818-29 ; de- clined the presidency of the College of New Jersey in 1822, and was professor in the Union Theological seminary at Hampden-Sidney col- lege, 1824-31. He was a member of the Virginia Bible society and a founder of the American Bible society in 1816 ; attended the general assemblies of the Presbyterian church in 1816, 1819, 1820. 1822 and 1827, serving as moderator in 1819, and visited the northern states in the interests of the seminary and on lecturing tours. He was mar- ried, July 9, 1802, to Anne Smith, daughter of Major Morton of Virginia. He received the honorary degree of D.D. from the College of New Jersey in 1819, and is the author of : Memoir of the Rev. James B. Taylor (1830) ; Historical and Philosophical Considerations on Religion addressed to James Madison (1832), and of nu- merous sermons and essays. William Maxwell published his memoir in 183"). He died in Hamp- den-Sidney. Va., Sept. 3, 1831. RICE, John Hovey, representative, was born at Mount Vernon, Maine, Feb. 5, 1816 ; son of Nathaniel and Jane (Swasey) Rice. He received a common school education, and in 1832 was clerk in the registry of deeds at Augusta, Maine, where he subsequently engaged in mercantile business and studied law. He served as aide-de- camp to General Bachelor in the " Aroostook war " in 1838, growing out of the northeastern boundary dispute with Great Britain, and was deputy-sheriff of Kennebec county in 1840. He removed to Piscataquis county, Maine, in 1843, where he became interested in the mercantile and lumbering business. He was married in 1847 to Grace Elizabeth, daugliter of Dr. Gilman Moody and Dorah (Crosby) Burleigh of Dexter, Elaine ; she died in Deceml^er, 1898, leaving three children. He was admitted to the bar in 1848, and began practice, and was county attorney, 1852-60. He was a delegate to the first Republi- can national convention at Philadelphia, Pa., June 17, 1856 ; a Republican representative from the fourth Maine district in the 37th, 38th and 39th congresses, 1861-67, declining nomination to the 40th congress, and customs collector, by appointment of President Johnson, at the port of Bangor, Maine, 1867-71. He resumed the practice of law in Washington, D.C., with Ed- ward ♦Jordan, 1872-84, and in the latter year removed to New York city, where he was en- gaged in incorporation and law business, until he retired in 1899, and tiien took residence in Chicago, 111., where he was still living in 1903. RICE, Luther, educationist, was born in Northborough, Mass., March 25, 1783 ; son of Amos and Sarah (Graves) Rice ; grandson of Jacob and Hannah (Howe) Rice, and a descend- ant of Deacon Edmund Rice and of Edward, his son, who settled in Sudbuiy, 1638, and incorpor- ated Marlborough, 1656, having been born in Berkhampstead, Hertfordshire. His parents were members of the Congregational church. He spent six months in 1799 in Georgia, purchasing timber for shipbuilding ; worked on his father's farm ; prepared for college at Leicester academy, 1804- 07, and was graduated from Williams college, Mass., A.B., 1810, A.M., 1813, and from Andover Theological seminary in 1812. While in college, with Mills and Richards, he became interested in foreign missions, and while at the seminary he joined Judson, Nott, Mills, Newell and Richards in the prej)aration of a memorial to the General Association of Evangelical Ministers in Massa- chusetts, which resulted in the formation of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, and of kindred organizations in other churches. He was ordained, Feb. 6. 1812, at Salem, Mass. ; served as foreign missionary to India, 1812-13, and with Mr. and Mrs. Adoniram Judson, his companions, he embraced the Baptist faith, and was baptized in Calcutta. Nov. 1, 1812. Returning to Boston in 1813, he was dismissed by the A. B.C. for F.M., and became agent to the Baptist Missionary convention, 1813-26, traveling over the United States in the cause of foreign missions. In 1817 he conceived the idea of founding a college in tiie city of Washington, D.C., for the education of "gospel ministers" for the Baptist church, and in connection with the school of theology, he projected schools of classical culture, science, philosophy and law. In 1819, in company with Obadiah B. Brown, Spencer H. Cone and Enoch Reynolds, he formed a literary association for the purpose of buying 46^ acres of land immediately adjoining the city of Washington, for winch they paid $7,000. Tlie construction of Columbian coUe-re build ins: was RICE RICE commenced in 1820, a charter was procured from congress, Feb. 9, 1821, and the building was com- pleted in 1822. Mr. Rice was a member of the organized board of corporators ; treasurer of the college, 1821-26, and a member of the board of trustees, 1821-27. He declined the presidency of Transylvania university, Lexington. Ky., and a similar call to Georgetown college, Ky. The degree A.M. was given him by Brown university in 1814. He was unmarried. He died at the house of his friend. Dr. Mays, while on a collect- ing tour through the South, and a marble slab marks his grave in Point Pleasant churchyard, Edgefield district, S.C. He died, Sept. 25. 1836. RICE, Nathan Lewis, clergyman, was born in Garrard county, Ky, Dec. 29, 1807 ; son of Gabriel and Phebe (Garrett) Rice. He worked on his father's farm ; taught school to prepare for col- lege ; matriculated at Centre college, Ky., 1825, but did not graduate ; taught Latin in the pre- paratory department of Centre college, 1825-27, and was licensed to preach in 1828 by the Tran- sylvania presbytery. He was a student in the Princeton Theological seminary, 1829-31 ; was ordained by the presbytery of Louisville, Ky., June 8, 1833, and was pastor at Bardstown, Ky., and principal of a seminary for girls, 1833-41, at the same time editing the Western Protestant. He was stated supply at Woodford and Paris, Ky., 1841-44 ; pastor of the Central church, Cincinnati, Ohio, and professor in the Theological seminary, 1845-53 ; pastor of the Second church, St. Louis, Mo., 1853-58, meantime editing the St. Louis Pi-esbyterian and serving as moderator of the gen- eral assembly held at Nashville in 1855. He was pastor of the North church, Chicago, III., 1858-61, and professor of didactic theology at the Chicago Theological seminary, 1859-61 ; pastor of the Fifth Avenue church. New York city, 1861-67 ; retired to a farm near New Brunswick, N. J., 1867-68 ; was president of Westminster college, Fulton, Mo., 1869-74, and professor of didactic and polem- ic theology at the Danville Theological semin- ary, Ky., 1874-77. He received the honorary degree of D.D. from Jefferson college in 1844. He is the author of : Baptism : Universal Salva- tion (ISi^); Slavery (184:5); Romanism the Enemy of Free Institutions and of Christianity (1851); The Signs of the Times (1855); Baptism: The Design, Mode and Subjects (1855); Our Country and the Church (1861) ; Preach the Word : a Discourse (1862); The Pdpit, its Relation to Our National Crisis (1862), and Discourses (1862). He died in Chatham, Ky., June 11, 1877. RICE, Samuel Allen, soldier, was born in Penn Yan, N.Y., Jan. 27, 1828. His parents re- moved first to Pittsburg, Pa., and thence to Martinville, Ohio. He was a student in the Ohio university, and graduated at Union college, New York, in 1849. He was admitted to the bar in 1852, and settled in practice at Oskaloosa, Iowa, becoming attorney for Mahaska county in 1858. He was attorney-general of Iowa for two terms, 1856-60, and entered the Federal army as colonel of the 33d Iowa volunteers, Aug. 10, 1862. He was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, Aug. 4, 1863, for bravery at Helena, Ark., and served in the department of Arkansas in com- mand of the 1st brigade, 3d division, army of Gen. Frederick Steele, during the campaigns of 1863-64, until wounded at Jenkins's Ferry, Ark., April 30, 1864. He died at Oskaloosa, July 6, 1864. RICE, Samuel Farrow, jurist, was born in Union district, S.C, June 2, 1816 ; son of Judge William and (Herndon) Rice. He was grad- uated at South Corolina college, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1838, settling in the same year in Talladega, Ala., where he purchased and edited (1838-44) a newspaper. He repre- sented Talladega in the legislature, 1840 and 1841, and was made state printer in 1841. He was unsuccessful candidate for representative in the 29th congress in 1844 and for the 30th congress in 1846, was an elector on the Taylor and Fillmore ticket in 1849 and was an unsuccessful candidate for representative in the 51st congress in 1850. In 1852 he removed to Montgomery, Ala.; was associate justice of the supreme court, 1854-55 and chief-justice, 18.55-58. He was a representa- tive in the state legislature in 1859, and a state senator, 1861-65. He was married to the daughter of Maj. P. E. Pearson. He died in Montgomery, Ala., Jan. 3, 1890. RICE, Wallace (de Groot Cecil), author, editor and critic, was born in Hamilton, Canada, Nov. 10, 1859 ; son of John Asaph and Margaret Van Slycke (Culver) Rice ; grandson of Anson and Lucy (Sherman) Rice, and of Lewis Halsey and Ann Eliza (Sebriiig) Culver ; great-grand- nephew of the Rev. Luther Rice (q.v.); great- grandson of Isaac Sherman, Marlborough (Mass.) Minute Men ; great-^-grandson of Amos Rice, captain in the 6th Worcester County (Mass.) volunteers ; of Thomas Sebring, captain in the New Jersey line, and of Abraham Wood, clerk of the Northborough (Mass.) Minute Men, of the Revolutionary armies ; and a descendant of Deacon Edmund Rice andTamazin, his wife, who came from Berkhampstead, Herts, in 1638, and settled in Sudbury, Mass. , to become one of the first settlers of Marlborough, Mass., in 1656. His parents were Americans temporarily residing in Canada at the time of his birth, removing with him to Chicago, lil., in 1861. He attended the grammar school of Racine college, and entered Harvard with the class of 1883, but was not graduated. He was admitted to the Chicago bar in November, 1884, and began practice." He RICE RICH married, Aug. 8, 18S9, Minna liale Angier of Chicago. In February. 1890. lie entered upon newspaper work, and later became a member of the (literary) critical staff of the principal Chicago periodicals ; literary adviser to A, C. McClurg & Co., and to the Fleming H. Revell company of Chicago, and lecturer on contem- poraneous verse. He is the author of : Under the Stars, and Other Soiigs of the Sea (with Bar- rett Eastman, 1898); Heroic Deeds (189S); Flying Sands (1898); Ballads of Valor and Victory (with Clinton Scollard, 1901), and .47ima/s(1901). He is the editor of : Poems of Francis Brooks, with Prefatory Memoir (1898); Poems of Rudy ard Kipling, with Introductory Essay (1899); Hie Basia of Joannes Secundus, with Appreciation (1901); TJie Younger Poets of the Old World (1902), and TJie Younger Poets of the Neiv World (190"2). He wrote and read the Memorial Ode for the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of Racine college, which was celebrated, June 10, 190J, at R;icine, Wis. RICE, William North, educator, was born in Marblehead, Mass., Nov. 21, 1845 ; son of William and Caroline Laura (North) Rice, and grandson of William and Jerusha (Warriner) Rice, and of William and Laura (Hyde) North. He was graduated from Wesleyan university, Middle- town, Conn., A.B., 18G5, and from the Sheffield Scientific school, Yale universit}-, Ph.D., 18G7. He was professor of geologj' and natural history at Wesleyan university, 1867-84 ; traveled abroad and studied at the University of Berlin, 18G7-68 ; was librarian of Wesleyan, 1868-69, and appoint- ed professor of geology in 1884. He joined the New York East conference of the Methodist Episcopal church in 1869 ; was assistant to the U.S. fish commission at Portland, Maine, and at Noank, Conn., 1873-74; engaged in geological and zoological investigation in Bermuda, 1876- 77, and was assistant geologist of the U.S. Geo- logical survey, 1891-93. He was married, April 12, 1870. to Elizabeth Wing, daughter of Loranus and Elizabeth Ann (Fuller) Crowell of Lynn, Mass. He was elected a member of the Con- necticut Academy of Arts and Sciences ; a fellow of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science, and of the Geological Society of America ; was one of the original members of the American Society of Naturalists, and in 1891 was its president. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Syracuse university in 1886. He was associate editor of the Alumni Record of Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn. (1873) ; editor of Dana's "Revised Text Book of Geology" (1897) ; and is the author of : Geology of Bermuda (1884) ; Science Teaching in the Schools (1S«9, 2d ed., 1894); Twenty-five Years of Scientific Progress and other Essays (1894)., and many articles on geological, biological, edu- cational and religious subjects in scientific and religious periodicals. RICE, William Whitney, representative, was born at Deerfield, Mass., March 7, 1826; son of Benjamin and Lucy (Whitney) Rice; grandson of Caleb and Sally (Abbott) Rice and of Pliine- has and Bethiah (Barrett) Whitney, and a descendant of John Whitney, who came to America from England in 1635, and settled in Watertown, Mass., and of Edmund Rice, 1638, who .settled in Sudbury, Mass. He was educated at Gorham academy, Maine, and graduated from Bowdoin college in 1846. He was preceptor at the Leicester academy, Mass., 1847-51 ; studied law in Worcester, Mass., with Emory Wasliburn and George F. Hoar ; was admitted to the bar in 1854, and began practice in Worcester. He was judge of insolvency for the county of Worcester in 1858 ; mayor of the city in 1860 ; district-at- torney for the middle district of Massachusetts, 1869-74. and a member of the state legislature in 1875. He was elected a Rej^ublican representa- tive from Massachusetts to the 45th congress, as successor to George F. Hoar, and re-elected to the 46th-49th congresses, serving, 1877-87. He then resumed the practice of law in Worcester, Mass. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Bowdoin college in 1886. He was married, Nov. 21, 1855, to Cornelia A. Moen, daughter of Augustus R. and Sophie A. Moen. She died in Worcester, Mass., June 16, 1802. He was married secondly, Sept. 28, 1875, to Alice Miller, daughter of Henry W. and Nancy (Merrick) Miller of Wor- cester, Mass. She died in Washington, D.C.. in March, 1900, at the home of her sister, Mrs. George F. Hoar. William Wliitney Rice died in Worcester, Mass., March 1, 1896. RICH, Charles, representative, was born in Warwick, Mass., Sept. 13, 1771 ; son of Thomas Rich, who removed to Shoreham, Vt., with his family, and erected saw and grist mills and cleared a farm. Charles enjoyed few school ad- vantages, but was a studious reader of all the books procurable in his neighborhood. He was married in 1791 to a daughter of Nicholas Wells. He was a Democratic representative from Shore- ham in the Vermont legislature for eleven con- secutive terms ; county judge six years, and a representative in the 13th congress. 1813-15. and in the 15th, 16th, 17th, and 18th congresses, 1817- 24. Upon his death in 1824, Henry Olin (q.v.) completed his term in the ISth congress. He died in Shoreham, Vt., Oct. 15, 1824. RICH, Isaac, philanthropist, was born at Well- fleet, Mass., Oct. 24, 1801 ; son of Robert and Eunice (Harding) Rich, and grandson of Reuben and Hannah (Gross) Rich. Though born in hum- ble circumstances he was of a distinguished RICH RICHARDS family, Richard, the first of liis American ances- tors, having been a man of rank who married the daughter of Thomas Roberts, governor of New Hampshire. Richard's son John, brother-in-law of Robert Treat Paine, signer of the Declaration of Independence, married Mary Treat, grand- daughter of Robert Treat, for thirty years gov- ernor of Connecticut. Isaac Rich was the oldest of eleven children, and began life as a fisher boy. Before attaining his majority he established him- self in Boston, where a kinswoman had married the Hon. Lemuel Shaw, chief justice of the com- monwealth. He himself married Sarah Andrews, of Boston. Though starting without capital, by remarkable personal powers, diligence in busi- ness and fidelity to moral and religious principles, he in later years came to be recognized even by the federal government as standing at the head of all mercantile houses in his line in the United States. Under the influence of Dr. Wilbur Fisk, he became the most generous patron of liberal education that New England up to that time had known. To the academy at Wilbraham and to Wesleyan university and to the Boston Theologi- cal seminary, he gave at least $400,000. Then he executed a will which bequeathed to Boston uni- versity, of w4iich he w^as a chief founder, a larger sum than at that time had ever been bequeathed or given by any American for the promotion of university education. He was a trustee of Wes- leyan university, 1849-73, and in 1868 erected its library building at a cost of $40,000, besides con- tributing to the endov.-ment fund more than §100.000. He was a trustee and benefactor of Wesleyan academy at Wilbraham, 1853-73, and of the Boston Theological seminary from its be- ginning in 1866 to 1871. He was the first charter member of the corporation of Boston university, and first president of its board of trustees. To it he gave generous sums at the outset, and at his death the residue of his estate, officially estimated at $1,700,000. Rich Hall, one of the principal buildings of the university, was named in his honor. He died in Boston, Jan. 13, 1873. RICH, John T., governor of Michigan, ^vas born in Conneautville, Pa., April 23, 1841 ; son of Jolm Williams and Jerusha (T)-eadway) Rich ; grandson of John and Esther (Williams) Rich and of Joseph and Elizabeth (Wright) Treadway, all of Slioreham, Addison county, Vt. His ancestors came from Massachusetts to Vermont, and are understood to have been of English descent on both sides. His par- ents removed to Michigan in 1848, locating at Elba, Lapeer county, where he was educated in the public schools, and subsequently became a farmer and lumber merchant. He was married, March 12, 1863, to Lucretia M. daughter of Samuel and Nancy (Lason) Winship of Atlas, Genesee county, Mich., and had no children. He was a member and chairman of the board of supervisors of Lapeer county, 1868-71 ; a Re- publican representative in the state legislature, 1873-80 ; speaker of the house, 1877 and 1879, and state senator, 1881-83. He resigned from the senate, March 21, 1881, having been elected at a special election on March 11, a representative from the seventh district of Michigan to the 47th congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resig- nation of Omar D. Conger, serving, 1881-83. He ■was defeated for re-election in 1882 ; was com- missioner of railroads of Micliigan, 1887-91 ; gov- ernor of Michigan, 1893-96 ; U.S. collector of customs at the port of Detroit, 1898, and held various positions of minor importance. RICHARDS, Cornelia Holroyd (Bradley), author, was born in Hudson, N.Y., Nov. 1, 1822 ; daughter of George and Sarah (Brown) Bradley, and a sister of Alice Bradley Haven (q.v.). She was graduated at the Hampton Literary institute in 1841 ; wrote under the pen name of Mrs. Man- ners; was married, Sept. 21, 1841, to the Rev. William Carey Richards (q.v.), and is the author of : At Home and Abroad, or Hoio to Behave (1853) ; Pleasure and Profit, or Lessons on tlie Lord's Prayer (1853) ; Aspiration, an Aidobio- graphy (1856) ; Sedgemoor, or Home Lessons (1857); Hester and I, or Bexoare of Worldliness (18G0); Springs of Adion (1863) ; and Cousin Alice, a memoir of her sister, Alice B. Haven (1871). She died in Detroit, Mich., May 1, 1893. RICHARDS, DeForest, governor of Wyo- ming, was born in Cliarlestown. N.H., Aug. 6, 1846 ; son of the Rev. Jonas DeForest Richards (q.v.) and Harriet Bartlett (Jarvis) Richards, and a descendant of the Richards family, who landed at Cape Cod in 1630, and of the Jarvis family, wlio settled in Massachusetts Bay colony about 1640. He was graduated from Kimball Union academy, Meriden, N.H., 1863 ; was a student at Phillips Andover academy, 1863-64, and removed to Camden, Wilcox county, Ala., where his father jjurchased a cotton plantation and with his son engaged in planting and mer- chandising. He was elected a representative in the state legislature under the reconstruction measures, August, 1867 ; was sheriff of Wilcox county, 1868-71 ; county treasui-er, 1872-76, and engaged in the tanning business and in manu- facturing shoes, 1876-78, and in merchandising, 1878-85. He was married at Englewood, N.J., June 1, 1871, to Elise J, IngersoU, a native of Camden, Ala., her father a native of Pittsfield, Mass., and her mother a descendant of an old Carolina family of Huguenot descent. In 1885 RICHARDS RICHARDS he removed to Cliadron. Neb., and in 1SS6 or^nized and beranif vice-president of tlie First Nalii.n.il kiiikal Chadrun and treasurer of Dawes county. Ti>e same year he organized tlie First National bank of Douglas, Wye. of whicli he was made president. He removed to Douglas, where he ensm£r«»d in banking, mining and stock- raising. He was a niemlier of the Wyoming con- stitutional convention of 1890 ; mayor of Douglas one term : commander of the Wyoming national guard ; a state .senator, 1892-93 ; Grand Master of Masons. 1^9") -96. :ind governor of Wyoming, lb9S-19<.rJ. He died in 1903. KUHARDS, Ellen Henrietta, iducator, was born in Dunstable, M;iss., Dec. 3, 1842 ; daughter of Peter and Fanny Gould (Taylor) Swallow. Slie was grailuated from Vassar college, A.B., 1870. A.M.. 1873. and from the Massjichusetts Institute of Technology, S.B., 1873. She was marrie»): Di'tnrii Computer (1901). RICHARDS, Jonas De Forest, educator, was born in Hartford, Vt., Dec. 28, 1809 ; .son of Joel and Miriam (Smith) Richards, and grandson of Jonas Richards. He was graduated at Dart- mouth, A.B., 1836, A.M., 1839, and at Andover Theological seminary, 1840. He was married, Aug. 9. 1843, to Harriet Bartlett, daughter of William Jarvis of Weathersfield, Vt. He was ordained. May 26, 1841, and was pastor at Charles- town. N.H.. 1841-51; at Chester, Vt., 1853-57; at Weathersfield, Vt., 1857-62, and principal of the Female seminary, College Hill. Ohio, 1863- 65. He removed to Wilcox county, Ala., in 1865, where he was elected state senator, and was interested in large cotton plantations. In 1869 he accepted the chair of natural .sciences and astronomy in the University of Alabama, and became acting and alternate president of that institution, preceding the administration of William Ra )ily and to the American Journal of Science, and is the author of : Ore Dressing (1903). RICHARDS, Thomas Addison, painter, was born in London, Eng., Dec. 3, 1820; son of the Rev. William Richards, and a brother of William Carey Richards (q.v.). He came with his parents to the United States and settled in Hudson, N.Y., 1831, soon after removing to Georgia, where the son received his early education. He studied art in the National Academy of Design, New York city, 1845-47, and was elected an associate of the academy in 1848, and a national academician in 1851. He established a studio in New York city ; served as the first director of the Cooper Union School of Design for Women, 1858-60, and in 1867 was elected professor of art in the Univer- sity of the City of New York. He married Mary Anthony of Providence, R.I., in 1857, who died in 1894. He was corresponding secretary of the National Academy of Design, 1852-1900, and received the honorary degree A.M. from the University of the City of New York in 1878. He traveled extensively in the United States and in Europe, and became well known as an author and illustrator. He made many illustra- tions for Appleton's " Handbook of Travel," and published: The American Artist (1838); Georgia Illustrated (1842) ; Tlie Romance of American Landscape (1854); Summer Stories of the South (1852) , and Pictures and Painters (1870). Among his paintings are : Alastor, or the Spirit of Soli- tude (ISrA) ; The Indian's Paradise— a Dream of the Happy Hunting Oround (1854); Live OaJ.s of the South (1858); The French Broad River, N.C. (1859); Sunnyside (18(32); The River Rhine {ISmy, Warivick Castle (1869) ; Chatsworth, England (1870); Lake Thun, Switzerland (1871); Italian Lake Scene (1873) ; Lake in the Adirondacks (1875); Lake Winnipiseogee (iSlQ) ; Lake Brienz, Sivitzcrland (1879); Edisto River, S.C. (1886). He died in Annapolis, Md., June 29, 1900. RICHARDS, William Alford, governor of Wyoming, was born at Hazel Green, Wis., March 9, 1849 ; son of Truman Perry and Elea- nor (Swinerton) Richards ; grandson of Daniel and Ruth (Ticknor) Richards and of James and Lucy (Carpenter) Swinerton, and a descendant of John Richards of Eele River, Plymouth, 1632- 52; then of New London, Conn., 1652-87. He attended the schools of his native place and Galena, III., and in 1885 removed to Wyoming, where he engaged in stock raising. He was sur- veyor-general of Wyoming, 1889-93 ; governor, 1895-99, and on March 4, 1899, was appointed assistant commissioner of the general land office, Washington, D.C. RICHARDS, William Carey, author, was born in London, Eng., Nov. 24, 1818 ; son of the Rev. William Richards, who immigrated to the United States with his family in 1831, and became pastor of the Baptist church in Hudson, N.Y. William, who was a brother of Thomas Addison Richards (q.v.), was graduated at Hamilton institution (Colgate university) in 1840 ; and was married, Sept. 21, 1841, to Cornelia Holroyd, daughter of George and Sarah (Brown) Bradley of Hudson, N.Y. He engaged in literary and educational work in Georgia, 1840-49. and in Charleston, S.C, 1849-51 ; edited the Orion and The School- felloiv, and was associated with the Southern Quarterly Magazine. He became associate pastor of the First Baptist church at Providence, R.I., in 1855 ; was ordained in July, 1855 ; was pastor of the Brown Street Baptist church in Provi- dence, R.I., 1855-62, and engaged in lecturing on physical science, 1862-65. He was pastor of the Baptist church in Pittsfield, Mass., 1865-68 ; pro- RICHARDS RICHARDSON fessor of chemistry in the Berkshire Medical col- lege for two years, and pastor at Chicago, 111., 1876-77. resuming his scientific lecture work in 1877. He received the degree Ph.D. from Madi- son (Colgate) university in 1869. He was asso- ciated in the editorship of tlie Chicago Standard, 1870-^. contrihuted freipieiitly to magazines, and is the author of: Shakespeare Calendar (ia>0) ; Ilnrrij's Vacation, or Philosophy at Home (1854); Electron (1858); Science in Song (1865); Great in Goodness, a Memoir of George X. Briggs, Governor of Massachusetts (1866) ; Baptist Banquets (1881) ; The Lord is My Shepherd (1884): Tlie Mountain Anthem {ISS5); Our Fatlier in Heaven (^^^6). and college and anniversary poems. He died in Cliicago. III.. May 19, 1892. RICHARDS, William Trost, artist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 14, 1833 ; son of Ben- jamin M. and Annie Richards. He was educated in the common schools of Philadelphia ; studied art under Paul Weber of Philadelphia, and in Florence. Rome and Paris, 1855-56. He S'N was married, June "rSi liRH;. >-^' fW V ' 6. 1856, to Anna, daughter of Charles French and Sarah Ann (Maue) Matlack < if Philadelphia, Pa., ind in the same year i.pened a studio in Philadelphia. He '/ visited Paris a second '' time in 1867, where he remained until !— .IL- ~> a studio in London, England, and exhib- ited his works at the Royal academy and in the Gnjsvenor Gallery. In 1880 lie returned to Phila- delphia, Pa., where he became an associate of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in 1860 ; an lionorary member of the National Academj' of Design in 1861, and of the American "Water Color society in 1875. He received a medal at the Cen- tennial exposition in 1876: the Temple silver medal at tlie Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in 1885, and a bronze medal at the Paris exprjsition of 1889. He belonged to the school of extreme pre- Raphaelites during his early years, and his work of that period shows a painstaking study of detail in landscape. He devoted his later years to marine painting, and is represented in the per- manent collections of the Metropolitan MiLseum of Fine Arts, New York ; Corcoran Art Gallery, Washington. D.C. ; Metropolitan Museum, New- ark, N.J., and the Schaube Gallery, Hamburg, Germany. His oil paintings include : Trdij) Trees (1859) ; Midsummer (1862); Woods in June (1864); Mid-Ocean (1869); On the Wissahickon (1872); Sea and Sky (1875) : Land's End (1880): Old Ocean's Gray and Mehmcholy Waste (1885): February (1887), and A Summer Sea (1887). Among his water colors are : Cedars on the Sea- Shore (1873) ; Paradise, Xewjwrt (1875) ; Sand- Hills, Coast X.J. (1876); King Arthurs Castle, Tintagel, Cornwall (1879) ; Mullioa Gull Rock, Tintagtl, Cornwall (1882); The Unresting Sea (1884) ; Cliffs of Morch, Land's End (1885) ; A Summer Afternoon (IS86); Cliffs of St. Colomb (1887), and A Break in the Storm (1887). RICHARDSON, Abby Sage, author, was bom in Lowell, Mass., Oct. 14. 1837; daughter of William and Abigal Sage ; granddaughter of William and Elizabetli (Ingalls) Sage, and a des- cendant of David (who emigrated from Wales in 1652 and settled in Middletown, Conn.) and Mary (Willcox) Sage. She was taken to Manchester, N.H., in 1842, receiving a liberal education in the public schools. In 1847 she removed to New York city. During the earlier part of her career she gave lectures on English literature and became a well-known Shakespearean scholar. She was married about 18G0 to Daniel MacFarland, a law- yer, from whom she obtained a divorce in 1868. In November, 1869, she was married to Albert Deane Richardson (q.v.), then on his death bed. Later in life she became prominent as a dram- atist, her works in this line being as follows : Americans Abroad and A Woman's Silence, adapted from the French of Sardou ; Prince and Pauper, dramatized from Mark Twain's book, and 77(6 Colonial Girl and Hie Pride of Jennico, dram- atized in collaboration with Grace Livingston Fur- niss. She contributed frequently to periodicals ; edited Songs from the Old Dramatist (1872) ; Old Love Letters ; or. Letters of Senti7nent tvritten by Persons Eminent in English Literature and History (1882) : Abelard and Heloise : A Mediceval Romance: with tJie Letters of Heloise (1883) ; and is the author of: Garnered Sheaves ( 1871 ) , a collection of her husband's writings with a memoir : Stories from Old English Poetry (1871 ) ; The History of Our Country (1875), and Famil- iar Talks on English Literature (1881). She died wliileon a visit to Rome, Italy, Dec. 5. 1900. RICHARDSON, Albert Deane, journalist, was born in Franklin, INlass., Oct. 6, 1833 : son of Elisha and Harriet (Blake) Ricliardsou, and grandson of Timothy and Julia (Deane) Blake. He was brought up on a farm and attended tlie academy at Holliston, Mass., editing the academy paper and contributing both prose and verse to the Waverly Magazine and other Boston publica- tions. He taught school two terms in Medway, Mass.. and in 1851 went to Pittsburg, Pa., where be first taught a village school and subsequently became a reporter on the Pittsburg Journal. He RICHARDSON RICHARDSON also attempted some dramatic writing at this time, several of his farces being purcliased by- Barney Williams, and this departm'e brought him an offer to go on tlie professional stage, which he, however, refused. He removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1852, where he was a local editor on the Sun ; went on a journalistic trip to Niagara Falls in 1858, and there formed the acquaintance of Junius Henri Browne, who became his life-long friend. He was subsequently detailed to report tlie celebrated " Matt Ward" trial in Kentucky, tlie sale of his published report exceeding 20,000 copies ; was employed on the Cincinnati ?7in'oujsf, 1854, and afterward edited the Cincinnati Colum- bian, declining its entire management in 1855. He was married in April, 1855, to Mary Louise Pease of Cincinnati. In 1857 he severed his con- nection with the Gazette and went to Kansas, where he served as secretary of the territorial legislature ; engaged in political life, and contri- buted regularly to the Boston Jo^irnal. He ac- companied Horace Greeley and Henry Vilhird to Pike's Peak in 1859, and tlie same year revisited New England and made an extended tour of tlie southwestern territories, corresponding mean- while with the New York Sun and other news- papers. He subsequently made a second trip to Pike's Peak as special correspondent of the Tribune, in company with Col. Thomas W. Knox, with whom he established and edited the Western Mountaineer. He traveled through the Southern states as secret correspondent of the Tribune, 1860-61 ; and afterward as a war correspondent. On May 3, 1863, with Junius H. Browne, also of the Tribune, SLiidColhuvnot the New York Woiid, he joined the party of thirty-four men who attempted to pass the Vicksburg batteries on two barges lashed to a steam-tug. He was taken pris- oner and confined at Salisbury, N.C., but finally escaped, and after a journey of 400 miles arrived in Tennessee in 1865. During liis imprisonment his wife and infant son had died and he himself had contracted pneumonia, and was obliged to visit California for the benefit of his health in the spring of 1865 and again in 1869. He was mar- ried in November, 1869, while on his deatli-bed, to Abby Sage. He is the author of : The Field, the Dungeon and the Escape (1865) ; Beyond the Mississippi (1806), and Personal History of Ulys- ses S. Grant (1868). See "Garnered Siieaves" (1871), by Abby Sage Richardson (q.v.). Mr. Richardson was shot and fatally wounded in the Tribune office. New York city, by Daniel Mac- Farland. Nov. 26, 1869, and died, Dec. 2, 1869. RICHARDSON, Charles Francis, author, was born in Hallowell. Maine. May 29, 1851 ; son of Dr. Moses Charles and Mary Savary (Wingate) Richardson ; grandson of Moses Davis and Sarah (Collins) Richardson and of Francis and Martha (Savary) Wingate, and a descendant of William Richardson, who was born in England about 1620 and settled in Newbury, Mass., about 1640. He was graduated from Dartmouth col- lege, A.B., 1871, A.M., 1874, and engaged in journalism. He was an editor of the New York Independent, 1872-78 ; of the Sunday School Times in Philadelphia, Pa., 1878-80 ; and of Good Literature in New York city, 1880-82 ; and was elected professor of English language and liter- ature at Dartmouth college in 1882. He was married, April 12, 1878, to Elizabeth Miner, daughter of Jesse and Ellen Elizabeth (Miner) Thomas of Wilkesbarre, Pa. The honorar}- de- gree of Ph. D. was conferred on him by Union college in 1895. He is the author of : A Primer of American Literature (-1878) ; Tlie College Book (1878) ; Tlie Cross (1879) ; The Choice of Books (1881) ; American Literature, 1607-18S5 (1886- 88) ; The End of the Beginning (1896). RICHARDSON, Ernest Cushing, librarian, was born in Woburn. Mass., Feb. 9, ISGO ; son of James Cushing and Lydia Bartlett (Taylor) Richardson ; grandson of Benjamin B. and Abigail (Cushing) Richardson and of Philip and Nancy (Le Baron) Taylor, and a descendant of Samuel Richardson, one of the founders of Woburn, Mass., in 1642. He was graduated from Amherst college, A.B., 1880, A.M., 1883, and from the Hartford Theological seminary in 1883. He was librarian and associate professor at Hartford Theological seminary, 1883-90, and was appointed librarian of Princeton university in 1890. He was married, June 30, 1891, to Grace Duncan, daughter of Z. Stiles and Sarah (Duncan) Ely of New York city. He was appointed a member of the New Jersey State Library commission ; was president of the New Jersey Library association, and first vice-president of the American Library association. The degree of Ph. D. was conferred on him by Washington and Jefferson college in 1887, and that of A.M. by Princeton university in 1896. He was editor of the American chapter in Berner's " Jahresberichte d. Geschichtswissen- scliaft," and is the author of : Bibliographical Synopsis of the Ante-Nicene Fathers {W87) ; Li- flucnce of the Golden Legend on the Culture-His- tory of the Middle Ages (1887) ; Faust, and the Clementine Recognitions (1894) ; In Praise of Libraries (1900) ; Classification, Tlieoretical and Practical (1901) ; and revised translations of Eusebius's " Life of Constantine " (1890) ; Jerome's and Gennadius's '• Lives of Illustrious Men " (1892), and a critical edition of the same (1896). RICHARDSON, Henry Hobson, architect, was born in Priestley's Point, St. James parish. La., Sept. 29, 1838 ; son of Henry D. and Catherine Caroline (Priestley) Richardson. He was gradu- RICHARDSON RICHARDSON ateJ from Harvard, A.B., 18.->9, A.M., 1S72, and studied architecture in Paris, France. On liis return to the United States lie formed a part- nership with Cliarles D. Ganibrill in New York city. On the death of liis partner in 1876, he removed to BR>okline, Mass. Among the more noted buildings designed by him are : The church of the Unity, Springfiekl, Mass.; Brattle Street church. Boston, 1871 ; Trinity church, Boston. 1877 ; the Cheney buildings. Hartford, Conn.; the Ames Memorial lilirary. North Easton, Mass.: the St.ite capitol. Albany, N.Y.. Sever and Austin halls. Il.irvar.l university ; puliliclibraries at Woburn, Quincy. Maiden and Burlington, ruBLK / Mass.. the stations along the Boston and Albany railroad ; the Board of Trade building in Cincin- nati, Oliio. and tlie court house at Pittsburg, Pa., both left unfinished. He died in Brookline, Mass.. April O'^. l^SG. RICHARDSON, Israel Bush, soldier, was born in Fairfax. Vt., Dec. 26, 1815 ; a descendant of Israel Putnam. He was graduated at tiie U.S. Military academy in 1841 : was promoted 2d lieu- tenant in the 3d infantry, Sept. 30, 1841, and served in tiie Florida war, 1841-42 ; in garrison and on frontier duty, 1842-4.5 ; in the military occup^ition of Texas, 184.5-46, and in the war with Mexico. 1846-47. He was promoted 1st lieu- tenant, Sept. 21, 1846 ; engaged in the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma. Montere}', siege of Vera Cruz, battle of Cerro Gordo, skirmish of Oka Laka. battles of Contrerasand Churubusco, the storming of Chapultepec, and the assault and capture of the City of Mexico. He was brev- etted captain, Aug. 20, 1847. for gallant and mer- itorious conduct in the battles of Contreras and Chunibus<-o. and major, Sept. 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Chapul- tepec. He served in Mississippi, Texas and New Mexico. 184<8-.54 ; was promoted captain, March 5, 18.51. and resigned from the service, Sept. 30, 185-5. He engaged in farming near Pontiac, Mich.. 18.5.5-61, and in 1861 volunteered his ser- vices and was appointed brigadier-general of U.S. volunteers, May 17, 1861. He was commis- sioned colonel of tlie 2d Michigan infantry. May 2.5. 1861, and commanded the regiment in the defenses of Washington, May to July, 1861. He commanded tiie 4tii brigade. 1st division, Mc- Dowell's army, in the first battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861. where he covered the retreat ; com- manded the 1st division, 2d corps, Army of the Potomac, in the Virginia Peninsular campaign, and took part in tlie battle of Seven Pines. May 31-June 1, 1862 : and tlie seven days' battles before Richmond, June 25-Juh- 1. 1862. He was pro- moted major-general of U. S. volunteers. July 4, 1862 ; and commanded the 1st division in the Maryland campaign, taking part in tlie battle of South Mountain (Boousboro), Sept. 14, 1862 ; and the battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg). Sept. 17, 1862, where he was mortalh' wounded and carried to Pry's house, McClellan's headquarters. He won the name of " fighting Dick ". He died at Pry's house. Sharpsburg. Md., Nov. 3. 1862. RICHARDSON, James Burchell, governor of South Carolina, was born at the family mansion in Craven (now Clarendon) county, S.C.. Oct. '2S, 1770; son of Gen. Richard and Dorothy (Sinkler) Richardson ; and grandson of Charles Richardson. Gen. Richard Richardson was chief in command in a campaign against the Indians, and afterward served in the war of the Revolu- tion. James B. Richardson was married to Ann Cantey Sinkler. He engaged in planting and was also a breeder and runner of thorougiibred horses, his name being frequently mentioned in this connection in the Turf Register. He was an active politician, served in both liouses of the state legislature, being president of the senate, and was governor of South Carolina, 1802-04. He died at his mansion. April 28i 1836. RICHARDSON, James Daniel, representative, was born in Rutlierford county, Tenn.. March 10, 1843 ; son of John Watkins and Augusta Mary (Starnes) Richardson ; grandson of James and Mary (Watkins) Richardson, and of Daniel and Harriet Starnes. and a descendant, on the pater- nal side, of Virginia ancestors. He attended the public schools and Franklin college, but left the latter institution in 1861 to enter the Confeder- ate army as a private ; was promoted adjutant of the 43d Tennessee infantry regiment, and served, 1863-65. He was married, Jan. 18, 1865. to Alabama, daughter of Eldred Pipi>en of Greene county, Ala. He studied law and established himself in practice in Murfreesboro, Tenn.. Jan. 1, 1867 ; was a representative and speaker in the state legislature, 1871-72 ; state senator, 1873-74; a delegate to the Democratic national coTiven- tions of 1876. 1896 and 1900, and permanent chair- man of the Kansas City convention of 1900. lie was chosen the Sovereign Grand Commander of the Supreme Council, 33d degree of the Ancient RICHARDSON RICHARDSON and Accepted Scottish Rite of Fi-ee Masonry, for the Southern jurisdiction of the United States, the Mother Council of tlie World. He was a Democratic representative from the fifth Tenn- essee district in the 49th--58th congresses, 18H5-- 1905, and became the leader of the minority in the house of representatives, and a member of the committee on ways and means in the 56th and 5~th congresses. He edited and compiled " Messaojes and Papers of the Presidents." RICHARDSON, John Manly, soldier, was born at "Bloom Hill" Sumter district, S.C, March 13, 1831 ; son of William Guignard and Emma Corbet (Buford) Richardson and grand- son of Capt. William Richardson (q.v.) and of William and Frances (June) Buford. He was a student at the South Carolina Military academy, at the University of Virginia, and was graduated at Harvard university, Cambridge, Mass., B.S., 1854, and served while at Harvard as assistant in mathematics in the Lawrence Scientific school. He was mar- ried first to Levenia Eugenia, daughter of John Ragan King of South Carolina, and secondly to his cousin, Elizabeth Buford (Richardson) Gaddy, widow of Dr. John T. Gaddy and daughter of the Rev. John Smythe Richardson. He was one of the founders (1856) with Col. Charles A. Mc- Daniel, of the Bowdon Collegiate institute. Ga., and later became professor of mathematics in the Hillsboro, N.C., Military academy, resigning in 1861 to enter the Confederate States army. He was commissioned major of the 11th N.C, volunteers, army of Northern Virginia, July 3, 1861, whicli regiment later became the 21st N.C. infantry. He was forced to resign on account of illness, January, 1863, and in February accepted the supei'inteudency and chair of mathematics in the Georgia Military institute. Marietta. On the restoration of his health in the fall of 1863 he resigned his position and declining a professor- ship in the University of Alabama accepted (iSov. 2, 1863) an appointment as officer on the general staff of the Confederate States army. He was so severely wounded at Winchester Sept, 19, 1864, as to necessitate the amputation of his left leg. He was president of collegiate institutes Bowdon, Ga., 1868-69; Carrollton, Ga., 1870- 77; Sulphur Springs, Tex., 1877-80; Leesburg, Tex,, 1880-85 ; and in 1886 took charge of the ^*'hy\A/ «/^v. institute at Daingerfield, Tex,, which position he ■was soon compelled to resign on account of fail- ing health. He published two military works during the civil war, and after retiring from active educational work devoted much time to writing for the periodical press on legal, social, political, literary and scientific subjects. He died in Daingerfield, Tex., Feb. 4, 1898. RICHARDSON, John Peter, governor of South Carolina, was born at Hickory Hill, Sumter dis- trict, S.C, April 14, 1801 ; son of John Peter and Floride (Peyre) Richardson ; grandson of Ricli- ard Richardson (q.v.), and nephew of James B. Richardson (governor of South Carolina, 1802-04). He was graduated at the College of South Caro- lina in 1819 and was admitted to the bar in 1821, practising in Fulton, S.C, and also engaging in planting. He was married to Juliana, daughter of Charles and Elizabeth (Eveleigh) Richardson, of Sumter, S.C. He represented his district as an anti-nuUifier in the state legislature, and was also a judge of the circuit court. He was a state- rights Democratic representative in the 24th con- gress, completing the term of Richard Mannings deceased, and was re-elected to the 35th congress, serving, 1836-39. He -was governor of South Carolina, 1840-43 ; a delegate to the Southern convention at Nashville, June and November, 1850 ; president of the Southern Rights association in 1851, and a member of the state conventions, of 1853 and 1S60, voting against secession on the first ballot. He died in Fulton, S.C, Jan. 24, 18G4. RICHARDSON, John Smythe, jurist, was born at '-Bloom Hill," Sumter district, S.C, April 11, 1777 ; son of Capt, William (q.v.) and Ann Magdalen (Guignard) Richardson. He was educated in Charleston ; studied law under John J. Pringle ; was ad- mitted to the bar in 1799, and settled in practice in the Sum- ter district. He rep- resented Claremont county in the state legislature in 1810, originating the gen- eral suffrage bill, which later became a part of the state con- stitution, and served *\, as speaker of the ^^ii^\.kh\\ /'■ • house in 1810, resign- ' ing to accept the attorney - generalship of the state. He was elected a law judge, Dec. 18, 1818; declined the nomination of the Republican i)arty for representative in congress in 1830 ; was president judge of the court of ap- peals of South Carolina, 1841-46, and of the court RICHAIJDSON ru;haki.sun of errors, 1846-50, succeeding David Johnson. He was married about 1»0;}. to Mrs. Elizabeth Lucretia (Buford) Coutrier, wiilow of Thomas Coutrier of Herkeley district, and daugliter of William and Frances (June) Duford of Williams- burg district, formerly of Virginia. After his death ids remains were taken to his home, Bloom Hill, Sumter district, and laid at rest among his ancestors. His widow dieil in 1859, and was buried by Ids side. He died in Chariestou, S.C, May J<. \<>0. RICHARDSON, John Smythe, representative, was born at " Bloom Hill", Claremont county, Sumter district, S.C, Feb. 29, 1828; son of the Rl-v. John Smythe and Sophia (Hyatt) Richardson ; grandson of Judge John Smythe (q.v.), and Elizal)eth (Buford) Coutrier Richardson and of Capi. Charles Hyatt, a sea captain whose family resided in Providence, R.I. He was graduated from the College of South Carolina in 1850 ; was married. Dec. 11, 1850, to Agnes Davison , daughter of Davison and Catherine DuBose (McCray) McDowell ; was admitted to the bar in 1852, and settled in practice in Sumter, S.C. He also en- gaged in planting, and in 18G1 entered the Con- federate army as captain of infantry, serving under Col. J. B. Kershaw, until after the first battle of Manassas, where he was wounded. He was then transferred to the 23d South Carolina regiment as adjutant, serving until the end of the war, and surrendering with Johnston at Greensboro, N.C. He represented Sumter county in the state legislature, 1865-76, and was appoint- ed agent of South Carolina in 1866, to applj- for and receive the land-scrip donated by congress. He was a delegate to the Democratic national convention of 1876 ; was defeated the same year as the Democratic candidate for representative in the 45th congress, and elected a representa- tive from the first South Carolina district to the 46th and 47th congresses, serving, 1879-83. He was master in chancery for Sumter county, 1884- 93, and died at "Shady Side," near Sumter, S.C, Feb. 24. 1S94. RICHARDSON, Joseph, representative, was born in Biilerif-a, Mass., Feb. 1, 1778 ; son of Joseph and Martha (Chapman) Richardson ; grandson of Samuel and Hannah (Walker) Rich- ardson, and a descendant of Thomas Richardson, who emigrated from England \rith his brothers Ezekiel and Sanmel in the fleet with Winthrop in 1630, and settled first in Charlestown. and then in Woburn, Mass. He was graduated at Dart- mouth. A.B., 1S02, A.M.. 1805, studied theology under Dr. Cumings, and was licensed to preach by the Andover as-sociation in 1803. He taught school in Charlestown, Mass.. 1801-06; was or- dained to the Unitarian ministry, July 2. 1806 ; was married, May 23, 1807, to Ann, daughter of Dr. Benjamin and Silence (Stickney) Bowers of Billerica, Mass., and was pastor of the First Unitarian church in Hingham, Mass., 1806-71, where he survived every person that was a mem- ber of his congregation at his settlement. The Rev. Calvin Lincoln was in- stalled as his colleague in 1855, and the church edifice, built in 1681. is probably tlie oldest in the •- ..--;.,, C- '.,.•;_. United States. xHt old meeting, housl hi/\i<,wah..-%a:^ He was a member of the state constitutional con- vention in 1820 ; represented Plymouth county in the Massachusetts legislature. 1822-23 : was a state senator in 1823. 1824 and 1826, and served as chairman of the committee on parishes in both houses. He was a representative from Massa- chusetts in the 20th and 21st congresses, 1827-31 ; declined re-election in 1830. and was succeeded by John Quincy Adams. He received the hon- orary degree of A.M. from Brown university in 1817. He is the author of : The American Reader ; Tlie Young Ladies' Selection of Elegant Extracts; A Narrative of the Proceedings in the North Parish, with an Appendix (1807) ; Vindication of the Proceedings of the First Church and Parish of Hingham in settling Rev. Joseph Richardson ( 1807) ; and A Sermon at the Close of Fifty Yeai'S. He died in Hingham. Mass., Sept. 25, 1871. RICHARDSON, Richard, patriot soldier, was born in eastern Virginia, near Jamestown, in 1704 ; son of Charles Richardson. He was a land survej'or, emigrating to Sumter district. S.C, in 1725, where he conducted a plantation, com- manded the colonial militia in tlie district, and was elected a member of the council of safety in 1775. He was married first, to Elizabeth, daughter of Joseph Cantey, and secondly to Dorothy, daughter of James and Margaret Sinkler. Upon the re- volt among the loyalists of the state he used the militia in restoring order, and for his .services received the thanks of the Provisional congress and a commission as brigadier-general. He was a delegate to the Provincial congress that framed the constitution of South Carolina in 1776, and while defending the city of Charleston against the British under Clinton in 1780, was taken prisoner, and sent to St. Augustine where he withstood the alluring promises of Cornwallis, conditioned on his espousing the cause of the Royalists. He was held by the British a prisoner of war a few months, when broken in health, he was .sent to his home to die. Colonel Tarleton when on a raid through Carolina in 1781 burned his house and opened his grave to be assured of RICHARDSON RICHARDSON the patriot's death. His son, James B. Richard- son, was governor of South Carolina, 1802-04. Richard Richardson died on his plantation near Salisbury. S.C, in September, 1780. RICHARDSON, William, patriot, was born in eastern Virginia. July 13, 1743 ; son of Edward (a sea-captain) and Elizabeth (Poinsett) Richard- son. His father, a native of England, married and made his home in Virginia, continuing his sea voyages. William removed to Charleston, S.C, in early manhood, and engaged in business with success. He was married to Ann Magdalen, daughter of Gabriel and Frances (de Lessiline) Guignard, refugees from France. Some years later he removed from Charleston to his jjlanta- tion *' Bloom Hill" on the Wateree river, Sumter district. He was a member of the committee to carry into effect tlie Continental association, and a member of the first provincial congress of South Carolina. He was appointed captain in the first regiment of riflemen and served until the fall of Charleston in 1780, when he was cap- tured and paroled to his plantation, being ex- changed in May, 1781. Upon exchange he was appointed b}' Governor Rutledge, commissary- general, and his plantation became the depot of supplies for the state troops. He died at " Bloom Hill." S.C. Feb. 17, 1786. RICHARDSON, VVilliam, representative, was born at Athens, Ala., in 1845; son of William and Anne Maria (Davis) Richardson, and grand- son of Capt. Nicholas and Mary (Hargrove) Davis. His father and maternal grandparents were na- tives of Virginia. William Richardson entered the Confederate army as a private, 18G1, rose to the rank of captain, and was wounded in the battles of Chickamauga, Shiloh and Murfrees- boro. He was admitted to the bar in 1865, elected representative from the county of Lime- stone to the lower brancliof the general assembly of Alabama, and in 1867 began the practice of law in Huntsville, Ala. On Dec. 18, 1872, he married Elizabeth Beiiagh, daugliter of Ambrose B. Rucker of Lynchburg, Va. Mrs. Richardson died, Oct. 24, 1891. Captain Richardson was judge of the probate and county court of Madi- son county, Ala., 1875-86 ; was nominated bj' acclamation, July 3, 1900. and elected a Demo- cratic representative in congress from tlie eighth Alabama district to fill the unexpired term of Gen. Joseph Wheeler, resigned, and was re-elected to the 57th and 5Sth congresses, 1901-05. RICHARDSON, William Adams, cabinet officer, was born in Tj-ngsboro, Mass., Nov. 2, 1821 ; son of the Hon. Daniel and i\Iary (Adams) Richardson, and a descendant of Ezekiel Ricliard- son. the immigrant, 1630. He attended Groton academy, and was graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1843, A.M., 1846 ; studied law with liis IX. -7 brother Daniel in Lowell, Mass. ; was graduated at tiie Harvard Law school, 1846 ; was admitted to tlie bar at Boston, Mass., July 8, 1848, and began practice in partnership with his brother. He was married in 1849 to Anna M. Marston of Machiasport, Maine. He was associated with Judge Joel Parker in the revision of the general statutes of Massachusetts. 1850- 59 ; was judge of the probate court for Middlesex county, Mass., 1856-58; judge of probate and insol- vency courts for Mid- dlesex county, 1858- 72 ; declined a com- mission as judge of the superior court of Massachusetts in April, 1869, to accept the assistant secre- taryship of the U.S. treasury, from President Grant, and on March 17, 1873, succeeded Mr. Boutwell as secretary of the treasury. During his administration the Geneva award of $15,000,- 000 was transferred from London to Washington. He resigned the treasurership in June, 1874, to accept a seat on the bench of the U.S. court of claims, and in 1885 he was appointed by President Arthur, chief justice of the court. He formed a plan for enlarging the jurisdiction of the pro- bate courts, which was passed by the Massachu- setts legislature ; was a law lecturer at George- town college and at Columbian university, and was an overseer of Harvard, 1863-75. The honor- ary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Columbian in 1873 ; by Georgetown in 1881 ; by Howard in 1882, and by Dartmouth in 1886. He is the autlior of : Tlie Banking Laics of Massa- chusetts (1855) ; Supplement to the General Statutes of the Commomoealth of Massachusetts (1860-62) ; Practical Information Concerning the Debt of the United States (1872); National Bank- ing Laws (1872); and prepared and edited: A Supplement to the Revised Statutes of the United States (1881); History of tlie Court of Claims{1882~ 85). He died in Washington, D.C, Oct. 19, 1896. RICHARDSON, WilSiam Merchant, jurist, was born in Pelham, N.H., Jan. 4, 1774; son of Capt. Daniel and Mary (Merchant) Richardson. He was graduated at Harvard in 1797, engaged in teaching school in Leicester and Groton, Mass., and was married in 1798 to Betsey, daughter of Peter Smith of Pelham. He studied law under Judge Samuel Dana, with wliom lie practised in Groton until 1812. He was a Federalist repre- sentative in the 12th and 13th congresses, serving KICHARDSON RICKARDS from Jan. 22, 1812, to April 18, 1814, when he resigned and removed to Portsmouth. N.H. He became U.S. attorney for the district of New Hampshire in 1S14. and was appointed chief jus- tice of the supreme court of New Hampshire by Governor Plumer. serving, 1816-38. He also served as chairman of a commission to revise the laws of the state in 1826, and received the degree LL.D. from Dartinoutli college in 1827. He is the author of : The New Hampshire Justice (1824); The Toirn Officer (1824); and was co-reporter of tlie Xeic Hamp^^Jiire Superior Court Cases 1819- 44). He died in Chester. N.H.. March 3, 1838. RICHARDSON, Wilson Gaines, educator, was lK)rn in Maysville. Ky., Dec. 9, 1825; son of Thomas Gaines and Sarah (Perry) Richardson ; grandson of Richard and Sarah (Gaines) Richardson and of Capt. John and Elizabetli (Leathers) Perry of Woodford county, Ky. His maternal grand- father was one of seven brothers, who went out in one of Virginia's regiments and fought through tlie Revolutitm. He was graduated from the University of Alabama, A.B., 1844, A.M., 1847; was tutor in ancient languages at the university, 1846-49 ; adjunct professor of ancient languages and English literature, 1849-50 ; traveled in Eu- rope. 1851-54 and was professor of Latin and French at the University of Mississippi, 1854-59, and at Oakland college. Miss., 1859-62. He en- listed as a private in the Lamar rifles in the civil war, was sliot through the thigh at Gaines's Mill, was appointed paymaster, C.S. navy by Presi- dent Davis, assigned to the ship Sehna, was taken prisoner in the battle of Mobile Bay and confined for six months on Ship Island. He was principal of the female institute at Oxford, Miss., 18G.5-66 ; professor of ancient languages and French at Davidson college, N.C., 1866-74; professor of Latin and French at Central university, Ky., 1874-78 : and professor of languages at Austin college, Texas. 1878-81. He attended Princeton Tlieological seminary, 1882-84 ; was licensed to preach by the presbytery of New Brunswick, N.J., April 30. 18^94, and was pastor at Staunton, Tenn., 1884-86. He was married Feb. 4. 1857, to Ix)uisa Vinson, daughter of Dr. Robert Lewis and Martha (Bush) Kennon of Jackson, Miss.; and after her de^tli was married, Feb. 10, 1876, to Mrs. Anne Herring McAfee, at Harrisburg, Va. The honorary degree of Ph.D. was conferred on him by Hirara college in 1876. He is the author of : Catalogue oj the Library of the University of Alabama {\>i\^)x Ixttin Pronunciation in Amer- ican Colleaes (1H75) and revised and edited the " Enryrlopjedia of the New West"' (1881). He died at Staunton. Tenn.. July 5. 1886. RICHMAN, Irving Berdine, historian, was born in Muscatine. Iowa. Oct. 27, 1861 ; son of Dewitt Clinton and Mary (Berdine) Richman ; grandson of Evert and Mary (Scott) Richman, and of Jacob Cook and Matilda (Hawk) Berdine, and a descendant of Holland ancestors on his father's side and of English on his mother's. He was graduated from the State University of Iowa in 1883, and engaged in the practice of law in Musoatine, Iowa, in 1885. He was married, June 8, 1887, to Elizabeth, daughter of Josepii Alexander and Cyrena (Bisbee) Green of Musca- tine, Iowa. In 1889 he was elected a representa- tive in tlie state legi-slature of Iowa, presided as temporary chairman of the state convention that nominated Horace Boies for governor, and in 1891 was re-elected to the legislature. He was appointed by President Cleveland. U.-S. consul- general at St. Gall, Switzerland, serving as such, 1893-98. After his return to the United States he began preparation for the writing of his nota- ble history of Rhode Island, James Bryce, M.P., having recommended this commonwealth as de- serving of special study and philosopiiical treat- ment. He is the autlior of : John Broicn Among the Quakers and Other Sketches (1894 and 1896); Appenzell, A Swiss Study (London, 1895), and Rhode Island : Its Making and Its Meaning :— A Survey of the Annals of the Commonwealth from its Settlement to the Death of Roger Williams^ 163C-16S3, with an introduction by James Biyce, M.P., D.C.L. (1902). and contributions to the Atlantic Monthly, Political Science Quarterly, Harvard Laiv Revietv, and other periodicals. RICHTER, Henry Joseph, R.C. bisliop, was born in Neuenkirchen, Oldenburg, Germany, April 9, 1838 ; son of JohnHenr}' and Anna Maria Elisabeth (Albers) Richter. He emigrated to the United States in 1854, and attended St. Paul's school and Mt. St. Mary's seminary. Cincinnati, Ohio ; was graduated from the American college . at Rome in 1865, and was ordained there. June 10, 1865, by Cardinal Patrizzi. He returned to Cincinnati : was vice-president and professor of dogma, philosophy and liturgy at Mt. St. Marys seminary, 1865-70, and rector at St. Laurence and chaplain of the academy of Mt. St. Vincent. 1870-83. On the erection of tlie diocese of Grand Rapids, May 19, 1882. he was chosen as its first bishop ; was appointed, Jan. 30, 1883, and was consecrated, April 22, 1883, by Coadjutor Bishop Elder, assisted by Bishops Borgess of Detroit and McCloskey of Louisville, Ky. RICKARDS, John Ezra, governor of Montana. was born in Delaware City, Del., July 23, 1848; son of David Townsend and Mary Rickards, and a descendant of Huguenots and Scots. Both his grandparents were commissioned ofllicers in the Revolutionary war. Jolin E. Rickards left the public scliool at Middletown. Del., in 1862, and became clerk in a store in Wilmington, Del. In 1870 he removed to Pueblo, Col., and thence to RICKETTS RICORD San Francisco. Cal., 1879, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits. In 1882 he took up real estate and insurance and continued his mercantile interests in Butte City, Mont., where his public career began as an alderman. He was a member of the city council of Butte, 1885-87 ; representative from Silver Bow count}' in the upper house of the territorial legislature, 1887, and a mem- ber of the constitutional con- vention in 1889. He was the first lieutenant-governor of the state, 1889-93, and the election of two Repub- lican U.S.- senators was due to his decision as president of the joint convention of the two houses, his action being afterward ratified by the U.S. senate. He was governor of Montana, 1893- 97, and supervisor of census for the district of Montana, 1900. He was a lay member of the general conference of the Methodist Episcopal church in 1888 and 1892. He was married first, July 5, 1876. to Lizzie M., daughter of Benjamin and Margaret "Wilson of Newark, Del. She died in San Francisco in 1881, and he married secondly, in 1883, Mrs. Eliza A. (Ellis) Boucher of Canada. He had nine children, and was residing in Butte, Mont., in 1903. RICKETTS, James Brewerton, soldier, was born in New York city, June 21,1817. He was graduated from the U.S. Military academy in 1839 ; promoted 2nd lieutenant of 1st artillery, July 1, 1839, and 1st lieutenant, April 21, 18-i"2. He served in the war with Mexico, 1846-48 ; en- gaged in the battle of Monterey, Sept. 20-25, 1846, and held the Rinconada pass, during the battle of Buena Vista, Feb. 22-23, 1847. He served in Florida against the Seminoles in 1852 ; was pro- moted captain, Aug. 3, 1852, and served on frontier and garrison duty, 1852-61 ; in the de- fence of Washington, D.C., April-July. 1861, and was severely wounded and taken prisoner at the battle of Bull Run, Va., July 21, 1861. and held as prisoner of war, 1861-62. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, U.S.A., July 21, 1861, for gallantry at Bull Run, and commissioned brigadier-general, U.S.V. He joined in the operations in the Shenandoah valley in June, 1862, and in the Northern Virginia campaign, Aug. -Sept., 1862, commanding the 2nd division, 3d army corps. Army of Virginia, at Cedar Moun- tain, second battle of Bull Run, and in the actions at Rappahannock station and Thorough- fare Gap, where his division was detached and ordered to delay Longstreet's advance. He com- manded the 2nd division, 1st array corps, Army of the Potomac, in the JIaryland campaign, Sei)t.- Nov. 1862, taking part in the battles of South Mountain and Autietam, He was promoted major, U.S.A., June 1, 1863, and commanded the 3d division, 6th army corps, under General Grant in the Richmond campaign, March-July 1864. in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, and the siege of Petersburg. He was brevetted colonel, U.S.A., for gallantry at Cold Harbor, Va., June 3, 1864, and took part in the defence of Maryland against General Early's raid, commanding the 3d division, under Gen. Lewis Wallace, at the battle of Monocacy. He commanded the 6th army corps, Army of the Shenandoah, at Opequan, Fisher's Hill, and Cedar Creek, Va., where he was severely wounded. He was brevetted major-general of U.S. volunteers, Aug. 1, 1864, for gallant conduct during the rebellion, and particularly in the battles of the campaign under General Grant ; the Monocacy under General Wallace ; and Opequan, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek, in the Shenandoah cam- paigns under General Sheridan. He was brevet- ted brigadier-general, U.S.A., March 13. 1865. for Cedar Creek, and major-general, March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the field, during the rebellion. He commanded a district in the department of Virginia, 1865-66, and was mustered out of volunteer service, April 30, 1866, and retired from active service, Jan. 3, 1867, for disability from wounds received in battle. He died in Washington, D.C.. Sept. 27, 1887. RICORD, Frederick William, author, was born in Guadeloupe, W.I., Oct. 7, 1819: son of Dr. Jean Baptiste (1777-1837), a native of Paris, France, who fled to Italy during the French revolution, settled in Baltimore, Md., was grad- uated at the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1810, and in the same year married Elizabeth Stryker (1788-1865), daughter of the Rev. Peter Stryker of New Utrecht, L.T., and was in the West Indies making botanical re- searches when Frederick William was born. The son was a student at Hobart and Rutgers colleges, studied medicine and law in Geneva, N.Y., and removed with his mother to Newark, N.J., in 1845, where he conducted a classical school, 1847-59. He was also librarian of the New- ark Library association, 1849-69 ; a member of the board of education of Newark, 1852-69, and its president, 1867-69 ; state superintendent of the public schools of New Jersey, 1860-63 ; sheriff of Essex county, N.J., 1865-67; mayor of Newark, N.J., 1870-73 ; associate judge of the county court, 1875-79, and librarian of the New Jersey Historical society for many years. The honorary degree A.M. was conferred upon him by Rutgers in 1845, and by the College of New Jersey in 1861. He edited several volumes of The Colonial Documents of New Jersey published by the his- torical society, and is the author of : History of Rome (1852); An English Grammir (1853); Life RIDDLE RIDDLE of Madame de LongneviUe. from the French of Victor Cousin 0^:A): The Heuriadc, from the French of Voltaire (IS")!)); Engliah Songs from Forrign TongitcHl^r.)): The Self-Tonnru tor, from the Ixitin of Terentius, with more English Songs (ia*^.i), and compiled the greater part of the volume treating of New Jersey in "Memorial History of New York." He iiad in manuscript at liis death another translation of Terentius. a col- lection of orij^inal poems, and more Songs from Foreign Tongues, ami had in pr«>i)aration Tlie Governors of Xw Jersei/ and History of Xew Jrrse'/. He die 1 in XeuMrk. N.J., Aug. 13, 1897. RIDDLE, Albert Gallatin, antiior and repre- sentative, was born in Monson, Mass., May 28, 181G ; son of Thomas and Minerva (Merrick) Rid- dle. He removed with his parents to Geauga county, Ohio, in 1817 ; received a common school education, and was admitted to the bar in 1840. He was married. Jan. 22, 184:5, to Caroline C, daughter of Judge Barton F. Avery of Ciiardon, Ohio. Mr. Riddle practiced law at Chardon, was prosecuting attorney of Geauga county, 1840-46 ; a representative from Trumbull and Geauga counties in the state legislature, 1848-50, and or- ganized the first Free Soil convention in the state. He removed to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1850 ; was prosecuting attorney in 1856 ; defended the Oi)erlin slave rescuers in 1859, and was a Repub- lican representative from the nineteenth Ohio district in the 37th congress, 1861-63, where he advocated the arming of slaves, and the abolition of .slavery in the District of Columbia. He was U.S. consul at Matanzas, 1863-64, and settled in Washington. D.C., in 1864. where he practised law. He was largely instrumental in restoring the friendsliip of Secretary Cliase and the President, and in thus securing the re-nomination of Lincoln in 1864. He was retained by the state department to aid in the prosecution of John H. Surratt for the murder of President Lincoln ; was law- officer of the District of Columbia, 1877-99, and was in charge of the law department of Howard university for several years. He is the author of: Students and rMioi/prs (1873); Bart Ridgehj, a St on/ of Northern Ohio (1873); TJie Portrait. a Romance of Cuyahoga Valley (1874); Alice Brand, a Tale of the Capitol (XHlr,); Life, Charac- ter, and Public Services of James A. Garfield (IS^Oi; The House of Ross (1881); Castle Gregory (188-J); Hirt and his Bear (1883): The Sugar Makers of the n>.}-r.5 (1895). He died in Washington, D.C., Mav 1.5. 190-2. RIDDLE, David Hunter, educator, was born in Martinsburg, Va., April 14, 1805; son of Wil- liam and Susanna (Nourse) Riddle ; grandson of James Riddle (a native of Donegal, Ireland) and of James and Sarah (Fouace) Nourse, and a des- cendant through his maternal grandfather from a Huguenot family (Fouace) driven from Caen, Normandy, in 1685. He was graduated from Jef- ferson college, Pennsylvania, 1823, and from Princeton Tiieological seminary in 1828 ; was or- dained by tlie pr(>sb3'tery of Winchester, Dec. 4, 1828, and was pastor of the Kent Street church, Winchester, Va., 1828-33; of the Third church, Pittsburg. Pa., 1833-57, and of the First Reformed Dutch church, Jersey City, N.J., 1857-62. He was president and professor of mental and moral science at Jefferson college, 1862-65 ; professor of mental and moral science, 1865-68 ; pastor at the college church, Canonsburg, Pa., 1863-68. and pastor at Martinsburg, W. Va., 1868-79. He was married in 1828 to Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. Matthew and Mary (Blaine) Brown of Can- onsburg, Pa. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Marshall college, Penn- sylvania, in 1843, and that of LL.D. by Rutgers college, New Jersey, in 1863. He died in Martins- burg. West Va., July 16, 1888. RIDDLE, George, elocutionist, was born in Charlestown, Mass. .Sept. 22,1851 ; son of Edward and Charlotte (Cutter) Riddle ; grandson of James and Mary (Gray) Riddle and of Edward and Elizabeth (Nutting) Cutter. He was pre- pared for college at the Chauncy Hall school in Boston, and was graduated at Harvard in 1874. He made his first appearance as a reader in Bos- ton in 1874, and his debut as an actor at Norwich, Conn., in December, 1874, as Romeo, which role he played the following year in Bo.ston. Mass., supported by Mrs. Thomas Barry and a stock company. He afterward played Titus to the Brutus of Edwin Booth ; was subsequent!}' en- gaged as a member of the Boston Museum stock company, which was followed by an engagement as leading juvenile of a Montreal stock company, and by a season at the Chestnut Street theatre. Philadelphia. Pa. He was an instructor in elocu- tion at Harvard. 1878-81. and appeared in the title role of " CEdipus Tyrannus " of Soi)hoclesat Harvard in May. 1881. which was the first pro- duction in the United States of a Greek play in the original. He gave Shakespearean and other read- ings in the principal cities in the United States after 1881, the most successful of which were "Midsummer-Night's Dream" with Mendels- sohn's music, and "Hamlet "and "Macbeth". He contributed to the newspaper press and the Youth's Companion and edited : " George Riddle's Readings" (1889), and "A Modern Reader and Speaker" (1899). RIDDLE RIDDLEBERGER RIDDLE, George Read, senator, was born in Newcastle, Del., in 1817 ; a descendant of George Read, the signer. He was educated at Delaware college, studied engineering, and was engaged in locating and constructing railroads and canals in Delaware, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, 1840-48. He was admitted to the Delaware bar in 1848 ; settled in practice in Newcastle ; served as deputy attorney-general of Newcastle county, 1848-50 ; was a comniissiouer to retrace Mason and Dixon's line in 1849 ; a Democratic represent- ative from Delaware in the32d and 33d congresses, 1851-55, and was defeated for the 84tli congress in 1854. He was chairman of the committee on engraving and of the special committee on the Peruvian Guano question in the 32d and 33d congresses. He was a delegate to the Demo- cratic national conventions of 1844. 1848 and 1856. and was elected to the U. S. senate in 1864, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of James A. Bayard, serving from Feb. 2, 1864, until his death in Washington. D.C., March 29. 1867. RIDDLE, Matthew Brown, educator, was born in Pittsburg, Pa., Oct. 17, 1836 ; son of David Hunter (q.v.) and Elizabeth Blaine (Brown) Riddle ; grandson of the Rev. Matthew (q.v.) and Mary (Blaine) Brown ; great-grandson of Matthew Brown, a Revolutionary soldier, and greats-grandson of John Brown, whose father, John Brown of Priesthill. Scotland, the martyr covenanter, known as the " Christian Carrier," was shot in 1685 by Graham of Claverhouse, at Priesthill, in the presence of his wife and little son, John. Mr. Riddle was graduated from Jefferson college, A.B., 1852, A.M., 1855, and from the New Brunswick Theological seminary in 1859. He was adjunct professor of Greek at Jefferson college, 1857-58 ; was licensed to preach. May 26, 1859, and served during the civil war as chaplain of the 2d regiment of New Jer- sey militia. He was married, Aug. 21, 1862, to Anna M. Walther of Heidelberg, Germany. He was pastor at Hoboken, N.J., 1862-65; Newark, N.J., 1865-68; professor of New Testament ex- egesis at Hartford Theological seminar}^, 1871-87, and professor of New Testament exegesis at Western Theological seminary, Alleghen\', Pa., from 1887. He was an original member of the American Company for New Testament Revision in 1871 and of the assembly's committee for re- vising the proof texts of Westminster Standards, and also of the Committee for Revising the Con- fession of Faith (1890), The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Franklin and Marshall college in 1870, and by the College of New Jersey at the Sesqui-centennial celebration in 1896, and that of LL.D. by the Western Uni- versity of Pennsylvania in 1894. He translated and edited the epistles to the Romans, Galatians, Ephesians and Colossians in the American edition of Lange's Commentary (1869, new edit., 1886) ; edited the gospels of Mark and Luke for the American edition of Meyer's commentary ( 1884) ; revised and edited Edward Robinson's " Greek Harmony of the Gospels" (1885), and Robinson's "• Englisii Harmony" (1886). He contributed to Schaff's "Popular Illustrated Commentar}- on the New Testament" (1878-83) ; and to Coxe's edi- tion of the "Ante-Nicene Fathers" (2 vols.), to Schaff's " Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers " (2 vols.), and with the Rev. John E. Todd, prepai-ed the notes on the International Sunday -School Lessons for the Congregational Publishing society of Boston, 1877-81 ; and from 1894 wrote on the Lessons from the New Testament in the Sunday School. Times, Pliiladelphia. In 1903 he was one of the two surviving members of the American cojupany who prepared the '• Standard Edition of the Revised New Testament " (1901) ; the other being Ex-President Timothy Dwight of Yale, RIDDLEBERGER, Harrison Holt, senator, was born in Edinburg, Va., Oct. 4, 1844 ; son of Madison and Susan (Shryock) Riddleberger and grandson of Jacob and Amelia (Heiskel) Shryock. He studied under a private tutor, and in March, 1802, raised a company for the Confederate army and entered the service as 2d lieutenant of in- fantrj^. He took part in the Richmond, Mar}-- land and Pennsylvania campaigns ; was promoted captain, and transferred to the cavalry ; was cap- tured, and held as a prisoner of war from July, 1864, He returned to Edinburg in April, 1865, where he became editor of Tlie Tenth Legion Banner. He married Nov, 29, 1866, Emma V., daughter of Peter and Elizabeth (Samuels) Belew of Edinburg. He represented Shenandoah county in the Virginia legislature, 1871-75. He was ad- mitted to the bar in 1875, and settled in practice in Woodstock. He served as commonwealth's attorney for Shenandoah county, 1876-80 ; was a presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1876, and on the Readjuster ticket in 1880 ; a member of the Virginia senate, 1876-81, where he served as chairman of the committee on Federal relations, and as a member of that on courts of justice. He became editor of the Virginian, a Republican newspaper, published in Woodstock in 1881, having previously edited the Shenandoah Democrat. He was elected to the United States senate in 1881, and served in that body, 1883-89, all of the time as chairman of the committee on manufactures, and as a member of the committee on naval affairs, on the District of Columbia and on education and labor. He labored actively for the rejection of the proposed extradition treaty with Great Britain, for which he received resolu- tions of thanks from Irish societies of the L'nited States. He died in Woodstock, Va,, Jan. 24, lb90. RIDEING RIDGELY RIDEING, William Henry, oilitor. was born in Liver|VM)l. Eii*:.. Feb. 17. Ib.^J ; son of William and Knii.ia IJitleing. Losing both parents early in boyhood, he joined relatives in Chicago, where he remained until 1870. In 1870 he procured temporary employment as secretary to Samuel Bowles, editor of the Springfield (Mass.) Jiepitb- lican, and held for long periods editorial posi- tions on the Newark ;N.J.) Joi/r;(a/and tiie Boston Jounuil. He was an assistant editor of the New York Trihune from 1871-74, and for two years (I87C>-77) was si>ecial correspondent of the New York Times with the Wheeler exploring expedi- tion. In that capacity he traveled about 4.00C miles in the saddle through the then unsettled regions of Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona and Nevaila. He became associate editor of the Youth's Companion in 1881. a position which he still retained in 1903. and in 1888 was made mana- ging editor of the Xorth American Review without interrupting his relations with the Companion. He was married in March. 1887, to Margaret Elinor, daughter of C. E. and Ellen Backus of "Worcester, Mass. He is the author of : American Authors ( 1875); .-1 Saddle in the Wild West (1879) ; Tlie Alpenstock (1879); Boys Coastwise (1884); Young Folk's History of London (1884) ; A Little Upstart, a novel (1885) ; Thackeray's London (1885); Boyhood of Living Authors (ISSl); Lithe Land of Lor na Doone (1895); The Captured Cru- sa/ler (1896); Boyhood of Famous Authors (1897) ; Boys in the Mountaiiis and on the Plains; At Hawnrden icith Mr. Gladstone, and many con- tributions to perioiliials. RIDQAWAY, Henry Bascotn, clergyman and educator, was born in Talbot county, Md., Sept. 7, 1830 ; son of James and Mary (Jump) Ridga- way, and grandson of Thomas Ridgaway and of Alumleis Jump. He was graduated from Dick- inson college, Carlisle, Pa., A.B., 1849; admitted to the Baltimore conference of the Methodist Episcopal church. 1850, and was married, Feb. 22, 1855. to Rosamond, daughter of Merritt and Rosa- mond (Cushman) Caldwell of Carlisle, Pa. He labored in Marj'land ; was pastor of High Street church, Baltimore, 1855-57 ; Portland, Maine, 1858-60 ; St. Paul's church. New York city and vicinity, and in Cincinnati, 1860-80. He was professor of historical theology in Garrett Bibli- cal institute. Evaiiston, 111.. 1882-84, and held the presidency and professorship of practical theology there from 1884 until his death. He received from Dickinson the degree of D.D. in 1868 and tliat of LL.D. in 1889. His travels in- cluded a trip to the Holy Land, 1873-74. and one around the world in which he was accompanied by his wiff. 1892-93. The first is partly described in Tlie Lord's Lund: A Xarrative of Travels in Sinai and Palestine (1876). His other publica- tions include the biographies of : Alfred Cookman (1871); Bishop Edward S. Janes (1882); Bishop Beverly Waugh (1883); Bishojy Matthew Si mjison (1885). He died in Evanston, 111., March 30, 1895. RIDGELEY, Charles Goodwin, naval officer, was born in Baltimore, Md., in 1784. He was wao-anted midshipman, U.S.N. . Oct. 19, 1799; served in the Tripolitan war under Preble, 1804- 05, and was the recipient of a sword and a vote of thanks for gallantry. He was commissioned lieutenant, Feb. 2, 1807 ; master commandant, Julj' 24, 1813, and captain, Feb. 28. 1815. He commanded the brig Jefferson on Lake Ontario, in 1814, and the Erie and Independence in the Mediterranean squadron, 1815-17, and served as flag officer of the West Indian squadron, 1827-30, engaged in protecting the commerce of the Uni- ted States and in suppressing piracy. He com- manded the navy yard at Brooklyn, N.Y.. 1832- 39, and was flag ofliicer, Brazil squadron, 1840-42. He died in Baltimore, Md., Feb. 8, 1848. RIDGELY, Charles, governor of Maryland, was born in Baltimore, Md.. Dec. 6. 1760; son of John and Achsah (Ridgely) HoUiday Carman ; grandson of Charles Carman of Reading, Eng- land, and of Col. Charles Ridgely. He was baptized Charles Ridgely Carman, but was adopted by his uncle. Capt. Charles Ridgely, whose fortune he inherited in 1790. on condi- tion that he should assume his name. He was married, Oct. 17, 1782. to Priscilla. daughter of Caleb and Priscilla (Still) Dorsey of Howard county, Md. He was a member of the Mai viand senate, brigadier-general of the 11th Maryland brigade in 1794, and governor of Maryland. 1815, 1816 and 1817. He was the owner of 400 slaves, all of whom became free by the terms of his will. He died at Hampton, Baltimore county, Md.. July 17. 1829. RIDGELY, Daniel Boone, naval officer, was born near Lexington, Ky.. Aug. 1, 1813. He was warranted miJsliipman, U.S.N. . Aj)ril 1. 1828, promoted passed midshipman, June 14. 1834. and commissioned lieutenant. Sept. 10. 1H40. He served on the sloop Albany during the Mexican war, and wit- nessed the bom- bardment and capture of Vera Cruz, and the other Mexican ports ; was at- tached to the United States naval observa- tory, Washing- ton, D.C., 1850- ^-S-^- POWHATA/>.. 52 ; to the sloop Germantown in the West Indies in 1854 ; was promoted commander, Sept. 14. 1855 ; '"^wm RIDGELY RIDPATH commanded the Atalanta on the Paraguayan ex- pedition, 1857-58 ; the Santiago de Cuba in the West Indies, 1861-63, where he was successful in capturing several blockade runners ; was pro- moted captain, July 16, 1863, and commanded the Shenandoah in the bombardments of Fort Fisher, December, 1864, and January, 1865. He com- manded the Powhatan of the Pacific squadron from 1865, until transferred to the Lancaster in 1867. He was promoted commodore. July 25, 1866, and was a member of the board of naval examiners at Philadelphia, Pa., 1867-68. He died in Philadelphia. Pa.. May 5, 1868. RIDGELY, Henry Moore, senator, was born in Dover, Del., in 1778 ; son of Dr. Charles Ridgely (1 738-85). He was admitted to the bar, and engaged in practice in Dover. He was mar- ried to Sally Ann, daughter of Gov. Cornelius P. and Ruhamah (Marim) Comegys of Kent county, Del. He was a Federalist representative from Delaware in the 12th and 13th congresses, Nov. 4, 1811, to March 2, 1815, and was elected to the U.S. senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Nicholas Van Dyke, serving from Jan. 33. 1827, to March 3, 1829. He died in Dover, Del.. Aug. 7, 1847. RIDGELY, Nicholas, jurist, was born in Duver, Del., Sept. 30, 1762 ; son of Dr. Charles Ridgely (1738-1785), a native of Dover, who practised medicine there, 1758-85 ; frequently sat in the Delaware legislature after 1765 ; was pre- siding judge of the court of common pleas of Kent county, and previous to the Revolutionary war, of the quarter sessions, and was a delegate to the convention that framed the state constitu- tion in 1776. Nicholas received a liberal educa- tion, and engaged in the practice of law in Dover, 1783-1801. He served as attorney-general of the state, as a representative in the state legislature, and as chancellor of the state of Delaware, 1801- 30. He died in Georgetown, Del., April 1, 1830. RIDGWAY, Robert, ornithologist, was born in Mount Carmel. 111., July 2, 1850 ; son of David and Henrietta James (Reed) Ridgway, and grand- son of Richard and Sarah Ridgway and of Joseph and Eliza (Bell) Reed. He was educated in the public schools, and at an earlj^ age turned his attention to natural history. He served as zoolo- gist to the U. S. geological exploration of the 40th parallel under Clarence King in California, Nevada, southern Idaho, and Utah, 1867-69 ; was occupied chiefly with government work, 1869-80, and was curator of the ornithological division of the U. S. National museum from July 1, 1880. He was married, Oct. 12, 1875, to Julia Evelyn, daughter of Horace and Elizabeth (Nichols) Per- kins of New York city. He was one of the founders of the American Ornithologists' union 'u 1883 ; its vice-president, 1883-98, and its pres- ident, 1899-1900. He received the degree M.S., from the Indiana State university in 1884 ; was a member of the permanent ornithological com- mittee of the first international congress at Vienna in 1885, and an honorary member of the second congress Ornithologique International at Budapesth in 1891. He became a corresponding member of the Zoological society of London, and of the Academies of Science of New York, Dav- enport, la., and Chicago, 111.; a foreign member of the British Ornithologists' union ; an honorary member of the Nuttall Ornithological club of Cambridge, Mass., the Brookville, Ind., Society of Natural History, the Ridgway Ornithological club of Chicago, 111., and a member of the com- mittee of patronage of the International Con- gress of Zoology at London. He published more than 200 descriptive papers of new species and races of American birds, many of which ap- peared in the " Proceedings of the U. S. Na- tional Museum " ; several catalogues of North American and other birds contained in the mu- seum, and is the joint author with Professor Spencer F. Baird and Dr. Thomas M. Brewer of : A History of Northern American Birds (3 vols., 1874), and of The Water Birds of North America (2 vols., 1884), in which he wrote a large i^ortion of the technical parts. He also published : Eejjort on Ornithology of the Fortieth Parallel (1877) ; A Nomenclature of Colors for Natiiralists (1886) ; Manual of North American Birds (1887) ; Tlie Ornithology of Illinois (2 vols., 1889-1895), and The Birds of North and Middle America (8 vols., 1901). RIDPATH, John Clark, educator, was born in Putnam county, Ind., April 26, 1840; son of Abraham and Sarah (Matthews) Ridpath 'of Montgomery county, Va. ; grandson of John and Mary (Cox) Ridpath and of Anderson and Naomi (Heavin) Matthews, and a descendant of the Ridpaths of Berwick-on-Tweed and of Samuel Matthews, colonial governor of Virginia. He at- tended the common schools ; engaged in teaching school and in tutoring, to assist in defraying the expense of a college education, and was graduated from Indiana Asbury (DePauw) university, A.B., 1863, A.M., 1866. He was married, Dec. 21. 1862, to Hannah Roxana, daughter of Ebenezer and Elizabeth (Sill) Smythe of Greencastle, Ind. He was instructor in languages at the academj" at Thorntown, Ind., 1862-64; principal of the acad- emy, 1864-66 ; professor of languages in Baker university, Baldwin city, Kan., in 1866, and prin- cipal of the public schools in Lawrenceburg, Ind., 1867-69. He was professor of English literature and normal instruction in Indiana Asbury uni- versity, 1869-71 ; professor of belles-lettres and history, 1871-79. and vice-president, 1879-81. Hh secured the DePauw endowment from Washing- RIGGS RIGGS ton C. DePiiiiw for the universitj', which adopted its patron's name in 1882; continued there as vice-president and professor of liistory and poli- tical economy, 188iMJ5, and from tlie latter year until his death, devoted himself to literary work. lie was defeated as a Democratic candidate for representiitive in congress from Indiana in 1896. He received the degree LL.D. from Syracuse university in 18N0 ; was a.ssociate editor of the " Pe<»ple's Cyclopeilia ", 18T9-'J5 ; edited the Arena at Boston, Mass., 1897-98; was literary director of tlie Jones Brothers Publishing company, 1898- 1900, and compiled the Library of Universal Literature (1898). He is the author of : Aca- demic History of the United States (1874-75); Grammar School History of the United States (1876); Popular History of the United States (1877); Liductive Grammar of the English Lan- guage (1879) ; Monograph on Alexander Hamilton (1880) ; Life and Work of Garfield (1881); Cyclo- pcedia of Universal History (4 vols., 1880-85) ; Monograph on the Trial of Guitcai (1882) ; Monograph on the Epoch of Litej rat ion (1883) ; History of Texas (1884) ; Monograph on History ayid Historical Study (1885) ; Life and Work of W. C. Z)e Pa Mir (unpublished. 1-^): Gr-'ut Races of Mankind (4 vols., 1888-94; ; Mouograpli on Beyond the Sierras (1888) ; Monograph on tlie True Evolution (1889) ; Monograph on the Citizen Sol- dier (1800) ; Monograph on the Man in History (1892) ; Monograph on the Sujyjiression of the In- tellectual Life (1892) ; Christopher Columbus, the Epoch, tlie Man, and the Work (unpublished, 1892;; Cohnnbus and Columbia (189.3) ; The Life and Work of James G. Blaine (1893) ; Epic of Life, a poem (1893) ; Famous Paintings of the World (1894) ; Life and Memoirs of Bishop William Taylor (1894-95) ; Napoleon Bonaparte (1895), and Tlie Life and Times of William E. Gladstone. He di.-d in New York city, July 31, 1900. RIQQ5, Elias, linguist and missionary, was born in New Providence, N.J., Nov. 19, 1810 ; son of the Rev. Elias Riggs, College of New Jersey, A.B., 1795, A.M., 1798, and pastor of the Presb}-- terian church at New Providence, N.J., 1807-25. Elias, jr., was graduated at Amherst, A.B., 1829, A.M., 1832, and at Andover Theological seminary in 1832. He was ordained to the Congregational ministry, Sept. 20, 1832 ; and was a foreign mis- sionary at Athens, Greece, 1832-^; Argos, Greece, 18:34-;J8 : Smyrna. Turkey, 1838-53, and Constan- tinople. Turkey, 1853-56. He visited tiie United States in 1856 ; served as instructor in sacred literature at Union Tlieologicul seminary, 1857- 68; declined a professorship there, and returned to Constantinople, where he worked, 1858-1901. He was an expert linguist, and n member of the committees that translated tlit? S riptures into the Turkish language, the translation being pub- lished in 1878, and their revised work in 1886. He received the degree D.D. from Hanover col- lege, Ind., in 1853, and LL.D. from Amherst in 1871. He is the author of : A Manual of Chaldee Language, c^c. (1832, rev. ed., 1858); Tlte Young Forester, a Brief Memoir of tlie Early Life of the Swedish Missio7iary Fjelstcdf (1840) ; Translation of the Scriptures into tlie Modern Armenian Lan- guage (1853); Grammatical Notes on the Bulgarian Language (1844) ; Grammar of tlie Modern Ar- menian Language with a Vocabulary (1847, 2d. ed., 1856) ; Grammar of tlie Turkish Language as written in the Armenian Character (1871); Translation of the Scriptures into the Bulgarian Language (1871) ; Suggested Emendations of the Authorized English Version of the Old Testament (1873); A Harmony of the Gospels in Bulgarian (1880); Suggested Modifications of tlie Revised Version of the New Testament (1883); A Bible Dictionary in Bulgarian (1884); and many minor publications including, tracts, hymns, and col- lections of hymns in the Greek, Armenian and Bulgarian languages. He died in Constantinople, Turkey, Jan. 17, 1901. RIGGS, John Cavis Seaton, educator, was born iu Washington, Pa., Jan. 29, 1851; son of Edward and Charlotte Ann (Seaton) Riggs, and grandson of John and Mary (Phillips) Riggs, and of George Clark and Esther (Shotwell) Smith Seaton. His early education was received in the public schools of Rockford, 111. He was a student at Shurtleff college from April, 1867, until De- cember, 1868 ; then attended the University of Chicago, one term ; engaged in business at Rock- ford, 111., 1869-75 ; was graduated from the Uni- versity of Chicago, A.B., 1878, A.M., 1881, and was principal of the commercial department of Salt Lake academy, Utah, 1878-79. He was married, Sept. 2, 1879, to Mary Esther, daughter of Osborn and Amanda (Rice) Chaney of Rockford, 111. He was principal of the preparatory department of the University of Cliicago, 1879-86 ; joint princi- pal of tlie University academ\', Chicago, 1880-87 ; organized and was principal of the Granville (Doane) academy. Denison university, Ohio, 1887- 96, and in the latter year was elected president of Ottawa university, Kansas. He was made a mem- ber of the state board of education of Kansas ; president of the Kansas College Presidents' as- sociation, and a corresponding member of the Kansas State Historical society. The degree of Ph.D. was conferred on him by the University of South Dakota in 1890, upon the completion of a course in general literature and the presentation of a thesis on " Satire in Reform " , and the hon- orary degree of L. II.D. was conferred upon him by Ewing colle.,'^, Illinois, in 1901. He is the autlior of: I.i Lut inum (Cassa,r) (1890), and Li Latinum (Cicero) (1892). RIGGS RIIS RIQQS, Kate Douglas Wiggin, author, was born in Philadelplua, Pa., Sept. 28, 1859 ; daughter of Robert Noah and Helen (Dyer) Smith ; grand- daughter of Jones and Lydia (Knight) Dyer, and of Noah and Hannah (Wheaton) Smith, all of Maine. She spent her childhood in Hol- lis, Maine; attended Abbot academy, An- dover, Mass.. and in 1876 removed to Los Angeles, Cal., where she studied kinder- gartening, and after teaching in Santa Barbara college for a year, she organized in San Francisco the first free kindergar- tens for poor chil- dren on the Pacific slope in 1878, and in 1880, with her sister, Nora Archibald Smith, started a training school in connection with them. She was married in 1880 to Samuel Bradley Wig- gin of San Francisco, and removed in 1888 to New York city, where Mr. "Wiggin died the fol- lowing year. In 1895 she was married to George Christopher Riggs, but continued to write under the name of Kate Douglas Wiggin. Her published works include : The Birds' Christmas Carol (1886) ; Kindergarten Chimes (1888); ^4 Summer in a Cafion (1889) ; The Story of Patsy {1889) ; Timothy's Quest (1890); Polly Oliver's Problem (1893); A Cathedral Courtship and Penelope's English Ex- periences (1893); The Village Watch-Tower (1895): 2Iarm Lisa (1896); Penelope's Progress (1898); Penelope's Experiences in Ireland (1901); The Diary of a Goose-Girl {W02); Rebecca (1903). She also wrote with her sister, The Story Hour (1890) ; Children's Rights (1892), and The Repub- lic of Childhood (3 vols., 1895-96); and edited with her two volumes of poetry for children and young people, Golden Numbers and the Posy Ring (1902). She also set to music Niiie Love Songs and a Carol (1896). RIQQS, Stephen Return, missionary, was born in Steubenville, Ohio, March 23, 1812; son of Stephen and Anna (Baird) Riggs ; grandson of Joseph and Hannah (Cook) Riggs and of Moses Baird, and a descendant of Edward Riggs, who settled in Roxbury, Mass., in 1633. He was grad- uated at Jefferson college, Canonsburg, Pa., A.B., 1834; attended the Western Theological seminary at Allegheny, Pa., 1835-36 ; was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Steubenville in September, 1836, and ordained by the presbj-tery of Chillicothe in April, 1837. He was married, Feb, 16, 1837, to Mary Ann, daughter of Thomas and Martha Arms (Taylor) Longley of Hawley, Mass. He was sent as a missionary among the Sioux Indians by the A.B.C.F.M. in 1837, and was stationed for a few months at the Lake Har- riet mission, near Fort Snelling. He associated with the Rev. T. S. Williamson at Lac-qui- Parle mission (1837-42), where he learned the Dakota language, and started and conducted a mission station at Traverse des Sioux (1843-46), returning to Lac-qui-Parle in the latter year. He was in charge of the Hazel wood mission near the mouth of the Yellow Medicine river, 1854-62, where he was aided by his son Alfred, a graduate of Knox college. The Indian massacre under Little Crow, Aug. 18, 1862, forced him to fiee with his family, and they reached St. Paul, Minn. He received the degree D.D. from Beloit col- lege, and that of LL.D. from Washington and Jefferson college in 1873. He published : Tlie Dakota First Reading Book (with Gideon H. Pond, 1839); Woivapi Mitawa (1842); Dakota Tawoonspe or Dakota Lessons (1850); Dakota Vocabulary (1852); Tahkoo Wakan or the Gospel among the Dakotas (1869); 77ie Bible in Dakota, with the Rev. T. S. Williamson (1879), and 3Iary and I, or Forty Years Among the Sioux (1880). He also edited : A Grammar and Dictionary of the Dakota Language, collected by the Members of the Dakota 3Iission (1852, which became Vol. IV of the Smithsonian Contributions; rev. ed., 1883) ; and Hymns in the Dakota Language (1842), with the Rev. J. P. Williamson (1863, rev. ed.). He died in Beloit, Wis., Aug. 24, 1883. RIIS, Jacob August, author, was born at Ribe, Denmark, May 3, 1849 ; son of Niels Edward and Caroline (Lundholm) Riis. He was a student at the Latin school in his native place ; learned the trade of carpenter, and was married, March 5, 1876, to Elizabeth Dorothea, daughter of Niels Nielsen of Herning, Denmark. In 1870 he removed to New York city, where he was em- ployed as police re- porter on the Tribune and the Sun, was in- strumental in estab- lishing small parks and playgrounds and in improving the condition of schools and tenement houses. He was secretary of the New York imall Parks commission and executive officer of the Good Government clubs. His published works, which immediately at- tained large circulation, include : Hoto the Other lilKER KILEY Half Lives (1890) : Tlie Children of the Poor (1802); Nibsn/s Christmas (\^0':i): Out of Mulberry Street (1898); .1 Ten Years' War (1900); TJie Making of an American (1901); The Pottle with The Slum (l".tO;{>; Children of the Tmiements (liiOS) and nuiiKTous coiitrihutioiis to i>eiiodicals. RIKER, James, historian, was born in New York city. May 11. 180,' ; son of James and Eliza- \n>{h (Van Arsdale) Rikor ; grandson of Daniel and Deborah (Leverick) Riker and of Jolm and Mary (Crawford) Van Arsdale, and a descendant of Abraham and (Irietie (Harmensen) Rycken (or de Rycke). In 10:J8 Abraham Rycken emi- grated from Holland to New York, where he re- ceived an allotment of land from Governor Kieft, and about 101-2 he engaged in trade. James Riker was educated in (."ornelius institute ; was principal of a public school in ll.-irlem. N.Y., 1850-58, and was clerk in the office of the American Home Mi.s,sionary society, 1858-63. He was employed in the U.S. revenue service, 1864-67, and from 1869 until his death resided in Waverly, N.Y., where in 1885 he established a library and became its librari;m. He was elected to membership in several historical and other societies, and is the author of: -4 Brief History of the Riker Family (1851); Tlie Annals of Newtown (1852): Harlem: its Origin and Early Annals (ISSl); The Indian History of Tioga County in the Gazetteer of Tioga County (1888); A Dictionary of the First Settlers of New Xetlterliinds Prior to the Year 1700, in preparation (1889) , and many historical pam- phl.-ts. He died in Waverly. N.Y., July 15, 1889. RILEY, Benjamin Franklin, clergyman and educator, was born in Pineville, Ala., July 16. 1849 ; son of Enoch and Sophronia Irving (Autrey) Riley, and grandson of Jeremiah and Jane Riley, and of Alexander and Parthenia Autrey. He was graduated from Erskine college, S.C., in 1871 ; attended the Southern Baptist Theological seminary and Crozer seminary ; was ordained to the Baptist ministry in 1872. and was pastor at Carlowville, Ala., in 1870; Albany, Ga., 1877-79; Opelika, Ala., 1879-84 ; editor of the Alabama Baptist, 1885, and pastor at Livingston, Ala., 1884-88. He was married, June 21, 1876, to Emma, daughter of Dr. J. L. Shaw of Belleville, Ala. He was president of Howard college, Ala., 1888-93; professor of English literature at the University of Georgia, 1893-1900, and pastor at Houston, Texas, from 1900. He received the de- gree of D.D. from the University of Alabama in 1884, and from Erskine college in 1888 : and was made a fellow of the Society of Science, Letters and Art. London, in recognition of his paper on " The Difficulty of Preserving Pure English in the United States." read before that body. July 19, 1898. His jiublished works incluartment, Washington. D.C., in 18.')2. He was given command of tlie North Pa- cific exploring expedition, but was forced to return, owing to ill health, and was placed on the reserve list, Sept. 13, 1855. He was promoted captain, April 2.1^56; was returned to the active list ; served in Washington, D.C., 1859-60, and commanded the frigate Sabine in 1861. He rescued a marine battalion and the crew of the Governor ofi Hatteras. while accompanying Du- Pont's e.xpedition to Port Royal, October. 1861 ; returned to tlie Brooklyn Navy yard for repairs, and furnished from his frigate men for Lieutenant Worden's crew for tlie iron-clad monitor, tlien fitting out for Hampden Roads, Va. He was promoted commodore, July 16. 1802 ; was placed on the retired list, Aug. 20, 1^64 ; was retired with the rank of rear-admiral. July 25. 1860, and died in New York city. April 29. 1867. RINGGOLD, Samuel, representative, was born in Chestertown. Md., Jan. 15. 1770 ; son of Thomas and Mary (Galloway) Ringgold ; grand- son of Thomas and Anna Maria (Earle) Ringgold, and of Samuel Galloway of Anne Arundel county. Md., and a descendant of Tliomas Ring- gold wlio settled in Kent county, Md., with his sons John and James in 1650. He was educated under private tutors; was married, Maj-S. 1792, to Maria, daughter of Gen. John Cadwalader of Kent county. In 1792 he removed to his estate, "Fountain Rock," in Washington county. Md., where he built one of tlie finest mansions in the state, which became a part of the College of St. James, and finally a preparatory school. He was a state senator for several years, and a Demo- cratic representative from Maryland in the 11th congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resig- nation of Roger Nelson (q.v.), being re-elected to the 12th, 13th. 15th and 16th congresses, serving, 1810-15 and 1817-21, He married secondly, at the White House, Washington, Marie Antoinette Hay. He died in Frederick city. Md.. Oct. 18. 1829. RIORDAN, Patrick William, R.C. archbishop, was born in Chatham, New Brunswick, Aug. 27, 1841 ; son of Matthew and Mary Riordan. He removed to Chicago, 111., with his parents in 1848, and was educated at the University of St. Mary's of the Lake in that city and at the Uni- versity of Notre Dame, Ind. He was sent to the American college at Rome. Italy, to fit for tlie priesthood, but being attacked by the malaria, studied afterwards in Paris and Louvain. Belgium, from the L'niversity of which city he graduated in 1865. He was ordained priest at Mechlin, Belgium, June 10, 1865, by Cardinal Engelbert Stercks ; returned to Chicago, 111., and was pro- fessor of ecclesiastical history and canon law and of dogmatic tlieology in St. Mary's of tiie Lake Theological seminary, 1865-68. He engaged in missionary work as rector of the church at Wood- stock, 111., in 1868. and of St. Mary's cliurch in Joliet, 111., 1868-71 ; was rector of St. James's church, Chicago, 111., 1871-83, where he extended the parochial schools under the charge of the Sisters of Mercy, and received notice of his ap- pointment as titular bishop of "Cabasa" and RIPLEY RIPLEY coadjutor with the right of succession to Arch- bishop Joseph S. Alenianj' of San Francisco. He was consecrated bishop in St. James's church, Chi- cago, 111., Sept. 16, 1883, by Archbishop Feehan, assisted by Bishops McCloskey of Louisville, Ky., and Chatard of Vincennes, Ind. ; participated in the third plenary council of Baltimore ; succeeded to the archbishopric, Dec. 28, 1884, and to the Pallium, Sept. 20, 1885. RIPLEY, Christopher Gore, jurist, was born in Waltham. Mass., Sept. 6, 1822 ; son of the Rev. Samuel (Harvard, 1804) and Sarah Alden (Brad- ford) Ripley ; grandson of the Rev. Dr. Ezra (Harvard, 1776) and Phebe (Emerson) Ripley; great-grandson of the Rev. William and Phebe Emerson, and a direct descendant of William Ripley, who came from England, 1638, and of Governor Bradford of Plymouth colony. He was graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1841 ; studied law at Harvard Law school, and in the office of Franklin Dexter of Boston, and was admitted to the bar. In 1856 he settled at Chatfield, Minn., and engaged in tlie real estate business with Ed- ward Dexter, the firm being Dexter & Ripley, 1858-59. In 1859-62 he practised law in partner- ship with Henry R. Wells. He was elected chief justice of the supreme court of Minnesota in No- vember, 1869, serving from Jan. 7, 1870 to April 7, 1874, when he resigned by reason of a stroke of paralysis. Soon after this he returned to Massachusetts and made his home in Concord, Mass., until his deatli. which occurred at Con- cord, in Novemlier. 1881. RIPLEY, Eleazar Wheeiock, soldier and rep- resentative, was born in Hanover, N.H., Apj-il 15, 1782 ; son of Sylvauus Ripley, and grand- nephew of John Wli'^elock (q.v.), founder of Dart- mouth college. His father (1750-1787) was graduated in the first class from Dartmouth, A.B., 1771, A.M., 1773 ; was tutor there, 1772-82 ; Phillips professor of theology, 1782-87, and a trustee, 1775-87. He was graduated from Dart- mouth, A.B., 1800 ; was admitted to the bar, and began practice in Waterville, Maine. He was a reiJreseutative in the Massachusetts legislature, 1807-11, serving as speaker in 1811 ; removed to Portland in 1812. and in the same j^ear was elected a senator in the Massachusetts legislature. In the war of 1812 he joined the army as lieu- tenant of the 21st infantry ; was promoted col- onel, March 12, 1813, taking part in the attack on York (Toronto), Canada, April 27, 1813, where he was three times wounded ; was on frontier duty until April 14, 1814, when he was promoted brig- adier-general, and in command of the 2d brigade, Gen. Jacob Brown's army, fought at the battle of Chippewa, July 5, 1814, and at Niagara, July 25, where lie was again wounded. For his dis- tinguished services in these engagements he was brevetted major-general. He was prominent in the defence and sortie of Fort Erie, Aug. 15 and Sept. 17, 1814, being shot through the neck in the latter attack, and for his gallantry was pre- sented by congress with a gold medal, inscribed " Niagara, Chippewa, Erie." After the war he was retained in the service, and superintended the erection of fortifications in the south-west until 1820, when he resigned, and took up the practice of law at Jackson, La. He was subse- quently a member of the Louisiana senate ; a Jackson Democratic representative from Louis- iana in the 24th and 25th congresses, serving from 1835 until his death, which occurred the day before his term expired. His son, who served in the Texan army under Capt. James W. Fannin (q.v.), was captured and put to death at Goliad, Tex., March 27, 1836. General Ripley published an oration, delivered, July 4. 1805. He died in West Feliciana. La.. March 2, 1839. RIPLEY, George, literary critic, was born in Greenfield, Mass., Oct. 3, 1802; son of Jerome Ripley, a prominent merchant, a representative in the state legislature and a justice of the court of sessions. He was graduated from Harvard col- lege, A.B., 1823, A.M., 1826, and from the Harvard Divinity school in 1826 ; was a tutor at Harvard, 1825-26, and was or- dained pastor of a new religious society in Boston, Mass., No- vember 8, 1826. He was married in 1826 to Sophia Willard, daughter of Francis Dana of Cambridge, and in 1828 was ap- pointed pastor of the Unitarian church in Purchase street, Boston, Mass. In 1831 he went to Europe to study philosophy, returning to Boston in 1835, and in 1841 he resigned his charge and abandoned the ministry, devoting himself to the study of philosophy, and becoming deeply versed in the literature, theology and philosophy of German literature. Immediate!}' on leaving the ministry, he began the Brook Farm experi- ment. The site chosen was a farm of 200 acres near Roxbury, Mass., and the society was known first as the " Brook Farm Institute of Education and Agriculture," but was later incorporated as the "Brook Farm Phalanx." The aim of the society was to establish an agricultural, literary and scientific school or college, where a true religious and moral life could be lived. Some of the members of the Phalanx were Eli.'ia jLiff Ky^^ iJin.KV RIPLEY Ostiiiflli. Henry D. Tlioreaii. Mrs. Abby Mor- ton Diaz, and J<.Iim S. Dwi^ht. Part of the youtliful days of George William Curtis, Nath- aniel Hawthorne, and Charles A. Dana were si)ent there. From 1841 to 1846 Ripley and his friends carried on their plan of brotherhood and co-operation, but finally public interest flagged, a fire consumed one of tlie largest buildings, the land proved unfertile and the sclieme failed. Ripley removed to Flatbush. L.I., where his wife taught school, and in 1848 lie went to New York city, where he was employed bj' Mr. Gree- ley as literai-y critic on the Tribmie, a position then unknown in the newspaper world, and which he held up to the time of his death. The hon- orary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Lawrence university. Wis., in 1874. and by the University of Michigan in 1875. He edited TJie Dial in conjunction with Ralph Waldo Emer.son and Margaret Fuller in 1840. He was manuscript reader for J. C. Derby & Co., 1853-.54, and for Harj>er «& Brothers, 1854-57; co-editor with Charles A. Dana of the "New American Cyclopedia" and the "American Cyclopedia," published b}' D. Appleton & Co., 1867-76; edited "Specimens of Foreign Standard Literature "' (15 vols., 1838), popularly known among booksellers in 1840 as " Ripley's Foreign Classics." His emolument as royalty from the sale of the American Cyclopedia is said to have aggregated §100,000. He is the author of : Latest Forms of Infidelity (1840) , and with Bayard Taylor, of Handbook of Literature and Fine Arts (1852). He died in New York city, July 4, -[WO. RIPLEY, James Wolfe, soldier, was born in Windham, Conn., Dec. 10, 1794. He was grad- iiated from the U.S. Military academy, and pro- moted 2d lieutenant of artillery, June 1, 1814; served during the war of 1812 ; in the defence of Sacket Harbor. N.Y., 1814-15; was on garrison duty, 181.5-16 ; in the Seminole war, 1817-18, and as quartermaster up to 1821. He was promoted 1st lieutenant, April 20, 1818, and was assigned to the 4tli artillery, on the re-organization of the army. June 1, 1821. He was boundary commis- sioner of the Florida Indians reservation, 1823- 24 ; on duty at the artillery school for practice. Fort Monroe, Va., 1826-28 ; was promoted captain of ordnance. May 30, 1832 ; was stationed in forts inCharleslou harbor, S.C, 1832-33; in command of Kennebec arsenal, Maine, 1833-42, and was pro- moted major of ordnance, July 7, 1838. He was superintendent of the Springfield armory, Mass., 1841-54, and a memljer of the board of ordnance, Feb. 10 to March 6, 1847. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, May 30, 1848, for meritorious conduct, particularly in the performance of his duty in the prosecution of the war with Mexico ; was promoted lieutenant-colonel of ordnance, Dec. 31, 1854 ; was in command of the Water- town arsenal, Mass., 1854-55; chief of ordnance of the Pacific department, 1855-57 ; inspector of arsenals, 1857-60, and absent on special duty to Japan, 1860-61. He was promoted colonel and chief of ordnance, U.S.A., April 3, 1861 ; was brevetted brigadier-general, July 2, 1861; pro- moted brigadier-general and chief of ordnance, Aug. 3, 1801, and was chief of ordnance at Wash- ington, D.C., 1861-63. He was retired from active service, Sept. 15, 1863, serving as inspector of the armament of fortifications on the New Eng- land coast, 1863-70. He was brevetted major- general, March 13, 1865, for long and faithful ser- vices. He died in Hartford, Conn., March 16, 1^70. RIPLEY, Rosweil Sabine, soldier, was born in WortJiiugton, Oliio, March 14. 1823. He was graduated from the U.S. Military academy, and was brevetted 2d lieutenant of 3d artillery, July 1, 1843, serving on garrison duty, 1843-45. and as assistant professor of mathematics at the U.S. Military academy, 1845-46 ; was promoted 2nd lieutenant and assigned to the 2nd artillery, March 26, 1846 ; served on the coast survey, January-May, 1846 ; in the war with Mexico,. 1846—48, taking part in tlie battle of Monterey, September 21-26, 1846 ; was promoted 1st lieuten- ant, March 3, 1847 ; took part in the siege of Vera Cruz, March 9-29, 1847; was brevetted captain, April 8, 1817, for gallant and meritorious conduct at the battle of Cerro Gordo; took part in tiie battles of Contreras, Aug. 19-20, 1847 ; Ciiuiu- busco, Aug. 20, 1847 ; Molino Del Rey, Sept. 8, 1847, and in the assault and capture of the City of Mexico, Sept. 13-14, 1847. He was brevetted major, Sept. 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Chapultepec, Mex., and was aide-de-camp to Gen. G. J. Pillow, 1847-48. He took part in the Florida campaign against the Seminole Indians, 1849-.50 ; was on garri.son duty, 1850-53. and resigned his commission in the army. March 2, 1853. He entered the Confeder- ate army in 1861, was commissioned lieutenant- colonel, commanded the artillery on Sullivan's Island, and directed the fire on Fort Sumter, April 13, 1861. He was appointed brigadier- general in April, 1861 ; was given command of the Department of South Carolina and its coast defences ; was in charge of the 2d militarj- dis- trict of South Carolina, December, 1801-May, 1862 ; commanded the 5th brigade, Hill's division, army of Northern Virginia, under Gen. Robert E. Lee, in the seven days' battles before Rich- mond, in the battles of Mechanicsville, Gaines's Mill and Malvern Hill, June 26-July 1,1862; commanded a brigade. Hill's division, Jackson's comniaml. in the ]\Iaryland campaign, and was wounded at Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862. He com- manded the first militai V district of South Caro- EISLEY RITCHIE lina, and superintended the placing of tlie bat- teries on the banks of tlie Stono river for the defence of Charleston, which enabled the Con- federates to cut off tlie retreat of and capture the Federal gunboat Isaac Smith ; severelj" damaged the monitor Montaiik, and repelled the attack made by the Federal fleet on Fort Sumter, April 7,1863. He joined Lee's army in Richmond, Va., Feb. 17, 1865, and continued with him until the surrender of Appomattox Court House, April 9, 1865. After the war he resided in Paris for several years, and on his return, engaged in bus- iness in Charleston, S.C. He is the author of : History of the Mexican War (2 vols., 1849). He died in New York city, March 26, 1887. RISLEY, John Ewing, diplomatist, was born near Vincennes, Knox county, Ind., in 1843 ; son of John and Susannah (Lenor) Risley ; grandson of John and Elizabeth (Harrod) Risley ; great- grandson of Col. John Harrod, one of the first settlers in Kentucky, and a descendant of Richard Risley, who came from England in 1633 and settled at what is now Hart- ford, Connecticut. He received his early education in his na- tive place and was classically educated at "Wabash college, Crawfordsville, and by private tutors. Removing to Terre Haute, he was ad- mitted to the bar and practised successfully. He was married to Mary Caroline, a sister of Senator Daniel W. Voorhees. In 1864 he removed to New York city where he became well known as a corporation lawyer and also for his arguments in tlie Alabama claims cases, and other international courts. He made his home in Summit, N.J., 1882-87, and in New Rochelle, N.Y., after 1887. During the presidential campaign of 1884 he was active throughout New Jersey. In 1885 he was an un- successful candidate for U.S. district attorney, and in 1892 failed to secure the nomination for representative in congress. In March, 1893, he was appointed by President Cleveland U.S. envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Denmark, which position he held until December, 1897, when he was succeeded byLaurits S. Swen- son (q.v.). RISLEY, Richard Voorhees, author, was born in New York city, Nov. 8. 1874 ; son of John Ewing and Mary Caroline (Voorhees) Risley. His father (q.v.) was U.S. minister to Denmark. Jtm/i^ ^ Jv^-^d-^ 1893-97, and his mother a sister of Daniel W. Voorhees (q.v.), U.S. senator from Indiana. He attended school at New Rochelle, N.Y., and at Bethlehem, Pa. He went abroad in 1891 and be- came attached to the American legation at Den- mark in 1893. He lived subsequently in Paris and London, where he began his literary career. In 1896 he returned to New York city, where he continued his literary work. He is the author of: The Sentimental Vikings (1897); Men's Trag- edies (1899); The Sledge (1900); Tlie Life of a Woman (1902), and contributions to TJie Yelloio Book, London, and other periodicals. RITCHIE, Alexander Hay, artist, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, Jan. 14, 1822. He attended the Royal Institution where he studied painting under Sir William Allen, and in 1841 he emi- grated to Canada, and thence to the United States, settling in New York city. He was elected an associate of the National Academy of Design in 1863, and an Academician in 1871, and exhibited many paintings there. He became noted as an engraver on steel in mezzotint and stipple. Among his works in oil are : Mercy Knocking at the Gate (1860); Fitting out Moses for the Fair (1862); Death of Lincoln (1869); Baby, loho's that? (1871); and his mezzotints, after his own paintings, include : Amos Kendall; 3Iercy's Dream (ISoO); Henry Clay (1848); Wash- ington and his Generals ; George Washington, after a painting by Rothermel (1852); Lady Washington's Reception Day, after Daniel Hun- tington, and On the March to the Sea, after Felix O. C. Darley (1868). He died in New Haven, Conn., Sept. 19. 1895. RITCHIE, David, representative, was born at Canonsburg, Pa., Aug. 19, 1812 ; son of Craig Ritchie. He was graduated from Jefferson col- lege. Pa., in 1829; was admitted to the bar in 1835 ; received the degree of J.U.D. from Heidel- berg university in 1837, and practised law at Pittsburg, Pa., 1835-53 and 1860-67. He was a Whig representative from Pennsjdvania in the 33d and 34th congresses, and a Republican repre- sentative in the Soth congress, serving, 1853-59. He was judge of the court of common pleas, Alle- gheny county. Pa., 1859-60, He died at Pitts- burg, Pa., Jan. 24, 1867. RITCHIE, Robert, naval officer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 21, 1798. He was war- ranted midshipman, U.S.N. , Feb. 1, 1814 ; cruised in the Peacock of the Mediterranean squadron, 1814-18, and in the Guerriere of the same squad- ron, 1819-20 ; served in Commodore Porter's fleet in the West Indies, 1823-24. and was promoted lieutenant, Jan. 13, 1825. He served in the AVest India and Mediterranean squadrons, 1827-31 ; commanded the Grampus on a cruise in the West Indies, 1833-35, and was on variou? duty, 1835- RITNER RITTENHOUSE 40. He was promoteil commander, Sept. 8. 1841 ; served on the Coin mbin of tlie Brazil squadron, 18J5-47 ; at tlie riiiladelpliia navy yard, 1848-51, and oonimanded the Raritan of the Pacific squad- ron in 1853. He was phiced on the reserve list, Sept. 13, 1855; promoted captain on the active list, Sept. 14, 1855, and was on leave of absence, 1855-59. He commanded the steam sloop Saranac of the Pacific squadron, 1859-62, was placed on the retired list. Dec. 'Jl, 1801, and was promoted commodore on the retired list, April 4. lyGT. He died in Pliiladelphia. Pa., July 6. 1870. RITNER, Joseph, governor of Pennsylvania, was U.rn in H-rks county. Pa., March 25. 1780; son of John Ritner, who emigrated from A-lsace on the Rhine to America. He had few edu- cational advantages ; worked on a farm ; was married in 1800 to Susan Alter of Cumberland county ; settled upon a farm in Wash- ington county, Pa., where he had the use of a library of German books, and rapidly acquired a knowledge of po- litical and social science. He rei'it -ii.i-a v*'a-liington county in the state legis- lature, lS20-2t) ; serving as speaker, 1824-26 ; was defeated as the Whig and Anti-Masonic candidate for governor of Pennsylvania in 1828 and 1832, by George Wolf, and elected in 1835 for the term, 1835-39. He was an originator of the public school system of Pennsylvania, and while gov- ernor actively supported all the measures of his predecessor for its adoption, and proposed an increase in the state appropriation for common schools to $800,000. the legislature voting $700,000, an increase of $500,000 on that obtained the pre- vious year. He was defeated for re-election by David R. Porter in 1838, but before vacating the office had Superintendent Burrowes prepare two bills : one to consolidate and amend the several acts relative to common schools, and the other to provide for the establishment of teachers' insti- tutes, botli of which bills were read to the legis- lature, but failed to pass. He was appointed director of the mint at Philadelphia, Pa., by President Taylor in 1848, and filled the office until the President's death in 1850. He devoted himself to the cause of education up to the close of his life, .serving when eighty years old on a special board to consider the claims of state normal scliools. He was a delegate from Penn- sylvania to the Republican national convention of lM.-,r,. Ho dipd in Carlisle, Pa., Oct. 16, 1869. RITTENHOUSE, David, astronomer, was born near (iermuntown. Pa., April 8, 1732 ; son of Matthias and Elizabeth (William) Kitten house ; grandson of Nicholas, the immigrant, 1690. and Wilhelmina (Dewees) Rittenhouse, and of Evan William of Wales, and (probably) great-grand- son of William Rittenhouse, the immigrant, prior to 1674. Nicholas Rittenhouse settled at German- town, Pa., established the first paper mill in the United States, and removed to Norriton after 1732, where David worked on his father's farm, and there developed unusual mechanical genius, con- structing a perfectly modeled water-mill and many ingenious clocks. In 1851 he built a worksliop in Norriton, where he made clocks and mathematical instruments, devoting his evenings to study, aided by Thomas Barton, a school teacher in Norriton. In 1763 he was em- ployed by the Penn family to fix the " circle " or boundarj' line between Pennsylvania and Mary- land, the chronometers which he used in this transaction, and in subsequently determining the boundary line between New York and New Jersey, being either of his own manufacture or made under his inspection by his brother, Benjamin Rittenhouse. He married, Feb. 20, 1766, Eleanor, daughter of Bernard Colston, a farmer of Norri- ton. Their daughter Elizabeth married Jonathan D. Sergeant (q.v.). In 1767 he projected his orrery. This instrument, for which he received £300, became tlie property of the College of New Jersey, and a duplicate orrery, made on a larger scale, was purchased by the University of Penn- sylvania for £400. He was appointed, Jan. 7, 1769, with the Rev. Dr. William Smith (q.v.) and eleven other members of the American Philosophical society, to observe the transit of Venus, June 3, from Norriton, Philadelphia, and the lighthouse at Cape Henlopen. For this pur- pose Rittenhouse built and furnished an observa- tory at Norriton, the equal altitude instrument, a transit telescope and a timepiece, being of his own invention. He also observed the transit of Mercury, Nov. 9, 1769, and that of the comet, June 16-17, 1770, and ascertained the latitude and longitude of Norriton and Philadelphia, to which latter city he removed in 1770, wliere, in addition to his regular occupation, he was engaged in several experiments, among them one on the Gymnotus Electricus, or Electric Eel. His wife died in 1771, and he w^as married, secondly, in December, 1772, to Hannah Jacobs of Philadel- phia. He was appointed a commissioner on the navigation of the Schuykill in 1773, 1781 and 1784, and with Samuel Holland of New York, commissioner to determine the boundary line between New York and Pennsylvania in 1774, which commission he resumed in 1786, the bound- ary line being finally comjjleted by Andrew Elli- cott, and accepted. Sept. 29, 1789. In the spring of 1775 a petition to the state legislature was made by the American Philosophical society for aid in erecting an observatory, :\rr. Rittenhouse to be appointed "public astronomical observer," RITTER RITTER but the project was hindered by the turbulence of the Revolutiouary period. He served as en- gineer to the committee of safety, 1775 ; was a member of the general assembly and vice-presi- dent and presiding officer of the committee of safety in 1776 ; a justice of the peace, and a mem- ber of the state constitutional convention of Sept. 38. 1776. He was state treasurer, 1777-89, resigning in 1789, and was made a member of the council of safety in 1777. He observed the tran- sit of Mercury in November, 1776. and two eclipses of the sun in January, 1777. and June. 1778, re- spectivel}''. He was one of the commissioners to settle the territorial dispute between Pennsyl- vania and Virginia, 1779-84 ; held the chair of astronomy in the University of Pennsylvania, 1779-83 ; was elected a trustee of the loan office in 1780 ; determined the western and southern boundai-ies of Pennsylvania in 1784-85, and in December, 1785, was made a commissioner for running the line between Massachusetts and New York. He was appointed by President Washing- ton, March 26, 1791, to receive subscriptions in Pennsylvania to the Bank of the United States ; was one of the three "agents of information" for the "opening and improving of certain roads, rivers and navigable waters in Pennsylvania," and on April 14, 1792, was commissioned director of the U.S. mint, which position he resigned, June 30, 1795. He received the honorary degree of A.M. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1767, of which university he served as trustee, 1779-80, 1782-91, and by re-election, 1791-96, and as vice-provost, 1780-82. He also received the degrees, A.M., 1773, and LL.D., 1788, from the College of Nnv Jersey. He was elected a mem- ber of the American Philosophical society, 1768 ; its secretary, 1771 ; vice-president, 1790, and in 1791 succeeded Benjamin Franklin as president. He was elected a fell-iw of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1782, and an honorary fellow of the Roy .1 Society of London in 1795. His name received six votes for a place in the Hall of Fame for Great Americans in October, 1900. His scientific papers in the Transactions of tlie American Philosophical society, include Aii Oration on Astronomy (1775). His biography was written by William Barton (1813), and by James Renwick in Sparks's American Biography (1834). He died in Philadelphia, June 26, 1796, RITTER, Fanny Raymond, author, was born in Leeds, England, in 1830 : daughter of Richard and Catherine Malone. She married, in 1867, Frederic L. Ritter (q.v.). She was a mezzo-soprano soloist, conducting a series of historical recitals, 1869-70 ; translated Louis Ehlert's " Letters on Music to a Lady " (1870 ; London, 1871), and Robert Schumann's "Music and Musicians" (London, 1877) , and is the author of : Woman as a Musician IX. — 8 (1876) ; Some Famous Songs (London, 1878) ; Troubadours and Minnesingers, and Haydn's "Seasons" (1881); Madrigals (1882), and Songs and Ballads, poems (1887). She died in Pough- keepsie, N.Y., Oct. 26, 1890. RITTER, Frederic Louis, musician, was born in Ittenheim, near Strassburg, Alsace. June 22, 1828 : a descendant of Spanish ancestors on tlie piternal side, whose name was originally Cabal- lero. He began the study of music under Hauser in Strassburg and Hans M. Schletterer in Fene- strange and Deux Ponts, continued in Paris, France, under Georges Kastner, a relative of his mother, in 1850, and under several of the best masters in Germany, 1850-52, becoming professor of music in the Protestant seminary of Fene- strange at Lorraine in 1852 ; and conducting a series of concerts at Bordeaux. He immigrated to the United States with his sister in 1853. and settled in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he awakened an interest in musical matters and organized the Cecilia Vocal society and the Philharmonic or- chestra, both of which produced works new to the United states. He removed to New York city in 1861 ; was conductor of the Sacred Harmonic society, 1863-69 ; of the Arion Ciioral society for several years, and in 1867 organized and con- ducted at Steinway hall the first musical festival ever held in that city. He was professor of music in Vassar college, Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 1867-91, and made his home in Poughkeepsie from 1874 until his death. He was prominent as a com- poser, his instrumental works including several symphonies and overtui-es for full orchestra, a septet for flute, horn and string quintet, and string quartets and compositions for the piano and organ, many of which have been rendered by the leading orchestras and musical club,s. Among his sacred music are the 23d and 95th Psalms, for female voices : the 4th Psalm ; O Sahitaris, and an Ave Maria. His vocal comno^itions number more than one hundred German songs. He re- ceived the degree of Mus. Doc. from the Univer- sity of the City of New York in 1878. He was divorced from his first wife, the mother of his two children, and was married secondly, in 1867, to Fanny Raymond. He contributed articles on musical topics to English, French and German periodicals, and is the author of : A Histoi'y of Music in the Form of Lectures (1870-74, 2d ed., 1876); Music in Engla7id (18SS): Music in America (1883); Manual of Musical History, from the Epoch of Ancient Greece to our Present Time (1886): Musical Dictation (1S88), and a Practical 3Iethod for the Instniction of Clwrus Classes. He also edited the English edition of " Das Reich der Tone," and compiled with the Rev. J. Ryland Kendrick, The Woman's College Hymnnl (1887). He died in Antwerp, Holland, July 6, 1892. RIVERS RIXEY RI\ ER5, Richard Henderson, educator, was born in Moiitf;omery county, Tenn., Sept. 11, 1814 ; son of Edmund and Sarali (Henderson) Rivers. His maternal grandfather was Samuel Hender- son, brother of Col. Richard Henderson, one of the proprietors of the Transylvania colony, the first settlement in Kentucky at Booueborough in* 1775. His maternal grandmotlier was Betsy Callaway, heroine of a capture by Indians in 1776. and resc-ued by Boone and others. He was graduated from La Grange college, Ala., 1835; was assistant professor of languages in the col- lege, 1835-36, and professor, 1835-43. He was married in June, 1836. to Martha Boiling Cox Jones, daughter of W. S. Jones of Franklin county. Ala., son of a Revolutionary soldier. He ht'l 1 the presidency of Athens Female seminary, 184;}-48 ; was professor of moral science in Cen- tenary college. Jackson, La., 1848-49, and its president, 1849-54, resigning in 1854 to become president of La Grange college. Upon the sus- pension of the latter institution during the civil war, he was president of Centenary college, Summerfield. Ala., and in 1865 conducted a private school for girls in Somerville, Tenn., and sub- sequently other schools of a similar character in that vicinity until 1888, when he became pastor of a Methodist Episcopal church in Louisville, Ky. He received the honorary degree of D.D. from La Grange in 1850 ; edited a volume of ser- mons (1872). and is the author of : Mental Philo- sophy (1860): Moral Philosophy (1866): Our Young People (1880); Life of Bishop Robert Paine (1884), and various articles in periodicals. He died in Louisville. Ky., June 21, 1894. RIVES, Amelie, see Troubetzkoy, Amelie, Prin.-ess. RIVES, William Cabell, senator, was born in Nels'jn county. Va.. May 4, 1793; .son of Robert and Margaret Jordan (Cabell) Rives ; grandson of William and Lucy (Shands) Rives and of Col. William and Margaret (Jordan) Cabell, and a descendant of the Rives family who emigrated from Blandford, Eng., in the cavalier emigration of 1649-59, and settled at or near Blandford, Surrey county, Va. William was educated under private tutors, entered Hampden-Sidney college in 1S07. and was graduated at William and Mary college in 1809. He studied law under Thomas Jefferson, 1809-11; served in the defence of Virginia as aide-de-camp to Gen. John H. (^oke, 1814-15. and engaged in the practice of law in Nelson county. He was a member of the state constitutional convention in 1816 ; represented Nelson county in the Virginia house of delegates, 1817-19. and was married. March 24. 1819, to Judith Page, daughter of the Hon. Francis and Jane Byrd (Wilson) Walker of Albemarle county, Va. He removed to Albemarle county in 1821 ; represented that county in the Virginia house of delegates, 1822-23, and was an Anti-Federalist representative from Virginia in the 18th, 19th and 20th congresses, 1823-1829. He was a mem- ber of the board of visitors of the University of Virginia, 1828-29, and U.S. minister to France by appointment of President Jackson, from April 18, 1829, to Sept. 27, 1832, negotiating the indemnity treaty of July 4, 1831. He was elected to the U.S. senate from Virginia to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Littleton W. Tazewell, and served from Jan. 4, 1833. until 1834, when he resigned, having refused to follow the instruc- tions of the Virginia legislature to vote to censure President Jackson for removing government de- posits from the Bank of the United States. He was re-elected to the U.S. senate in place of John Tyler, resigned, March 14, 1836, and after serving out that term, was returned for a full term of six years, 1839-45. He joined the Whig party in 1844 ; was appointed U.S. minister to France by President Fillmore, serving, 1849-53, and in the latter year retired to private life at " Castle Hill," Albemarle county. He was one of the five commis- sioners sent from Virginia to the Peace congress at "Washington, D.C., in February, 1861, and elected chairman of the Virginia delegates chosen at Richmond, April 17, 1861, to represent the state of Virginia in the provisional congress at Mont- gomery, Ala., April 29, 1861. He represented his district in the 2d Confederate congress, from Feb. 22, 1864. to Feb. 22, 1865. He was made president of the Virginia Historical society, 1847, and received the degree LL.D. from the Uni- versity of Virginia. He is the author of : Tlie Life and Cliaracter of John Hampden (1845); Ethics of CJirisfianity (1855); The Life and Times of James Madison (3 vols.. 1859-69). He died at - Castle Hill." Va., April 25, 1868. RIXEY, John Franklin, representative, was born in Culpeper county. Va.. Aug. 1. 1854 : son of Presley M. and ^lary H. Rixey. He attended the public schools. Bethel academy, and the Uni- versity of Virginia, where he also studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1875. He en- gaged in practice at Culpeper, and served as commonwealth's attorney for Culpeper county. 1879-91. He was married. Nov. 30, 1881, to Ellie. daughter of James and Fanny Barbour of Cul- peper. He was a Democratic representative from the eighth Virginia district in the 55th, 56th and 57th congresses, 1897-1903, and was re- elected to the 58th congress in 1902 for the term expiring 1905. In the 57th congress he advocated the admission of Confederate as well as Union soMiers to all soldiers' homes and institutions maintained by the government, and government aid to state homes for Confederate as well as for Union soldiers. ROACH ROANE ROACH, John, sliip builder, was born in Mitchellstovvn, county Cork, Ireland, Dec. 25, 1813 ; son of a small dealer in cloths, wlio failed in business tlirough endorsing notes for his friends, in 1827. John landed in New York city penniless in 1827, and finally obtained work from James P. Allaire in the Howell Iron works in New Jersey, where he remained for three j'ears. He removed to Illinois, where with $500 of his savings he purchased some land which became the site of the city of Peoria, but owing to the failure of Mr. Allaire he lost the $1000 still due him, and also lost possession of his land. He re- turned to New York, worked on marine engines and shipwork till he had saved $1000, when with three fellow-workmen he established an inde- pendent foundry in New York city, shortly after- ward becoming sole owner, and in four years he had accumulated $30,000. He was married in New Jersey in 1837 to Emeline Johnson. In 1856 an explosion of a boiler destroyed his works, and failing to recover insurance he was ruined. He borrowed a small sum of money and rebuilt the JEtna Iron Works, added to it by purchasing the Morgan Iron Works in 1868, for which he paid $400,000, the Neptune Works in 1868. the Franklin Forge and the Allaire Works in 1870, and the ship yards at Chester, Pa., owned by Rainer and Sons, in 1871. He constructed the largest en- gines built in the United States, up to the time of his death, also the first compound engines, and after 1871 devoted himself almost exclusively to shipbuilding, his plant at Chester, Pa., valued at $2,000,000, being known as the Delaware River Iron Ship-building and Engine Works, of which he was the principal owner. He built sixty-three iron vessels in twelve years, either for the U. S. government or for private transportation com- panies. His government contracts included six monitors ordered during President Grant's ad- ministration. The last vessels that he built for the U.S. navy were the three cruisers Chicago, Atlanta and Boston, and the despatch boat Dol- phin. The government refused to accept the Dolphin in 1885, which act, together with the financial crisis, forced him to make an assign- ment for the protection of his creditors and bonds- men, July 18, 1885. He constructed about 114 iron vessels for private concerns and foreign governments, and also built the sectional dock at Pensacola, Fla., and the iron bridge over the Harlem river at Third Avenue, New York city. His son, John Baker Roach, succeeded to the man- agement of the Chester works, which were re- opened when the government accepted the Dolphin. John Roach died in New York city, Jan. 10, 1887. ROACH, William Nathaniel, senator, was born in Loudoun county, Va., Sept. 25, 1840. He was a student at Georgetown college, Wash- ington, D.C. ; served as a clerk in the quarter- master's department in Washington, 1861-65, and as cashier of the Citizens' National bank in Washington, 1878-79, when he removed to Dako- ta Territory. There he took up a northwestein mail contract between Grand Forks and Fort Totten, and subsequently established a number of overland mail routes. He settled on a farm near Larimore, Grand Forks county. He was mayor of Larimore, 1883-87 ; a member of the territorial legislature in 1885, being the only Democrat in the assembly, and the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for governor of North Dakota in 1889 and 1890. He was elected to the U.S. senate by the joint votes of the Democrats and Indepen- dents assisted by ten Republican members, Feb. 20, 1893, after a protracted session of over one month, and served, 1893-99. He was married first to Mary Lieberman of A\^ashington, D.C; sec- ondly, Feb. 8, 1899, to Mrs. V. E. Pollock of Ne- braska. He died in New York city, Sept. 7, 1902. ROANE, Archibald, governor of Tennessee, was born in Derry, Pa., in 1755; son of Andrew and Margaret (Walker) Roane. Andrew Roane was born in Grenshow, Ireland, of Scotch par- ents, immigrated to America with his brother, the Rev. John Roane, in 1739, and settled in Derry, Pa. Archibald w^as educated by his uncle, the Rev. John Roane, 1768 ; studied law ; re- moved to Tennessee ; was ad- mitted to the bar in 1788 ; and shortly afterward became ter- ritorial attorney-general for the district of Hamil- ton, and was elected a judge of the supreme court in 1796. He was married to Ann. daughter of David and Mary (Hamilton) Campbell of Washing- ton county, Va. He was a delegate to the state constitutional convention of 1796, and was elected governor of Tennessee, succeeding John Sevier, and serving, 1801-04. He resumed practice in Jonesboro in 1804 ; was judge of the second cir- cuit court, 1811-14, and a judge of the supreme coux't of errors and appeals, 1815-18. He was married to a Miss Campbell of Virginia. He died at Jonesboro, Tenn., in 1818. ROANE, John, representative, was born in Virginia in 1754. He received a liberal educa- tion ; was a member of the state legislature for several years ; a delegate to the state constitu- tional convention, Jan. 25, 1788. and a presiden- tial elector from the eighth Virginia district in 1789. He was a Democratic representative from Virginia in the 11th. 13th, 20th, 21st and 24th congresses, 1809-15, 1827-81 and 1835-37. He died at his home in Runiford Academy, King William county. Va., Nov. 15, 1838. ROANE ROBBINS ROANE, John Selden, governor of Arkansas, was burn in Wilson county, Tenn., Jan. 8, 1S17. He was graduated from Cumberland college, theii located at Princeton, Ky., and about 1835 removed to Pine Bluff, Ark., and was a representative in the state legislature for several years, serving as speaker in 1844. He engaged in the war with Mexico as lieutenant-colonel of Archibald Yell's Arkansas cavalry, and served at Buena Vista, where he commanded tlie regiment after Colonel Yell was killed. Eeb. 22, 1847, being commissioned colonel, Feb. 28, 1847. A company in the regiment was commanded by Albert Pike (q.v.), who sub- sequently wrote severe criticisms on Roane's con- duct in the Mexican war. and Colonel Roane challenged him. They fought in Indian Territory opposite Fort Smith in August, 1848, Roane's friend, Henry M. Rector, acting as his second. After exchanging shots twice, the difficulty was settled, and afterward the two men were warm friends. Roane was governor of Arkansas, 1848-52. On the outbreak of tlie civil war he joined the Confederate army ; was appointed brigadier-gen- eral, March 20. 1862, and on April 8, 1862, upon the trans- fer of Van Dorn's army to Cor- inth, General Roane was left in charge of the state, his force consisting of the scattered state militia, badly organized and poorly armed, and the 5.000 Indians and half-breeds, under Gen. Albert Pike, in the Indian Territory. On the arrival of Gen. Thomas C. Hindman to take command of the trans-Mississippi army. General Roane assumed command of a brigade in Sharp's division, and took part in the battle of Praitfe Grove, Dec. 7, 1862. He died at Pine Bluff. Ark., April 7. 1869. ROANE, William Harrison, senator, was born in Virginia in 1788. He received a good educa- tion ; was twice a member of the Virginia execu- tive council ; a member of the house of delegates of Virginia, and a representative from that state in the 14th congress, 1815-17. He was elected U.S. senator to complete the term of Richard Elliott Parker, who resigned to take his seat upon the bench of the court of appeals of Virginia, and he .served. Sept. 4, 1837-March 3, 1841. He died at Tree Hill. Va.. May 11, 1845. ROBB, Edward, representative, was born in Brazeau, Mo.. Marcli 19, 1857; son of Dr. Lucius F. and Lucinda (Slianer) Robb, and grandson of William Robb and of Jacob and Elizabeth Shaner. He was educated in the public schools, at Brazeau academy, and at Fniitland Normal institute, and was graduated from the Missouri State university, LL.B., in 1879. He was admitted to the bar in May of the latter year, and settled in practice in Perryville, Mo. ; serving as prosecuting attorney of Perry county, 1880-84, and as a rejjresentative in the state legislature, 1884-88. He wjus married, Nov. 13, 1889, to Maude, daughter of Judge T. J. and Carrie (Arnold) Watkins of Eddyville, Ky. He was assistant attorney-general of the state, « 1889-93, and a Democratic rejjresentative from the thirteenth Missouri district in the 55th, 56th, 57th and .58th congresses, 1897-1905. ROBBINS, Asher, senator, was bom in Wetherslield, Conn., Oct. 26, 1757, He was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1782; was a tutor in belles lettres in Rhode Island college, now Brown university, 1782-90, and librarian, 1782-85. He studied law under tlie Hon. William Channing, attorney-general of Rhode Island; was admitted to the bar and practised in Providence until 1795, and in Newport, R.I., 1795-1845. He was ap- pointed U.S. district attorney for Rhode Island in 1812, represented Newport in the state assem- bly, 1818-25, and was elected to the U.S. senate from Rhode Island as a Whig, Nov. 5, 1825, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of James De Wolf. He was re-elected, Nov. 2, 1826, and Jan. 19, 1833. In tlie session of the legisla- ture of October, 1833, his election was declared null and void, and on Nov. 1 the grand com- mittee declared Elisha R. Potter elected, the friends of Robbins refusing to vote because their protest had not been considered. In the first session of the 23rd congress, 1833-34, Senator Robbins successfully contested the right of Potter to the seat. He served in the senate from Dec. 5, 1825. to March 3. 1839, when he resumed practice in Newport, and again served in the general assembly. His son, Christopher EUery Robbins, was secretary of state of Rhode Island, 1849-51. Senator Robbins received the degree LL.D. from Brown in 1835. He published two addresses on domestic industry, and a Fourth of July Oration (1827). He died in Newport, R.I., Feb. 25, 1845. ROBBINS, Gaston Ahi, representative, was born in Goldsboro, N.C.. Sept. 26, 1858; son of Julius Alexander and Amanda (Alfoid) Robbins ; grandson of Ahi and Mary (Brown) Rol)bins, and a descendant of William Robbins of Rowan county, N.C., who removed to that county from eastern Virginia in 1763. His father, a member of the Selma bar, was killed in the Confederate service near ]\Iount Sterling. Ky., July 9, 18^4, and after his death the family moved to Robbins Farm, Randolph county, N.C. He worked on the farm ; attended Trinity college ; entered the University of North Carolina in 1877, and was graduated in 1879. He studied law under Judges Dick and Dillard in Greensboro, N.C. ; was ad- mitted to the bar in 1880. and practiced in Selma, Ala., where he won re(;ognition as a lawyer and an orator. He was presidential elector on the Cleveland and Hendricks ticket in 1884, and was ROBBINS ROBERT a representative from the fourth district of Ala- bama in the 53d and 54th congresses, 1893-97. During his first term in congress, he presented a bill reducing the tax on cotton mill machinery, wliich was enacted as a law. He was not a can- didate for re-election. He was married, Oct. 29, 1890, to Ira, daughter of John B. Alexander of Dallas county, Ala. His bride died, Nov. 17, 1890. He went to New York city in 1901, and engaged in the practice of law. He died in the fire that occurred in the Park Avenue hotel, Feb. 22, 1902. ROBBINS, Horace Wolcott, artist and lawyer, was born in Mobile, Ala., Oct. 21, 1842; son of Horace W. and Mary Eldredge (Hyde) Robbins ; grandson of Frederick and Eunice (Ames) Rob- bins of Wethersfield, Conn., and of Erastus and Fannie (Bell) Hyde of Norwich, Conn., and eighth in descent from John Robbins of Wethers- field, Conn., 1638. He removed to Baltimore, Md., with his parents in 1848; was graduated at Newton university, Baltimore, in 1860, and studied landscape painting under James M. Hart in New York city in 1861. He enlisted in the 22d New York regiment, and served three months at Harper's Ferry in 1862 ; visited the West Indies ■with Frederic E. Church in 1865, and completed his art studies in Europe, 1865-67. He was mar- ried in Paris, France, Sept. 27, 1865, to Mary A., daugliter of George D. and Mary (Ayres) Phelps of New York city, granddaughter of Gen. Noah Phelps of Simsbury, Conn., and eleventh in de- scent from Edward Fuller of the Mayflower. He devoted himself to landscape painting in New York city until 1890 ; attended the Columbia Law school in 1890 ; was admitted to the New York bar in 1892, and engaged in practice in New York. He was elected an associate of the National Academy of Design in 1864 ; an acade- mician in 1878 ; was recording secretary of the Academy, 1882-92, and vice-president, 1894-95 ; was made a member of the Water-color society, the American Fine Arts society, the New York Etching club, and was president of the Artists' Fund society, 1885-87. He was also elected a trustee of the New York School of Applied De- sign for Women ; a life member of the New York Historical society ; a fellow in perpetuity of the Metropolitan IMuseum of Art ; a member of the Century association (1863) ; the University club (1879) ; the Association of the Bar of New York city, and a trustee of the New York Dispensary. As a manager (after 1885) he devoted consider- able time to the work of the New York House of Refuge. His oil paintings include : Blue Hills of Jamaica (1874) ; Passing Shower, Jamaica (1875) ; Roadside Elms (1878) ; Harbor Islands, Lake George (1878) ; Lake Katahdin, Maine (1882) : Early Autumn, Adirondacks (1883) ; Sunset on the Tunxis (1885) ; Darkening in the Evening Glory (1885). Among his water-colors are : After the Rain, New England Elms, and New England Homestead, purchased by the French govern- ment at the exhibition of 1878. ROBERDEAU, Daniel, delegate, was born on the island of St. Christopher, W.I., in 1727 ; son of Isaac and Mary (Cunyngham) Roberdeau, Hu- guenot refugees from Rochelle, France. In boy- hood he removed to Philadelphia, Pa., with his mother, where he became an importer of rum, wines and West India produce. He was a mem- ber of the Pennsylvania assembly, 1756-60, and a manager of the Pennsylvania hospital, 1756-58 and 1766-76. In 1775 lie joined the Pennsyl- vania associators, was elected colonel of the 2d battalion, and was president of the governing board of the associators. He presided at a public meeting held at the state house, Philadelphia, May 20, 1776, and was associated with Col. John Bayard in the fitting out of the Congress and Chance as privateers. He was chosen a member of the council of safety, June 30, 1775 ; was elected 1st brigadier-general of Pennsylvania troops, July 4, 1776, and joined the army under Washington in New Jersey, and in the fall of that year, being seized with an infectious fever and unable to serve in the field, he advanced from his private purse the sum of $18,000 to supply the outfits for the commissioners to Paris. He was a delegate to the Continental congress, 1777-79, where he signed the articles of confeder- ation. He was granted leave of absence from congress, April 11, 1778, to allow him to super- intend the working of a lead mine in Bedford county. Pa., to procure lead for the army, and built Fort Roberdeau as a protection against the Indians. He was twice married ; first, on Oct. 3, 1761, to Mary, daughter of tlie Rev. David and Mary (Hinman) Bostwick of New York, and se- condly, on Dec. 2, 1778, to Jane Milligan of Phil- adelphia. He was president of a meeting held, May 24-25, 1779, at Philadelphia, for the purpose of devising measures to reduce and counteract tlie operations of monopolizers. He removed to Alexandria. Va., in 1785, and to Wincliester, Va., in 1794. where he died, Jan. 5, 1795. ROBERT, Christopher Rhinelander, pliilan- thropist, was born at Brookliaven, Long Island, N.Y., March 23, 1802 ; son of Dr. Daniel Robert. He served a five years' clerksliip in a mercantile house in New York city, and then engaged in business in New Orleans, La. He was married in 1829 to Ann Maria Shaw (1802-1888), daughter of William Shaw, a New York mer- chant. He was senior member of the firm of Robert and Williams in New York city, 1830-62, and was also president of a coal and iron com- pany, retiring from active business in 1863. He was ruling elder of the Lalght Street Presby- KOr.FRT ROBERT terian churcli. New York city. 1S34-62. ami for nearly tliirty years was superinteiulentof one of the lar;;est Siuulay-scliools in the city. He gave $1,400 to Hamilton college to aid beneficiary can- didates for the ministry, ami a larger sum to Au- hurn Tlieological seminary ; organized and gave ' toward the support of several orplian asylums, a home for aged colored women, and otlier charit- able and religious institutions ; gave §296.000 to tlie American college at Constantint>ple, which institution was called Robert college in his iionor, and at his death he left to tlie college $125,000 antl ri:d est.-ite valued at $40,000. He died in Paris. Kraiice. Oct. 2S. 1M7S. ROBl:RT, Henry Martyn, military engineer and author, was born in IJobertville, S.C, May 2. 18;57 ; son of tlie Rev. Joseph T. (q.v.) and Ad- eline (Lawton) Robert. He was appointed to the U.S. Military academy from Ohio, l^ioS, and was graduated in 1857, fourth in a class of thirty-eight and as- signed to the corps of engineers. He was acting assistant pro- fessor of mathematics at the academy in 1856, and assistant profes.sor of natural and experimental phi- losophy and instruc- tor in practical mili- tary engineering, 1857-58. He was com- missioned 2d lieu- tenant of engineers, Dec. 13. 1S58; served at AVest Point and in Oregon and Washington Territory, 18.")7-18G0 : in the exploration of a wagon road from Fort Dalles, Oregon, to Salt Lake, Utah, 1859 ; in the defenses of San Juan Island, of which he was the super- intending engineer, August to November, 1859 ; and in command of an exploration for a wagon road from Lewis River to Cowlitz Landing, via Toutle Lake, W;i.siiington Territory, with a view to provicling an all-land route connecting Fort Vancouv.-r with Puget Sound, June to September, 1860. He was assistant engineer in the con- struction of the defenses of Washington, D.C., April to Octol)er, 1861, and was promoted l.st lieutenant, Aug. 3, 1861. Ih- was .superintending engineer of tlie defen.st-s of Philadelpliia, 1861-^2, and of the construction of the defenses of New Bedford, Mass., 1862-65. and was jiromoted cap- tain. March 3, 1863. He was in charge of the de- partment of practical military engineering, and treasurer of the U.S. Military academy, 1865-67; ■was promoted major. March 7, 1867, and served as engineer on the staff.s of Generals Halleck ^^L^m(f^^c^ George H. Thomas, and Schofield, commanding the military division of the Pacific, 1867-71. He was engineer of tlie 13th lightliouse district, and superititentling engineer of river and harbor improvements in Oregon and Wasliington Terri- tory, 1871-73 ; engineer of the Lake Michigan light-houses. 1874-75, and of river and harbor improvements on the lakes north of Milwaukee, 1875-83. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel, Jan. 10, 1883 ; was superintending engineer of fortifications and river and iiarbor improvements on the Canada border, and on Delaware Bay and its tributaries, 1885-90. He was also engineer of the 4th light-house district in 1885. He was engineer commissioner of the District of Co- lumbia, and member of the Rock Creek National Park commission, 1890-91 ; in charge of river and harbor improvements and fortifications, 1891-95 ; promoted colonel, Feb. 3, 1895, was division en- gineer of the Northwest division, 1896-97 ; of the Southwest division, 1895 and 1897-1901 ; president of the board of engineers for fortifications, the N.Y. Harbor Line board, the Board for Examina- tion of officers of U.S. Corps of Engineers for Promotion, and the Board of Visitors to U.S. Engineer School, 1895-1901 ; president of the Philadelphia Harbor Line board, 1894-1901 ; and of many special boards for designing river and harbor improvements. He was appointed brigadier-general, chief of engineers, U.S. army, April 30, 1901, and was retired May 2, 1901, hav- ing reached the age limit. His most important duty was as president of the Board of Engineers for Fortifications, which had the designing of the defenses of the coast, Atlantic, Pacific, Gulf, and Lake. After his retirement, at the request of the city of Galveston, he served as a member of a commission to design suitable works to protect the city from storms from the Gulf, 1901-02. He •was married first, Dec. 17, 1860, to Helen Maria, daughter of Ebenezer and Elizabeth (Fenner) Thresher of Dayton, Ohio, who died Oct. 10, 1895 ; and secondly. May 8, 1901, to Isabel Livingston, daughter of William and Christina Hoagland of Oswego, N.Y. He is the author of : Rules of Order, a compendium of Parliamentary Law (1876 ; rev. ed., 1893), and of Index to the Reports of the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army, on River and Harbor Lnproveinents from 1SG6 to 1SS7, (2 vols., 1881 and 1889). ROBERT, Joseph Thomas, clergyman and educator, was born near Robertville, Beaufort dis- trict, S.C, Nov. 28, 1807; sonof James Jehu and Ciiarlotte Ann (Lawton) Robert ; grandson of John and Elizabeth Smith (Dixon) Robert and of Joseph and Sarah (Robert) Lawton ; and a descendant of Pierre Robert (born in Switzerland, 1658), the first ])astor of the French Huguenot colony which settled on the Sautee River, S.C, ROBERTS ROBERTtS in 1685, shortly after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes; also a descendant of Thomas Smith, (born at Exeter, England, 1648 ; died 1694), who removed to South Carolina, 1671, and was made landgrave and governor of South Carolina in 1693. Joseph T. Robert entered Columbian col- lege, Washington, D.C., in 1835 ; was graduated from Brown university, A. B., 1828, A.M., 1831; attended Yale Medical school, 1829-30, and was graduated from the South Carolina Medical col- lege in 1831. He was married, Sept. 8, 1830, to Adeline, daughter of Col. Alexander James and Martha (Mosse) Lawton of Robertville, S.C. He practised medicine in Robertville, 1831-32 ; fitted for the Baptist ministry at Furman Tlieological seminary, Greenville, S.C, 1832-34, and was ordained in 1834. He was pastor of the church at Robertville, 1834-39 ; at Covington, Ky., 1839- 42 ; at Lebanon, Ohio, 1842-40 ; at Savannah, Ga., 1847-50, and at Portsmouth and Zanesville, Ohio, 1851-58. He was professor of mathematics and natural science in Burlington university, Iowa, 1858-63 ; professor of languages in Iowa State university, 1863-67, and president of Burlington university, 1869-70. He was principal of the Augusta Institute for the Training of Colored Ministers, at Augusta, Ga., 1871-79, and from 1879 to 1884 was president of the Atlanta Baptist seminary, with which the Augusta Institute was incoi-porated in 1879. He received the degree of LL.D. from Denison university in 1869. He died in Atlanta, Ga., March 5, 1884. ROBERTS, Benjamin Stone, soldier, was born in Manchester, Vt., Nov. 18, 1810, son of Gen. Martin and Betsey (Stone) Roberts ; grandson of General Christopher and Mary (Purdy) Roberts and of Luther and Oladine Stone, and a de- scendant of Petei' and Sarah (Baker) Roberts. Peter Roberts probably came from Wales in 1670, and lived in Providence, R.I. He was graduated at the U.S. Military academy and brevetted 2d lieutenant in the 1st dragoons, July 1, 1835. He was married Sept. 18, 1835, to Eliza- beth, daughter of Anson and Laura (Pierpont) Sperry of Plattsburgh, N.Y.; served on frontier duty in Iowa and Kansas, 1835-38 ; was com- missioned 2d lieutenant, 1st dragoons. May 31, 1836, 1st lieutenant, 1st dragoons, July 31, 1837, and served on recruiting duty, 1888-39. He re- signed from the U.S. army, Jan. 28, 1839 ; was chief engineer of the construction of the Champlain and Odgensburg railroad, 1839-40 ; assistant geologist of the state of New York in 1841, and aided Lieut. George W. Whistler in constructing the Russian system of railways in 1842. He returned to the United States and having fitted himself for law, was admitted to the bar and settled in practice in Des Moines, Iowa, in 1843. He was lieutenant-colonel of the Iowa militia, 1844-46 ; was re-appointed to the U.S. army as 1st lieutenant. Mounted Rifles, May 27, 1846, and participated in all tlie prin- cipal engagements of the Mexican war, culminat- ing in the capture of the city of Mexico. He was selected by General Quitman to raise the first American flag over the "Halls of the Montezu- mas," because of conspicuous gallantry displayed by him in the storming of Chapultepec, before tlie capture of the city by the U.S. troops. He was promoted captain, Mounted Rifles, Feb. 16, 1847 ; brevetted major, Sept. 13, 1847, for Cha- pultepec, and lieutenant-colonel, Nov. 24, 1847, for gallantry in the action at Matamoras and at the pass at Galaxara, Nov. 23-24, 1847, and re- ceived a sword of honor from the legislature of Iowa for his Mexican war service, Jan. 15, 1849. He served on frontier duty in Kansas and Dakota Territory, 1848-49, was on leave of absence, 1850- 52 ; and was employed in examining land titles in the topographical bureau at Washington, D.C. 1852-53. He was on leave of absence and on frontier duty in Texas and New Mexico, 1853-61, was promoted major, May 13, 1861 ; transferred to the 3d cavalry, Aug. 3, 1861 ; served in New Mexico under General Canby, 1861-62, being en- gaged at Fort Craig, Valverde, Albuquerque and Peralta ; and was brevetted colonel, Feb. 21, 1862, for Valverde. He was promoted brigadier-gen- eral of volunteers July 16, 1862 ; and served as inspector-general on General Pope's staff at Cedar Mountain, Rappaliannock Station, Sulphur Springs and Second Bull Run. After the defeat of Pope's army at Second Bull Run General Stone preferred charges against Gen. Fitz John Porter (q.v.) for disobedience of orders and acts of mis- behavior in the presence of the enemy. He com- manded an expedition against the Chippewa Indians in the Mille-Lacs country in November, 1862 ; commanded successively the upper defenses of Washington, D.C, an independent brigade in Western Virginia and district of Iowa in 1863 ; and served in Texas and Louisiana, 1864. He was chief of cavalr}-, department of the Gulf from October, 1864, to January, 1865 ; commanded the district of West Tennessee and the cavalry divi- sion of the district of Tennessee in 1865, and was brevetted brigadier-general U.S.A. and major- general of volunteers, March 13, 1865, for Cedar Mountain and Second Bull Run. He was mus- tered out of the volunteer service, Jan. 15, 1866 ; was promoted lieutenant-colonel, 3d cavalry, July 28, 1866 ; served on frontier duty in New Mexico, 1867-68, was instructor in militarj' science at Yale, 1868-70, and was retired from active service on his own application, Dec. 15, 1870. He invented the Roberts breech-loading rifle, and in 1870 organized a stock company to manufacture the rifle, which was not financially ROBERTS ROBERTS successful. He practised hiw in Wasliington, D.C., from date of retirement to date of death. He died in Washington. D.C, Jan. 29, 1875. ROBERTS, Edmund, iliplomatist, was born in Portsmouth. N.II.. June 29, 1784 ; son of Edmund and Sarah (Griffitlis) Roberts. His father died when he was but two or three years old, and his mother, when he was sixteen. He was offered an apjxiintment as midshipman in the U.S. navy in 1797. but his mother begged him never to leave her. By his father's will, in tlie event of his mother's death, he was to go to his uncle, Capt. Joshua Roberts, a bachelor, at Buenos Ayres. He was married, Sept. 11, 1808, to Katherine Whipple, daughter of Woodbury and Sarah (Sherburne) Langdon of Portsmouth, N.H., and upon the death of his uncle the same year he became his heir and an extensive owner of ships. Later he lost heavily by the Spanish and French priva- teers. In 1S27 he chartered the ship Mary Ann and sailed for Zanzibar, meeting the Sultan of Muscat there, and establishing a friendship that afterward developed into treaty relations witli the United States. Making further voyages to the ports of the Indian ocean, he studied the pos- sible openings to American trade. On his return home, with tlie assistance of Levi Woodbury, sec- retary of tlie navy, his suggestions were brought before congress, and in consecjuence the United States sliips Peacock and Boxer were sent out in 1832 to convey Mr. Roberts as special diplomatic envoy to make treaties with Muscat, Siara and Cochin Ciiina. His treaties with Siani and Mus- cat were duly ratified by congress, and in 1835 lie was ordered to go out witii the Peacock and the conipaniiju shij) Enterprise, to exchange the ratifications made with Siam and Muscat, and also with ordei-s to go as far east as Japan, with the hope of making successful treaties with that nation. After the ratification of the treaties with Mascat and "Siam, he was taken ill off the coa-st of China as the Peacock was en route to Japan, and he died at Macao. A monument was erec«'td by the Americans in that place over his grave; and. later, a memorial window in St. John's church, Portsmouth, N.H., was presented by liis granddaughter, Mrs. John V. L. Pruyn of Albany, N.Y., to keep alive the memory of the first American- diplomatist in Asia. His unfinished work was consummated many years later by Commodore Matthew Perry and Townsend Harris. The successes of his first eniba.ssy during a voyage of twenty-six months are detailed in iiis posthumous volume, Emhassy to Eastern Courts (1837); and an account of the seconinted to the Carlisle, Pa., circuit. He was inade deacon by Bishop Asbury, April 20, 1804. and elder. March 20, 1806, and served on various circuits in Maryland, Pennsylvania and Virginia until consecrated bishop in the Method- ist Episcopal church by Bishop William McKen- dree, May 17, 1816. In 1819 he removed to Law- rence county, Ind., where he accomplished much for the western missions. See his " Life "by the Rev. Ciiarles Elliott (1853). He died in Lawrence county. Ind.. Marcli 26. 1843. ROBERTS, Thomas Paschall, civil engineer, wa.s Ix.rn in Carlisle. Pa., April 21. 1813; son of William Milnor (4. v.) and Anna Barbara (Gib- son) Ii«jberts. He attended the Pennsylvania Agricultural college and later Dickinson college, Carlisle, Pa. He served as engineer under his father in the construction of the Dom Pedro II. railway in Brazil, 1863-65, and was employed by the U.S. government as assistant engineer on the Ohio river improvement. 1866-70. He was mar- ried. June 8, 1870. to Juliet Emma, daughter of James Monroe Christy, an attorney-at-law of Pittsburg. Pa. He was assistant engineer of the Montana division of the Northern Pacific railway, 1870-72 ; examined the navigation of the Missouri river, including that portion of the river above the Great Falls, and his report was printed by the war department in 1874. He conducted the U.S. government surveys of the Upper Monongahela river in West Virginia in 1875. and was chief en- gineer of several railroads. 1870-84. He became chief engineer of the Monongaliela Navigation company in 1884; conducted the surveys for a ship canal to connect the Oliio river with Lake Erie, via the Beaver and Mahoning rivers, in 1895, and was closely identified with river im- provements for several years. He was vice-pres- ident of the Ciiamber of Commerce of Pittsburg, Pa., 1895 to 1901, president of the Society of Engi- neers of Western Pennsylvania, and a member of the Academy of Science. He is the author of : Memoir of the Late Chief -Just ice Gibson of Penn- sylvania (1890). ROBERTS, William, clergyman, was born in Llamerchymedd, Anglesea, Wales, Sept. 25, 1809 ; son of Richard and Mary (Hughes) Rolierts. He completed his education at the Presbyterian Collegiate institute. Dublin, Ireland, in 1831, meanwhile assisting in founding the Welsh Pres- byterian church in that community. He was licensed to preach in 1829 and supplied churches in various parts of the principality until 1835, when he established a preparatory academy for young men at Holyhead, Wales. He was married first, Jan. 16, 1835, to Mary, daughter of John Evans of Abergele, Wales, who died, June 6. 1836 ; and secondly, March 4, 1843. to Katharine, daugh- ter of Henry Parry. He was pastor of the Mo- riah Welsh Presbyterian church, 1835-49 ; pastor of the Countess of Huntingdon's chapel at Run- corn, England, 1849-.55 ; of the Welsh Presby- terian church, New York city, 1855-68 ; in Scranton, Pa., 1869-75, and in Utica. N.Y., 1875- 87. He edited Y Traethodydd (The Essayist), 1867-71, and YCyfaill (The Friend). 1871-84. He was several times moderator of the general as- semblies of his church, and was prominent in the organization of the Alliance of the Reformed churches, representing his denomination at the formation of the Alliance in New York city. 1873. He received the honorary degree of D D. from the University of the City of New York in 1865. His biography was written in Welsh by E. C. Evans (1890). He died in Utica. N.Y., Oct' 3, 1887. ROBERTS, William Charles, clergyman and educator, was born near Aberystwith, Cardigan- shire, South Wales, Sept. 23, 1832. His mother is said to have been related to the Welsh branch of the Jonathan Edwards family. His maternal uncle was president of Bala college. North Wales, and his cousin. Tiiomas Charles Edwards. D.D., principal of the University college of Wales. He left the Evans academy in Wales, March, 1849, and itu BERTS ROBERTS •f)^.(^S^-A^ came with his parents to the United States, land- ing ill New York city in June of the same year. His father, mother and two of their children died of cholera soon after landing, leaving him the eldest uf six orphan children. He spent the next two years in business, meantime keeping up his studies and taking some over- sight of tlie younger members of the fam- ily. At the expira- tion of that time he entered Dr. D. H. Pierson's preparatory school at Elizabeth, N.J., and in 1852, en- tered the sophomore class in the College of New Jersey (now Princeton univer- sity). He was grad- uated with honors in 1855. and from the Prince- ton Theological seminary in 1858. He suc- ceeded in paying a large part of his college ex- penses by tutoring in Greek, mathematics and the modern languages in Delaware college and other places. He was married, Oct. 19, 1858, to Mary Louise, daughter of Ezra Bourne and Mar- garet Douan Fuller of Trenton. N.J. He studied law under Judge Patton in Penrxsylvania for some time. He was pastor of tlie First Presbyterian church in Wilmington, Del., 1858-62 ; the First Presbyterian church, Columbus, Ohio, 1862-64; the Second Presbyterian church, 1864-66, and the Westminster clmrch, Elizabeth, N.J., 1866-81. He was made trustee of tlie College of New Jersey at Princeton in 1866, and was twenty years chair- man of the committee on the curriculum. He was corresponding secretary of the Board of Home Missions, 1881-86, president, 1881; senior secretary, 1892-98, and president of Lake Forest university, Illinois, 1886-92. He declined the presidency of Rutgers college in 1882, and the chair of didactic theology in the Western Theological seminary, Allegheny, Pa., in 1886. In 1898 he was elected president of Centre college, Kentucky, and was largely instrumental in bringing about a consoli- dation of Centre college and the Centre university under the name of Central University of Ken- tucky, being the first president under the new organization. He was moderator of the synod of Columbus, 1864, and of the synod of New Jersey, 1875, a delegate to the general Presby- terian council in Edinburgh, 1877, to the general council in Belfast, 1884, and to the council in Glasgow, 1896, and was moderator of the Presby- terian general assembly, 1889. He received the degree of D.D. from Union college, 1871, and that of LL. D. from the College of New Jersey (Prince- ton university) 1886. He is the author of : .4 Translation of the Shorter Catechism into Welsh (1864) ; Letters on Eminent Welsh Clergymen (1868) ; Letters on Travels in Egypt and Pales- tine {published in England and the United States); Neiv Testament Conversions (1896) ; and various special sermons, addresses and magazine contri- butions in English, Welsh and German. ROBERTS, William Henry, librarian and clergyman, was born at Holyhead, Wales, Jan. 31, 1844 ; son of the Rev. William (q.v.)and Katharine (Parry) Roberts. He came to the United States with his parents in 1855, and was graduated from the College of the City of New York, A.B., 1863, A.M., 1866. He was statistical clerk of the U.S. treasury department, 1863-66, and assistant libra- rian of congress, 1866-71. He was married, June 11, 1867, to Sarah Esther, daughter of William and Caroline A. McLean of Washington, D.C. He was graduated at the Princeton Theolog- ical seminary in 1873 ; ordained by the presby- tery of Elizabeth, N.J., Dec. 7, 1873, and pas- tor at Cranford, N.J., 1873-77. He was librarian of Princeton Thelogical seminary, 1877-86 ; pro- fessor of practical theology at Lane Theological seminary, Cincinnati. Ohio, 1886-93, where he was also stated supply of the Second Presbyterian church, 1889-90, and was pastor at Trenton, N.J., 1894-98, in which latter year he removed to Phila- delphia, Pa. He served as clerk of the general assembly of the Presbyterian church from 1884 ; as American secretary of the Alliance of Reformed Churches from 1888 ; was treasurer of the Cen- tenary fund, 1888, of the Anniversary Reunion fund, 1895-96, and of the Twentieth Century fund, 1900-02 ; moderator of the synod of Ohio, 1891, and president of the Pan-Presbyterian council, Glasgow, Scotland, 1896. He received the honorary degree of D.D. from the Western University of Pennsylvania in 1884, and tliat of L.L.D. from Miami university in 1887. He edited the Catalogue of the Library of Princeton Theological Seminary (1881) ; The Minutes of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States (17 vols., 1884-1900), and Ad- dresses at the 250th Anniversary of the West- minster Assembly (1898) , and is the author of : History of the Presbyterian Church (1888) ; Tlie Presbyterian System (1895) ; Laics Relating to Religious Corporations (1896) ; Manual for Rul- ing Elders (1897). ROBERTS, William Milnor, civil engineer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 12, 1810; son of Thomas Pascliall and Maria Louise (Baker) Roberts ; grandson of Abraham and Rachel (Mil- nor) Roberts and of Hilary Baker, who, in the performance of his duty as mayor of Philadelphia among the sick and dead during the terrible epi- ROBERTS ROBERTSON demic of yellow fever in 1793. lost his own life ; and a descendant of Iliigli Roberts (born in Wales in 104.")). who arrived in Philadelphia with William Penn in IOS'2. He was a pupil of tlie first school founded by the Franklin Institute; wiis chairman on the Union canal surveys in 1825 ; superintendent of a division of the L-ehigh canal, l!^'J":KJO ; resident engineer of the Union railroad and the Union canal feeder, 1830-31 ; chief engi- neer of the Alleghany M.nintains Portage railroad, 1831-.'U, and constructed the first combined rail- road and passenger bridge in the United States at Harrislmrg, over the Susquehanna river. Pa., in l*v!6. Between the years 1835-57, he was chief engineer of the Harrisburg and Lancaster rail- road ; the Cumberland Valley railroad ; the Pitts- burg and Connellsville railroad, 18-17-56 ; the Bellefontaine and Indiana railroad ; the Alle- ghany Valley railroad ; the Iron ^lountain railroad of Missouri ; the Keokuk, Des Moines and Min- nesota railroad, and the Keokuk, Mt. Pleasant and Muscatine railroad. He engineered the con. struct ion of the Monongahela river slack water navigation, 1838-40 ; the Pennsylvania state canal, the Erie canal, tlie "Welland canal enlargement and of the Sandy and Beaver canal. Oliio. He was employed on the construction of the Dom Pedro II railroad in Brazil, 1857-65 ; was asso- ciated witli James B. Eads in tlie construction of the bridge across the Missouri river at St. Louis, Mo., 1868-70 ; was chief engineer of the North- ern Pacific railroad, 1870-74 ; was a commis- sioner under appointment of President Grant to report on the proposed improvements of the mouth of the Mississippi ; and was cliief of the commis- sion to examine tlie harbors and rivers of Brazil, and report upon their improvement. 1879-81. He married, Jan. 5, 1837, Anna Barbara, daughter of Chief-Justice John Bannister Gibson of Carlisle, Pa. He was president of the American Society of Civil Engineers ; fellow of the American Geographical society, and a member of the Eng- lish Institute of Engineers. He died in Brazil, S. A.. July 14, 1882. ROBERTS, William Randall, diplomatist, was born in county C.^\^^,^'^ suits, 1842-57, and repre- #^ «4^?^ sen ted Richmond in the house ;>'/ V^^ of delegates, 1860-65. He re- ii ^J-^- sisted the proposal of South V,^*^ Carolina to form a Southern ^^--ri Confederacy, and after the secession of the cotton states urged Virginia to stand neutral. He was chairman of the anti-co- ercion committee, and presented the resolution by which Virginia agreed to reject secession, but declared her intention to fight with the southern ROBESON ROBIE states if they were attacktil. He was married to Mary F. T. Smith. He is the author of : Podia- hontas iilias Matonkit, ami her Descendants thnmgh her Marriage with John liolfe (1887), and a Vindication of the Course of Virginia throughout the Shive Controversy (MS.). He died-* in Wiisliingtou county. Va.. Feb. 11, 1888. ROBESON, George Maxwell, cabinet oflficer, was born at Oxford Fiinuni', in Belvidere, N.J., in 18-39 ; son of William P. and Anna (Maxwell) Rol>eson, and a descendant of Andrew Robeson, surveyor-general of New Jersey in IGGS. The family is of Scotcii descent. Andrew Robeson was a graduate of Oxford university, and his son Jonathan named the spot where in 1741 he planted tiie first irou furnace in Morris county, N.J., for that reason. He was graduated at the College of Now Jersey, A.B.. 1847. A.M.. 1850; studied law under Chief-Justice Hornblower in Newark, and was admitted to the bar in 1850. He settled in practice in Newark, but shortly removed to Cam- den. N.J., where he was prosecutor of the pleas for Camden county, 1858 ; was active in organiz- ing the state troops for service in the civil war, and was commissioned brigadier-general by Gov- ernor Parker. He was attorney-general of New Jersey, 18(>7-69, resigning. June 22, 18G9, to accept the portfolio of the navy in President Grant's cabinet, and held the office from June 25, 1869, to March 3, 1877, also serving as secretary of war for a time in 1876 on the resignation of William W. Belknap. His official conduct as secretary of the navy was the subject of congressional inves- tigation in 1876 and 1878, but in both cases the judiciary committee of tlie house found that the charges against him were not sustained. He was married, Jan. 2.3, 1872, to Mary Isabella (Ogston) Aulick. a widow, with a son, Richmond Aulick (Princeton, 1889). They had one daughter, Ethel Maxwell. He was a Republican representative from the first New Jersey district in the 46th and 47th congresses, 1879-83 ; was defeated in 1882 for the 48th congre.ss, and in 1883 resumed the practice of law in Trenton, N.J., where he died, Sept. 27. X^r,. ROBESO.N, Henry Bellows, naval officer, was born in New Haven, Conn., Aug. 5, 1842 ; son of Dr. Abel Bellows and Susan (Taylor) Robeson ; grandson of Maj. Jonas and Susan (Bellows) Robeson and of the Rev. Dr. Natiianiel "William and Rebecca (Hine) Taylor, and a descendant of William Robinson r)f Watertown and Lexington, Mass., who died in March, 1698 ; of John Whit- ney, who settled in Watertown in 1635, and of the Rev. Nathaniel Taylor (1722-1800) of New Milford, Conn., and through him of Daniel Tay- lor, one of the first settlers of New Milford. about 16.38. He was appointed acting midsliipman in the U.S. navy, Sept 25, 18.56 ; midshipman, June 15, 1860. and master, Sept. 19, 1861. He served on blockade duty during the civil war ; was en- gaged in the attack on Fort McRae, Nov, 23, 1861, and in the defence of Charleston, April 7, 1863 : commanded the landing party from the New Ironsides in the assault and capture of the Confederate works on the lower part of Morris Island, July 10, 1863, and took part in the bom- bardments of Forts Wagner, Sumter and Moul- trie. He was promoted lieutenant, July 16, 1862, and was attached to the Colorado of the North Atlantic blockading squadron, commanding the landing party in the assault of Fort Fisher, Jan. o5'o ■S&m^^ THE DO/ABARDME/ST OF FORT Flinch 15, 1865. He was commissioned lieutenant-com- mander, July 25, 1866, and commander. Feb. 12, 1874, and was flag-lieutenant of the Asiatic squadron, 1867-70. He was married, June 11, 1872, to Katherine, daughter of the Rev. John Nelson and Mary (Nichols) Bellows of Walpole, N.H. He commanded the U.S.S. Vandalia, 1876- 79 ; was stationed at the Naval academy, 1879-83, and commanded the U.S.S. Constitution in 1883. He was promoted captain, Aug, 25, 1887 ; com- modore. Feb. 1, 1898, and was placed on the re- tired list with the rank of rear-admiral, March 28, 1899. He was captain of the navy yard at Portsmouth, N.H., 1895-98 ; was a member of the advisory board for the construction of new cruisers, 1888-89 ; commanded the U.S.S. Chicago, 1889-91, and was supei'visor of the harbor of New York. 1891-93. ROBIE, Frederick, governor of Elaine, was born in Gorham, Maine, Aug. 12, 1822 ; son of the Hon. Toppan and Sarah Tliaxter (Lincoln) Robie ; grandson of Edward and Sarah (Webster) Robie of Chester, N.H., and of John and Bethiah (Thaxter) Lincoln. His first direct American ancestor was Henry Robie of Dunbarton, Eng- land, who first settled in Exeter, N.H., in 1639, and soon afterward in Hampton, N.H. His first direct American ancestor on his mother's side was Samuel Lincoln, who came from Old Hing- ham, England, and settled in New Hingiiam, Mass., in the year 1637. It is generally supposed that lie was the first American ancestor of Pres- ident Abraham Lincoln. Frederick Robie was graduated from Bowdoin college in 1841 ; taught school in Georgia and Florida, and was graduated ROBINS ROBINSON ^dM^" from Jefferson Medical college in 1844 ; practised in Biddeford, Maine, 1844-55 ; in Waldoboro, 1855-58, and in Gorham, 1858-61. He was ap- pointed paymaster in the U.S. army in 1861 ; was brevetted lieutenant-colonel in 1865, and served until July 20, 1866. He was a member of the executive council of Maine, 1861, and three subsequent terms; state senator, 1866-67 ; repre- sentative in tlie state legislature for ten terms, serving as speaker in 1872 and 1876, and governor of the state, 1883-87. He was a member of the Republican national convention in 1872 ; member of the Republican state committee for several years ; commissioner to the Paris exposition ; AVortliy 1 Master of the Patrons of Hus- bandry of the State of Maine, 1882-90, and also oomnumder of tlie department of Maine, G.A.R. He was the originator of the Western Maine Nor- mal school, Goriiam, one of its principal build- ings being named Frederick Robie Hall in his honor. He was twice married : first, Nov. 27, 1847, to Olevia M., daughter of Jonathan and Mary Scammon (Emery) Priest of Biddeford, Maine ; she died in November, 1898. He was married, secondly, Jan. 10, 1900, to Martha E., daughter of Alvin and Sarah (Flag) Cressey of Goihain, Maine. ROBINS, Henry Ephraim, educator, was born in Hartford, Conn., Sept. 30, 1827 ; sonof Gurdon Caulkins and Julia (Savage) Robins; gi-andson of Ephraim and Abigail (Caulkins) Robins and of Timothy and Sarah (Collins) Savage, and a des- cendant of Nicholas Robbins, Duxbury, Mass., 1638, and of Hugh Caulkins, Lynn, Mass., fi-ee- man in 1642. He prepared for college at Con- necticut Literary institution, Suffield ; engaged in the book business and in private study until 1857 : was a student at Fairmont Theological seminary, Cincinnati, Ohio, and was graduated from the Newton Theological institution in 1861, He was ordained at Hartford, Conn., Dec. 6, 1861 ; was associate pastor, Central Baptist church, Newport, R.I. , 1862-63 ; pastor, 180.%67 ; pastor First Baptist church, Rochester, N.Y.. 1867-73 ; president of Colby university, Waterville, Maine. IX. — 9 1873-82, and was elected professor of Christian ethics at the Rochester Theological seminary in 1882. He was married, Aug. 11, 1864, to Martha J., daughter of the Rev. Isaac and Ann (Parker) Bird of Hartford, Ct.; she died in 1867. He was married, secondly, Sept. 4, 1872, to Margaret, daughter of Prof. John F. and Catherine Eliza- beth (Sayles) Richardson of Rochester, N.Y- She died in 1873, and he was married, thirdly, Aug. 7, 1878, to Cordelia Ewell, daughter of Handel Gershom and Lydia C. (Kingman) Nott of New Haven, Conn, She died in 1888. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by the University of Rochester in 1868, and that of LL.D. by Colby university in 1890. He is the author of : Harmony of Ethics in'th TJieology (1891); The Christian Idea of Education, Dis- tinguished from tlie Secular Idea of Education (1896); Tlie Ethics of the Christian Life (in prep- aration, 1903). ROBINSON, Benjamin Lincoln, botanist, was born in Bloomington, 111., Nov. 8, 1864: son of James Harvey and Latricia Maria (Drake) Robin- son ; grandson of Benjamin and Ruliama (Wood) Robinson and of the Rev. Benjamin Bradner and Melinda (Parsons) Drake, and a descendant in the eighth generation through Isaac Robinson, Plymouth, 1630, of Rev. John Robinson of Ley- den, the leader of the Puritans. He attended the Illinois State Normal school, and was graduated from Harvard in 1887. He was married, June 29, 1887, to Margaret Louise, daughter of William Henry and Mary Ann (McMahon) Casson of Henne- pin, 111. He studied at Strassburg and Bonn uni- versities, receiving the degree of Ph.D. from Strass- burg in 1889. He was appointed curator of the Gray Herbarium in 1892, and Asa Gray professor of systematic botany at Harvard university in 1900. He was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ; a non-resident member of Washington Academy of Sciences ; a member of the Botanical Society of America, and served as its president in 1900. He edited the later parts of the Synoptical Flora of North America (1895-97), and Rhodora, the journal of the New England Botanical club, and wrote many papers on the classification of the higher plants of North America and Mexico. ROBINSON, Beverly, soldier, was born in Virginia in 1723 ; son of John Robinson, who was president of the Virginia council, 1734, and speaker of the house of burgesses. He entered the military service ; was appointed major, and participated in the capture of Quebec under Gen- eral Wolfe, 1759. He married Susanna (1728- 1822). daughter of Frederick (1690-1751) PhiHpse, and sister of Frederick Philipse (q.v.), who had inherited from her father a vast amount of prop- ROBINSON KOBINSON erty on thf» Hudson river. At the outbreak of the Revolution Major Robinson removed to New York, where he became colonel of tlie American Loyal regiment, which he had himself raised, and also commanded tlie corps of '• guards and pioneers." He was frequently engaged in the service of the royalists, and his home, known as the Beverly mansion, sheltered Andre while carrying out Arnold's plans. Colonel Robinson interceded for Andres release through corres- pondence with Washington, and subsequently for his life at the latter's headquarters. (The Beverly mansion, containing many valuable historical relics, was burned in 189'2). At the close of the Revolutionary war. Colonel Robinson removed to New Brunswick. Canada, where he refused a seat in the first colonial council, and finally made his permanent home in Thorn bury, near Bath. England. His wife's property having been confiscated, he was awarded £17,000 sterl- ing by the British government. Of his children, Beverly (1755-1816). a graduate of King's college, 1773. was lieutenant-colonel of his father's rogi- raent : Morris (17.59-1815). served in the war of tlie Revolution as a captain in the Queen's Rangers: John (1761-18".i5), was a lieutenant in the Loyal American regiment ; Sir Frederick Phillipse (1763-1852), was temporarily in charge of the government of Upper Canada, 181.5-16; became general of the British forces in the West Indies, and also a Knight of the Grand Cross of tlie Order of the Bath, and William Henry (1766-1836), was head of tlie commi-ssariat de- partment of the British army. Col. Beverly Robin<;on died in Tliornbury. England, in 1792. ROBINSON, Charles, governor of Kansas, was bom in Hardwick, Mass.. July 21, 1818; son of Jonathan and Huldalx (Woodward) Robinson, and a direct descend- ant from John Robin- son the Pilgrim, and . ,. through his paternal •^ ' ^n grandmother, Piiebe Williams, a descend- ant in direct line from Charlemagne and Pepin. He attended Hadley and Amherst / academies and also ^ Amherst college, / earning his living by / making school desks ^ j^y , a"y^ (1876) ; The Serpent of Sugar Creek (1885) ; Eineline, or Home, Sweet Home, in poetry (1876); Preachers' Pilgrimage (1886; Gennan Edition, 1888) ; Commencetiient Week (1880) ; T)ie Ep- trorth League:— Its place in Methodism (IS'dO); The Xew M'oman. and other Poetns (1896). ROBINSON, John Cleveland, soldier, was born in Biiiglianiton, N.Y., April 10, 1817. He attended the U.S. Military academy, 1835-38, leavinjj a year before graduation to stud}- law. He was commissioned 2d lieutenant. 5tli U.S in- fantry, Oct. 27,1839, and in the Mexican war served as regi- mental and brigade quartermaster, 1845- 46 ; was promoted 1st lieutenant, June 18, 1846, and took part in the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma and Monterey. He was promoted captain, Aug. 12, 1850 : served against the hostile Indians in Texas, 1853-54 ; took part in the Seminole Indian war in Florida, 1856-57, and in the Utah expedition, 1857-58. He was in com- mand of Fort McHenry, Baltimore, Md., 1861, and prevented its capture by the secessionists. He was appointed colonel of the 1st Michigan volun- teers. September, 1861 ; promoted major of 2d infantry, Feb. 20. 1862, and commissioned briga- dier-general of volunteers, April 28, 1862 ; com- manded a brigade at Newport News, and had command of the troops in tlie neighborhood of Portsmouth, Va., until May, 1862. He command- ed tlie 1st brigade, Kearny's division, then the 2d division, 1st army corps, Army of the Poto- mac ; w;is brevetted lieutenant-colonel, U.S.A., July 1. 1863. for Gettysburg, and colonel. May 5, 1864, for the Wilderness. He commanded the 2d division, 5th army corps, and while leading a charge at the battle of Spottsylvania, he was wounded in the left knee, necessitating amputa- tion at the thigh. He was put in command of tlie districts in New York state ; was brevetted major-general of volunteers. June 27, 1864 ; briga- dier-general, U.S.A., March 13, 1865, for Spottsyl- vania. Va.. and major-general, U.S.A., March 13. 1865. for gallant and meritorious services in the field during the war. He was military com- mander and commissioner of the bureau of freed- men in North Carolina in 1806; was promoted colonel of 4.3d infantry, July 2«. 1«66, and was honorably mustered out of tlie voluntper sprvice. Sept. 1, 1866. He commanded the Departmeni; of the South in 1867, and the Department of the Lakes, 1867-68. and was retired with the rank of major-general, U.S.A., May 6, 1869. He re- ceived the congressional medal of honor " for most distinguished gallantry in the battle of * Laurel Hill, Va., May 8, 1864, placing himself at the head of his leading brigade in a charge upon the enemys breastworks, wliere lie was severely wounded." He was lieutenant-governor of New York, 1872-74 ; was commander-in-ciiief of the Grand Army of the Republic, 1877-78. and presi- dent of the Society of tlie Army of the Potomac, 1887. He died in Binghamton, N.Y., Feb. 18, 1897. ROBINSON, John McCraken, senator, was born in Scott county, Ky.. April 10, 1794 ; son of Jonathan and Jane (Black) Robinson ; grandson of George and Ann (Wiley) Robinson ; great- grandson of Pliilip Robinson, and a descendant of Thomas Robinson, who came to America prior to 1730, and was among tlie earliest Scotch-Irish settlers in Pennsylvania. About 1818 he removed to Cartiii, 111., where he was admitted to the bar and began practice. He was married, Jan. 28, 1829, to Maxy Brown Davidson, daughter of James and Mar.;aret (Ha .graves) Ratcliflfe of Carmi, 111. In 1832 he was elected U.S. senator to fill the unexpired term of John McLean, deceased, and for a full term, serving from Jan. 4, 1832, to March 3. 1843. On March 6, 1843, he became judge of the supreme court of Illinois, serving until his death, which occurred in Ottawa, 111., April 27, 1843. ROBINSON, John Mitchell, jurist, was born in Caroline county, Md., in 1828. He was gradu- ated from Dickinson college. Pa., in 1847 ; was admitted to the bar in 1849, and began practice in Queen Anne county in 1851. He was elected deputy attorney-general for the county in Janu- ary, 1851 ; state attorney in November. 1851 ; was judge of the circuit court. 1864-67 ; judge of the court of appeals. 1867-93. and chief justice of the court of appeals, 1893-96. He died in Anna- polis. Md., Jan. M. 1890. ROBINSON, John SUniford, governor of Ver- mont, was born in Bennington, Vt., Nov. 10, 1804; son of Nathan Robinson, and grandson of Gov. Moses (q.v. ) and Mary (Fay) Robinson. He attended schools at Wind- ham and Hartford, Conn. ; was graduated from "Wil- liams college in 1824 ; studied law with David Robinson in Bennington, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1827. He was a repre^^entative in the state legislature for two terms; was twice elected state senator, and was several times the Democratic candidate for representative in con- gress. He was married in October. )n47. to Juli- ROBINSON ROBINSON ette Staniford, widow of William Robinson, and had no children. He was the candidate for gov- ernor of the state for 1851 and 1852, and was elected in 1853, being the only Democratic gov- ernor of Vermont for over half a century. He subsequently declined the district judgeship of Vermont, and was chairman of the Vermont del- egation to the Democratic national convention of 1860. and died during its session at Charleston, S.C. April 25, 1860. ROBINSON, Jonathan, senator, was born in Hardwick, Mass., Aug. 24, 1756; son of Samuel (1707-1767) and Mercy (Leonard) Robinson ; grand- son of Samuel Robinson and of Moses Leonard ; great-grandson of Samuel and Sarah (Manning) Robinson and of Moses Newton, and greats-grand- son of William and Elizabeth (Brigham) Robin- son. William Robinson, a kinsman of the Rev. John Robinson of Leyden and one of the early Cambridge colonists, died in 1693. Samuel the first, a soldier in the French war and in the American Revolution, in which his sons also par- ticipated, founded the settlement at Bennington, Vt., in 1761. Jonathan Robinson was admitted to the bar in 1796, and practised in Bennington, Vt., where he was married to Mary, daughter of John Fassett. He was town clerk, 1795-1801 ; a representative in the state legislature, 1789-1802 ; judge of the probate court of Vermont, 1795-98, 1800-01 and 1815-19 ; chief justice of the supreme court of Vermont, 1801-07, and was elected to the U.S. senate in 1807 to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Israel Smith (q.v.), com- pleting the term, March 3, 1809, and was re-elected in 1809 for the full term expiring March 3, 1815. While in the senate he was a trusted adviser of President Madison, He was judge of probate four years, and a representative in the state legislature in 1818. The honorary degree of A.B. was conferred on him by Dartmouth in 1790, and that of A.M. by the same institution, 1803. He died in Bennington, Vt., Nov. 3, 1819. ROBINSON, Lewis Wood, naval officer, was born in Camden county, N.J., March 7, 1840 ; son of William and Anna (Wood) Robinson. He was graduated from the Polytechnic College of Penn- sylvania in 1861, and in 1864 became a master of mechanical engineering. He entered the U.S. navy, Sept. 21, 1861, as 3d assistant engineer ; took part at the capture of Forts Jackson and St. Philip and at the fall of New Orleans in April, 1862, and at the attack on Vicksburg bj^ Farragut, June, 1862, and July 30, 1863, was promoted 2d assistant engineer. He was married. Sept. 5. 1865, to Mary De A. Rupp of Philadelphia. On Oct. 11, 1866, he was promoted first assistant engineer with rank of lieutenant, and in 1874 the title was changed to past assistant engineer. He was gen- eral superintendent of the bureau of machinery at the Centennial Exposition in 1876. On Aug, 19, 1883, he was promoted chief engineer with the rank of lieutenant commander, and was chief of the department of machinery at the World's Columbian Exposition, 1893, In 1894 he served on the U.S. cruiser Atlanta and the flagship Neivark. He was promoted commander, March 21, 1895 ; was assigned to tlie battleship Indiana, Aug. 13, 1896, and in 1897 was transferred to the navy yard at Philadelphia. He was promoted captain, June 6, 1898, and assigned to inspection and recruiting duty ; was commissioned captain in the line, March 3, 1900 ; was made inspector of machinery, Feb. 21, 1900, and retired with the rank of rear admiral, Sept. 21, 1901. He was a member of the American Society of Naval Engi- neers and the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 16, 1903. ROBINSON, Lucius, governor of New York, was born in W^indham, Greene county, N.Y., Nov. 4, 1810 ; son of Eli P. and Mary Robinson ; grandson of Reuben Robinson, and a descendant of John Robinson (1576-1625), the well-known Pilgrim leader of England. He attended the common schools and the Delaware academy, Delhi, N.Y.; was admitted to the bar, 1832, and began practice in Catskill, N.Y. He was mar- ried, Oct. 24, 1833. to Eunice, daughter of Bennet Osborn. He was district attorney of Greene county, 1837-40 ; practised in New York city, 1840-55, and served as master of chancery, New York city, 1843-47. He was subsequently de- feated as the Democratic candidate for judge of the superior court ; joined the newly organized Republican party in 1856 ; removed to Elmira, N.Y., 1855, and was an Independent Republican member of the state assembly, 1859-60. He was defeated as candidate for speaker, 1860 ; was comptroller of the state, 1862-65, and was defeated in 1865, being the Demo- cratic candidate for re-elec- tion, having returned to that party at the close of the war. He was also defeated as a Democratic candidate for representative in the 42d congress in 1870. He was elected comptroller in 1875, resigning in 1876 upon being elected governor of New York, Nov. 7, 1876, and serving as governor, 1877-79. He died in Elmira, N.Y., March 23, 1891. ROBINSON, Moses, governor of Vermont, was born in Hardwick, Mass., March 26, 174] ; son of Samuel and Mercy (Leonard) Robinson, and brother of Jonathan Robinson (q.v.). He attended Dartmouth college, and removed with his father to Bennington. Vt., in 1761, where he served as town clerk, 1762-71, He was commis- ROBINSON ROBINSON sioned colonel of militiii in 1777, and coinniatuleJ his regiment at the defeat of Fort Ticonderoga, July 5, 1777 ; was a member of the council of Siifety, and as such sent by Vermont to represent the claims of the people before the Continental congress ; a member of the governor's council, 1777-55. and chief justice of Vermont, 1778-84 and nSS-SO. He was governor of Vermont, 1789- 90 ; was elected by the legislature of Vermont with Stephen R. Bradley, tlie first U.S. .senators, and drew the long term. 1791-97. but resigned in OctoVx^r, 1790. Isaac Tichenor completing his term. Wliile in the senate he opposed the Jay treaty. In 1802 he was a member of the general assembly. He was married, first, July 25, 17G2, to Mary, daughter of Stephen Fay, who died in 1801 ; and secondly, to Susannah, widow of Maj. Artemas Howe of New Brunswit-k. and daugliter of Gen. Jonathan Warner of Hardwick, Mass. Tlie lionorary degree of A.M. was conferred upon him by Yale in 1789, and by Dartmoutli in 1790. He died in Bennington, Vt.. May 20, 1813. ROBINSON, Sara Tappan Doolittle, historian, was born in Belchertown, Mass., July 12, 1827 ; daughter of Mj'ron and Clarissa (Dwight) Law- rence ; granddaughter of Benjamin and Sarah (Warner) Lawrence and of Col. Henry and Ruth (Rich) Dwight, and a descendant of John Dwiglit of Hatfield and of John Dwight of Dedham, Mass. Her father was repre- sentative, senator, and president of the senate in tlie general Court of Massachu- setts, 1838-40. She was educated at the Belchertown Classi- cal academy and at the New Salem acad- emy ; .studied a year with Miss Sophronia Smith, and was married in Belchertown, Oct. 30, 1851. to Dr. Charles Robinson (q.v.), with wliom she shared the hardships and dangers incident to the conflict in Kansas territory between the p«jlitical parties seeking to gain control of the government in order to shape the policy of the future state. She made the journey to New England alonf, to report tlie state of affairs to Amos A. Lawrence and Dr. Edward Everett Hale of the Emigrant Aid society, tiie rival govern- ment having pl.iced her hnsliand under arrest at the outset of the journey. She carried the evi- dence of fraudulent voting r.n March 30, 1855, taken before the congressional committee and gave it to Gov. Salmon P. Cliaseof Ohio, who sent ^^c% 4^tC«^,*^ it to Wasliington by Representative Cooper K. Watson. Slie gave to the history of that period valuable information as to the true condition of affairs in the territory and controverted many of the statements made in the heat of political ex- citement by interested actors in the conflict. Pei'haps with the exception of her husband's '"Tlie Kansas Conflict" Mrs. Robinson's ATansas, Its Interior and Exterior Life (IS.'iO), gives the most trustworthy data of tiie early history of Kansas extant, as it is manifestly conservative and temperate in its statements. In 1903 Mrs. Robinson was residing at " Oakridge," Lawrence, Kansas. ROBINSON, Solon, author, was born near Tolland, Conn., Oct. 21, 1803. He worked on his fatlier's farm until 1817, his education being limited to tlie winter months. He was then ap- prenticed to a carpenter, but was soon released and became a peddler. His literary talents were early manifested, and he became a contributor to the Albany Cultivator and to other publica- tions, chiefly on agricultural subjects. He was for several years the agricultural editor of the New York Tribune. His publications include : Hot Corn, or Life Scenes in AVw York (]8.')3); How to Live, or Domestic Economy Illustrated (1800); Facts for Farmers (1804), and Mewonitoc (1807). In 1870 he purchased a farm in the vicinity of Jacksonville, Fla., where lie died, Nov. 3, 1880. ROBINSON, Stillman Williams, mechanical and civil engineer, was born in South Reading, Vt., March 0, 1838; son of Ebenezer, Jr., and Adeline Williams (Childs) Robinson ; grandson of Ebenezer and Hannah (Ackley) Robinson, and a great-grandson of James Robinson ; the latter being a descendant of Jonathan and of William Robinson (born in Cambridge, Mass., April 20, 1082). He was graduated from tlie University of Michigan, C.E., 1803, having pre- viously served an apprenticeship in a machine shop, 1855-59. He was assistant engineer on the U.S. lake survey, 1803-00 ; instructor in civil engineering at the University of Micliigan, 1800- 07 ; assistant professor of mining engineering and geodesy, 1807-70 ; professor of mechanical engineering and physics at the University of Illinois, 1870-78, and at tlie Ohio State univer- sity, 1878-95, becoming professor emeritus in the latter institution in 1899. He was inspector of railroads for Oiiio, 1880-84; served as consulting civil and mechanical engineer in various works, including bridges of the Santa Fe Railroad in Kansas and Wyoming, in the mountings of the Lick telescope ; and three awards were granted on inventions of his at the Centennial of 1870. and one at the Columbian exhibition of 1893. He was elected a member of the American So- ciety of Mechanical Engineers ; the American ROBINSON ROBINSON Society of Civil Engineers ; the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers ; a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Society for tlie Promotion of Engineering Education. The honorary degree of Sc.D. was conferred on liini by the Ohio State university in 1896. He was twice married : first, Deo. 29, 1863, to Mary Elizabeth Holden of Mount- liolly, Vt., who died in 1885 ; and secondly, April 13. 1888, to Mary Haines of Ada. Ohio. He in- vented many ai^pliances for various purposes c.)vered by some 40 patents, including several macliines used in shoe manufacture ; and is the autlior of : Teeth of Gear WJieels and the Robin- son Templet Odontograph (1876) ; Railroad Econo- mics (1882) ; Strength of Wrought Iron Bridge Members (1882) : Compound Steam Pumping En- gines (part 1 rev., and part 2, 1884); Analytical and Graphical Treatment ; a college text book on Principles of MecJcanism (1396); and numer- ous articles on engineering and scientific sub- jects. ROBINSON, Stuart, clergyman, was born in Strabane, county Tyrone, Ireland, Nov. 14, 1814 ; son of James and Martha (Porter) Robinson. His parents removed to New York city in 1815, and later to Berkeley county, Va., where his father died while he was a child. He was grad- uated from Amherst college, A.B., 1836, A.M., 1889; attended the Union Theologi- cal seminary, Rich- mond, Va., 1836-87 ; taught school, 1837- 39, and attended Princeton Theologi- cal seminary, 1839-41. He was married in 1841 to Mary E. Brig- ham of Charleston, who belonged to an old and wealtliy Vir- ginia family. He was ordained by the presby- tery of Greenbrier, Oct. 8, 1842 ; was pastor at Ivanawha. Salines, Va., 1841-47; Frankfort, Ky., 1847-52; Baltimore, Md., 1852-56; professor of church polity and pastoral theology at Danville Theological seminary, Ky., 1856-57, and pastor of the Second church, Louisville, 1858-81, except the years 1862-65, which he spent in Canada. He purchased TJie Presbyterian Herald and clianged its name to Tlie True Presbyterian, and in 1862, his loyalty being questioned, the paper was sup- pressed, and he removed to Canada. In 1866 he resumed the publication of the paper, again changing its name to The Free Christian Common- wealth, lu 1869 he was chosen moderator of the H,^-^.-!*, general assembly of the Southern Presbyterian church ; was a delegate to the Pan-Presbyterian alliance, held at Edinburgh in 1877, and secured the adoption of a revised book of government and discipline. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Centre college in 1853. He is the author of : Tlie Church of God as an Essen- tial Element of the Gospel (1858) ; Discourses of Redemption (1866), and many discourses on slav- ery, some of which were published in a volume. He died in Louisville, Ky., Oct. 5, 1881. ROBINSON, William Callyhan, educator, was born at Norwich. Conn., July 26, 1834 ; son of John Adams and Mary Elizabeth (Callyhan) Robinson; grandson of Elias and Anna (Allyn) Roliason and of William and Betsy (Rogers) Callyhan ; great-grandson of Andrew O'Calloghan an emigrant from Ireland, and a descendant of Elias Robinson of Ashford, Conn., a Revolution- ary soldier, and one of "Washington's body-guard on the retreat from Long Island. He attended Norwich academy ; AVillistou seminary. East Hampton, Mass. ; Providence Conference semi- nary. East Greenwich, R.I., Wesle\an university, Middle town, Conn., and was graduated from Dartmouth college, A.B., 1854, and from the Gen- eral Theological seminary of the P.E. church, 1857, being ordained in June of the same year. He served as missionary in Pittston, Pa., 1857-58 ; was rector at St. Luke's, Scranton, 1859-62 ; studied law with the Hon. H.B. Wright, Wilkes- barre, 1862-64, and was admitted to the bar in 1864. He practised law in New Haven, 1865-95 ; was an instructor in elementary law at Yale college. 1869-72, and professor of elementary and criminal law and the law of real proj^erty, 1873-96 ; judge of the city court. New Haven, 1869-71 ; and of the court of common pleas, 1874-76 ; a member of the state legislature, 1874, and Dean of the law schools of the Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C., from 1895. He was first mar- ried, July 2, 1857, to Anna Elizabeth, daughter of Henry and Mary Magdalen (Jutau) Haviland of New York city ; and secondly, March 31. 1891, to Ultima Marie, daughter of Juan Henrico and Ultima (Mermier) Smitli of Ytabo, near Cardenas, Cuba. The honorary degree of LL.D. was con- ferred upon him by Dartmouth in 1879 and that of A.M. b}" Yale in 1881. Dr. Robinson was as- sociate editor of the Catholic World of New York, 1869-70, having become converted to the Catholic faith in 1863, and is the author of Life of Eben- ezer Beriah Kelly (1855); Xotes on Elementary Law (1876); Elementary Laic (1882); Claris Re- rum (1883): Laiv of Patents (3 vols.. 1890); Fo- rensic Oratory (1893) ; Elements of American Jurisprudence (1900); Elements of American Laio (1903), and contributions to the Catholic World and the Catholic University Bulletin. KOBINSON ROBINSON ROBINSON, William Erigena, journalist, was born in Unagli, cnuniy T} i 'iio, Irolaiul. May 6, 1S14. Uis parents were north of Irolaiul Presby- terians. He attended the classical school at Cookstown, and entered Belfast college in 1834, but was forced by ill health to abandon his studies, and in August, 18;W. sailed for the United States in the Gcui'/cs, arriving in New York city about the first of tlie following November. He supported himself l)y odds and ends of newspaper work and continued his studies at the school of the Rev. John J. Owen until 1837, when he ma- triculated at Yale. He was graduated, A.B., 1841, A.M., 1844, and was for two years a student in the Yale Law school. During his college course he took the stump for General Harrison in 1840 ; became a regular contributor to Horace Greeley's Log Cabin, advocating both in prose and poetry, Harrison's election ; founded the Yale Banner and tlie Beta Cliapter of the Psi Upsilon society in 1841 ; contributed editorial articles to the New Haven Daily Herald, and lectured before literary associations in many cities. He was an ac- tive speaker during Clay's candidacy for Presi- dent ; was "Washington correspondent of the TVibmie. 1844-48, using the pen name "Riche- lieu," and of other publications nortli and south under different signatures. He was also edi- torially connected witli the Buffalo E.iyress, the Tribune, the People, an Irish weekly, of which he was one of the founders, and the Mercury, New- ark, N.J. Meanwiiile lack of funds prevented him from becoming one of the proprietors of the Tribune, an opportunitj' offered him by Mr. Greeley. In 1850 he was offered the consulate to Belfast by Daniel Webster, and in 1852 he sup- ported the candidacy of General Scott. He was married in 1853. to Helen A., daughter of George Dougherty of Newark, N.J. She died in 1875, leaving two sons and three daughters, of whom John E. Robinson was a journalist of note. Mr. Robinson was admitted to the New York bar, 1854; revisited Ireland in 1859; removed to Brooklyn, 1862 ; was assessor of internal revenue by appointment from President Lincoln, 18G2-G7 ; was the defeated candidate for collector of taxes, 1865, and a Democratic representative from the second New York district in the 40th, 47th and 48th congresses, 1867-69 and 1881-65, being influ- ential in his first term in changing the law as to perpetual allegiance, and in 1880 introduced and secured the passage of a bill compelling foreign nations to give American citizens on arrest an immediate hearing or discharge. He was editor of the Irish World in 1871, and continued a regu- lar contributor to several publications until his death. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from St. John's college, Fordham, N.Y., in 1890. His loyalty to his native country was his most marked characteristic, taking the form of many generous efforts, such as the securing by act of congress tlie sending of the relief-ship .1/«ec(io?i2an. to Ireland during tlie famine of 1847. In 1848 he was a member of the Irish directory, organized to aid the Young Ireland Revolutionary party, and also in 1856 of the Friends of Civil and Religious Liberty. In addition to his congressional and political speeches, he delivered before a collegiate convention at Hamilton college. July 30. 1851, an oration on " The Celt and the Saxon." uliich was published in the Tribune, and called fortli much criticism in Great Britain and Europe. He died in Brooklyn, N.Y., Jan. 23, 1892. ROBINSON, William Stevens, journalist and parliamentarian, was born in Concord. Mass., Dec. 7, 1818; son of William (1776-1837) and Martha (Cogswell) Robinson ; grandson of Jere- miah and Susannah (Cogswell) Robinson and of Emerson and Eunice (Robinson) Cogswell, and a descendant of John (1671-1749) and Mehitable Robinson of Exeter, N.H.. and of Joiin Cogswell who sailed from Bristol, England. May 23. 1635, in the Angel Gabriel, went first to Ipswich. Ma.ss., and afterward settled in Chebacco (now Essex). William S. Robinson attended the public schools ; served an apprenticeship in the office of Tlie Yeo- man's Gazette, Concord, Mass., 1835-39; was edi- tor and publisher of the same, 1839-42 ; assistant editor of the Lowell Journal and Courier, 1842- 48, a Whig publication, and editor of the Boston Daily \Miig (afterward Tlie Republican), 1848-49. He was married, Nov. 30, 1848, to Harriet Jane Hanson of Lowell, Mass. He edited and pub- lished the Lowell American, a Free-soil Demo- cratic newspaper, 1849-54 ; was a member of the Massachusetts legislature, 1852-53. and secretary of the state constitutional convention. 1853. He contributed to the Springfield Republican under the pen-name " WaiTington," 1856-76, and to the New York Tribune. 1857-69. his letters on public men and events during the civil war period earn- ing for him the title of the " famous war corre- spondent." He was clerk of the committee on the revision of the statutes, 1859; of the Massa- chusetts house of representatives, 1862-73, the journals of that body being first published under his supervision, and in 1871 and 1873 opposed by his writings the gubernatorial candidacy of Gen. B. F. Butler. His numerous legislative pam- phlets, reports and memorials include : Memorial and Rejiort on the Personal Liberty B/// (1861-67); T7ie Salary Grab, an Expose of the Million Dollar Congressional Tlieft (1873). He also published: Warrington's Manual of Parliamentary Law (1875). He was buried in Sleepy Hollow ceme- tery. Concord, Mass. See: "'Warrington' Pen Portraits " (1877), edited by Harriet H. Robinson (q.v.). He died in Maiden, Mass., March 11,1876. itUBSON ROCHE ROBSON, Stuart, actor, was born in Annapo- lis, Md., March 4, 1836. On Jan. 5, 1853, he made his first appearance on the stage at the Baltimore Museum, Md. , as one of a mob of boys in John E. Owen's "A Glance at New York." Having de- cided to make comedy his forte, he filled several desultory engagements, and subsequently ap- peared in various southern and western cities, playing at Laura Keene's theatre, 1863-63 ; at the Arch Street theatre. Philadelphia, Pa., with Mrs. John Drew, 1863-66, and at Selwyn's theatre, Bos- ton, Mass., 1868-70. His first pronounced success was in the role of Captain Crosstree in the bur- lesque " Black-Eyed Susan" in 1870, and in 1874 appeared in the Gaiety theatre, London, England, as Hector in " Led Astray." He was afterward associated with William H. Crane (q.v.) in " Our Boarding-House," " A Comedy of Errors," " Merry Wives of Windsor" and "The Henrietta." After separating from Mr. Crane in 1889, he starred in legitimate comedy, appearing in several new plays and reviving " The Rivals," " She Stoops to Conquer," " A Comedy of Errors," " Married Life," "The Henrietta," and others. He was married in 1894 to May Waldron of Hamilton, Ont., who had been a member of Augustin Daly's and Robson and Crane's companies, and who sub- sequently played the leading counter roles with Mr. Robson. In 1898 he produced Augustus Thomas's comedy, " The Meddler," with his own company, which scored a success in New York city and Boston. Mass. He died, April 39, 1908. ROCHAMBEAU, Jean Baptiste, Donatien de Vimeure, count de. soldier, svas burn in Vendome, France. July 1, 172.1. He attended the Jesuit col- lege at Blois, having been intended for the church, but in 1742 he entered the French army as cornet in the regiment of St. Simon, serving with distinction in Germany, and in 1747 gaining promotion to the rank of colonel. He succeeded his father as governor of Vendome, June 1, 1749 ; was created a knight of St. Louis ; was promoted brigadier-general, serving in Germany, 1758-61, and became inspector-general of cavalry in 1769, and lieutenant-general, March 1, 1780. He was appointed to the command of the army to sup- port the American patriots, increased it to 6000 men and embarked under the escort of Chevalier de Teruay, with five ships of the line, May 3, 1780. They arrived at Rhode Island, July 12, 1780, after having defeated a British fleet off Bermuda, and began at once to erect fortifications to prevent tlie concerted attack threatened by Sir Henry Clinton and Admiral Arbuthnot. He established his head- quarters at Newport, R.I., and sent his son, Dona- tien, to Paris, to urge a reinforcement of money, supplies and troops. On June 18, 1781, he marched toward the Hudson river and defeated on Man- hattan Island a body of Clinton's army ; made a feint toward New Jersey, and joined Washing- ton's army at Phillipsburg, N.Y., thus obliging Clinton to abandon his reinforcement of Corn- wallis and compelling t.he latter to retire from Virginia. The siege of Yorktown was begun by the allied forces, Sept. 29, 1781, and Rochambeau led the two assaults, forcing Cornwallis to sur- render. In April, 1783, he marched against New York, but the plan being abandoned he embarked with his army at Delaware, Jan. 14, 1783, upon the frigate Ameraude, and arrived at Brest in March, 1783. He was deputy to the assembly of the notables in 1788 ; was engaged in repressing the riots in Alsace in 1790 ; was commissioned field marshal, Dec. 28, 1791 ; refused the office of secretary of war and was appointed to tlie com- mand of the Army of the North, but resigned, June 15, 1792. He was taken prisoner at Paris during the Reign of Terror in 1793, and in 1804 was created a grand officer of the Legion of Honor by Napoleon. He was created a knight of the Saint Esprit by Louis XVI, , and was appointed governor of Picardy and Artois. The U.S. con- gress presented him with two cannons, taken from the British at Yorktown, and bearing his escutcheon and an inscription, and also passed resolutions commending his bravery, the services he had rendered and the discipline he had main- tained in his arm}^ A bronze statue was dedi- cated to his memory. May 34, 1903. in Lafayette square, Washington, D.C., a replica of one dedi- cated at Vendome, France, in 1900. He died in Rochambeau castle, Thore, near Vendome, France. May 10. 1807. ROCHE, James Jeffrey, editor and poet, was born in Mountmellick, county Queens, Ireland, May 31, 1847 ; son of Edward and Margaret (Doyle) Roche. He emigrated with his parents to Prince Edward Island in 1847, and attended St. Dunstan's college, Charlottetown. He came to the United States in May, 1866, and was employed in business in Boston, Mass. He contrib- uted to various news- papers and maga- zines, and in June, 1883, joined the staff of the Pilot as assist- ant editor under John Boyle O'Reilly. In August, 1890, he suc- ceeded Mr. O'Reilly as editor-in-chief. He was a member of the Metropolitan Park commis- sion, Boston. Mass., in 1893. He was the poet at the unveiling of the '"high-water mark"monu- :^^- f^t^^hf^ £-^U^ ROCHESTER ROCKEFELLER ment on tlie fieia of Ciettysbur-. June 2. 1892 ; re- ceived the hononiry degree of LL.D. from the University of Nutre D;iine, Imlianii, in 1892, and is the author of : Songs and Satires (1886); Life of John Boyle OReiUy (1891); Tlie Story of the Filibtistcrs (1891); Ballads of the Blue M'ater (!89.">); Her Majesty the King (1898), and By-Ways of War (ISStU). ROCHESTER, Nathaniel, pioneer, was born in Cople parisli. Westmoreland cuunty, Va., Feb. 21, 1752; a descendant of Nicholas Rocliester, who emigrated from Kent. England, in 1689 and set- tled in Westmoreland county. Va. He removed to Granville county. N.C., with his mother and step-father. Thomas Critcher. in 1763, and in 1768 obtained employment as a clerk in a mercantile house in Hillsboro, N.C., becoming a partner in 1773. He was a member of the committee of s;ifety of Orange county in 1775; a member of the first provincial convention of North Carolina ; appr). Roddey s brigade was driven back on the road to Randolph. March 31, by Gen. Emory Upton, and the following day. afterGen- eral Long's successful charge on Ebenezer Church, Generals Forrest, Armstrong, Roddey and Adams escaped with a number of men under cover of darkness either by tiie Burnside and River roads or by swimming the Alabama river. General Roddey returned home in 18G5, and in 1870 went to England, making his permanent home in Lon- don, where he died in August. 1897. RODENBOUGH, Theophilus Francis, soldier, was born at Easton, Pa., Nov. 5, 1838; son of Cliarles and Emily (Cauffman) Rodenbough ; grandson of Henry and Margaret (Brown) Roden- bough and of Lawrence and Sarah (Shewell) Cauffman, and a de- scendant of Joseph Theophilus Cauffman of Strasburg, Ger- many, who arrived in Philadelphia, 1749. He studied at private schools and under tutors, and attended Lafayette college, 1850-51. Reengaged in mercantile busi- ness at Easton, Pa., 1856-61, and on March 23, 1861, was commis- sioned 2d lieutenant, 2d U.S. dragoons ; promoted 1st lieutenant, 2d cavalry, May 14, 1862, and served in the Peninsular campaign (1862) under General McClellan. He was promoted cap- tain, July 17. 1862 ; captured at the second Bull Run, but was soon exchanged and took part in Stoneman's raid in the Chancellorsville campaign and in all cav.ilry engagements of the Gettysburg campaign. At Getty.sburg he commanded the 2d U.S. cavalry, Merritt's brigade, Buford's division, which later, under Sheridan, was commanded by General Torbort. Captain Rodenbough w.as present in engagements before Richmond (1864), and participated in the Richmond and Trevilian raids, being wounded, June 11. He also served, commanding his regiment, in Sheridan's Army of the Shenandoah, and was .severely wounded, ^c^^-^ losing his right arm while leading a charge at AVinchester, Sept. 19, 1SG4. He was brevetted major " for gallant and meritorious services " in that engagement and at Trevilian Station, Va., lieutenant-colonel. March 12, 1865, " for gallant and meritorious services during the war ; " colonel " for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Todd's Tavern, Va.," and brigadier- general for similar conduct in the battle of Cold Harbor, Va. He was commissioned colonel. U.S.V., April 29, 1865, commanding the 18tU Pennsylvania cavalry and district of Clarksburg, W.Va., being by direction of the President assigned to duty, with raiik of brigadier-general, in July, and was honorably mustered out of the volunteer service, Oct. 31, 1865. He was com- missioned major, 42d U.S. infantry, July 18, 1866, and Dec. 15, 1870, was retired with the full rank of colonel, the command held when wounded, receiving the congressional medal of honor for distinguished gallantry in action at Trevilian Station. He served at Forts Leavenworth and Ellsworth, Kan., 1865-66 ; and at Madison Bar- racks, N.Y., 1867-68; was deputy governor of the Soldiers' Home, Washington, D.C., 1869-70; assistant inspector-general of the state of New York, 1879-82 ; and chief of the bureau of elec- tions, city of New York, 1890-1901. He was married Sept. 1, 1868, to Elinor Frances, daugh- ter of Passed Midshipman (U.S.N.) James and Delia (Montgomery) Foster of Boston, Mass. He was one of the founders (1879) and secretary of the Military Service institution, and author of : From Everglade to Canon with the Second Dragoons (1875) ; Afghanistan and the Anglo- Russian Dispute (1885) ; Uncle Sam's JMedal of Honor (1886) ; Autumn Leaves from Family Trees (1892) ; Sahre and Bayonet (1897). He edited Tlie Army of the United States (1896) ; and the Journal of the Military Service Institution (1880-89 and after 1901), and made a number of contributions to leading periodicals. RODES, Robert Emmett, soldier, was born in Lynchburg, Va., .March 29, 1829. He was graduated from the Virginia Military institute, 1848. remaining there as professor until his com- mission as captain of the Mobile cadets in 1861. He was subsequently promoted colonel and com- manded the 5th Alabama infantrj', Ewell's 2nd brigade, Army of the Potomac, in the first battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, leading the advance. He was promoted brigadier-general, Oct. 21, 1861; and commanded a brigade in Hill's division, at Williamsburg, Va., May 5, 1862. At Seven Pines, when the signal for attack was given. Rodes's brigade was stationed on the south of the road in dense, marshy woods, and was engaged at the second abatis, where it met a fearful fire : a portion of his command being disastrously re- KODGEll RODGERS pulsed. General Rodes was badly wounded, although he refused to surrender his command to Col. J. B. Gordon until after the firing had ceased. He rendered distinguished service in the final advance at Gaines's Mills, June 27, 1862, and heroically resisted General Meade's brigade at South Mountain, Sept. 14, 1862, where his brigade lost one- third of its number. At the battle of Chau- cellorsville his brig- ade headed the col- umn in the line of battle on Orange Plank road, with Colston's forming the second line, and A. P. Hill's the third. At the command of Gen- eral Jackson he led the assault on the evening of May 2, 1863, completely demoralizing Hooker's left, commanded by Howard, and for this service was promoted major-general on the field. At the battle of Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863, he com- manded a division, consisting of five brigades numbering 8000 men. Of these, 3000 were ho7's de combat after the first day's fighting, and on the second day, with General Earlj-, he was ordered to assault Cemetery Hill, but the attack was not successful. During the battles of the Wildei'ness General Rodes rendered most efficient service, especially on May 12, 1864, when his division, with that of Johnson, occupied the left of the salient, on which fell the main task of holding the enemy in check, and where before dawn raged the fiei'cest battle of the war. On Early's march to Washington in the following July, after McCausland's gallant attack on the eastern bank of the Monocacy, he joined Ram- seur in the pursuit of the enemy, capturing nearly 700 prisoners. At Winchester, Sept. 19, 1864, he held the riglit of the line of battle under cover of the woods. Upon the advance of the enemy, Rodes's and Gordon's divisions were ordered for- ward, and being reinforced by the arrival of Battle's brigade, Rodes swept through the woods and scattered the enemy, but in the very moment of victory he fell while heroically leading the at- tack. He died on the battle field of Winchester, Va., Sept. 19, 1864. RODGER, James George, educator, was born in Hammond, N.Y., July 4, 1852 ; son of Robert and Ann (Waddell) Rodger ; grandson of William and Margaret (Hill) Rodger and of Henry and Ehzabeth (Ferrier) Waddell, and a descendant of the ancient Scottish clan of Rodger and of the IX. — 10 Frencli Huguenot family of Waddell who fled to England on account of religious persecutions. He was graduated from Yale college, A.B., 1876 ; lectured on geological subjects and taught until 1878 ; studied at the Harvard Divinity school, 1878-79 ; at the University of Leipzig, 1879-80, and was graduated from Union Theological seminary. New York city, in 1884. He was or- dained to the Presbyterian ministry May 20, 1884; was pastor at New Hamburg, N.Y., 1884- 85, and at New Haven, Conn., 1885-89. He was married Oct. 22, 1885, to M. Anna, daughter of Peter and Sarah (Foster) Waddell of Nortlnim- berland, England. He continued his studies in the Universities of Edinburgh and Berlin, 1889- 93; was pastor at Ogdensburg, N.Y., 1893-94; president of the National Correspondence scliool, Buffalo, N.Y., 1894-95, and of Benzouia college, Mich., from 1895 until September, 1897, when he resigned to lecture on " The Evidences of Christ- ianity from a Scientific Basis" and in 1901 was made president of the Interstate college, Hum- phreys, Mo. He received the degree of Ph.D. from Benzonia college for work done in the uni- versity of Edinburgh, 1896, and is the author of : Adoljihus, a religious drama (1897), and Tlie Gospel of Science ( 1900) . RODGERS, Christopher Raymond Perry, naval officer, was born in Brooklyn, N.Y., Nov. 14, 1819 ; son of Com. George Washington and Anna Maria (Perry) Rodgers, and a nephew of Com. Oliver H. Perry, U.S.N. He was warranted midshipman in the U.S. navy, Oct. 5, 1833, and had command of the schooner Phoenix during the Seminole war in Florida, 1840-41. He was promoted lieutenant, Sept. 4, 1844 ; was on block- ading duty in the Gulf of Mexico in 1847-48, and took part in the siege of Vera Cruz and the cap- ture of Tabasco and Tuspan. He commanded tlie steamer Bibb and the schooner Gallatin on tlie U.S. coast survey, 1856-57 ; was promoted com- mander, Oct. 15, 1861 ; com- manded the Wa- bash as fleet-cap- tain under Rear- Admiral Samuel F. DuPont in the battle of Port Royal : directed the fleet of gun- boats on the coast south of Port Royal, and was in command of the naval forces in tlie trenches at the capture of Fort Pulaski. In March, 1862, he commanded an expedition to St. Augustine and up the St. Marys river : was fleet-captain, commanding the New Ironsides in the attacks on the forts defending Charleston, April 7, 1863, and in the later opera- R ODGERS RODGERS tions of the South Atlantic blockading squadron. He comtnantled the //-cx/ho/s until 1SG6. He wa-s promoted captain. July 2.1, 18G6 ; commanded tlie Franklin in the Mediterranean, 18G8-70 ; was promoted commodore, Aug. 28, 1870 ; served as chief of the bureau of yards and docks, 1872-74 ; wivs promoted rear-admiral, June 14, 1874 ; was sui>erintendent of the U.S. Naval academy, 1874- 78 and 1880-81, and commanded the naval forces on the Pacific, 1878-80. He was retired, Nov. 14, 1881. and presided over the international meridian conference at Wusliington in 1885. He died in Wa-^iiington. D.C.. Jan. 8. 1892. RODGERS, Frederick, naval officer, was born in Maryland, Oct. 3, 1842 ; sou of Robert Smith and Sarah (Perry) Rodgers ; grandson of Jolin (q.v.) and Minerva (Denison) Rodgers and of Matthew Calbi-aith ani- stituHonhj J^^^^ secession- iMSi^:!^''/^- "^^ ists and transferred tlie naval academy to Newport, R.I. He ^ was pro- ^, motedcom- "^ -'--"^=^^==^"— -n«?:^S!?^:^^irs*" mander, Jan. 16, 1862 ; commanded tlie moni- tor Catskill in the attacks on Charleston in October, 1862, and on April 7, 1863, steamed almost under the walls of Fort Sumter. He was appointed chief of .staff to Admiral Dahl- gren, July 4, 1863, and was di-stinguished for his bravery in the silencing of Fort Sumter and the batteries on Morris Island. He was killed by a shot that pierced the pilot-house of the Catskill in the attack on Fort Wagner, and died on board his ship, Charleston Harbor, S.C, Aug. 17, 1863. RODGERS, James Webb, author, was born in Hillsborough, N.C., July 11, 1822. He was grad- uated from the College of New Jersey, A.B.. 1841, A.M., 1844 : studied theology, and was ordained to the priesthood of the P.E. church. He was mar- ried in 1849 to Cornelia Harris of Tennessee ; was rector of St. Paul's parish, Franklin, Tenn., and built Christ church. Holly Springs, Miss., St. Thomas', Somerviile, Tenn., and served under Bishop Leonidas P 'Ik in the Confederate army. He removed to England in 1865 ; joined the Roman Catholic ciiurch ; resided in New York city, 1870-74: in Indianapolis, Ind., where he edited the Central Catliolic, 1874, and in Mem- phis, Tenn, 1874-7o. He practised law in Wash- ington, B.C., 1876-93; became a patent lawyer, and was connected with the Pan-Electric Tel.^- phone company. He is the author of : Lafittc. or the Greek Slave (1870); Madame Surratt, a Drama in Five Acts {ISl^); Arlington and Other Poems (1883), and Parthenon (1887). He died at Par- thenon Heiglits, Bladensburg, Md., Jan. 2, 1896. RODGERS, John, clergyman, was born in Boston, Mass., Aug. 5, 1727 ; son of Thomas and Elizabeth Rodgers. wlio emigrated from London- derry, Ireland, to Boston, Ma.ss., in 1721, and from there to Piiiladelpliia, Pa., in 1728. John attend- ed an academy in Chester county. Pa., studied theology under the Rev. Samuel Blair of Fagg's Manor, and the Rev. Gilbert Tennent, and wa» licensed to preach b}' the presbytery of New- RODGERS RODGERS castle, Oct. 14, 1747. He engaged in missionary work in Somerset county, Md., in 1748 ; was or- dained, March, 16, 1749, and was installed pastor at St. George's, March 16, 1749, preaching there and at Middletown, until 1865, when he succeeded to the pastorate of the Rev. David Bostwick's church in New York city. He built a new churcli edifice in 1767, and served until September, 1776, when he removed his family for safety to Green- field, Conn. He was chaplain to Gen. William Heath's brigade in April, 1776, and went to Savannah, Ga., to spend the winter of 1776-77. He was chaplain of the New York provincial congress, the council of safety and tlie first state legislature in 1777, all three of wliich convened at Esopus, N. Y. ; preached in Esopus and Amenia, N.Y. ; in Sharon and Danbury, Conn.; and in Lamington, N.J., during the war. and in 1783 returned to his congregation in New York city, where he found his house in ruins, and his churches demolished, having been used as bar- racks for soldiers. Daring the process of rebuild- ing he was invited to hold his services in St. Paul's and St. George's (Protestant Episcopal) churches. His health forced him to retire from active work in September, 1809. He was a trustee of tlie College of New Jersey, 1765-1807 ; received the degree D.D. from the University of Edinburgh in 1768 ; was vice-chancellor of the University of the State of New York, 1787-1811 ; moderator of the first General Assembly of the Presbyterian church at Philadelphia in 1789, and president of the Missionary society organized in 1 796. He was married, first, in September, 1752, to Elizabeth, daughter of Col. Peter Bayard of Cecil county, Md. , and secondly, in 1764, to Mary, widow of Wil- liam Grant of Philadelphia. He published several sermons. He died in New York city, May 7, 1811. RODGERS, John, naval officer, was born in Harford county, Md., July 11, 1771 ; a brother of Com. George Washington Rodgers (q.v.). He entered the merchant marine service in 1784, and was made captain of a trading ship in 1789. He entered the U.S. navy as lieutenant, March 9, 1798 ; was assigned to the Constellation, Captain Truxton, and was present at the capture of Vlnsurgente off Nevis, W.I., Feb. 9, 1799. He was put in command of the prize with eleven men, and carried her successfully into port, sup- pressing an attempt made by the captured crew to regain the vessel. He obtained a leave of absence ; purchased a vessel and went to Santo Dom- ingo, where he helped to suppress a slave insur- rection, saving many lives. He was promoted captain, U.S.N,, March 5, 1799; was sent on special dispatch duty to France in 1801 ; com- manded the John Adams off the coast of Tripoli, 1802-03, and in an attempt to run the blockade, he captured the Moorish ship Meshoncla. He co- operated with the Enterprise in a battle with, nine Tripolitan gun-boats, and destroyed a Tri- politan corsair, July 21, 1803. On his return to the United States in December, 1803, he was given command of the Congress, and joined the squad- ron under Commodore Barron, off the Tripolitan coast. He succeeded Barron in command of the squadron. May 22, 1805, and on June 3, 1805, he obtained a treaty with Tripoli, and in December, 1805, procured a more favorable treaty with Tunis. He was married in 1806, to Minerva Denison (1784-1877). He was in command of the gun-boats at New York, 1806-09 ; was assign- ed to tlie frigate President, and commanded the home squadron on jjatrol duty, to prevent the impressment of seamen by Britisli vessels. Wliile on the outlook for the British frigate Guerriere, in the evening of May 16, 1811, he overtook a vessel, which he supposed to be the Guerriere, but which proved to be the Little Belt, a sloop of war. In the encounter the British loss was 9 killed and 20 wounded, and the Little Belt was badly crippled. Tliis action further strained the relations between the two countries, and Rodgers was tried by a regular court, but was acquitted. On June 18, 1812, war was declared against Great Britain, and on June 21, Rodgers sailed in the President in command of a squadron to intercept tlie fleet of 100 British merchantmen bound to England from Jamaica under convoy of Britisli men-of-war. On June 22, the fleet was discovered and chase given. Rodgers hailed the British frigate Belvidere, and after exchanging a broad- side, gave chase, but after a running figlit of eight hours the Belvidere escaped. Rodgers returned to Boston after a ten weeks' cruise, with six prizes. He made three other cruises, captur- ing in all twenty-three prizes. In June, 1814, he commanded tiie sailors and marines in the de- fence of Baltimore, and had charge of the water battery and the naval flotilla barges. He was offered the secretaryship of the navy by President Monroe in 1818, which oflSce he declined, but served as acting secretary of the navy in 1823. He was president of the board of naval commis- sioners, 1815-24 and 1827-37, and commanded the Mediterranean squadron, 1824-27. He was the senior officer of the U.S. navy at the time of his death at Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 1, 1838. RODGERS, John, naval officer, was born in Harford county, Md., Aug. 8, 1812; son of Com. John and Minerva (Denison) Rodgers. He was warranted midshipman in the U.S. navy, April, 1828; served on the Constellation, 1829-32; at- tended the naval school at Norfolk, Va., 1832-34; was promoted passed midshipman in June. 1834. and was a student at the University of Virginia, 1835-36. He was attached to the brig Dolphin, on the Brazilian coast, 1836-39 ; commanded the RODGERS TvODMAN (rCff^i ^^i/- schooner irare, off the coast of Florida in 1839: was promoted lieutenant. Jan. C'2, lb40 ; was attach- ed to the schooner Jefferson, and took part in the war with the fcJemiuoles in Florida, 1840-4:]. lie was engaged in sur- veying duty, 1849-52, and made charts and sailing directions of the coast of Flor- ida ; commanded tlie steamer JoJiii Han- cock in tlie U.S. ex- ploring ami survey- ing expedition in the North Pacific and China seas in 1852- 55 ; commanded the Viiicennes in the Arctic ocean in 1S55 ; was commissioned commander, Sept. 14, 1855, and served on special exploring dutj' until 1861. He was ordered to superintend the con- struction of the ironclad Benton at Cairo, 111., and in November, 1861, joined Du Font's ex- pedition to Port Royal and took part in the capture of Fort Walker. He was in command of the James river expedition in May, 1862 ; led the attack on Fort Darling, May 15. 1862 ; was in command of the Galena before Drewrj^'s Bluff, when two-thirds of her crew were killed ; was commissioned captain, July 16, 1862, and com- manded the monitor Weehawken in 1863. He engaged the Confederate ironclad Atlanta in Warsaw Sound, Ga., June 17, 1868, and after a fight that lasted fifteen minutes the Atlanta struck her colors. He received a vote of thanks from congress and was promoted commodore, June 17, 1863 ; commanded the monitor Dictator on special service, 1864-65, and in 1866 he was in command of tlie monitor Monadnock, taking her through the Straits of Magellan to San Francisco. While stopping at Valparaiso, he strove to pre- vent the bombardment by the Spanish, proposing armed interference to the British admiral, which tlie latter refused. He was commandant of the Boston navy yard, 1866-69 ; was commissioned rear-admiral, Dec. 3, 1869, and commanded the Asiatic squadron, 1870-72, landing a force in Korea, and capturing five forts, after forty -eight hours' marching. He was in command of the Mare Island navy yard, 1873-77, and was super- intendent of the U.S. naval observatory at Wash- ington, 1877-82. He was president of the transit of Venus commission : was a corporate member of the National Academy of Sciences, and suc- ceeded Prof. Joseph Henry as cliairman of the liglithouse board in 1878. He died in Washing- ton, D.C., May 5, 1882. RODMAN, Isaac Peace, soldier, was born in South Kingstown, II. I.. Aug. 18, 1822, son of Samuel Rodman, a woolen manufacturer, from wliom Isaac, after attending the common schools, learned the business, subsequently becom- ing a partner of the firm. He was mar- ried to Sally, daugh- ter of Gov, L. H. Ar- nold (q.v.) and Sally (Lyman) Arnold. He was colonel of militia; a member of the state legislature for several j-ears, and a state senator in 1861, when he resigned to raise a I - company of volun- teers for the 2d Rliode Island regi- ment, and of which he was chosen the captain. For his gallantry at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, he was promoted lieutenant col- onel, Oct. 25, and assigned to tlie 4th Rhode Island volunteers, in which most of the 2d Rhode Island re-enlisted. At the capture of Roanoke Island, Feb. 8, 1862, he was colonel of the regi- ment in General Parke's brigade, and followed the 25th and 27tli Massachusetts regiments, mak- ing a demonstration through the swamp on the enemy's left. At the battle of Newbern, March 14, Colonel Rodman's offer to charge through an opening left in intrenchments for the railroad to pass through, was accepted ; and the 8th Con- necticut and 5tli Rhode Island regiments haWng been ordered to his support, he passed the rifle- pits, entered the intrenchments, moving toward the right, and captured nine brass guns, driving the enemy from his intrenched position between the railroad and the river. For this brilliant action, which \vas the culminating point of the battle, and for his honorable part in the siege and capture of Fort Macon, April 11-26, 1862, he was promoted brigadier-general, April 28, 1862. He was an invalid at liis home, South Kingstown, until September ; commanded the 4th division in Reno's 9th armj- corps, in the Maryland campaign, and on the morning of Sept. 13, 1862, he was ordered to support Pleasanton's cavalrj' recon- noitering the passes of Catoctin mountain, but through some misunderstanding his division was the last to arrive upon the summit on the after- noon of tlie 14th, and was straightway sent to the support of Sturgis and Wilcox, who were beat- ing back tlie enemy on the left. At the battle of Antietam immediately following, his division being exposed to the direct fire of the Confeder- ate guns, he crossed the ford and, joined by rod:man RODNEY Scaiumon's brigade, resisted the struggle made b}' Toombs, who held the bridge. When the general movement began, he went forward to- ward Sharpsburg, where he found the enemy occup3'ing ridges on his left front, so that he was unable to keep his connection witli AVilcox, although he made good progress against stubborn resistance, his movement becoming practically by column of brigades. He directed Colonel Harland to lead the right against A. P. Hill's division, disguised in Federal uniforms and liidden in the cornfield, while he himself at- tempted to bring the left into position. In per- forming this duty, he fell mortally wounded by a minie rifle-ball, Sept. 17, 1862. He was conveyed to the hospital near Sliarpsburg, Va. , and his wife, father, and the family physician reached his bed- side before his death. He died, Sept. 29, 1863. RODMAN, Thomas Jefferson, ordnance offi- cer, was born in Salem, Ind., July 30, 1815. He was graduated from tlie U. S. Military academy in ISil and was breveted 2d lieutenant, and as- signed to the ordnance department, July 1, 1841. He served at the Allegheny, Pa., arsenal, 1841-18 ; was promoted 1st lieutenant, March 3, 1847, and supervised the manufacture of cannon at Fort Pitt foundry, Pittsburg, Pa. , in 1847. He was ord- nance officer stationed at the depots at Camargo and Point Isabel, Mexico, 1847 ; at Allegheny ar- senal, 1848-54 ; was in command of the Allegheny arsenal, 1854-55; of Baton Rouge arsenal. La., 1855-56, and was promoted captain July 1, 1855, for fourteen years continuous service. He was stationed at Allegheny arsenal, 1857-59 ; com- manded the Watertown arsenal, Mass., 1859-65; superintended the casting of the first 15-inch Co- lumbiad, the 12-inch rifled Rodman gun, and the 20- inch smooth bore, and supervised the casting of all projectiles and ordnance, after an invention of his own, 1864-65. He was promoted major, June 1, 1863, and bre vetted lieutenant-colonel, colonel and brigadier general, U.S.A., March 13, 1865, for faithful, meritorious and distinguished services in the ordnance department. He was in command of Rock Island arsenal. 111., of which he superintended the construction, 1865-71 ; was promoted lieutenant-colonel. May 7, 1867, and was a member of ordnance and artillery boards, 1865-67. He died in Rock Island, 111., June 7, 1871. RODNEY, Caesar, signer, was born at St. Jones's Neck, Kent county, Del., Oct. 7, 1728; son of Ctesar and (Crawford) Rodney, and grandson of William and Alice (Ctesar) Rodney, who emi- grated from Bristol, England, settled first in Philadelphia, and then in Dover, Del., William held local offices, becoming justice of Newcastle in 1707, and speaker of the first house of assembly. He died in 1708. Ceesar Rodney, the younger, inherited a large estate, was sheriff of Kent county, 1755-58 ; a justice of the peace, and judge of the lower courts in 1758. He superintended the printing of Delaware currency in 1759, and was appointed a commissioner to provide for the support of a company of militia raised for the French and Indian war. He was elected repre- sentative in tlie colonial assembly several times after 1762 ; was recorder of Kent county in 1764, and a justice of the peace, 1764-66. In 1765 he was sent as delegate to the stamp act congress in New York and when the act was repealed, he was appointed by the legislature of Delaware to frame an address of thanks to the king. He was register of bills in 1766. and in 1787 joined Thomas McKean and George Read in forming a second address to the King, setting forth the tyranny of England and threatening armed resistance to the tea act. He was superintendent of the loan office in 1769 ; an associate justice, 1769-73 ; clerk of the peace in 1770, and in 1772 was appointed a commissioner to erect a state house and other public buildings at Dover. He was chairman of the committee of safety of Delaware, issuing a call for the assembling of a convention at New- castle, Aug. 1, 1774, of which he was chairman, and was a delegate to the Continental congress, 1774-84, serving as a member of its general com- mittee, appointed to make a statement of the rights and grievances of the colonists. He was also a signer of the Declaration of Independence of July 4, 1776. He was appointed colonel of mil- itia in May, 1775, and brigadier-general in Sep- tember, 1775, and went to Morristown, N.J., in 1776, where he joined General Washington, but returned to Delaware in 1777. He was chosen judge of the admiralty, June 5, 1777, having refused the appointment of judge of the newly organized supreme court of Delaware. In August, 1777, he collected troops to prevent the British from joining their fieet, and in September, 1777, was appointed major-general of militia. He was elected a delegate to the Continental congress that met at Philadel- phia, Pa., July 2, 1778, but did not take his seat, having been elected president of the " Delaware State " in 1778, in which capacity he served till 1782. He died in Dover, Del., June 26, 1784. RODNEY, Csesar Augustus, soldier and states- man, was born in Dover, Del., Jan. 4, 1772 ; son of Col. Thomas and Elizabeth (Fisher) Rodney ; grandson of William and Alice (Ceesar) Rodney, and a nephew of Cassar Rodney (q.v.). He was brought up by his uncle, who made provision in his will for his education ; was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, A.B.. 17S9, A.M., 1792 ; was admitted to the bar in 1793, and estab- HODNEV ROE lished himsi'lf in practice in Wilmington, Del. lie w:vs inaniecl in 17'Jl to Susan. dau^'litiT of John Hunn. He \v;is a represontativf in tlie 8th congress, 1S03-05, serving ou tlie committee on ways and means, and on Dec. 4. 1804, was chosen one of the managers to conduct tlie impeacliment trial of Judge Chase ; also, in 180.3. conducting the impeachment trials of three of the four judges of the supreme court of Pennsylvania. He was appointed attorney-general of tlie United States ill l>:{),aml muiiy articles in l:nv ami other puhlic.itioiis. ROGERS, Horatio, jurist, was born in Provi- dence, R.I.. May 18. 1830; son of Horatio and Susan (Curtis) Rogers ; grandson of David Curtis of Worcester. Mass. and a descendant of James Rogers, freeman. Newport, R.I., 1640. He was graduated from lirown university in 1855; was admitted to the bar in 18r)8, and practised in Providence, R.I., 18,-)8-73 and 1885-91. He was justice of the police court in 18G1, and .served in the civil \rar, rising from 1st lieutenant to major of the 3d Rhode Island heavy artillery regiment, serving as colonel of the 11th and subsequently of tlie 2d R.I. volunteers, and being brevetted brig- adier-general of U.S. volunteers, March 13, 1865. He was attorney -general of Rhode Island, 1864- 67 and 1888-89 ; a member and president of the Providence common council ; a representative in the state legislature. 1868-69 and 1874-76 ; was elected associate justice of the supreme court of Rhode Island, May 27, 1891, and was attached to the appellate division in 1899. He resigned from the bench, Feb. 17, 1903. He engaged in the manufacture of cotton at Providence, 1873-85. He was twice married ; first, on Jan. 28, 1861, to Lucia, daughter of Resolved Waterman of Provi- dence ; and secondly, Oct. 6, 1869, to Emily Pris- cilla, daughter of Gov. James T. Smith of Provi- dence. He was president of the Rhode Island Historical society, 1889-95 ; a member of the American Antiquarian society, and of other learned associations, and received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Trinity college, Hartford, Conn., in 1896. He edited, with copious notes, the journal of Lieut, (afterward Major-General) James H. Hadden of Burgoyne's army, as Had- den' 8 Journals and Orderly Books (1884), and is the author of: Private Libraries of Providence (1878); Mart/ Dyer of Rhode Island (1B9Q), and many contributions to periodicals. ROGERS, James Blythe, chemist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 22, 1803 ; eldest son of Dr. Patrick Kerr and Hannah (Blythe) Rogers, and grandson of Robert and Sarah (Kerr) Rogers of county Tyrone, Ireland. His fatiier emigrated from Ireland to Pennsylvania in 1798; was graduated, M.D.. from the University of Penn- sylvania in 1802 ; practised in Pliiladelphia and Baltimore, and was professor of natural philosophy and mathematics at William and Alary college, 1819-28. James B. Rogers at- tended William and Mary college ; studied medi- cine under Dr. Thomas E. Bond, and was gradu- ated from theUniversity of Maryland, M.D., 1822. He taught school in Baltimore ; practised medi- cine in Little Britain, Pa., for a short time, but soon returned to Baltimore, and engaged in business as superintendent of a chemical manu- factory. He was married in September, 1830, to Rachel Smith of Baltimore. He was prof(>ssor of pure and applied cliemistry at WashiugLou Medi- cal college, Balti- more ; at the medical department of Cin- cinnati college, 1835- 39, and in 1840 re- moved to Pliiladel- phia, Pa., where he was assistant state geologist under his brother Henry, 1840- 44; lecturer on chem- istry at the Philadel- phia Medical institute in 1841 ; professor of general chemistry at the Franklin Insti- tute, 1844-47, and pro- fessor of chemistry at the University of Pennsyl- vania, 1847-52. He lectured on pure and applied chemistry at the Mechanics institute ; was a rep- resentative at tlie National Medical convention in 1847 ; a delegate to the National convention for the revision of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia in 1850, and with his brother Robert prepared the seventh edition of Edward Turner's '" Elements of Chemistry " and William Gregory's " Outlines of Organic Chemistry." published in one volume (1846). He died in Philadelphia, June 15, 1852. ROGERS, John, educator, was born in Assing- ton, England, In January, 1631 ; son of the Rev. Nathaniel (1598-1656) and Margaret (Crane) Rogers ; grandson of the Rev. John Rogers of Dedham, England, and of Robert Crane, and a descendant of John Rogers, the martyr. His father brought his family to New England, through the influence of Tiiomas Hooker, in 1636, and preached at Ipswich, with the Rev. John Norton as colleague, 1638-56. John Rogers was graduated at Harvard college, A.B., 1649, A.M., 1652 ; studied both medicine and divinit}', and preaclied at Ipswich. Mass., 1656-82. He also engaged in meilinal practice there, and was mar- ried to Elizabeth, daughter of General Deniion. He entered into office as president of Harvard college, April 10, 1682, succeeding Urian Oakes, who died, July 25, 1681, but he was not inaugu rated until Aug. 12, 1683, and served the col- lege until his death, Increase Mather becoming his successor, June 11, 1685. The records of the province of Massachusetts state tliat in December, 1705, tlie general court voted to have destroyed two pamphlets sent them by John Rogers and his son John. These are supposed to have related to the opposition which the house was making to ROGERS ROGERS her Majesty's instructions to tlie governor in re- gard to liis salary and other topics. Jolin Rogers died in Cambridge, Mass., July 2, 1084. ROGERS, John, sculptor, was born in Salem, Mass., Oct. 30, 1S29 ; son of John and Sarah Ellen (Derby) Rogers ; grandson of Daniel Denison and Elizabeth (Bromfield) Rogers, and of John and Eleanor (Coffin) Derby, and a descendant of Nathaniel Rogers, born at Haverhill, England, about 1598, who came to Boston in 1633, and was pas- tor of a church in Ipswich, Mass. ; also of Mary Chilton of the Mayflower. He attended the public Bchools of Boston ; was employed in a dry goods store, and later in a machine shop at Manchester, N.H. He gave his attention to model- ing in clay and executed several small groups. In 1858 he visited Europe, and in 1859 he removed to New York, where he established himself as a sculptor. He was married, April 26, 1865, to Harriet Moore, daughter of Charles Stephen and Catherine (Jewett) Francis of New York. His statuette groups, whicli made liim famous, where reproduced in a composition plaster of his own invention and had a large sale. During the civil war he executed a series of statuettes illustrating incidents of the conflict. These included : Tlie Slave Auction (iSGO); Picket Guard (1861); Union Refugees (1863); Wounded Scout (18G-4); One More Sliot ( 1861) ; Taking the Oath and Drawing Rations (1865); and The Council of War (1868). Among his other groups are : The Checker Play- ers (1859); The Charity Patient (1867); Coming to the Parson (1870); a series of tliree groups illustrating Irving's " Rip Van "Winkle " (1870); Going for the Cows (1873); Checkers up at the Farm (1877); Ha! I like not that,trom Othello (1880) ; Is it so nominated in the bond ? from the Merchant of Venice (1880); Fetching the Doctor (18S1); Why Don't you Speak for Yourself, John? from Miles Standish (1885). He also executed the equestrian statue of Gen. John F. Reynolds, which stands before the city hall, Philadelphia; a statue of Abraham Lincoln ; two large bronze groups entitled : Ichabod Crane and the Headless Horseman (1887), and The Landing of the Norse- men (1893), and many other small ones. ROGERS, John Almanza Rowley, educator, was born in Cornwall, Conn., Nov. 12, 1828 ; son of John C. and Elizabeth (Hamlin) Rogers ; ^^^4u^/xL/C<^ grandson of Deacon Noah and Lydia (Cornwell) Rogers and of Benjamin and Deborah (Rowley) Hamlin, and a direct lineal descendant of Jolin Rogers, burned at the stake in Smithfield, Lon- don, 1555. He prepared for college at Williams academy in Stock- bridge, Mass. ; was graduated from Ober- lincollege,A.B.,1851, A.M., 1855; taught in New York city, 1851- 53, and was graduated from the Oberlin Theological seminary in 1855, entering the Congregational min- istry, and preached in Roseville, 111., 1855-58. He was mar- ried, Jan. 24, 1856, to Elizabeth, daughter of Norris and Eliza Embree of Philadelphia, Pa. In 1868, under tho commission of the American Missionary society, he went to Berea, Ky., where in a rude building he opened a school with fifteen pupils, the num- ber increasing to ninety-six by the close of the first term. His wife assisted him in his labors. In September, 1858, he was made chairman of a committee to draw up a constitution for the pro- posed Berea college. The school met with great favor in the community and grew rapidly. The question arising in a school debate as to whether colored persons should be admitted to tlie scliool, Mr. Rogers expressed his opinion in the affirma- tive, and in consequence most of the sous of slave-holding parents withdrew from the school. At the time of John Brown's raid in 1859 it was decided at a mass meeting of the citizens to " se- cure the removal from the state within ten days of Rev. John G. Fee, Rev. J. A. R. Rogers and such others as tlie committee think necessary for public quiet and safety." Thereupon they left the town and remained away until the close of the war. In 1865 Professor Rogers returned and the school was re-opened and colored students were admitted, this being the first white institu- tion to take such action. Professor Rogers re- mained its principal until July, 1868, when E. H. Fairchild (q.v.) was called to the presidency. Professor Rogers remained at Berea college as professor of Greek, 1868-78, and was a trustee of the institution from its origin. On leaving Kentucky, he went to Decatur, Ohio, where he founded the Ohio Valley academy, and while re- siding there he was made examiner for Marietta college and Lane Theological seminary. In 1878 he removed to Shawano, Wis., where he was pastor of the Presbyterian church till 1884, mean- ROGERS ROGERS while serving as examiner for the Uuivtrsitj* of Wisconsin and Lake Forest university. He then took service in the Catliolic Apostolic church and acted as evangelist for six yeai-s, making his home in Philadelphia, and in 1S90 became pastor of the sjime clmrch in Hartford, Conn., resigning in 1S92 because of failing health. He received the dt'gree D.D. from Berea in 1901. He is the author of: Birth of Bcrca College: A Story of Providener, witli an introduction by Hamilton Wri.icht Mabie (UiOo). ROGERS, John Henry, representative, was born in Bertie county, X.C., Oct. 9, 1S45 ; son of Absalom and Harriet (Rice) Harrell Rogers, and gran.lson of William and Peggy (Parker) Rogers and of James and Celia (Yates) Rice. His grand- parents antedate the Revolution of 1776, and were all Nortli Carolinians. He served in the Con- federate army as a private, and later as 1st lieuten- ant in the 9th Mississippi infantry, 1862-65 ; was graduated from the University of Mississippi in 1N6"^ ; taught school, studied law and was ad- mitted to the bar of Mississippi. He removed lo Fort Smith. Ark., in 1S69 ; was married, Oct. 9, 1S73. to Mary Gray, daugiiter of Dr. Tlieodore and Elizabeth (Sidney) Dunlop of Danville, Ky.; was circuit judge of the state, 1877-82, and a Democratic representative in the 48th-51st con- gresses, 1883-1891. He was chairman of tlie Arkansas delegation to the Democratic national convention in 1892. and was appointed U.S. judge for tlie western district of Arkansas in 1896. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Centre college, Danville, Ky., in 1895. ROGERS, John Rankin, governor of Washing- ton, was born in Brunswick, Maine, Sept. 4, 1838 ; son of John and Margaret (Green) Rogers ; grandson of John Rogers ; great-grandson of Capt. John Rogers, a privateersman of 1812, and a descendant of William and Dinah (Rankin) Rogers, who emigrated from Londonderry', Ire- land, just prior to the Revolutionary war. He was a clerk in a drug store in Boston, Mass., 1852-56 ; engaged in the drug business in Jack- son, Miss., 1856; taught school in Cumberland county. 111., 1858-60 ; and was married in 1861 to Sarah L. , daughter of Cyrus Greene of Neoga, 111. He was principally engaged in farming from 1861-70. He was again in the drug busi- ness in Brunswick, Maine, 1870-75, removed to Neoga, 111., and engaged in the same business for one year. In 1876 he removed to Kansas and en- gaged in farming, and in 1878 became active in organizing Farmers' Alliances. He edited the Kansas Commoner at Newton, 1887-90, and in 1890 removed to Puyallup, Wasii., where he was elected a member of the state legislature 1893, and held other oflBces. He was elected governor of Washington in 1895, and was re-elected in 1899 for the term to expire in 1904. He is the author of : The Irrcj^ressible Conflict (l8iU); Look- ing Forward (1896); Tlie Inalienable Rights of 2Ian (1898). He died at Puyallup, Wash., Dec. 26, 1901. ROGERS, Moses, navigator, was born in New- London, Conn., in September, 1780. He assisted Robert Fulton in his experiments with the steam- boat, and in 1808 commanded the Clermont. He was associated with Robert L. Stevens in the ,.5 command of the '•■-^-'^'~^~'' ■=-- ---:-- —-~- Pluenix, the first ocean-going steamer that made the trip from New York to Philadelphiain June, 1809. He later commanded the steamer Savan- nah on her trial-trip from Charleston to Sa- vannah, for which vessel he had built a 90-horse power low-pressure engine, which he placed in the hull under the direction of William Scar- borough (q.v.). He had as a passenger in tiiis trial-trip President Monroe. In the Savannah Captain Rogers, with his brother Stephen as engineer, made the first trip across the ocean in a steam vessel, leaving Savannah, May 28, 1819, and arriving at Liverpool, June 18, 1819, and sub- sequently visiting Copenhagen, St. Petersburg and Norway. In the passage across the Atlantic, her engines were used 14 of the 22 days consumed in the passage, sails being used 8 days to save fuel. He died in Cheraw, S.C, Sept. 15. 1822. ROGERS, Randolph, sculptor, was born in Waterloo, N.Y., Jul}* 0, 1825. He received a common-school education and engaged in busi- ness in Ann Arbor, Mich., and in New York city until 1848, when he went to Rome, Italy, to study modelling with Lorenzo Bartolini. He opened a studio in New York city in 1850, and in 1855 re- turned to Italy. Among his works are : Ruth (1851); Xydia (1856) ; Boy Skating ; Isaac, a full- length figure ; Isaac, an ideal bust (1805); mem- orial monuments for Cincinnati (1863-64), Provi- dence (1871), Detroit (1872), and Worcester, Mass., (1874); Lost Pleiad (1875); Genius of Connecticut, on the capitol at Hartford (1877), and an equestrian group of Indians in bronze (1881). He executed the statue of John Adams, in Mt. Auburn cemetry (1857); the bas-reliefs en the doors of the capitol at Washington, represent- ing scenes in the life of Columbus, which were cast in bronze at Munich, in 1858 ; completed the Washington monument at Richmond, by adding the figures of Marshall, Mason, and Nelson ; the Angel of the Resurrection ; and portrait statues of Abraliam Lincoln for Philadelphia, Pa. (1871), and William H. Seward for New York city (1876). He died in Rome, Italy, Jan. 15, 1892. ROGERS ROGERS ROGERS, Robert Empie, chemist, was born in Baltimore, Md., Marcli 29, 1813 ; son of Pat- rick Kerr and Hannah (Blythe) Rogers, and brother of William Barton Rogers (q.v.). His early education was superintended by his father. In 1826 he entered his brothers' school at Windsor, Md., and in 1828 he matriculated at Dickinson college, continuing his studies at William and Mary college, 1828-31. In the summer of 1831 he was employed in railway surveying in New Eng- land ; spent the following winter in New York city, where he delivered four lectures on chemis- try ; resumed surveying near Boston, Mass., in May, 1833, and in the fall entered the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, from which he was graduated in 1836. Mean- while he constructed a galvanometer for his brother James and assisted his brotlier Henry in preparing models to illustrate the latter's lectures on crystallography. He served as chemist to the geological survey of Pennsylvania, 1836-43 ; was acting instructor in chemistry in the Uni- versity of Virginia, 1841—42, and professor of gen- eral and applied chemistry and materia medica, 1842-52. He was married, March 13, 1843, to Fanny Montgomery, daughter of Joseph S. Lewis of Philadelphia, Pa. Upon the death of his brother James in 1852 he became professor of chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania and dean of the medical faculty in 1856, and also served as acting surgeon at the West Philadel- phia Military hospital, 1862-63. In January of the latter year, as the result of a painful injury received while demonstrating the operation of an ironing machine in the hospital laundry, he was obliged to suffer the amputation of his right hand. Dr. Rogers's wife died, Feb. 21, 1863, and he was married secondly, April 30, 1866, to Delia Saunders of Providence, R.I. With Dr. H. R. Linderman, he was appointed. May 10, 1872, by Secretary of the Treasury Boutwell a committee to examine the melter's and refiner's department of the U.S. mint at Philadelphia, Pa., visiting in this connection the San Francisco mint, 1873, and the assay-office in New York city, 1874, and he executed several other government appoint- ments of a similar nature, including the annual assay commissions, 1874-79. He was a chemist to the gas-triist of Philadelphia, 1872-84, and in 1877 severed his connection with the University of Pennsylvania to become professor of medical chemistry and toxicology in the Jefferson Medical college of Philadelphia, retaining the position until a few months before his death, when he was made professor emeritus. He was a fellow of the College of Physicians and Surgeons ; an incorporator and member of the National Acad- emy of Sciences ; president of the Franklin insti- tute of Philadelphia, 1875-79, and a member of various other scientific organizations, to whose Proceedings he contributed. He also edited, with James B. Rogers, " Elements of Chemistrj' " (1846), and Charles G. Lehman's " Physiological Chemistry" (2 vols., 1855). Lee: " Eulogy on the Life and Character of Dr. Rogers" by J. W. Holland. M.D. (1885). He died in Philadelphia, Pa.. Sept. 6. 1884. ROGERS, Robert William, orientalist.was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 14, 1864; son of Dr. Samuel and Mary (Osborne) Rogers ; grandson of John and Esther (Rapp) Rogers and of Wil- liam and Ann (Kerr) Osborne. He attended the Central High school in Philadelphia and the University of Pennsj-lvania, 1882-84, and was graduated from Johns Hojikins in 1887. He was a graduate student at Jolms Hopkins university, the University of Pennsylvania, Haverford col- lege, and the Universities of Berlin and Leipzig ; and was instructor in Greek and Hebrew at Haverford, 1887-88. He was married, June 3, 1891. to Ida Virginia, daughter of Henry Zook and Elizabeth (Ascough) Ziegler of Philadelphia, Pa. He was professor of English Bible and Sem- itic history at Dickinson college. Pa., 1890-92, and was elected professor of Hebrew and Old Testament exegesis at Drew Theological semin- ary, Madison, N.J., in 1893, and non-resident lecturer at the Woman's college, Baltimore, Md., in 1896. He was a member of the Society of Biblical Archgeology, London ; the American Oriental society ; the Society of Biblical Liter- ature and Exegesis ; the Oriental club of Phila- delphia ; the American Philosophical society ; a member of the Eighth International Congress of Orientalists in Stockholm and Christiana in 1889, and a member and honorary secretary of the Assyrian and Babylonian section of the Ninth International congress in London in 1892 ; official foreign delegate to the Tenth International con- gress at Geneva, Switzerland, in 1894, to the Eleventh International congress at Paris in 1897, and to the Thirteenth at Hamburg in 1902. The degrees of A.M. and Ph.D. were conferred on him by Haverford college in 1890; that of D.D. by Wesleyan university in 1894, that of Ph.D. by the University of Leipzig in 1895, and that of LL.D. by Nebraska Wesleyan and Baker uni- versities in 1899. He is the author of : Two Texts of Esarhaddon (1889); Catalogue of Man- uscripts, chiefly Oriental, in the library of Haverford college (1890); Unpublished InscTrip- tions of Esarhaddon (1891); A Translation of the Inscriptions of Sennacherib (1892); Outlines of the History of Early Babylonia (1895), and A History of Babylonia and Assyria (2 vols., 1900). ROGERS, Thomas J., representative, was born in Waterford, Ireland, in 1781. He was brought to Easton, Pa., by his parents when three years ROGERS ROGERS olJ. and later learned the printer's trade, and edited a political newspaper. lie was a Demo- cratic representative from Pennsylvania in tlie lotli congress in place of John Ross, resigned, and served also in the ICth. 17th and 18th congresses, 181S-24. He resigned liisseat in the ISth congress, April 20. 1824, having been appointed recorder of deeds for Northampton county. Pa., and was succeeded in congress by George Wolf of Easton. lie was a trustee of Lafayette college. 1826-32 ; was commissioned brigadier-general in the state militia, and in 18:31 was appointed U.S. naval olficer in Philadelphia. He is tlie author of : ^4 Xeic American Bkujruphical Dictionary : or Re- membrance of the Dcparti'd Heroes, Sages and Statesmen of America (182:!; 2d ed., 1829). He di.d in Philadelphia. Pa., Nov. 30, 1832. ROGERS, Wiliiam, educator, was born in Newport, R.I., July 22. 1751 ; .second son of Capt. "William and Sarah Rogers. He was the first stu- dent at Rhodo Island college (Brown university) where lie was graduated. A.B., 17G9, A.M., 1772. He was principal of an academy at Newport, R.I., in 1770 : was ordained to the Baptist ministry in May. 1772, and was pastor of the First Baptist church, Philadelphia, Pa., 1772-75 ; battalion chaplain in the Continental army, 1776-78 ; brig- ade chaplain, 1778-81. and retired from the army in 1781. He engaged in preaching, 1781-89, and was professor of oratory and English literature at the University of Pennsylvania, 1789-1811. He was twice married ; first to a daughter of "William Gardner of Philadelphia, who died of yellow fever. Oct. 10, 1793 ; and secondly, Jan. 15, 1795, to Sunannah, daughter of Joseph Marsh of Philadelphia. He was vice-president of the Penn- sylvania Societj' for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery in 1790. and a member of the Maryland society in 1704 ; vice-president of the Philadel- pliia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons in 1797 : chaplain of the Philadelphia militia legion in 1805 ; senior chaplain of the New- England society of Philadelphia in 1816 ; a rep- resentative in the state legislature, 1816-17, and vice-president of the Religious Historical society of Piiiladelphia in 1819. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on him by the Univei'sity of Pennsylvania in 1773 ; by Yale college in 1780 and by the College of New Jersey in 1786, and tliat of D.D. by the University of Pennsylvania in 1790. He was correspondent and editor of the Evangelical Magazine of London in 1802 and is the author of : .4 Circular Letter on Jxvstification (1785): An Introductory Praijer (llSd); A Sermon on the Death of the Rev. Oliver Hart (1796) ; Intro- ductory I^ayer Occasioned by tlie Death of Gen- eral Washington (1800, and a circular letter on Christian .Missions. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., April 7, 1824. ROGERS, William Augustus, astronomer, was horn in Waterford, Conn., Nov. 13, 1832; son of David Potter and Mary Ann (Potter) Rogers ; grandson of David and Mary (Potter) Rogers and of George and Mary (Stillman) Potter, and a de- scendant of James Rogers. He vvls graduated from Brown university in 1857 ; was married, July 15, 1857, to Rebecca Jane Titsworth : was a teacher at Alfred academy, 1857-58; professor of mathematics and astronomy there, 18"i8-70; studied theoretical and applied mechanics at the Sheffield Sc-ientific school of Yale, 1806-67. and astronomy at Harvard universit}'. where he .served as assistant for six months. During the civil war he served in the U.S. navy, 1864-65. He built and equipped the observatory at Alfred and was assistant at the Harvard observatory, 1870-77, and assistant professor of astronomy at Harvard, 1877-86. In 1886 he was chosen professor of as- tronomy and physics at Colby univer.sity, Water- ville. Me. He made a special study of the c(m- struction of comparators for the determination of differences in length, which resulted in the construction of the Rogers- Bond universal com- parator. In 1880 he went abroad to obtain au- thorized copies of the Engli.sh and French stand- ards of lengths which were used as the bases of comparison for the bars that he had constructed, and that were adopted as standards of length by all the important colleges, observatories and gov- ernment institutions. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on him by Yale in 1880 : that that of Ph.D. by Alfred university in 1886 and that of LL.D. by Brown university in 1891. He was elected a fellow of the Royal society of Lon- don in 1880 and later became an honorarj' fellow ; a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and its vice-president, 1882-83. presiding over the section in mathematics and astronomy and in 1886 he was chosen presi- dent of the American Society of Microscopists. He is the author of: Annals of Harvard College Observatory (5 vols.), and Obscure Heat as an Agent in Producing Expansion in Metals under Air Contact (1894). He died in Waterville, Me.» Marcli 1. 1898. ROGERS, William Barton, educator, was born in Piiiladelphia, Pa., Dec. 7, 1804 ; son of Patrick Kerr and Hannah (Blythe) Rogers ; grandson of Robert and Sarah (Kerr) Rogers and of James and Bessie (Bell) Blythe; great-grandson of Robert Rogers of Edergole, Ireland, andof James Bell, a mathematical instrument-maker of Lon- donderi-y, England. Patrick Kerr Rogers (1776- 1828) having published articles in the Dublin newspapers during the Irish Rebellion, hostile to the government, sailed for America to escape arrest, and arrived in Pliiladelidiia, Pa., in Au- gust, 1798. He was graduated from the ined- ROGER? ROGERS ical school of the University of Pennsylvania, 1802 ; practised in Philadelphia and Baltimore, and was professor of natural philosophy and chemistry in William and Mary college, "Virginia, 1819-38. William Barton Rogers removed with his parents to Balti- more, Md., in 1812, where he attended the common schools and was temporarily employed in a mer- cantile house ; was graduated from Wil- liam and Mary, 1832, delivering an oration at the third "Vir- giniad," Jamestown, Va., in May, 1833; continued at the col- lege as acting profes- sor of mathematics and as a post-graduate student of the classics until October, 1835, and in the fall of 1836 opened a school at Windsor, Md., with his brother James. He delivered two courses of lectures before the Maryland institute at Balti- more, 1837, and in October, 1838, succeeded to his father's professorship at William and Mary, hold- ing the position until 1835, when he was elected to the chair of natural philosophy in the Univer- sity of Virginia, and also chairman of the faculty in 1844. In the latter capacity, he prepared a memorial to the legislature of Virginia in the defence of the university and its annual appro- priation, and also the " Report "of the committee of the house of delegates on schools and colleges (Document No. 41, Session of 1844-45) , a report of the greatest interest and importance in the history of American education. His admin- istration included the arduous period of " riot- ing " among the students, which was eventually suppressed by the intervention of civil authority. He served as state geologist, 1835-43. He was married, June 30, 1849, to Emma, daughter of James Savage (q.v.) and Elizabeth (Stillman) Lincoln Savage of Boston, Mass. ; visited England and Scotland, June-October, 1849 ; delivered a course of lectures on " phases of the atmosphere,*' before the Smithsonian Institution, 1853 ; re- signed from the University of Virginia in 1853, and removed to his wife's former home at "Sunny Hill," Lunenburg, Mass. He delivered a course of lectures on the elementary laws of physics before the Lowell Institute, 1856-57, and also devoted much time to geological investiga- tions. As early as 1846 he had conceived a def- inite idea for a polytechnic school in Boston, and in September, 1860, he submitted to the Com- mittee of Associated Institutions of Science and Art, of which he was chairman, the plan which later became the basis of the Massachusetts In- stitute of Technology. The organization was in- corporated, April 10, 1861, on condition that $100,000 be secured as a guarantee fund at the expiration of one j^ear. Professor Rogers served as chairman of the " committee of twenty "' appointed to frame a constitution and bj'-laws for the Institute, Jan. 11, 1861-April 8, 1862, and on April 19 was elected the first president of the Institute. Meanwhile he served also as state inspector of gas meters and gas, 1861-G4, and delivered a second course of lectures before the Lowell Institute in 1863. In tlie year 1864 he visited Europe for the purpose of collecting necessary machinery and apparatus for the school which was opened for the preliminary course, Feb. 20, 1865, and for regular courses, Oct. 3, 1865, with about seventy students and a faculty of ten members. In the same year the free evening lectures of the Lowell Institute were established in connection with the Institute of Technology. In addition to his duties as pres- ident Professor Rogers also held the cliair of physics and geology until June 10, 1868. In December, 1868, he was granted leave of absence for one year on account of failing health, and re- moved to Philadelphia, Pa. His improvement not being assured, he resigned from the presi- dency of the Institute, May 3, 1870, and was succeeded by acting-president John D. Runkle (q.v.). In 1874, after residence in various places. ROCERS rtsr:^" he returned to Boston. Mass., and in 1878, upon the resignation of Dr. Runkle, again assumed the presidency of the Institute until Gen. Francis A. Walker (q.v.) was appointed his successor. May 20, 1881. The honorary degree of LL.D. was con- ferred upon him by Hampden Sidney college in 1848, by William and Mary, 1857, and by Har- vard in 1866. He was chairman of the Associa- tion of American Geologists and Naturalists in 1847 and in 1848 chairman and joint president, with W. C. Redfield, of its successor, the Ameri- can Association for the Advancement of Science, serving a second time as president in 1876 ; cor- responding secretary of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1863-69 ; founder and first KOGERS KOLFE president of the American Association for tlie Promotion of Social Science, ISCj; Massachusetts commissioner to the Paris exposition of 1SC7 ; president of the National Academy of Sciences, 18TS ; elected a foreif^n member of the Geo- grai>hical Society of London and of the Roy.al Society of Northern Antiquaries in 1844, and was a corresponding member of the British Associa- tion for tl>e Advancement of Science. In addi- tion to his many important addresses, his pub- lications include numerous scientific articles in the Farmers' Rcgistrr and SiUiman's Journal ; Rciwrts for the "Geology of the Virginias" (1S:3G-41); contributions to the P?-occed/)((7s and Transactions of various learned societies, and documents relating to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His name was presented as eligible for a place in the Hall of Fame for Great Americans, New York university, and in the election of October, 1900, received five votes. In his complete bibliography see his " Life and Letters," edited l)y his wife (2 vols., 1896). Dr. Rogers and his brothers, James B. (q.v.), Henry D. (q.v.) and Robert E. (q.v.), all attained dis- tinction in science and were known as " the brotliers Rogers." William Barton Rogers died while delivering the diplomas to the graduating class at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nulugy. Boston. Mass.. :May 30, 1882. ROGERS, William Oscar, educator, was born in New York city, April 12, 1825; son of Andrew Yelverton and Jane (Phillips) Rogers ; grandson of John and Martha Rogers and of Samuel and Lina (Corwin) Phillips. He was prepared for College at Collegiate Institute, Poughkeepsie, N.Y. ; attended tlie University of the Cit}- of New York, 184.J-47, and Williams college, 1847-48, but because of ill health was obliged to move .south. He taught English literature in an academy in New Orleans, La., 18o0-.j6, and was superintendent of public schools in New Orleans La., 1856-61. He was commissioned captain in the Confederate army in September, 1863, and was assigned to tlie commissary department which was stationed first at Jackson, Miss., then after its capture in Meridian, Miss., and for a short time at Demopolis, Ala. Acting under orders from tlie commissary general at Rich- mond, Va., his department surrendered with the post at Meridian, Miss., upon the close of the war. He was again superintendent of tiie New Orleans schools, 1856-84 ; was also president of the Syl- vester-Lamed institute, 1870-75, and was director of pul)lic schools, 1884-97. He was married first, Nov. 24, 1858, to Mary Williams, daughter of John and Clarinda (Glasgow) Martin of New Orleans; and secondly, Jan. 1, 1872, to Isabella, widow of Samuel Osgood of Norwich, Conn. He was one of the trustees designated by Paul Tulane to establish Tulane university ; was secre- tary and treasurer of the universaty, 1884-1901, and acting jiresident from July, 1899, until October, 1900, wlien he resigned and removed to Madison, N.J. He was tlie editor and proprietor of the Louisiana Journal of Education, 1879-88, and in 1884 received the degree of LL.D. from the Uni- versity of Ohio for services rendered in edu- cational work. One of the largest public schools in New Orleans was named the William O. Rog- ers scliool in his honor. ROHLFS, Anna Katharine Green, author, was born in Brooklyn, N.Y., Nov. 11, IsiG ; daughter of James Wilson and Catherine Ann (.Whitney) Green ; grand-daughter of Richard and Sally (Webb) Green and of Sellick and Betsy (Knapp) Whitney, and a descendant of John Howland and two other of the pilgrim fathers who came over in the Mayflower. Her father was a lawyer and an orator. She was graduated from the Ripley Female college, Poultney, Vt., B.A., 1807, and devoted herself to literature. She was married, Nov. 25, 1884, to Cliarles Rohlfs of Brooklyn, N.Y., a well-known designer of odd and artistic furniture, and in 1908 they resided in Buffalo, N.Y. Besides contributions to periodicals, she is the author of : The Leavenworth Case (1878); A Strange Disappearance (1879) ; The Sword of Damocles (1881) ; The Defence of the Bride and other Poems (1882); X V. Z. (1883) ; Hand and Eing (1883) ; The Mill Mystery (1886) ; Risifi's Daughter (1886) ; 7 to 12 (1887) ; Behind Closed Doors (1888) ; The Forsaken Inn (1890); Cynthia Wakeham's Money (1892) ; Marked Personal (1893); The Doctor, his Wife and the Clock (1895); Dr. Izard (1895); Tliat Affair Next Door (1897); Lost Man's Lane (1898); Agatha Webb (1899); The Circidar Study (1900); One of My Sons (1901); Tlie Filigree Ball (1903). ROLFE, William James, editor and author, was born in Newliuryport, Mass., Dec. 10, 1827; son of John and Lydia Davis (Moulton) Rolfe ; grandson of Samuel and Mary (Tucker) Rolfe and of William and Jane (Todd) Moulton, and a descendant (in the ninth generation) of Henry Rolfe. an early settler of Newbury, Mass., who, with his wife, Honour, came from Wiltshire, Eng- land, in 1635. He removed with his parents to Lowell, Mass., in 1835, where he attended the public schools ; and was a student at Amherst college, 1845-48, in 1871 being enrolled as a gradu- ate of the class of 1849. He was an instructor in Kirkvvood academy, Md., in the winter of 1848-49 ; principal of Day's academy, Wrentham, Mass., 1849-52; master of the Dorchester high school. 1852-57, and subsequently of the high schools in Lawrence (1857-Gl). Salem (1861-62), and Cambridge, Mass. (1862-68), resigning in order to give his entire attention to editorial and EOLLIXS ROLLINS literary work. He was associate editor of the Poimlar Science Neivs, 1869-93. and edited the department of " Shakespeariana "' in the Literary World, 1881-89, and in the Critic (New York), 1890-98, after which time he was one of the staff contributors to that journal. He was married, July 30, 18-56, to Eliza Jane, daughter of Joseph and Eleanor (Grif- fiths) Carew of Dor- chester, Mass., who died, March 19, 1900, leaving three sons : John C. Rolfe, pro- fessor of Latin, Uni- A-ersity of Pennsyl- vania ; George W. Rolfe, instructor in Massachusetts Insti- tute of Technology, and Charles J. Rolfe. a member of the Suffolk bar, Cambridge, Mass. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred upon Mr. Rolfe by Harvard in 1859, and by Amherst in 1865, from which latter college he also received the degree of Litt. D. in 1887. His publications include : Handbook of Latin Poetry, with J. H. Hanson (1865) ; Craik's "English of Shakespeare" (1867); Cambridge Course of Physics (with J. A. Gillet ; 6 vols., 1867- 69); a complete edition of Shakespeare's works (40 vols., 1870-83); Satchel Guide to Europe (re- vised yearly from 1872) ; Selections from the poems of Gray, Goldsmith, Milton, Wordsworth, Browning. Scott, Tennyson and Byron (16 vols., 1875-89) ; ^L'S. Browning's Sonnets from the Por- tuguese (1886); Tales of Chivalry, from Scott (1887); Tales from English History (1888); Ma- caulay's Lays of Ancient Rome (with Dr. John C. Rolfe; 1888); Fairy Tales (1889); Tales from Scottish History (1891) ; Lamb's Tales from Shakespeare (2 vols., 1892) ; complete edition of Tennyson (13 vols., 1895-98: also the "Cam- bridge " ed. in one volume. 1899) ; Shakespeare the Boy (1896); and contributions to literary, educational, and scientific periodicals. In 1900- 02 he supervised the "New Century" edition of Shakespeare (24 vols.), to which he contributed a Life of Shakespeare, filling one volume. In 1903 he was engaged in a complete revision of his own edition of Shakespeare. ROLLINS, Alice Wellington, author, was born in Boston, Mass., June 12, 1847; daughter of Ambrose and Lucy (Kent) Wellington ; granddaughter of Benjamin Oliver and Mary (Hastings) Wellington and of William and Ca- therine (Hutchins) Kent ; great granddaughter of Benjamin Wellington (born 1743), who was IX. — 11 the first Lexington man to meet the British on their way to Concord and fought with his com- pany April 19, 1775 ; and a descendant of Roger Wellington, who came from England about 1630, and settled in Watertown in 1642, removing to Lexington in 1705. She received a good educa- tion at home and abroad ; taught school in Boston for several years, and was 'married, Jan. 12. 1876, to Daniel Michael Rollins, a prominent New York merchant. She traveled abroad, re- sided in Brazil and devoted herself to literary work. She is the author of: Tlie Ring of Ame- thyst (1878); Tlie Story of a Ranch (1885); All Sorts of Children (1886) ; Tlie Three Tetons {1SS7); Uncle Tom's Tenement (1888) ; From Palm to Glacier (1892) ; Dealing in Futures (1893); ^_p/to- risms for the Year (1894) ; TTie Story of Azron (1895); Little Page Fern (1895); The Finding of the Gentian (1895); Unfamiliar Quotations (1895). She died in Bronxville, N.Y., Dec. 5, 1897, ROLLINS, Edward Henry, senator, was born in Somersworth (Rollinsford), N.H., Oct. 3, 1824 ; son of Daniel and Mary (Plummer) Rollins ; grandson of James and Lucy (Gerrish) Rollins and of Ebenezer and Mehitabel (Warren) Plum- mer, and a descendant of Ichabod Rollins, the patriot. He attended academies in Dover, N.H., and South Berwick, Maine. : taught school, and engaged in business as a merchant. He was married, Feb. 13, 1849, to Ellen, daughter of John and Nancy (Montgomery) West of Concord, N.H. He was a representative in the state legis- lature, 1855-57 ; speaker of the house, 1856-57 ; chairman of the Republican state committee from its formation for several years ; chairman of the state delegation to the Republican national convention in 1860 ; a Republican representative in the 37th-39th congresses, 1861-67 ; secretary of the Union Pacific railroad company, 1869-71, and its treasurer, 1871-77 ; and U.S. senator, 1877-83, serving as chairman of the committee on manufactures. He was founder of the First National bank, Concord, N.H., and was presi- dent of the Boston, Concord and Montreal rail- road company. He died -in the Isle of Shoals, N.H.. July 31, 1889. ROLLINS, Frank West, governor of New Hampshire, was born in Concord, N.H., Feb. 24, 1860 ; son of Edward Henry (q.v.) and Ellen (West) Rol- lins ; grandson of James am Mary (Plummer) Rollins, and of John and Nancy (Mont- gomery) West, and a de- scendant of Ichabod Rollins, first probate judge of Straf- ford county, N.H. He was graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1881, and on Dec. 6, 1882, was married to Katherine W., ROLLINS ROMEYN daughter of Francis E. Pecker of Concord. He en- gaged in banking in Concord ; was a Republican state senator. 1895-97 ; president of the senate, lS9.'J-99, and was governor of New Hampshire, Ib09-190L During his administration lie inaugu- rated tlie Old Home Week custom, the governor appointing one week in the Autumn of each year to be set apart for the meeting and entertaining of the scattered families at the old homes. He is the author of : Tlie Ring in the C/(J(lb87) ; The Twin Hussars (1890) ; Break o' Day Tales (1895) ; Vie Lady of the F/o/efs (1898); Old Home Week Speeches (1900). ROLLINS, James Sidney, representative, was horn ill Richmoiul. Ivy., April 19,1812; son of Dr. Anthony Wayne and Sallie Harris (Rodes) Rollins ; grandson of Henry Rollins, who emi- grated from county Tyrone, Ireland, to Pennsyl- vania previous to the Revolution, and of Judge Robert Rodes of Madison county, Kj'. He was graduated at the University of Indiana, A.B., 1S30. and at Transylvania university. Kentucky, LL.B., 1834, and settled in the practice of law in Boone county. Mo., in 1834. He served on the staflf of Gen. Richard Gentry during the Black Hawk war in 1832, and became editor of the Pa- triot, a Whig journal, at Columbia, Mo., in 1836. He was married, June 6, 1837, to Mary E. Hick- man of Howland county, Mo. He represented Boone county in the state legislature, 1838-43 and 1854-.56 ; was a delegate to the Whig national convention of 1844 ; served in the state senate, 1846-50, where he opposed the extension of slavery, and was defeated as the Whig candidate for governor of Missouri in 1848 and in 1857. He was a member of the board of visitors for West Point in 1850, and a presidential elector in 1852. He was a Conservative Democratic representative from the ninth Missouri district in the 37th and 38th congresses. July 4, 1861-March 3, 1865, in- troducing the bill that led to the construction of the Union Pacific, the Klansas Pacific, and the the Central Pacific railroads, and also voting for the adoption of the thirteenth amendment to the OvtRSlTY OFAMSSOURI. constitution, although a large slave-holder at the time. He was a representative in the Missouri legislature, 1866-68 ; a member of the Missouri senate, 1868-72 ; was a director of the Union Pacific railroad company, lb07-08 ; a member uf the board of curators of University of Missouri, 1847-49, and president of the board, 1869-86, and was declared the father of the university by this board in 1872. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. He died in Columbia, Mo., Jan. 9, 1888. ROMAN, Andrew Bienvenu, governor of Lou isiaiia, was burn in OpeU)UMis, Lu., March 5. 1795, of Creole parentage. He was brought up on his father's sugar plantation in St. James parish and was graduated at St. Marys college, Baltimore, Md., 1815. In 1816 he purchased a sugar planta- tion in St. James parish. He was a representa- tive for St. James in the Louisiana legislature for several years after 1818, and was speaker of the house for four years. He was subsequently parish judge until 1830, and governor of the state, 1831-35. As governor he was instrumental in the founding of Jefferson college, the clearing of the water courses of the state for navi- gation, the draining of swamp lands and building levees, the incorporation of the New Orleans Chamber of Commerce, and the forma- tion of a state agricultural society. He was again governor of the state, 1838-41 ; a member of the constitutional conventions of 1845 and 1852, and of the secession convention of 1861. He was one of the three provisional commissioners sent to Washington in 1861 to effect a peaceable sep- aration of the states ; refused to take the oath of allegiance to protect his property when Louisiana fell into the hands of the Federal army, and after the war was recorder of deeds and mortgages in New Orleans. He died suddenly on Dumaine street, New Orleans. Jan. 26, 1866. ROMEYN, James, clergyman, was born in Greeubusii, N.Y., Sept. 30, 1797 ; son of the Rev. James Van Campen (1765-1840) and Susanna (Van Vranken) Romeyn ; grandson of the Rev. Thomas (1729-1794) and Susanna (Frelinguysen) Romeyu ; great-grandson of Nicholas Romeyn ; great^ grandson of John and Lammetje (Bougeart) Romeyn of Hackensack and greaf^-grandson of ClaasKuyper (Janse) and Christiantje (Terhune) Romeyn or Romaiue, who came from Holland about 1653. He graduated from Columbia, A.B., 1816 ; and entered the ministry of the Reformed Dutch church in 1819 ; preaching at Nassau. N.Y., 1820-27; Six Mile Run, N.J., 1827-32; Hacken- sack, N.J., 1833-36; Catskill, N.Y., 1836-40; Leeds, N.Y., 1842-44 ; and Bergen Neck, N.J., 1844-50 ; (emeritus, 1852), when he retiied from the active ministry on account of ill health. In the pulpit he was very rapid but forceful of speech, reading from manuscript without the aid ui liOMEYN RONCKENDORFF glasses. Those manuscripts are now in existence and are most remarkable for being written so fine that it requiries tlie aid of a strong magnify- ing glass to decipher them. He was elected professor of rhetoric at Rutgers college, but declined ; received from Columbia the honorary degree of S.T.D. in 1838, and was a trustee of Rut- gers, 1840-48. He was married to Jo- anna Bayard, daugh- ter of the Rev. John Rodgers, pastor of the First Presbyterian church. Wall street, New York, for twenty years ; and grand- daughter of Col. John Bayard. He is the author of : The Crisis, sermon (1842) ; and Plea for the Evangelical Press (1843). (See " A Manual of the Reformed Dutch Church in America," by Rev. E. I. Cor- win, 1869. Published by the Board of Publica- tion, Reformed Church in America). He died at New Brunswick, N.J.. Sept. 7, 1859. ROMEYN, John Brodhead, clergyman, was born in Marbletown, Ulster county, N.Y., Nov. 8, 1777; son of the Rev. Theodoric(orDirck)Romeyn (q.v.). He was graduated from Columbia college in 1795 ; was licensed to preach in 1 798, and was pastor of the Reformed Dutch church at Rhine- beck, N.Y., 1799-1803 ; of the Presbyterian church in Schenectady, N.Y., in 1803 ; of the First Pres- byterian ciiurch in Albany, 1804-08, and of the Cedar Street church. New Y^'ork city, 1808-25. He declined the presidency of Transylvania uni- versity and of Dickinson college ; was one of the founders and a director of the Princeton Theolo- gical seminary, 1812-25 ; a trustee of the College of New Jersey, 1809-25 ; and was moderator of the general assembly of the Presbyterian church in 1810. The honorary degree of A.M. was con- ferred on him by Union college in 1797, and that of D.D. by the College of New Jersey in 1809. He is the author of occasional discourses which were collected and published (2 vols., 1816). He died in New York city, Feb. 22, 1825. ROMEYN, Theodore Bayard, clergyman, was born in Nassau, N.Y., Oct. 22, 1827 ; son of the Rev. James (1797-1859) and Joanna Bayard (Rod- gers) Romeyn ; grandson of the Rev. James Van Campen (1765-1840) and Susanna (Van Vranken) Romeyn, and a descendant of Claas Janse, New Amsterdam, about 1653. He was graduated from Rutgers college. A.B., 1846, A.M., 1849, and from the New Brunswick, N.J., Theological seminary in 1849. He married Amelia A. Letson, daughter of Johnson and Eliza Shaddle of New Brunswick. He was ordained to the ministry in 1850, and was pastor of Dutch Reformed churches in Blawen- burg and Hackensack, N.J., 1850-85. The hon- orary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Rutgers in 1869. He is the author of : Historical Discourse on the Reopening and Dedication of the 1st Reformed churchat Hackensack, N.J., May 2, 1SG9 (1870); Adaptation of the Refoniied Church in America to American Character (1876); be- sides many sermons, addresses and articles in the religious press. He died in Hackensack, N.J., Aug. 29, 1885. ROMEYN, Theodoric (.u Dirck), clergyman, was born in Hackensack, N. J., June 12, 1744 ; son of Nicholas, grandson of John, and great- grandson of Claas Kuyper (Janse) Romeyn, or Romaine. who emigrated from Rotterdam, Hol- land, 1653, and married Cliristiantje Terhune Dirck Romeyn. He was graduated from the Col- lege of New Jersey in 1765 ; studied theology at Queen's college, and was ordained to the minis- try of tlie Reformed Dutch church in 1766. He was pastor of the Dutch churches at Hackensack and Schraalenburgh, N.J., from May, 1776, to about 1786, and in 1784 he declined the presi- dency of Rutgers college. He was one of the founders of Union college ; was a trustee, 1795- 1803, and was professor of theology in the General Synod of the Reformed Dutch church, 1797-1804. He married Elizabeth Brodhead. He was con- sidered one of the most prominent American theologians, and was widely quoted. The honor- ary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Rut- gers and by the College of New Jersey in 1789. He died in Schenectady, N.Y., April 16, 1804. RONCKENDORFF, Wilham, naval officer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 9, 1812. He was warranted midshipman, Feb. 17, 1832 ; was pro- moted passed midshipman, June 23, 1838, and lieutenant, June 28, 1843. He was attached to the Brazil station, 1843-45, and in 1845 was made bearer of despatches to Commodore Robert F. Stockton, with whom he served on tlie Pacific coast during the Mexican war. He served off the African coast, suppressing the slave-trade. 1849- 52 ; engaged against Paraguay in 1859, and on June 29, 1861, was promoted commander, attached to the Gulf squadron. In the spring of 1862, as commander of the San Jacinto, he was sent to Hampton Roads to attack the Merrimac, if neces- sary. He sailed to Norfolk, took part in the attack on Sewell's Point, and later did blockading duty on the North Carolina and Virginia coasts. In 1863 he tracked the Alabama in the West Indies, and in May was given command of the flagship of the West Indian squadron. In 1865, in command of the ironclad Monadnock, he patrolled the RONDEL ROOP James river. lie was transferred to the monitor Tunawanda, later to the receiving ship at Pliila- delpliia. and Sept. 27, ISGG, was promoted cap- tain. He was in charge of the ironchid fleet at New Orleans, 1870-73 ; commanded the Canan- tldiijua, 1S73-75 ; was commissioned commodore, Sept. 12, 1874, and was retired, Nov. 9, 1874. He died in New York, Nov. 27, 1891. RONDEL, Frederic, painter, was born in Paris, France, in 1826. He studied painting with Au- guste Jugelet and Theodore Gudin ; came to the United States, and in 1857 exhibited at the Na- tional Academy of Design, of which he became an associate in 1860. He lived in Philadelphia, where he conducted a popular art school. Among his many works are : View from the Palisades, Opposite Hastings, and Tank Vessels at Point Breeze. PJiiladelphia, Petin. He died in New York City. Nov. 22. 1892. ROOD, Ogden Nicholas, physicist, was born in Danbury, Conn., Feb. 3, 1831 ; son of the Rev. Anson and Aleida Gouverneur (Ogden) Rood. He was graduated from the College of New Jer- sey, A.B., 18.52, A.M., 1855; attended the Shef- field Scientific school, Yale, and the Universities of Munich and Berlin, 1854-58 ; was professor of chemistry and physics at Troy university, 1858- 63, and was married in 1858, to Matilde Prunner of Munich, Germany. He was professor of physics at Columbia university, 1868-1902, and made many important scientific discoveries, in- cluding the application of stereoscopic photo- graphy to the microscope, the making of quantita- tive experiments on color-contrast, and the meas- urement of tlie duration of flashes of lightning. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, 1865-1902 ; a member of the American Philosophical society of Philadelphia; of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences of Bos- ton, and a vice-president of the American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science in 1867. He is tlie author of: Modern Chromatics (1879). He died in New York city, Nov. 12, 1902. ROOKER, Frederick Zadok, R.C. bishop, was born in X.w York city, Sept. 19, 1861 ; son of Myron Holly and Margaret (Coleman) Rooker, and grandson of Zadok and Anne (Lanpher) Rooker, and of Jolin and Mary (Morgan) Cole- man. The first of his paternal ancestors came to Connecticut from England in 1645. He attended Union college, 1880-83 ; studied at the Propa- ganda at Rome, Italy, and in 1888 was ordained priest in Rome. He was vice-rector of the Amer- ican College at Rome, 1889-94 ; was sent to "Wash- ington as a member of the apostolic delegation in 1894, and Jan. 1, 1895, was chosen secretary of the delegation. He received tlie honorary de- gree of D.D. from Union college in 1895. He was consecrated bishop f)f Jaro. in the Phi Islands, June 15, 1893. ulippine ROONEY, John Jerome, poet, was born in Biiighainioii, N.Y., Muich 19, 1806; son of John J. and Ellen T. (Shanahan) Rooney ; grandson of Michael and Anna (Greene) Rooney, and of John and Margaret (Donovan) Shanahan, who were among the early settlers of Susquehanna county, Pa., and Broome county, N.Y. ; all of Irish birth or descent. After the death of his father in 1865, he removed with his family to Philadelphia, Pa.; in 1868 attended preparatory schools, and was graduated from Mt. St. Mary's college, Emmits- burg, Md., at the head of his cla.ss, A.B. and A.M., 1884. He was a member of the city staff and a special article writer of the Philadel- phia Record, 1884-88 ; removed to New York city, and was member of a customs brokerage and forwarding house, 1889-95, and established an in- dependent firm in 1895 as Rooney & Spence. He studied law at the New York Law school, and was admitted to the New York bar, July 9, 1901, engaging chiefly in customs and revenue cases and estate practice. He is the author of a volume of patriotic verse, containing the initial poem The Men Behind the Guns, the poem that gava currency to the phrase. This poem was published first in the New York Sun, in the beginning of tlie Spanish-American war. The volume also contains, Hobson of Santiago ; Victor Blue ; Mc- Elrath of Malate, and other verse (1898). He became a director of the Catholic Club of the City of New York, secretary of the Society of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, and an oflicer in numerous literary, social and patriotic organiza- tions. ROOP, Hervin Ulysses, educator, was born in Higlispire, Pa., Nov. 16, 1808 ; son of Henry Jack- sou and Justina Margaret (Backenstoe) Roop ; grandson of Christian and Margaret Roop, and of Henry and Fannie Backenstoe, and great-grand- son of the Rev. Jacob Roop. He attended the Steelton, Pa., high school; was graduated from Lebanon Valley college in 1892, and took a post- graduate course at the University of Wooster, where he was graduated, Ph.D., 1895. He also studied philosophy and pedagogy for two years at the University of Pennsylvania and Cornell uni- versity. He was married, Aug. 26, 1897, to Emma Miiy, daughter of Bishop Ezekiel Boring and Susie Jane Kephart of Baltimore, Md. He joined the ministry of the United Brethren church in 1890 ; was a teacher of the State Normal sciiool and Rittenhouse academy, 1892-96 ; was state super- intendent of the normal department of the Penn- sylvania State Sabbath School association, 1896- 97, during which time he organized the training work for Sabbath-school teachers throughout the state, and in 1897 was elected president of Leba- non Vallej' college, Annville, Pa., and professor of pliilosophy. He is the author of frequent con- tributions to educational and religious journals. ROOSA ROOSEVELT ROOSA, Daniel Bennett St. John, ophthal- mologist and otologist, was born in Bethel, N.Y., April 4, 183S ; son of Charles Baker and Amelia Elmer (Foster) Roosa ; grandson of John and DoUj^ (Durj-ea) Roosa and of Jesse M. and Delia (Heard) Foster ; and great-grandson of Lieut. Isaac A. Roosa, Capt. George Duryea, Captain Foster and General Heard, all officers in the Con- tinental army. He attended the district school ; studied under a private tutor and at the academies in Monticello, N.Y., and Honesdale, Pa., matricu- lated at Yale college in 1856, but was obliged to leave on account of ill-health ; studied under a tutor in Boston for one year, and was graduated from the Medical department of the Universicy of the City of New York in 1860. He served in the New York hospital as junior walker, senior walker, and house surgeon, 1800-61 ; volunteered as medical officer in 1861 , and was appointed assist- ant surgeon of the 5th volunteer regiment, N.G.S. N.Y., serving in the field four months. He studied in Berlin and Vienna, devoting himself especially to ophthalmology and otology, 1862-63, and in June of the latter year again served in the field as surgeon of the 12th N. Y. National Guards. He later practised medicine in New York city ; was professor of ophthalmology and otologj" in the University of the City of New York, 1863-82, and in the University of Vermont, 1875-76 and 1878-83. Upon the organization of the New York Post-Graduate Medical scliool and hospital in 1882, he was elected president of the faculty and professor of ophthalmology and otology. He was first married. May 8, 1862, to Mary Hoyt, daughter of Stephen M. and Elizabeth (Bowman) Blake of New York city, who died in 1878 ; and secondly, July, 1879, to Sarah E., former wife of Frank E. Howe and daughter of Eder Vreelland and Eliza- beth (Workam) Haughwout of New York city. He received the honorary degree of A.M. from Yale in 1868 ; that of LL. D. from the University of Vermont, 1881, and was a member of the coun- cil of the University of the City of New York, 1872-78. He was president of the International Otological society, 1876 ; of the New York State Medical society, 1879, and of other scientific organizations ; a founder of the Manhattan Eye and Ear hospital in 1869, and one of its surgeons. He translated from the German : " Troltsch on the Ear " (1863) , and " Stellwag on the Eye " (with Hackey and Bull, (1867); and is the author of: Drs. Vest-Pocket Medical Lexicon (1865; 2d ed., 1887); Treatise on the Ear (1866), translated into German, and published in Berlin ; A Doctor's Suggestions (1880) ; TJie Old Hospital and Other Papers (1886) ; On the Necessity of Wearing Glasses (1899) ; Treatise on the Eye, a Clinical Manual (1891); and frequent contributions to periodicals. ROOSEVELT, Edith Kermit, wife of Presi- dent Roosevelt, was born in Norwich, Conn., Aug. 6, 1861 ; daughter of Cliarles and Gertrude Eliza- beth (Tyler) Carow ; granddaughter of Isaac and Eliza (Mowatt) Carow, and of Daniel and Emily (Lee) Tyler, and a descendant of Isaac Quereau and Judith Quentin (Huguenots) who emigrated, from France after the revocation of the edict of Nantes, first to Holland and then to New York city, and of Job Tyler and Mary, his wife, who emigrated from Shropshire, England, were ad- mitted to the town of Newport, R. I., 1638 (Colo- nial Records, Vol. 1., p. 92) and settled at Andover, Mass., 1639. She was educated in New York city, and was married Dec. 2, 1886, to Theodore Roosevelt. They made their home at Sagamore Hill, Oyster Bay, Long Island, N.Y. Following are tiie names of their children : Theodore, Jr., born Sept. 13, 1887 ; Kermit, born Oct. 10, 1889 ; Ethel Carow, born Aug. 10, 1891 ; Archibald Bul- loch, born April 9, 1894 ; Quentin, born Nov, 19, 1897. On the accession of her husband to the Presidency she removed to the Wliite House, where her social duties were made secondary to those of her household, and the liome-life at Sag- amore Hill with its well ordered routine of study and recreation in which the whole family joined, was maintained. ROOSEVELT, James Henry, philanthropist, was born in New York city, Nov. 10, 1800 ; son of James Christopher and Catherine(Byvank) Roose- velt. He was graduated from Columbia college, A.B., 1819, A. M., 1823; and studied law, but never practised, owing to delicate health. He bequeathed $1,000,000 to found the hospital in New York city that bears his name. The build- ing, was opened, Nov. 2, 1871, and the fund had been so ably handled that $3,000,000 was avail- able for the purpose of the bequest. He died in New York city, Nov. 30, 1863. ROOSEVELT, James I., jurist, was born in New York city, Dec. 14, 1795 ; son of James (or Jacobus) J., and Mary (Van Schaick) Roosevelt ; grandson of Jacobus and Armatje Bogard (or Bogert) Roosevelt ; great-grandson of Johannes and Heyltjes (Sjverts) Roosevelt ; great-^grand- son of Nicholas and Heyltje Jans (Kunst) Roose- velt ; and great-^grandson of Klaas Martenseu and Jannetje (Samuels or Thomas) Roosevelt, New Amsterdam, 1649. His father was a com- missary of New York troops in the American Revolution. He was graduated from Columbia college in 1815, and practised law in partnership with Peter Jay, 1818-30. He supported General Jackson for President in 1838, and resided in Paris, France, 1830-31. On his return to the United States, he was married. May 30, 1831, to Cornelia, daughter of Cornelius P. and Rhoda (Savage) Van Ness of New York city ; resumed ROOSEVELT ROOSEVELT his law pnictiro, and was a moinberof the state as- sembly in 1835 ami 1S39-40 ; a Democratic repre- sentative in the 27th congress, 1841-43 ; studied foreign law in England, Holland and France, and was justice of tlie supreme court of the state of New York, 1851-59. He was U.S. district at- torney for southern New York, by appointment of President Buchanan, 1860-61, and served for a time as judge of the state court of appeals. He died in New York city, April 5, 1875. ROOSEVELT, Nicholas, inventor, was born in N.'w York city, Dec. 27, 1767; son of Isaac Roose- velt ; grandson of Jacobus, and, through Joliannes and Nicholas, greats-grandson of Khiss Marten- sen Roo.sevelt. 1649. He received a good edu- cation, and devoted himself to meclianics. In 178;3 he made the model of a paddle-wheel boat, which is Siiid to have been the first on record. He engaged in manufacturing and inventing in New York city, and constructed an atmospheric machine for the Schuyler copper mines in New Jersey ; the engines for the Philadelphia water- works, and contracted to supply the government with copper, drawn and rolled, for six battle- ships. In 1797 he built the engines for a steam- boat, the motive-power having been planned by Robert R. Livingston, but the experiment failed ; and on Sept. 6, 1798, he invented a vertical wheel wiiich was the basis of the combination that made steam navigation practicable. In 1802 Robert Fulton and Livingston adopted Roose- velfs vertical wheel, and a boat was launched in 1802. He was married, Nov. 15, 1808, to Lydia, daughter of John Henry Latrobe of Washington, D.C. He became associated with Fulton in tlie introduction of steamboats in Western waters in 1809, and in 1811 built and successfully navigated the Neio Orleans down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. He retired to Skaneateles, N.Y., where he died, July 30, 1854. ROOSEVELT, Robert Barnwell, lawyer, was born in New York city, Aug. 17, 1829 ; son of Cornelius Van Schaick and Margaret (Barnhill) Roosevelt ; grandson of James (or Jacobus) I. and Maiy (Van Schaick) Roosevelt, and a de- scendant of Klaas Martensen and Jannetje (Samuels or Thomas) Van Roosevelt wlio came to this country in August, 1649. He was admitted to the bar in 1850, and practised in New York till 1871, wiien he retired. He was the organizer of the War Democracy in New York ; president of the Losing the Higne tribunal as the proi>er means for arriving at a peaceful solution. Later when the European powers involved ob- jected to appearing before the Hague court, they unanimously suggested the President of the United States as a more satisfactory arbitrator, a position which he declined, and U.S. Consul Bowen arranged tiie term of settlement. When the Uziited States senate failed to act upon the treaties providing for an Isthmian canal and for reciprocity with Cuba, President Roosevelt called an extra session of the senate, and the treaties were ratified, March 5, 1903. In November, 1903. he recognized the new Republic of Panama immediately on its secession from Colombia. He was a member of the Columbia Historical societj- to which he contributed papers on the Dutch colonies of New Amsterdam ; the National Geographic society ; the Union League club and the Century association of New York city ; the Anthropological society of Washington, the American Museum of Natural History of which he was a trustee, as he was of the State Charities Association, and of the Newsboys' Lodging House of which his father was the organizer and a liberal patron. He organized in 1887 and was the first president of the Boone and Crockett club, whose objects are the hunting of big game, ex- ploration, and preservation of game and forests, holding the office until 1896. He instituted, Feb. 2, 1899. and was the first commander, of the Naval and Military Order of tlie Spanish-American War; and became a member of the Rough Riders' association, organized in Cuba before the dis- bandment of the 1st Regiment, U.S. Volunteers Cavalry, and of the National Association of Span- ish-American War Veterans, incorporated Dec. 14, 1899. He was made an honorary member of the Union League club of Chicago in 1902, and of the Alpine club of London. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Columbia in 1899, from Yale in October, 1901, and from Harvard in 1902, having been elected a member of tiie Har- vard Universit}^ board of overseers in 1895. He is the author of : History of the Naval ]Var of 1S13 (1882) ; Hunting Trips of a Ranchman (1885) -yLife of Tliomas H. Benton (1880) and Life of Gouverneur Morris (1887) in the " Amer- ican Statesmen Series " ; Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail (1888) ; Essays on Practical Politics (1888) ; Tlie Winyiing of the West— The Fotindiug of the Alleghany Commontcealtlis, 17S4-fiO (Vol. I. and II., 1889) ; History of Xew York City (1890) ; The Wilderness Hunter (1893) ; ''Tlie Boone and Crockett Club Series" edited by Mr. Roosevelt and George Bird Grinnell : American Big Game Hunting (1893) ; Hunting i7i Many Lands (1895) and Tlie Trail and Camp Fire (1896): Hero Tal^s from American History. 14 tales by Theodore Roosevelt and 12 by Henry Cabot Lodge (1S95) : The Winning of the West —Louisiana and the Xorth West (Vols. III. and t^^ y^^i^-zr^^ KIGHT BY A. DlFONT. ROOT ROOT IV., 1893-96) ; American Ideals (1897) ; Tlie Rough Riders (1899) ; Oliver Cromwell (1900) ; The Strenuous Life (1900), and TJte Deer Family of wliich he was part author (1902). ROOT, Eleazer, educator, was born in Canaan, N.Y., March G, 1803; son of Dr. Eleazer Root, He was graduated from Williams college, A.B. 1831, A.M., 1824; was tutor at Williams, 1823; studied law at Hudson, N.Y., was admitted to the bar, 183-4, and practised in Hudson until 1830, when he removed to Virginia for his health. He was professor of languages at Hampden Sidney college, Va., for a short time, established and for several years conducted a private seminary, and in 1845 removed to Waukesha, AVis., where he founded Carroll college (chartered Jan. 31, 1846) and was its president and professor of Latin and and Greek, 1846-48. He was a delegate from Waukesha to the second state constitutional con- vention of 1847-48, where he advocated public schools and drew up Article X. (on Education) of the constitution as adopted, providing for a state superintendent of public instruction, the estab- lishment and maintenance of public schools, and the establishment of a state university. He was a charter member of the board of regents of the University of Wisconsin, 1848-53, serving as first president pro tempore of the board, 1848-50 ; was the first state superintendent of public instruc- tion, 1849-53, a member of the state assembly, 1853, superintendent of schools in Fond du Lac county, 1853-53, and then removed to western Texas and was professor of languages in Guada- lupe county for four years, removing to Wiscon- sin shortly before the civil war. He was one of the founders and promoters of the Wisconsin Historical society ; was for a time a resident of St. Louis, Mo. (about 1871) ; took orders in the Protestant Episcopal church, and served as rector of Trinity church, St. Augustine, Fla., 1874-84. He died in St. Augustine, July 25, 1887. ROOT, Elihu, cabinet officer, was born in Clinton, N.Y., Feb. 15, 1845; son of Oren and Nancy Whitney (Buttrick) Root, and brother of Oren Root (q.v.). He attended the common schools ; was graduated from Hamilton college in 1864 ; assisted his brother Oren, who was principal of the academy at Rome, N.Y., in 1865; was graduated from the law department of the Uni- versity of the City of New York in 1867 ; was ad- mitted to the bar, and practised in New York city, first in partnership with John H. Strahan and later with Judge Willard Bartlett. He was married, Jan. 8, 1878, to Clara, daughter of Salem H. Wales of New York city. He was by appoint- ment of President Arthur, U.S. attorney of the southern district of New York, 1883-85 ; was a member of the county committee ; chairman of the Republican county committee, 1886-87, and delegate at large to the state constitutional con- vention of 1894, being chairman of its judiciary committee. He was employed as counsel for William M. Tweed on the exposure of the " Tweed ring " frauds ; for Judge Hilton in the Stewart will cases, and for the Sugar trust and various political liti- gations. He was ap- pointed secretary of war by President Mc- Kinley, Aug. 1, 1899, as successor to Rus- sell A. Alger, and was re-appointed, March 5, 1901, being con- tinued in the office till he resigned in 1903. He was made a member of the execu- tive committee of the Carnegie Institution, Washington, D.C., in 1903. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Hamilton col- lege in 1894, and by Yale in 1900. , ROOT, Erastus, representative, was born in Hebron, Conn., March 16, 1778. He was grad- uated from Dartmouth Qollege in 1793 ; was ad- mitted to the bar in 1796, and settled in practice in Delhi, N.Y. He was a member of the state as- sembly, 1798-1803, and many terms subsequently ; a Democratic representative in the 8th, 11th, 14th and 22d congresses. 1803-05, 1809-11, 1815-17 and 1831-33 ; state senator, 1812-15 ; a member of the state assembly, 1818-23 and 1830 ; lieutenant- governor of the state, 1833-35, and again state senator, 1841-45. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on him by Union college in 1833. He is the author of : Addresses to the People (1834). He died suddenly in New York city, when en route for Washington, Dec. 24, 1846. ROOT, George Frederick, composer, was born in Sheffield, Berkshire county, Mass., Aug. 30, 1820 ; son of Frederick Ferdinand and Sarah (Flint) Root, and grandson of Azariah Root and of Col, Daniel Flint. In 1836 he was left with the entire management of his father's farm and family. Having learned to play several musical instruments, he soon after went to Boston, where he obtained employment with A. N. Johnson, a prominent musician, who gave him lessons on the piano and in voice culture. He became suc- cessful as a music teacher ; removed in 1 844 to New York city, where he taught in a school founded by Jacob Abbott (q.v.); and was mar- ried in 1845 to Mary Olive Woodman. He went to Paris in 1850, studied singing under Alary and began his career as a composer. He originated the Normal musical institutes and* was a member ROOT ROOT of the faculty at the New York meeting in 1872. He is the author of many songs which attained great popularity, including: Hazel Dell (IS'jS); Rosalie, the Prairie Flower (1855); Tlie First Oun is Fired, May God Protect the Right (1861); Bat- tle Cry of Freedom ( 18G1 ) ; Just Before the Battle, Mother (\S&S); The Vacant Chair; Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, the Boys are M'S ROSECRAXS among eighty-two of the cliaritable organiza- tions of New York city, each of which received an amount ranging from $300 to $020,000. He also presented his native town of Wethersfield with $[•2,000 for tlie endowment of an academy. Mr. Rose was especially interested in tiie promotion of education, and his personal charities include : $S.000 to the Iniliana State Normal school, for a library ; $00,000 for the endowment of two pro- fessorships in Wabash university, and $450,000 to establish and endow an industrial school in Terre Haute, which was founded in 1874, and in 1875 named in his honor the Rose Polytechnic institute. Mr. Rose serving as president of Its board of managers until his death. By the terms of his will this insti- tution was nained as his residuary legatee. He died in Terre Haute. Ind.. xVug. 13, 1877. ROSECRANS, Sylvester Horton, R. C. bishop, was born at Homer, Licking county, Ohio, Feb. 5, 1827 ; son of Crandall and Johanna Rosecrans, and brother of Gen. William Starke Rosecrans, He matriculated at Kenyon college in the class of 1847, but having embraced the Roman Catholic faith he left the college in 1845 to enter St. John's college, Fordham, where he was graduated in 1846. He then went to Rome and was graduated from the Propaganda with the degree of D, D., Sep. 4, 1851, and in the distribution of awards on that day, he took premiums for sacred scrip- ture, dogmatic theology, ecclesiastical history and Gregorian music. He was ordained, July 16, 1852, at Rome, by the Cardinal Vicar, and returned to the United States, He was assistant pastor at St. Peter's cathedral, Cincinnati, 1852-59, and pro- fessor at Mt. St. Mary's Seminary of the West and at St. Gregory's preparatory seminary at Cedar Point. 1859-02. He was elected titular bishop of '• Pompeiopolis" and auxiliarj* bishop of Cin- cinnati, and was consecrated March 25, 1862, by Archbishop Purcell, assisted by Bishops Spauld- ing and Luers. He was translated to the see of Columbus, on its establishment in 1868, becoming its first bishop, March 3, 1868. He edited the Catholic Telegraph for several years, and during his bishoporic St. Mary's of the Spring academy, connected with the Convent and Mother's House of the Dominican sisters at Shepard, Franklin county, Ohio, was founded ; St. Aloysius acad- emy, New Lexington, was erected, and St. Joseph's cathedral was begun, being consecrated on the day before he died. He died at Columbus, Ohio, Oct. 21, 1878. ROSECRANS, William Starke, soldier, was bom in Kingston. Ross county. Ohio, Sept. 6, 1819 ; son of Crandall and Johanna Rosecrans. The family came from Amsterdam, Holland, and settled in Wilkes Barre, Pa., the name beingorig- inally spelled Rosenkrantz. Crandall Roseci'ans settled in Licking county, Ohio, and was a Metho- dist. William was graduated from the L". S. Mil- itary academy in 1842 and was assigned to the engineer corps. He was converted to tlie Roman Catholic faith while at West Point, and addressed a letter to his brother Sylvester Horton Rose- crans (q. V.) then a student in Kenyon college, which determined his change of faith. Lieuten- ant Rosecrans served as assistant engineer in the construction of the fortifications at Hampton Roads, Va.. 1842-43; was promoted 2d lieutenant, April 3, 1843, and served as assistant professor of engineer- ing at the U.S. Mil- itary academy, 1843- 44 and 1845-47 ; as principal assistant professor, 1846-47,and as assistant professor of natural and exper- imental piiilosophy, 1844-45. He superin- tended the repairs of Fort Adams, R.I., 1847-53, made surveys of the Taunton river and New Bedford har- bor, Mass., 1852-53 ; superintended the improve- ment of Providence Harbor, R.I., and the repairs of Goat Island ligiit-house, Newport, R.I., 1852-53, and of Washington navy jard, D.C., 1853-54. He was promoted 1st lieutenant, Marcli 3,1853, and re- signed his commission, April 1, 1854. He entered civil life as a civil engineer and architect at Cin- cinnati, Ohio, in 1854 ; was superintendent of the Cannel Coal company. Coal River, Va., 1855-57 ; president of the Coal River Navigation company, Va., 1856-57, and engaged in the manufacture of kei'osene oil at Cincinnati, Ohio, 1857-61. He organized and drilled the home guard depart- ment of the Oliio as volunteer aide-de-camp to Major-General McClellan, April-June. 1861 ; was promoted colonel of staff and chief engineer, June 9, 1861, and laid out Camp Dennison, near Cincinnati. He was appointed colonel of the 23d Ohio volunteers, June 10, 1861. and was in com- mand of Camp Cliase, June 10-20, 1861. He was appointed brigadier-general, U.S.V.. May 16, 1861, and on June 23, 1861, entered western Virginia in command of one of the three brigades under McClellan. He captured General Pegram's camp at Rich Moimtain, July 11, 1861, and on July 22, 1861. succeeded McClellan as ranking ofhcer in the Western Virginia campaign and in November, 1871, the Department of Western Virginia was /r.e//&- £&*'Xut^ ROSECRANS ROSENTHAL formed and he was regularly assigned to the command. He marched from Clarksburg against Floyd in September, 1861, and this march led to the combat of Carnifex Ferry, Sept. 10, 1861, and the driving of Floyd from the district after mak- ing a slight resistance at Gauley Bridge, Nov. 1, 1861. He was promoted major-general. U.S.V,, March 21, 1863, and on June 11, 1862, succeeded General Pope in the command of the Army of the Mississippi. He was in command of the Union forces in the battle of luka, Miss., Sept. 19, 1862, and after the battle he was put in command of the district of West Tennessee, with headquarters at Corinth, Sept. 26, 1862, General Grant remov- ing his headquartei-s to Jackson, Tenn. He for- tified and successfully defended Corinth from the assault by General Van Dorn, Sept. 3-4, 1862, driving the Confederates back to Ripley, the cavalry pursuing tlie retreating army for 60 miles, when he was ordered back to Corinth by General Grant in spite of his protests and assurances that he could press the enemy, then thoroughly de- moralized, and capture Vicksburg. The Confed- erate loss was 1423 officers and men killed and left /or the Federal soldiers to bury ; probably 5000 wounded, 2268 prisoners captured ; 3300 stands of small arms ; 14 stands of colors ; 2 pieces of artillery and a large quantity of equipments. Rosecrans"s loss was 355 killed, 1841 wounded and 324 captured or missing. He succeeded General Buell in command of the department of the Cumberland, Oct. 20 1862, and after securing a thorough reorganization of the Army of the Cum- berland (Fourteenth Army Corps), on Dec. 26, 1862, he began his march toward Nashville, where he expected to give battle to Gen. Braxton Bragg, then at Murf reesboro on Stone's River. The battle of Stone's River, Dec. 31, 18G2-Jan. 2,1863, fol- lowed, in which tlie Confederate loss in killed and wounded was 9000 while Rosecrans lost about an equal number ; but the field was held by the Federals, Bragg falling back to TuUahoma. In January, 1863, after the disaster of the Army of the Potomac under Burnside, General Halleck and Secretary Stanton favored the appointment of Rosecrans to the command of that army, but the President thought it injudicious to put an- other western man in command, and Hooker was appointed. Rosecrans claimed that bj' holding Bragg's army entrenched at its camp before Mur- freesboro he strengthened Grant at Vicksburg, and it was not till June 24, 1863. when news from Vicksburg indicated the speedy fall of tliat place, that Rosecrans moved on Bragg's entrenched army, and on July 4, he had possession of the camps, and on July 7. Bragg was in full retreat over the Cumberland mountains to Chattanooga. Rosecrans skilfully manoeuvered the Confederate army soutli of the Tennessee river and through and beyond Chattanooga. Here instead of en- trenching, he kept up the pursuit while Bragg was being re-enforced from Mississippi, and by Longstreet from the Army of Northern Virginia. Rosecrans. in time, had to fall back, and in the battle of Chickamauga, Sept. 19-20, 1863. he was badly defeated, abandoning Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge and falling back on Chat- tanooga Sept. 21, 1863, which place he began to fortify. His loss in killed, wounded and missing was 16,179 against 17,804, by the Confederate army. He was superseded by Genei'al Thomas Oct. 23, 1863, and was awaiting orders Oct. 1863- June, 1864. He was given command of the De- partment of the Missouri, Jan. 28, 1864, with headquarters at St. Louis, Mo., and on Dec. 9, 1864, he was relieved of his command without explanation, and was on leave of absence, 1865-67. He was brevetted major-general, U.S. army, March 13, 1865, for gallant and distinguished services at the battle of Stone's River, Tenn., and was mustered out of the volunteer service, Jan. 15, 1866. He resigned his commission March 28, 1867, and was appointed U.S. minister to Mexico July 27, 1868, and from 1869 to 1881 he engaged in railway and industrial enterprises in Mexico. He was elected president of the San Jose Mining company in 1871 ; president of the Safety Powder company of San Francisco in 1878, and was a Democratic representative in the 47th and 4Sth congresses, 1881-85, serving as chairman of the committee on military affairs. He was register of the U.S. treasury, 1885-93, and in February, 1889, was restored to the rank and pay of brigadier- general, U.S.A. and placed on the retired list. He is the author of Battleof Corinth in " Battles and Leaders of the Civil war," (Vol. II. pp. 737-57). He died at Rosecrans, twelve miles from Los Angeles, Cal., March 11, 1898, and his bodj- was conveyed to the Arlington National Cemetery, "VVasliington, D.C., for interment. ROSENTHAL, Max, teacher and engraver, was born in Turck, Russian Poland, Nov. 23, 1833. He studied lithograph}', drawing and painting under Thurwanger in Paris, France, 1847-49 ; came to Philadelphia, Pa., in the latter year, where he continued his studies, and subsequently established himself as a lithograplier and por- trait-painter, making the plates for " Wild Scenes and Wild Horses." the first book illustrated en- tirely by chromo-lithography in the United States, He was married, Nov. 2, 1858, to Caroline, daughter of Abraham Rosenthal. During the ci\ il war he accompanied the Army of the Poto- mac as artist, reproducing nearly every encamp- ment, and was afterward engaged in book illus- trating until 1884, when he took up etching and the production of mezzo-tints, principally of tlie portraits of famous Americans, those of 110S3 ROSS Daniel Webster and Benjamin Franklin being the largest and most ituijortaut. Among his art works are illustrations (or several of Longfellow's poems; Storm Approaches (IS^-i) , ailer a paint- ing by Henry Mosler ; a copy of La Rixe, after an etching from Meissonier's painting ; the orig- inal etchings, Doris, the Slu'i)henl's Maiden {\8S5), and Marguerite (1886), and etchings of the exte- rior and of the higli altar of tlie Catholic cathe- dral, New York city (1887). He also added ten engravings of unengravetl portraits of Washing- ton to Washington;!, and in 1!»0:3 was completing a large mezzo-tinto of Waslungton from the paint- ing hy TruinbuU in the city liall at Cliarleston, S.C. ROSS, Clinton, aullior, was born in Bingliam- ton, N. v., July 31. 1801 ; son of Erastas and Cor- nelia (Corbett) Ross ; grandson of Alfred and Elizabeth (Drake) Ross, and of Cooper and Cor- nelia (Bayless) Coi-bett, and a descendant of the Cnbetts of Warwickshire, England, and the Rosses of Scotland. He prepared for college at Pliillips Andover academy, and was graduated from Yale in 1881, after whicii he travelled ex- tensively. In 1893 and 1895 he passed some months on tlie reportorial staff of the New Y'ork Evening Sun, but later devoted himself exclu- sively to the study of literature and the drama. He is the author of : The Silent Workman (1886); The Speculator (1888); The Adventures of Three Worthies (1891); Improbable Tales (1892); Two Soldiers and a Politician (1892); The Countess Beltina (1895); Tlie Scarlet Coat (1896); The Pup- pet {ISdG); Chalmette{lS91); The Meddling Hussy (1896); .1 Trooper of the Empress (1898); Zuleka (1898); Heroes of Our War with 5[pam (1898); Battle Tales (1898); Men, Women and Comedies (TjO.J) ; Tiie Tale of Many Gods (1903), and numer- ous magazine articles. ROSS, Edmund Gibson, senator, was born in Ashland, Oliio, Dec. 7, 1826; son of Sylvester F. and Cyntliia (Rice) Ross. He was apprenticed to the trade of a printer at Huron, Ohio, in the summer of 1838, and removed to Milwaukee, Wis., in 1847, wliere he was employed as fore- man of the Milwaukee Sentinel job printing rooms, 1852-56. He removed to Kansas in 1856 ; was a soldier in the Free State army in the contro- versy that then opened, and was a member of the state constitutional convention in 1859. He edited tlie Kansas Tribune at Topeka, 1856-61, at that time the only Free State organ in the territory, all otlier Free State papers having been destroyed. In 1862 lie joined the Federal army as a private, was made captain of a company, and in 1863 was promoted major. He was ai)pointed U.S. senator from Kansas to fill the vacancy caused by the deatli of James H. Lane. July 25, 1866, was elected at tlie succeeding winter session of the state legislature, and served till March 4, 1871. He voted for the acquittal of President Johnson in the impeachment trial. May 16, 1808, and this, as he fully foresaw at tlie time, cost him political ostracism. He was the defeated Democratic candidate for governor of Kansas in 1880, and in 1882 removed to Albu- querque, New Mexico, where he engaged in the newsi)aper business. Ho was appointed by Pres- ident Cleveland governor of the territory, serv- ing, 1885-89, and in the latter year he returned to Albucpierque where lie was still residing in 1903. ROSS, Edward Alsworth, political economist and sociologist, was born in Virden, III., Dec. 12, 1866 ; son of William Carpenter and Racliel (Als- wortli) Ross ; grandson of Carpenter Ross. He was graduated from Coe college. Cedar Rapids, Iowa, in 1886 ; was a student at the University of Berlin, 1888-89. and at Johns Hopkins university, in the department of history, politics and econ- omics, 1890-91, and took the degree of Ph.D. at Johns Hopkins in 1891. He was married, June 10, 1892, to Rosamond Comstock, daughter of Francis Simons of Washington, D.C. He was professor of economics and social science at In- diana university, 1891-92 ; associate professor of political economy and finance at Cornell univer- versit}', 1892-93 ; professor of economic theory and finance at Leland Stanford Junior university, 1893-97, and professor of sociology, 1897-1900. In November, 1900, his public expressions on cer- tain sociological questions not meeting tlie ap- proval of Mrs. Stanford, he was requested to re- sign. He was appointed lecturer on sociology in tlie University of Nebraska in January, 1901, and professor of sociology in April. He was also ap- pointed lecturer on sociology in Harvard univer- sity for the year 1901-02. During 1892-93 he was secretarj- of tlie American Economic association, and in 1900 he was chosen associate of the Insti- tut International de Sociologie. He was made an advisor}' editor of tiie American Journal of Soci- ology. He is tlie author of a monograph, Sinking Funds (1892); a brochure, Horiest Dollars (1890); a volume, Social Control (1901), and numerous contributions to the Political Science Quarterly, the Quarterly Journal of Economics, the Annals of the American Academy, the American Journal of Sociology, and other periodicals. ROSS, Qeorge, signer, was born in New Castle, Del., in 1730; son of the Rev. George and Catii- erine (Van Gezel) Ross, and grandson of David Ross of Scotland. His father (1679-1754) was graduated from the University of Edinburgh in 1700, and studied theology there, but joined the Church of England, and emigrating to America in 1703 settled in New Castle, Del., becoming pastor of the churcii there and at Chester, Del. George was admitted to the bar in 1751, and set- ROSS ROSS tied in practice at Lancaster, Pa. He was a mem- ber of the Pennsylvania assembly, 1768-70, and prepared a declaration of riglits after the dissolu- tion of the Proprietary government. He was a delegate from Pennsylvania to the Continental congress, 1774-77 ; was the last man of the Penn- sylvania delegation to sign the Declaration of Independence, and ably contributed toward the defence of the colonies against the British. The sum of £150 was voted by Lancaster county as a testimony of their appreciation of his services in the Continental congress, but he refused the gift. He was judge of the court of admiralty for Penn- sylvania from April 14, 1779, until his death. He is the author of a report urging vigorous action in the prosecution of the defence of Philadelphia. He died in Lancaster, Pa., July 16, 1779. ROSS, Jack FerriH, pioneer financier, was born in Franklin county, N.C., Oct. 29, 1791 ; son of the Hon. John (1754-1815) and Temperance (Ferrill) (1760-1823) Ross. He attended the Uni- versity of North Carolina, and on May 20, 1813, enlisted as third lieutenant in the 3d infantry ; was promoted second lieutenant in February, 1814, and first lieutenant in July, 1814 ; saw active service under General Jackson, and was sent to Mobile in 1814 to pay off the troops. He was re- tained in 1815 as third lieutenant of light artil- lery, U.S.A., but resigned about April 15, 1817. He was married, Feb. 11, 1817, to Anne Amelia, daughter of Col. George Fisher of Rowan county, N.C., who settled in southern Alabama. He re- moved to Alabama, and engaged as a mer- chant in St. Stephens. He was the first ter- ritorial and state treasurer of Alabama, 1818-23, and was succeeded by John C. Perry ; was one of the incorporators of the state bank at St. Ste- phens, Feb. 13, 1818, the second estabhshed in the state, and was one of the superintendents for taking stock subscriptions under the state banking act of Dec. 21, 1820. He owned large plantations in Clarke and Greene counties ; re- moved to Mobile, Ala. , in 1824 ; was sheriff of Mobile county ; a representative in the Alabama legislature, 1826-27 and 1835. and state senator in 1828. He died in Mobile, Ala., Oct. 12, 1837. ROSS, James, senator, was born in York county, Pa., July 12, 1762. He attended the " log college " of the Rev. John McMillan, at Chartiers, 1780-82; taught Latin there, 1782-84; was ad- mitted to the bar in 1784, and established himself in practice at Washington, Pa. He was a mem- ber of the state constitutional convention in 1789; was elected to fill a vacancy in the U.S. senate in April, 1794, the election of Albert Gallatin having been declared void, Feb. 28. 1794, and took his seat, April 24. 1794. He was re-elected in 1797. and served till March 3. 1803. During the whisky insurrection in 1794, he calmed the agi- tation of an excited gathering of citizens at Washington, Pa., in a powerful speech, and by his personal appeals organized a party opposed to the insurrection. He was appointed b}- Presi- dent Washington the chief of a commission to consult with the insurrectionists, and succeeded in ending the troubles. He was Washington's coimsel, and later became attorney in fact for the management of his large estates in western Pennsylvania. He was nominated in 1799 by the Federalists for governor of the state, but was defeated by Thomas McKean, anti-Federalist. He was consul for a party of negro refugees, who had escaped from their masters and fled to Phila- delphia, and although he won the case, his con- nection with it diminished his popularity and he was again defeated for governor in 1808. He died in Allegheny, Pa., Nov. 27, 1847. ROSS, John, representative, was born in Sole- bury, Bucks county, Pa., Feb. 24, 1770 ; son of Thomas and Jane (Cliapman) Ross, and grandson of Thomas and Kesiah (Williamson) Ross. His grandfather, a prominent Quaker preacher, was born in 1708 in county Tyrone. Ireland, his an- cestors having been Scotch. In 1728, with his sister Elizabeth, he came to America and settled on a tract of 200 acres in Solebury Township, conveyed to him by the Penns. In 1784, in com- pany with other Friends, he sailed for England on a religious mission, and died at the liome of Lindley Murray, the grammarian, at Holdgate, near York, in 1786. John Ross was married, Nov. 19, 1795, to Mary Jenkins of Jenkintown, who was not a Quaker, and for this was disowned by the Society of Friends. It was Mary (Jenkins) Ross who presented the flag to General Washing- ton at Philadelphia in 1777. John Ross studied law with his cousin, Thomas Ross of Westchester, was admitted to the bar in 1792 and settled in practice in Easton, Pa. He was elected to the legislature, 1800 ; was defeated by Gen. Robert Brown (q.v.) for representative congress in 1816 ; and was elected to the 11th, 14th and 15th con- gresses, serving 1809-11 and 1815-18, and resign- ing, Feb. 14, 1818, to become president-judge of the seventh judicial district. In 1830 he was transferred to the bench of the supreme court, where he served until his death. He had nine children : all of his sons were educated at Prince- ton, one of them, Thomas (Princeton 1825) being a representative from Pennsylvania in the 31st and 32d congresses, 1849-53. One of Judge Ross's daughters, Camilla A., married Peter Ihrie(q.v.). Judge Ross died in Easton, Pa., Jan. 31. 1834. ROSS, Jonathan, senator, was born in Water- ford. Vt.. April .30. 1826 : son of Ro.val and Eliza (Mason) Ross ; grandson of Jonathan and Lucy (Stoddard) Ross, and of the Rev. Reub(-n and Polly (Hibbard) Mason ; great-grandson of Roger ROSS ROSS Ross of Templeton. ^lass., reputed to have been a Scotchman, and a descendant of Sampson Mason. Jonathan Ross was born on the farm cleared bv his parental grandfather, and worked on the farm till 1847. Ho attended the St. Johns- bury academy, and was graduated from Dartmouth college in 1851. He was mar- ried, Nov. 22, 1852. to Eliza Ann, daughter of Isaiah and Caro- line (Bugbee) Carpen- ter of Waterfurd, Vt., who died, Jan. 15, ,^ 18SG ; and secondly, > July 4, 1887, to Helen Augusta Daggett. ^ ;,:i'^^'-'^'// ■; He was principal of J .// Ai^ , , Chelsea and Crafts- ^a^Ut^ ^^^^ bury academies, Vt.. 1851-56 ; was ad- mitted to the bar in January, 1856, and prac- tised in St. Johnsbury, 1856-70. He was state attorney for Caledonia county, 1862-63 ; a rep- resentative in the state legislature, 1865-67 ; state senator in 1870, and a member of the state board of education, 1866-70. He was judge of the supreme court of Vermont, 1870-90 ; chief jus- tice, 1890-99 ; and was appointed U.S. senator by Governor Edward C. Smith, Jan. 11, 1899, and served in the vacancy caused by the death of Justin S. Morrill until Oct. 18, 1900, when Wil- liam Paul Dillingham was elected to complete the term. He was made chairman of the state railroad commission of Vei-mont, Dec. 1, 1900. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Dartmouth in 1885. ROSS, Lawrence Sullivan, governor of Texas, was born in Bentonsport, Iowa, Sept. 27, 1838; son of Capt. Shapley Prince and Katharine (Falk- erson) Ross; grandson of Shapley and Mary (Prince) Ross ; great-grandson of Lawrence and Susan (Oldham) Ross, and a descendant of Lawrence Ross, born in Scotland, who in his boyliood removed to Virginia with his father, attended school, and was wounded and captured from tlie sclioolliouse by the In- dians with wliom lie lived until twenty-three years old. He afterwards married Susan, daughter of Gen. "William Oldham. Lawrence S. Ross re- moved with his parents to Texas in 1839, attended Baylor university, and was graduated from Wes- leyan university, Florence, Ala., in 18.59. He raised a company of 135 Indians and whites, and enlisted under Capt. Earl Van Dorn in the expedi- tion against the Comanche Indians in 1858, dis- tinguishing liimself at tlie battle of Wichita. He was commissioned major of state militia and commanded the Texas Frontier battalion in later fights with the Comanches. He married, May 28, 1801, Lizzie, daughter of David R. and Sarah Ann (Holt) Tinsley of Waco, Tex. In 1861 he enlisted as a private in tlie Confederate army ; was pro- moted major of tlie 6tli Texas cavalry in Septem- ber, 1861, and colonel in May, 1862. He M'^as pro- moted brigadier-general in 1863 for his skill in covering the retreat of Gen. Earl Van Dorn from Corinth, Miss. ; commanded a brigade, Wheeler's cavalry, Army of Tennessee, and later was in command of the Texas cavalry, Army of the W©gt. After the war he returned to Texas and engaged in farming. He was sheriff of McLen- nan county in 1875 ; a member of the state con- stitutional convention in 1875; state senator in 1881-86, and governor of Texas, succeeding John Ireland, 1887-91. During his term of office the new state capitol was completed in May, 1888. He was president of the Agricultural and Me- chanical college of Texas, 1891-98. He died in College Station, Tex., Jan. 4, 1898. ROSS, Leonard Fulton, soldier, was born in Lewistown, III., July 18, 1823; son of Ossian M. and Mary (Winans) Ross ; brother of Lewis Winans Ross (q.v.). He attended Illinois col- lege, 1841-42, was admitted to the bar in 1844, and Nov. 13, 1845, was married to Catlierine M., daughter of Reuben C. and Frances (Graves) Simms of Virginia. On July 18, 1846, he enlisted as a private in the 4th Illinois volunteers, for service in the war with Mexico, was commis- sioned first lieutenant, September, 1846, and com- manded his company at Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo. He was probate justice of Fulton county, 111., in 1847, clerk of Fulton county in 1S49, and in 1861 recruited a company for the civil war. He was commissioned colonel of the 17th Illinois volunteers, was engaged at Fredericktown, Mo., under General Fremont in October, 1861, and at Belmont, Mo., under General McClernand, Nov. 7, 1861. He was attached to the 3d brigade, 1st division, Grant's army, and fought at Fort Henry, Feb. 6, 1862, and at Fort Donelson, Feb. 15, 18^2, wliere he succeeded Colonel Morrison in tlie com- mand of the brigade. He was placed in command of Fort Girardeau, Mo., and April 25, 1862, was promoted brigadier-general. He was stationed in southwestern Tennessee, later took part in the operations about Vicksburg and was mustered out in 1865. He was apjiointed collector of inter- nal revenue in 1867, in 1868 was unsucce.ssful Re- publican candidate for representative in the 41st congress, removed to lowaCitj'. la., and engaged in raising cattle, but in 1894 returned to Lewis- ton, 111. He was a delegate to the Democratic ROSS ROSSER national conventions of 1853 and 1856, and the Republican national convention of 1872. He died in Lewistown, 111., Jan. 17, 1901. ROSS, Lewis Winans, representative, was born in Seneca Falls, N.Y., Dec. 8, 1812 ; son of Ossian M. and Mary (Winans) Ross : grandson of Joseph and Abagail Ross, and a descendant of Zebulon Ross, who came from Scotland early in the eighteenth century. He removed to Illinois with his parents, attended Illinois college, 1837, and became a la%vyer. He was married, June 13, 1839, to Frances M., daughter of Reuben C. and Frances (Graves) Simms of Virginia. He was a representative in the state legislature, 1840, 1841, 1844 and 1845 ; member of the state consti- tutional conventions, 1861 and 1870 ; and a Demo- cratic representative from Illinois in the 38th, 39th and 40th congresses, 1863-69, He died in Lewistown. 111.. Oct. 29, 1895. ROSS, William Henry Harrison, governor of Delaware, was born in Laurel, Sussex county, Del., June 2, 1814 ; son of Caleb and Letitia (Lof- land) Ross. He attended the common schools and Claremont academy in Pennsylvania. He visited Great Britain and Ireland, 1836 ; was estab- lished in business in Adams county, 111., 1837 ; in Laurel, 1837-45 ; removed to Seaford, Del., in the latter year, and was in command of a regi- ment of cavalry in the Mexi- can war, 1846-47. He was married, June 7, 1840, to Elizabeth E., daughter of George K. Hall of Middletown, Del., and they had three sons and four daughters. He was a delegate from Dela- ware to th'i Democratic national conventions of 1844, 1848, 1856 and 1860; governor of Delaware, 1851-55, and subsequently again went abroad, traveling extensively on the continent. He died in Philadelphia. Pa.. June ?n, 1887. ROSSER, Tliomas Lafayette, soldier and engineer, was born in Campbell county, Va., Oct. 15, 1836 ; son of John and Martha Melvina (.Johnson) Rosser ; grandson of Thomas and Nancy (Twedy) Rosser and of Jonathan and Mahalah (Hargrave) Johnson, and a descendant from John Rosser, a Huguenot, and on tlie Johnson side from English, Danish and Scandinavian ancestors. In 1849 he removed with his parents to Texas and entered the U.S. Military academy in 1856. He was to graduate in 1861, but the entire class was ordered into the army on the attack on Fort Sumt-r. April 12, 1861, before being graduated, and Rosser resigned to join the Confederate army. He was commissioned 1st lieutenant of artillery, was in the battle of Bull Run. Julv 21, 1861, and was promoted captain in the Washington artillery of New Orleans imme- IX. — 12 diately after the battle. He fought in the Penin- sular campaign ; was wounded at Mechanicsville, Va., June 26, 1862, and was promoted lieutenant- colonel. He was transferred to the cavalry ; pro- moted colonel and given command of the 5th Virginia cavalry of Fitzhugh Lee's bri- gade under J. E. B Stuart. During Gen T. J. Jackson's ma- noeuvres on Pope's left, Colonel Rosser protected one flank ; was engaged at the second Bull Run, and at South Mountain, where he was sent by General Stuart to seize Fox's Gap on Braddock road, and after the death of ^^ General Garland he assumed command of the brigade of infantry. He was engaged in the operations around Fredericks- burg and Charlottesville : fought at Gettysburg, and on Oct. 15, 1863, was promoted brigadier-gen- eral and given command of the second brigade in Wade Hampton's division. He was engaged in the cavalry operations in the Wilderness and around Richmond, fighting desperately at Trevillian sta- tion, where he was badly wounded in the leg. He was promoted major-general, Sept. 12, 1864 ; joined General Early in the Shenandoah valley on Oct. 5, and took command of Fitzhugh Lee's di- vision, that oflicer having been incapacitated from wounds received at the battle of Vrinchester. Rosser skirmished successfully on Or:. 8 ; was de- feated at Tom's Brook by Sheridan the following day, and on Oct. 17 attacked Custer in the rear of his picket line. At Cedar Creek, Oct. 19. 1864, he led the attack on the Federal right ; was met by a superior force, and with di^'.culty held his own, but during the retreat of Early's army his command retired in good order, and was left at Fisher's Hill to act as a rear-guard. He held this position until the following da.y and then fell back to Stony Creek. He captured the strong- hold at New Creek with 8 pieces of artillery. 2000 prisoners, large quantities of military stores, horses, and commissary supplies, September, 1864, and did great damage to the B. & O. R. R.. burn- ing the round house and shops at Piedmont. In February, 1865, he crossed thn Great North Moun- tain in a severe snow stonn (still on crutches and suffering from wounds received at Trevillian station), captured Beverly with its garrison of 900 men, large stores and many cattle, and brought them all back to Staunton, losing only one officer (Colonel Cook), and five men. He KU.->S1TER ROTH commanded a division in the Appomattox cam- paign ; refused to surrender, and charged through the Union lines with two divisions of cavalry, lie escaped and attempted to reorganize the Array of Virginia, but was captured at Hanover L".H..Va., May 2, 18C5. He was married, May •JS, 1863, to Elizabeth Barbara, daugliter of Will- iam Overton and Sarah Ann (Gregory) Winston of Hanover county, Va. After the war he studied law. and in 1870 became interested in railroading, being chief engineer of tlie Eastern division of the Northern Tacific railroad, 1871-81. and chief engineer of the Canadian Pacific railroad, 1881- 83. In 1885 he retired to an estate in Virginia, where he was living. June 10. 1898, when he was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers by President JIcKinley. He served at Chickamauga Park and Knoxville, commanding the 14th Min- nesota, 2d Oiiio. and 1st Pennsylvania regiments of volunteer infantry, and was engaged in drill- ing troops and equipping them for battle when the war ended. He was honorably mustered out, Nov. 31, 1898, and returned to his home in Charlottesville, Va. R0S5ITER, Thomas Prichard, painter, was born in New Haven, Conn., Sept. 29, 1817. He attended the New Haven schools ; studied art under Nathaniel Jocelyn, and in 1838 opened a studio in New Haven. He studied in London and Paris, 1840-41 ; painted in Rome, 1841-46, and settled in New York city in 1846. He was elected an Associate National Academician in 1840, and an Academician in 1849. He resided in Paris, 1853-56, and again in New York city, 1856- 60. Among his more famous paintings are : Miriam Dancing before the Hosts; Jeremiah; Jeics in Captivity ; Joan of Arc in Prison ; Wise and Foolish Virgins; The Representative Mer- chants; Tlie Home of Washington, with Mignot (1858); TJte Discoverers (1859), and The Life of Christ, a series. He was awarded a gold medal at the Paris International exposition of 1855 for his Venice in tlie loth Century (1854), and a medal of the third class at the Salon of 1855. He diod in Cold Spring. N.Y., May 17, 1871. ROTCH, Abbott Lawrence, meteorologist, was b(jrn in Boston, Ma.ss., Jan. 6, 1861 ; son of Ben- jamin .S. and Annie B. (Lawrence) Rotch ; grand- son of Joseph and Anne (Smith) Rotch, and of Abbott and Katharine (Bigelow) Lawrence, and a descendant of families of English ancestry, prominent as merchants in Massachusetts, a paternal ancestor having founded the town of New Bedford, and his maternal grandfather tliat of Lawrence. He was graduated at tlie Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology. S.B., 1884, and in 1885 estaV)lished at his own expense the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory, in Milton, Mass. At this observatory, the entire expense of which he assumed, he, with two or three assistants, made important investigations in dynamic me- teorology'. Here were executed the first measure- ments in the United States of the height and velocity of clouds, and here, also, kites were first used to lift self-re- cording instruments into the upper air, a metiiod of investiga- tion now extensively adopted in Europe. As early as 1899 Mr. Rotch experimented with kites for wireless telegraphy, using the Marconi S3'stem, and in 1901, when he crossed the ocean to lecture to the British Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence, he flew kites daily from the deck of the steamer, thus taining the first ob.servations of the upper at- mosphere over the Atlantic. He was married, Nov. 22, 1893, to Margaret Randolph, daughter of Edward C. and Margaret (Randolph) Ander- son of Savannah, Ga. In 1891 he received the honorary degree of A.M. from Harvard : was a member of the International Jury of Awards at the Paris exposition in 1889, and was then made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor ; subsequently he was American member of the International committees on cloud nomenclature and scientific aeronautics, and in 1902 received from the Ger- man Emperor the Royal Order of the Crown, Third Class, for his co-operation in the interna- tional work of exploring the atmosphere. He took part in scientific expeditions to various parts of the World, and was for ten years associate- editor of the American Meteorological Journal. He is the autlior of : Observations and Investiga- tions at Blue Hill, published in the Annals of Harvard College Observatory after 1887 ; Sounding the Ocean of Air (London, 1900), besides many articles in scientific periodicals. ROTH, Theophilus Buechle, educator, was born in Prospect, Pa., Ft-b. 9, 1853 ; son of Lewis and Lydia (Bueclde) Roth ; grandson of David and Mary (Althaus) Roth, and great-grandson of John Roth (born in Brandenburg, Prussia, wha came to America, 1745), missionary among the American Indians in Bradford county. Pa., and at Gnaden Huetten, Ohio, and later pa.stor of the Moravian church at York, Pa., where he died. He was graduated at Thiel college, Greenville, Pa., A.B., 1874, A.M., 1877, and entered the Lu- theran ministry, 1878. He was married, Oct. 7, 1879, to Amalie, daughter of John G. and Bar- ROTHERMEL ROUARIE bara (Maiirer) Hoerlein, of Utica, N.Y. In 1878 he founded the Church of the Redeemer in Utica, N.Y., where he preached fifteen years. He founded several other Lutheran churches in central New York, and in 1893 became president of Thiel college. He established The Young Lutheran, a denominational paper, in 1885, and was its editor. Susquehanna university conferred on Iiiin the honorary degree of D.D. in 1895. ROTHERMEL, Peter Frederick, artist, was born in Nescopack, Luzerne county. Pa., July 18, 1817. He attended the common schools, and after attempting- land-surveying and sign-paint- ing, began the stud}^ of drawing under John R. Smitii. He subsequently studied portrait-paint- ing under Bass Otis of Philadelphia, Pa. ; travel- ed in England and on the continent, 1856-59, remaining nearly two j^ears in Rome, and upon his return to the United States, opened a studio in Pliiladelphia, devoting himself ciiiefij' to his- torical subjects. He was an honorary member of the National Academy of Design ; a member of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, and also a director of the latter, 1847--55. His canvases include : De Soto Discovering the Blississippi (1844); Embarkation of Columbus, in the Penn- sylvania academy ; Christian Martyrs in the Coliseum, a series illustrative of Prescott's "History of the Conquest of Mexico" (about 1850); Tlie Virtuoso (1855); King Lear (1856); Patrick Henry before the Virginia House of Bur- gesses : three paintings of St. Paul ; Trial of Sir Henry Vane ; Battle of Gettysburg ; Memorial Hall, Philadelphia (1871); Tlie Landsknecht {187G); Bacchantes (1884); Columbus before Isabella; two scenes from '• Macbeth," and Amy Robsart Interceding for Leicester. He died in Grassland- mere, Pa., Aug. 15. 1895. ROTHROCK, Joseph Trimble, botanist, was born inMcVeytown, Mifflin county. Pa., April 9, 1839; son of Dr. Abraham and Phoebe (Brinton) Rothrock ; grandson of Philip and Martha (Lo- baugh) Rotiirock, and of Joseph and Jane (Brin- ton) Trimble. He matriculated at the Lawrence Scientific school. Harvard college, but on the outbreak of the civil war, enlisted as a private in the 131st regiment, Pennsylvania volunteer infantry. He subsequently raised and was made captain of company E, 20th regiment, Penn- sylvania volunteer cavalry ; was badly wounded in the battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862, and returning to Harvard college, was graduated B.S., 1864. He soon after began the study of medicine, but temporarily abandoned it to join the exploring expedition under the Western Union Extension Telegraph company in North- ern British Columbia, 1865-66. He was grad- uated from the University of Pennsylvania, M.D., 1868, and was professor of botany in the Agricul- tural college, Pennsylvania, 1868-70. He was married. May 27, 1S69, to Martha Ellen, daugliter of Addison and Elizabeth (Shafer) May of West Chester, Pa. He engaged in the practice of medicine at Wilkesbarre, Pa., 1870-73, where he assisted in the establishment of a hospital ; was associated as surgeon and botanist with the Wheeler geographical and geological expedition operating under the direction of the U.S. En- gineer corps, west of the 100th meridan, 1873-76, and contributed extensively to the articles in Volume IX. of the Wheeler Report, having made the greater part of the collection which it des- cribes. In 1876 he was elected to the chair of botany in the Universitj' of Pennsylvania, and in addition to his professorial duties, took an active part as writer and speaker in the Forestry move- ment ; established the North Mountain school of physical culture, Luzerne county, Pa., in 1876. and served as Michaux lecturer in forestry by appointment of the American Philosophical society for fourteen years. Professor Rothrock made an extended voyage through the West Indies, 1890-91, contributing large additions to the scientific collection of the University of Pennsylvania, and in May, 1893, was appointed commissioner of forestry for Pennsylvania by Governor Pattison, making his home in West Chester, and serving in this capacity during the administrations of Governors Hastings and Stone. For his photographs of Pennsylvania forest trees, he received silver medals from the Exposition Universelle, Paris, 1889, and the Columbian ex- position, Chicago, 1893. He was elected a mem- ber of the American Philosophical society, the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, and the Pennsylvania Historical society, and pres- ident of the Chester County Historical society. He became a member of the editorial staff of Forest Leaves in 1893, and is the author of : Flora of Alaska (1867); Vacation Cruising (1884); " Revision of North American Guarineas," in the Proceedings of the American Academy; Penn- sylvania Forestry Reports (1895-97), and several scientific papers. ROUARIE, Armand Taffin, Marquis de la, soldier, was born near Rennes, France, April 14, 1756. He was appointed a member of the king's body guard, but owing to a duel he was dismissed, and emigrated to the United States, Slay 10, 1777, as Count Armand. He was commissioned colo- nel in the Continental army ; served under La- fayette in New Jersey ; was active in the fighting in Winchester county, N.Y.. and in Connecticut, and served under Gen. Horatio Gates at Camden, Aug. 16. 1780. He captured the force of Barre- more near King's Bridge, Nov. 8, 1779. In 1780 his corps was joined to that of Pulaski, and 1 e took part in the operations in central New Jer- ROUDEBUSH ROUSSEAU sey. He went to France on personal business in 1781, and on liis return brouglit a sup- ply of ammunition and clothing. He was a witness at the court convened to inquire as to the conduct of General Gates in 1783, and in liis testimony he blamed Gates for the defeat at Camden. He was promoted briga- dier-general, March 26, 178:] ; was made a mem- ber of tlie Society of tlie Cincinnati, and returned to France at the close of the war. He died near Lixml.alle, lirittany. Jan. :U), 1703. ROUDEBUSH, George Shotwell, educator and clergyman, was born in Goshen, Ohio. April 26, 1828; son of Daniel and Ruth (Sliotwell) Roudebush. He graduated at Jefferson college, Pa., in 18r)4 ; taught at Fairview academy, La., 1854-56 ; attended the Western Theological semi- nary, 1856-57 ; was married. Dec. 24. 1856, to Mar- garet Hughes, daughter of William and Eleanor (Hughes) Moore of Canonsburg, Pa. ; taught in the high school at Natchez, Miss., 1857-59 ; was principal of Natchez institute, 1859-62 ; was licensed by the presbytery of Mississippi in August, 1860. and was ordained in 1862. He was pastor at Woodville, Miss., 1861-64, and stated supply in Adams county, 1864-66 ; again superin- tendent of Natchez institute, 1867-70 ; president of Oakland college, Miss., 1870-73, and of the Oakland institute, 1873-74. He was professor at the Agricultural and Mechanical college. Miss., 1880-83 ; Jackson high school, 1883-87, and in 1887 became the principal and proprietor of the Colle- giate academy at Madison, Miss. He received the degree of D.D. from Mississippi university in 1880. In 1882 he published A Plea for the Higher Education of the Women of MississijJjii, which led to the establishment by the state of a college for girls in 18S5. wliicli in r.)03 enrolled 600 pupils. ROUND, William Marshall Fitts, penologist, ■was born in Pawtucket, R.I., March 26,1845; grandson of Daniel and Sally (Marshall) Round, and of Abijali and Betsy (Pernio) Fitts. He attended the public schools and the Harvard Medical school, but did not graduate. He was appointed U.S. commissioner to tlie World's fair, held in Vienna, 1873, and had cliarge of the New England department. He was married, April 25, 1877, to Ellen Miner, daughter of Jesse and Ellen (Miner) Thomas of Wilkes Barre, Pa., and grand- daughter of the Hon. Charles Miner. He devoted himself to literature, becoming a journalist and author, and took an active interest in the subject of prison reform. He was corresponding .secre- tary of the Prison Association of New York ; was one of the organizers and secretary of the National Prison a&sociation, and United States delegate to the prison congresses held in Rome, Paris and Brussels. He organized the Burnham Industrial farm for unruly boys at Canaan, N.Y. ; intro- duced the "Mill" system of awards, and was elected corresponding secretary of the Prison Association of New York in 1883. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on him by Brown university in 1892. In 1903 he was managing editor of the Le7ul a Hand Record, in association with Rev. Dr. Edward Everett Hale (q.v.), and mucli interested in tlie international justice movement, of which the Record is the organ in the United States. He is the author of : AcJtsah, aXew England Life Study (1876); Child Marion Abroad (1876); To7-n aiid Mended {1817); Hoi, tlie Stori/ofa C/od/i 07Jj)er (1878): Rosccroft (1880). ROUQUETTE, Adrien Emmanuel, priest and author, was born in New Orleans, La.. Feb. 13, 1813; brother of Francois Dominique, author of several poems and a history of the Clioctaw In- dians, in both French and English. He spent his early boyhood among the Indians on Bayou La- combe ; attended the preparatory department of Transylvania university, Kentucky ; the College Royal of Paris, and that of Nantes, and was graduated from the University of Renues in 1833. On his return to New Orleans, having resumed his friendly relations with the Indians against the wishes of liis parents, he was again sent to Paris to stud\- law, which he subsequently aban- doned. For the purpose of uplifting the Choctaw Indians he prepared for the priesthood of the Roman Catholic cliurch at Bayou Lacomb, where he learned the Choctaw language and reduced it to writing ; attended the seminary of A.ssumption Parish ; was ordained sub-deacon in 1844, and priest by Archbisliop Blanc of New Orleans in 1845. He was attached to the cathedral in New Orleans, La., as predicateur, 1845-58, and in 1859 established an Indian mission at tlie headsprings of Bayou Lacomb, where he remained until 1886. He also established missions in St. Tam- many parish, and during the civil war he placed the Indians under the protection of Catherine Tegehkwitha, the Indian saint of Canada. He was a linguist of remarkable reputation, and is the author of: Les Savaiics, jpucsies Americaines (1841), including iSoitrt'u/;- de Kentrucky ; Wild Flou-ers; Sacred Poetry (1848); La Theba'ide en Amerique (1852); L'Anto)iiade, poeme eremi- tique (1860) ; Poemes Pat riot iques (1860) ; Catherine Tegehkwitha (1873); La Nouvelle Atald (1879), and Critical Dialogue between Aboo and Caboo on a New Book, or a Grandissime Ascension, edited by E. Junius, a satire on George W. Cable's " Gran- dissimes." He also translated the select poems of Estelle Anna Lewis into French, and edited Selections from the Poets of all Countries (1855). He died in New Orleans, La., July 15, 1887. ROUSSEAU, Lovell Harrison, soldier, was born in Stanford, Lincoln county, Ky., Aug. 4, 1818. He studied law ; removed to Bloomfield, ROUSSEAU ROUXEL ■^^ ^HAM><-0^^(A«*M^ Ind.; was admitted to the bar in 1841, and was a representative in the state legislature, 1844-45. During the Mexican war, he raised a company of which he was commissioned captain, June 22, 1846, and distinguished himself for bravery at Buena Vista. He was mustered out, June 23, 1847; was an Indiana state sen- ator, 1847-49 ; re- moved to Louisville, Ky., in 1849, and was a Kentucky state senator, 1860-61. He recruited a brigade ; was commissioned colonel of the 5th Kentucky volunteers, Sept. 9, 1861,and cross- ing into Kentucky joined Sherman's army. A few days later, he was ordered to advance to Nolin and select a position for a large force, and this induced Johnston to move from Columbus to Bowling Green. Rousseau was promoted brigadier-gen- eral, Oct. 1, 1861, and at Shiloh commanded the 4th brigade of McCook's division, General Buell's Army of the Ohio. He arrived by transport at daylight the second day (April 7. 1862), and rendered valuable service in supporting Mc- Clernand's division at a critical moment, moving down the Corinth road and sweeping everything before him. At Perry ville, Ky., Oct. 8, 1862, he commanded the 3d division, 1st corps, under Gen- eral McCook, and that same day was promoted major-general, and transferred to the Army of the Cumberland, having command of the 1st division of Thomas's corps. At Stone's river Rousseau was left in reserve intlie rear^ whereat daybreak of December 30, he gallantly repulsed General Wheeler. When in the course of the battle, Sheridan was compelled to fall back, Rous- seau brouglit up his reserves and maintained the old line until, for lack of support on his flank, he was obliged to fall back to where the Union line was re-forming. Here he held his own until night, when Bragg withdrew. He subsequently took part in the manoeuvres that forced Bragg ouc of Tennessee, and was given command, November, 1863, of the Department of Tennessee. After Sherman had started for Atlanta, Rousseau was stationed at Nashville, to protect his rear, and succeeded in keeping the Nashville and Chat- tanooga railroad intact, despite the raids of Gen. Joseph Wheeler. On July 10, 1864, he was order- ed to leave Decatur, Ala., and with two brigades of cavalry traveled 300 miles in nine days, came within 100 miles of Johnston's rear, destroyed the railroad and supplies, and joined Sherman near Atlanta. He resigned his commission in the army, Nov. 3, 1865, to become a Republican re- presentative from Kentucky in the 30th congress, serving from Dec. 4, 1865, to July 12, 1866, when he resigned his seat because of a censure passed upon him by tiie house for assaulting Josiah B. Grinnell of Iowa. He returned to his slate, was re-elected and served to the end of the term. He was a member of the committee on military affairs, and was an official representative at tlie funeral of General Scott. He was commissioned brigadier-general, U.S.A.. March 28, 1867, and was sent to Alaska to receive that territory from Russia, and to assume couirol of it. Some indis- creet actions on his part at New Orleans, led Gen- eral Sheridan to complain of him, but he was not prevented from going to Alaska, whence he was shortly recalled to testify in the impeachment trial of President Johnson. He succeeded Gen. Sheridan in command of tiie Department of the Gulf, and died at New Orleans, La., Jan. 7, 1869. ROUTT, John Long, governor of Colorado, was born in Eddy ville, Caldwell county, Ky., April 25, 1826 ; son of John Routt, and grandson of Daniel Routt, a veteran of the war of 1812. His father died when he was very young, and iu 1836 he removed with his mother to Bloomington, 111., where he attended the dis- trict schools, and in 18601 became sheriff of McLean county. In 1862 he was commissioned captain, 94th Illinois volunteers, fighting under Grant in the west, and performing danger- ous special service at Vicksburg ; and was mus- tered out in 1865. He was treasurer of McLean county, 1865-69, was U.S. marshal for the southern district of Illinois, 1865-69, and was second assist- ant postmaster-general, 1871-75. He was mar- ried, first, in 1845, to Hester Woodson, who died in 1872 ; and secondly, in 1875, to Eliza Franklin Pickerel. He was appointed governor of Colorado Territory in Februaiy, 1875, which position he held until Colorado was admitted to statehood in 1876, when he was chosen first governor of the state. He declined re-nomination and devoted his attention to business until, in 1883. he was elected mayor of Denver, and he was again gov- ernor of Colorado, 1890-92. ROUXEL, Gustave Augustin, R.C. bishop, was born at Redon, lUe et Vilaine, France, Feb. 2, 1840 ; son of James Rouxel and Scolastique Brecha, his wife. He was graduated from the Grand Seminary, Rennes, France, and in 1863 came to the United States, where he was ordain- ed priest, Oct. 4, 1863. He was assistant priest at Opelousas, La., for six months ; pastor at La- ROWAN ROWE fayette. La.. ISGJ-TO ; adininistrator of the Cath- edral, New Orleans. 1872-SS, ami pastor of Annunciation church, 1888-99. lie was appoint- ed canon and vicar-general in 1878, and on April 9. 1899, was consecrated titular bishop of Curium and auxiliary hisliop of New Orleans. ROWAN, John, senator, was born in York county, Pa., in 1771 ; son of William and (Cooper) Rowan. His father was a Revolutionary soldier, and his mother of Quaker descent. In 178:5 his parents removed to Louisville, Ky., and in March. 1784. with five other families, made a settlement at L)ng Falls, Green river, wiiere they were subject to frequent attacks from the Shawnee Indians. After completing his prepara- tory education at Dr. Priestly 's cla.ssical school, Bardstown. Ky., John Rowan studied law in Louisville ; was admitted to the bar in 1795. and began practice in Bardstown. He was a delegate from Nelson county to the second state constitu- tional convention at Frankfort, Aug. 17, 1799; secretary of state. 180-i. and a representative from Kentucky in the 11th congress, taking his seat Jan. 9, 1807, and serving till March 3, 1809. He was a member of the state legislature from Nelson county, 1813-17, and from Jefferson county, 1822 and 1824, and acted as counsel for John C. Hamilton, who was tried for the murder of Dr. John P. Sanders in 1817, convicted on circumstantial evidence, and hanged. In 1823 Mr. Riiuan was appointed by the legislature, with Henry Cla\', a commissioner to defend the occupying claimant laws of the state before the U.S. supreme court. He was a U.S. senator from Kentucky, 1825-31, defeating by his vote alone the bill fur appropriation for the extension of the national road from Zanesville, Ohio, to Maysville, Ky., 1826; delivered a speecli the same year ad- vocating the amendment of the judiciary sy.stem of the United States, and another in 1828 on the subject of imprisonment for debt, both of which proved his convincing power as an orator. As an advocate in critninal cases lie had few equals. He served as commissioner for carrying out the treaty of 1839 with Mexico ; and a member of the so-calleil '-Relief" party upon the failure of tl)e B.ink of Kentucky. He was chosen grand orator of the grand lodge of Freemasons of Kentucky in 1820, and was president of the Kentucky Historical society, 1838- 43. His wife was a ♦laughter of Gen. William Lj'tle, an early pioneer of Ohio. His son, John Rowan, Jr., was U.S. minister to Naples, 1848-.50. Senator Rowan died in Louisville. Ky.. July 13. 1^43. ROWAN, Stephen Clegg, naval oflfirer, was born near Dul)lin. Ireland. Dec. 25. 1808. His I)arents brought him to America when a chilil, settling in Ohio, where h*^ attended the public schools and Miami university, 182.5-26. He was warranted midshipman in the navy, Feb., 1826, and on the Fiuce>t»e's sailed around the world, 1827-30. He was promoted passed-midshipman, served on the Vinulalia during the Seminole war. and March 8, 1837, was commissioned lieutenant, lie was executive officer of the Cyane, Pacific scjuadron, during the war with Mexico, serving at Monterey, San Diego, Mesa (where he was wounded), and Mazatlan. He was promoted commander, Sept. 14, 1855, and in 1801, when he took command of tlie Pawnee, sailed up the Potomac to protect Washington, and June 1, 1861, assisted Com- mander Ward in his attack on the Confederates at Acquia Creek. Later he was attached to Commodore Stringham's fleet, which on Aug. 28, 1861, co-operated witii General Butler in the capture of Forts Clark and Hatteras on the North Carolina coast. On Feb. 10, 1862, he commanded the fleet in the attack on Commodore Lynch's Confederate gun-boats, and the capture of Eliz- abeth city. He succeeded Commodore Golds- borough in command of the entire fleet in the North Carolina waters, and assisted General Burnside in the capture of New Berne, March 12, and of Beaufort, April 25, 1862. He received the thanks of congress, and was promoted captain and commodore, July 16, 1862 ; was on board the New Ironsides in the attacks on Forts Wagner and Sumter, 1862-65 ; was promoted rear-admiral, July 25, 1866; transferred to the Xadawaseo. and 1866-67, was commandant of the Norfolk navy yard. He commanded the Asiatic squadron, 1868-69; was promoted vice-admiral in 1870; commanded the Brooklj-n navy yard, 1872-76, and was president of the board of naval examiners, 1879-81. In 1883 he was made chairman of the U.S. light-house board, and in 1889 was retired at his own request. He died in Washington, D.C., March 31. 1890. ROWE, Leo Stanton, political economist, was born in McGregor, Iowa, Sept. 17j 1871 ; son of Louis and Katiierine (Raff) Rowe. He was grad- uated from the Philadelphia Central High school ; entered the department of arts. University of Pennsylvania, sophomore class, in 1887, and tiie Wharton School of Finance and Economy in 1888, and was graduated. Pii.B.. 1890, and LL.B.. 1892, in the same year being admitted to tlie Philadel- phia bar. He studied in Paris and in the Uni- versity of Halle, 1892-96, receiving the degree of Pii.D. from Halle. He was appointed instructor in public law in the University of Pennsylvania in 1896, and was made assistant professor in 1898. He was elected vice-presiilent of the American Academy of Political and Social Science in 1899, and its president in 1902. succeeding President S. M. Lindsay, appointed commissioner of educa- tion in Porto Rico. On June 25, 1900. he was a\y- pKjinted by President McKinley a member of the ROWE ROWLAND commission to revise and codify the laws of Porto Rico, and in April, 1901, Governor Allen appoint- ed him chairman of the Insular Code commission. He returned to his cliair of political science in the University of Pennsylvania in February, 1902. He was elected a fellow of the Wharton School of Finance and Economy ; a member of the International Law association ; of the Amer- ican Economical association, and corresponding member of the Societe d'Anthropologique, Paris. His many contributions to scientific journals in- clude : " Factors of Efficiency in Government" (Public Opinion, 1895) ; " The Anti-Semitic Move- ment in America" {Citizen, 1895); "American Political Ideas and Institutions" (published by the Reform club, New York, 1897); " Tlie Influ- ence of the War on Our Public Life '" {Forum, 1899); '"Tlie Municipality and the Gas Supply" (Annals of the American Academy, 1898); "So- cialistic Municipalities of Northern France " ( Yale Review, 1899); "The Supreme Court and the In- sular Cases" (Annuls, 1901); "Political Parties in Porto Rico" (Annals, 1902); " The Establish- ment of Civil Government in the Philippines" (Annals, 1902). ROWE, Peter Trimble, first bishop of the mis- sionary district of Alaska and ITTth in succession in the American episcopate, was born in Meadow- ville, Canada, Nov. 20, 1856 ; son of Peter and Mary Rowe. He was graduated from Trinity college, Toronto, A.B., 1880, A.M., 1882 ; was or- dered deacon by the Bishop of Algoma, Nov. 3, 1878, and advanced to the priesthood, Nov. 14, 1880. He was married, June 1, 1881, to Dora H., daughter of the Rev. John Carry, D.D., of Port Perry, Canada. He was missionary to the Indians at Garden River, Ontario, 1878-82, and was re- ceived into the American church by Bishop Har- ris of Michigan in July, 1882. He was rector of the mission of St. James, Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., 1882-95, and served as commissioner of schools for Chippewa county, Mich., 1891-95. He was elected the first missionary bishop of Alaska by the Gen- eral convention, 1895, and was consecrated, Nov. 30, 1895, in St. George's, New York city, by Bishops Doane,Whitaker and Storkey, assisted by Bishops Brewer, Potter, Walker, Davies and Brooke. He made his residence at Silka, and in 1903 had eight clergy, sixteen lay readers, fourteen mis- sions, twelve church edifices, five women work- ers, and 2,259 baptised members in his missionary district, which covered an area of 570,000 square miles, with a population of 44,000 souls. He re- ceived the honorary degree of D.D. from Hobart and Toronto in 1895. ROWLAND, Henry Augustus, physicist, was born in Honesdale, Pa., Nov. 27,1848; son of the Rev. Dr. Henry Augustus and Harriet (Heyer) Rowland ; grandson of the Rev. Henry /V^'C^ur€a^ A. and Frances (Bliss) Rowland ; great-grandson of the Rev. David Sherman and Mary (Spaulding) Rowland, and a descendant of Jonathan Edwards, and of the Rev. John Warham, first minister of Windsor, Conn. He was graduated at the Rensselaer Polytech- nic institute at Troy, N.Y., C.E., 1870, and became a surveyor in western Ne%v York. He was instructor in phjsics at Rensselaer, 1872-74, and in 1874 was made assistant professor. He studied at Berlin in 1875, and in 1876 became pro- fessor of physics at Johns Hopkins uni- versity. He made many discoveries in electrical and solar science, and invented machines to aid him in his work. A plate of polished metal, ruled with close, parallel lines, possesses a refractory power very much beyond that of the prism commonly used, and the nearer these lines are to one another the greater the power of the plate. Professor Rowland invented a ruling engine capable of making 20,000 lines to the inch, the best achievement before that being the engine of Lewis M. Rutherfurd (q.v.), which ruled 17,000 lines to the inch. Professor Rowland was married June 4, 1890, to Henrietta, daughter of George Law and Helen (Davidge) Harrison, of Baltimore, Md. He invented in 1897 the multiplex printing telegraph, by means of which a telegram can be transmitted upon a typewriter and reproduced in typewritten form at the receiving end ; and he devised a means of mak- ing practical use of the force of Niagara for the generation of electricity. In 1899 he conducted a successful series of experiments to ascertain the cause of the magnetism of the earth, and deter- mined to a nicety the value of an ohm, being a permanent member of the International commis- sion for establishing electrical units. He received the honorary degrees, Ph.D. from Johns Hop- kins in 18S0, and LL.D. from Yale in 1883 and from Princeton in 1896 ; was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honor for his services at the Electrical congress at Paris in 1881, and in 1896 was advanced to the grade of ofiicer, and later made a corresponding member of the Britisli Association for the Advancement of Science. He was one of twelve foreigners to be admitted to membership in the Physical Society of London. He was elected to membership in the National Academy of Sciences in 1881, and in 1884 received for his researches in light and heat the Rumfonl ROWLAND ROYCE medal from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, of which he was an associate, and in 1897 the Matteucci medal. He wrote many i>am- phlets and monographs, among which are: On Concave Gratings for Optical PurjMses (1883); On the Relative ^Vave lA^igtha at the Lines of the Solar Spectrum (1880); On the Mechanical Equiv- alent of Heat (1880), and Photographs of the Nor- mal Solar Spectrum. He died in Baltimore, Md., April 16, 1901. and in accordance with his ex- pressed wish liis ashes were deposited in the lab- oratory of Joliiis Hopkins university. ROWLAND, Kate Mason, author, was born in Virginia ; daugiiler of Major Isaac S. and Catli- erine Armstead (Mason) Rowland. She became a member of the Virginia Historical society, the Association for the Preservation of Virginia An- tiquities, the Confederate Memorial Literary society, the United Daugliters of the Confederacy, and an honorary member of the Woman's Liter- ary club of Baltimore. She edited : The Poems of Fran Ic O. Ticknor, M.D. (1879), and is the author of : Tlie Life of George 3Iason, Including His Speeches, Public Papers and Correspondence (2 vols., 1892), and The Life of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, ivith His Correspondence and Public Papers (2 vols., 1898). ROYCE, Homer Elihu, jurist, was born in Berkshire, Vt., June 14, 1819 : son of Elihu Mar- vin and Sophronia (Parker) Royce ; grandson of Stephen and Minerva (Marvin) Royce and of James and Mary (Peck) Parker. He attended the academies at St. Albans and Enosburg, Vt., and was admitted to the bar in 1844. He was state's attorney for Franklin county, 1846-47. and at the same time was a representative from Berkshire in the state legislature, serving as chairman of the railroad committee. He was married, Jan. 23, 1851, to Mary, daughter of Charles and Mary (Dunbar) Edmunds of Boston, Mass. He represented Franklin county in the state senate, 1849-51, and was a Republican rep- resentative in the 35th and 8Gth congresses, 1857- 61. He served as a state senator again in 1861 and in 1808, and was justice of the supreme court, 1870-91, beingchief justice, 1880-91. He received from tlie University of Vermont the degrees A.M.. 1851 and LL.D., 1882. He died at St. Albans. Vt., April 24, 1891. ROYCE, Josiah, philo.sopher, was born in Grass Valley, Nevada county, Cal., Nov. 20, 1855 ; son of Josiah and Sarah Eleanor (Bayliss) Royce ; who were both born in England — the former at Ridlington, Rutlandshire, and the latter at Strat- fiird-on-Avon. He attended the common schools; was graduated from the University of California, A B., 1875: continued his studies in Leipzig and Gottingen. 1875-76, and was a fellow of Johns Hopkins university, 1876-78, receiving the degree of Ph.D. in the latter year. He was an assistant professor of English literature and logic in the University of California, 1878-82, and associated with Harvard college as instructor in pliilosophy, 1.S82-84; assistant professor of the same. 1885-92, and in tlie latter year was ap- pointed professor of the history of philosophy. He was married Oct. 2, 1880. to Katherine, daughter of Edward Francis and Eliza (Clement) Head of Brookline, Mass. Professor Royc;e de- livered a course of lectures before the Twentieth Century club in 1898, and in 1899 the Gilford lectures on natural theolog}' at the Universilj' of Aberdeen, Scotland, which university conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. in 1900. He also received the same degree from Johns Hopkins in 1902. He is the author of : A PHmer of Logical Analysis (1881) ; Tlie Religious Aspect of Cali- fornia (1885); California, in the " American Com- monwealth ^' series (1886) ; Tlie Feud of Oakjield Creek, a novel (1887); The Sjyirit of Modern Phil- osophy (1892) ; Tlie Conception of God, with comments by S. E. Mezer, J. LeConte and G. H. Howison (1895) ; Studies of Good and Evil {\89S); The World and the Individual (1900); The Con- ception of Immortality (1900). In 1903 he wrote an introduction to the new four-volume edition of John Fiske"s " Cosmic Philosophy." ROYCE, Stephen, governor of Vermont, was born in Tinmouth, Vt., Aug. 12, 1787; son of Stephen and Minerva (Marvin) Royce ; grandson of Maj. Stephen Royce of the Continental army, and of Dr. Ebenezer (surgeon in the Continental arm}'^) and Sarah (Adams) Marvin, and a descendant of William Parker who came from England in 1633, and of Matthew Marvin who came to America in 1635 and was one of the original pro- prietors of Norfolk, Conn. He attended the common school at Tinmouth, an academy at Middlebury, and was graduated from Middlebury college in 1807. He taught school and studied law under his uncle, Ebenezer Marvin, and practised at Berkshire, Vt., 1809-11 ; at Sheldon, Vt., 1811-17, and at St. Albans, 1817- 68. He was a representative from Sheldon to the state legislature, 1815-10, and from St. Albans, 1822-24 ; was a delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1823 ; a member of the committee appointed in 1816 to report on the constitutional amendment for choosing both presidential elec- tors and representatives in congress by the dis- trict system ; was state's attorney for Franklin county, 1816-18 ; county judge. 1825-26 : judg& of the supreme court, 1829-47 and chief justice, 1847-52. He was elected by the Whigs, governor of Vermont in 1854 ; was re-elected in 1855, and RUCKER RUCKSTUIIL in 1856 retired to private life. He was never married. He died in East Berkshire, Vt., Nov. 11, 1S68. RUCKER, Daniel Henry, soldier, was born at Belleville, N.J., April 28, 1813 ; son of John An- thony and Sarah (Macomb) Rucker ; grandson of John Peter and Janet (Marshall) Rucker. In 1820 he removed with his parents to Grosse Isle, Mich., where he attended school. He entered the U.S. army, being commissioned second lieu- tenant, 1st dragoons, Oct. 13, 1837 ; was promoted 1st lieutenant, Oct. 8, 1844, and captain, Feb. 7, 1847. In the Mexican war he commanded a squadron at Buena Vista and was brevetted major, Feb. 23, 1847, for gallant and meritorious services there. He was transferred to the quartermaster's dejjartment in 1849, and declined the position of major of tlie 6th cavalry. He was married in 1850 to Jane Curtis, On Aujr. 3, 1861, he was pro- moted major in the quartermaster's department, and colonel and aide-de-camp to General McClel- lan, Sept. 28, 1861. He was appointed brigadier- general of volunteers. May 23, 1863, and was stationed at Washington during the war ; was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, colonel, and briga- dier-general, U.S.A., for diligent and faithful serv- ice during the war, and on March 14, 1865, was brevetted major-general of volunteers and major- general, U.S.A., for faithful and meritorious serv- ices during the war. He was promoted colonel and appointed quartermaster- general, July 28, 1866. He subsequently served at various posts, and Feb. 13, 1882, was promoted brigadier-general and quartermaster-general of the army. Ten days later, February 23, he was retired from the army after forty years of service. RUCKER, William W., representative, was born near Covington, Va., Feb. 1, 1855; son of William P. and Margaret A. (Scott) Rucker. He removed with his parents to western Virginia, at the outbreak of the civil war, and in 1873 removed to Chariton county. Mo. , where he taught scliool, 1873-75, and was admitted to the bar in 1876. He was married. May 20, 1880, to Fannie Applegate of Keytesville, Mo. He was prosecut- ing attorney of Chariton county, 1880-93 ; circuit judge of the twelfth judicial circuit, 1892-99, and a Democratic representative from the second district of Missouri in the 56th, 57th and 58th congresses, 1899-1905. RUCKSTUHL, Frederic Wellington, sculptor, was born at Breitenbach, Alsace, May 22, 1853 ; son of John and Louise Ruckstuhl. In 1685 a branch of the Huguenot family by the name of Ruxtiel, driven out of France, settled first in Switzerland and then in Alsace, the name be- coming corrupted to Ruckstuhl. In 1855 Frederic Wellington Ruckstuhl came with his parents to the United States, and the family settled in St. Louis, Mo. He was engaged in theological prep- aration until 1878, when he determined to de- vote himself to the study of sculpture, and attended a night class in art, winning the prize for the Blair monument at St. Louis in 1883. In the same year he made a brief visit to Paris ; returned to St. Louis to secure enough commission for further study abroad, and was a student in the princi- pal schools of Paris, especially under Mer- , cie and Tholenaar, 1885-88 ; exhibiting in the latter year in the Paris Salon, his life-size nude female ^^ _ . figure called " Even- /TT^^^^^^^^^^i^^^ ing," which won " Honorable Mention." He subsequently entered upon a second three years' course of study in Paris, exhibiting his statue of Evening, which he had in the meantime put into marble, and his group called " Mercury Amusing Himself" in the Salon of 1891. The former work was again dis- played at the exhibition of the Society of Amer- ican Artists in 1893 ; in the same year received a grand medal at the Columbian exposition at Chicago, and is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. The latter group was cast into bronze, became the property of the city of St. Louis, and was placed in Portland Place. In December, 1892, Mr, Ruckstuhl settled in New York city, where he became active in the art movement of the country. He was a member of the Fine Arts jury of the Atlanta International exposition, 1895; served for three years as first secretary of the National Sculpture society, which society he had founded, and in 1898 as secretary of its committee in charge of the erection of the Dewey arch in New York city ; superintended the sculpture decorations of the Court of Appeals of New York city, finished in 1900, and traveled extensively in Europe and in Egypt for the benefit of his health in 1900-01. He was appointed chief of sculpture for the St. Louis World's Fair, but subsequently resigned ; was made a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters and the National Arts club ; second vice-president of the Architectural league, and also of the Munici- pal Art society of New York city in 1903. His principal works of sculpture in addition to those already mentioned, include the heroic bronzes: Victory, on soldiers' and sailors' monument. Jamaica, Long Island ; Solon, Library of Con- gress, Washington, D.C., where his colossal gran- RUITIN RUGER ite hesids, Franklin. Goethe and Macaiilay form apart of the facade ; the equestrian statue of Brig.-diii. John F. Ilartntnft, Capitol Hill, Har- risburg. Pa. ; the colossjil marbles: Wisdorn and Force, New York Appellate Court, New York city; the bronze group u( Ghria Victis, for the Confed- erate monument, Baltimore, Md. ; the Quadriga for tiie dome of the government building. Buffalo exposition, and the group The Army, on the Dewey arch. Among his busts may bo men- tioned that of John Russell Y'oung. RUFFIN, Thomas, jurist, was born in King a;id C^ueen county, Va., at the home of his mater- nal grandfather, Nov. 17, 1787; son of Sterling and Alice (Roane) Ruffin of Essex county, Va., and grandson of Thomas Roane of Newington, Va. He was prepared for college by Marcus George, principal of Warrenton (N.C.) Male academy, and was graduated at the College of New Jersey in 1805. He was a law student under David Robertson in Petersburg, Va., 1806-07, and in 1807 removed with his parents to Rockingham county, N.C, where he continued his law studies under Judge Archibald D. Murphy (q.v.), and was admitted to the bar in 1808. He was mar- ried. Dec. 9, 1809, to Ann, daughter of William Kirkland of Hillsborough, and made that place his home. He was a representative from Hills- borough in the liouse of commons of North Carolina, 1813-15 and 1816, and was speaker in 1816 ; judge of the superior court, 1817, resigning in 1818 ; was reporter of the decisions of the supreme court for one or two terms, and practised law with eminent success, 1818-25. He was judge of the superior court. 1825-28, resigning in 1828, on being elected president of the State bank of North Carolina. In 1829 he removed to Raleigh, and was solicited to accept the candidacy for U.S. senator to complete the term of Senator John Branch, appointed secretary of the navy, but de- clined, and was elected judge of tlie state sup- reme court upon the death of Chief-Justice Taylor. In 1833, upon the death of Chief-Justice Henderson, he became chief justice, serving un- til 1852, when he resigned, and was succeeded by Frederick Nash. Upon the death of Cliief-Justice Nash, Dec. 5, 1858, Judge Ruffin was almost unan- imously re-elected chief justice by the legisla- ture of North Carolina, and served until the autumn of 1859, when failing health compelled his retirement to his estate on Haw river, in Alamance county. He opposed secession, but at the meeting of the state convention of 1861, voted for the measure when he found opjjosition useless. He wa.s a delegate to the Confederate States provisional congress that a.ssembled at Richmond, Va., July 20, 1861, having previously .served as a member of the Peace conference at Washington, in February, wliere his efforts on behalf of peace were recorded by General Scott and President Buchanan. After the war, his estate having been desolated by an army encampment, he again took up his residence in Hillsborough. He was a trustee of the University of North Carolina, 1813-31 and 1842-68 ; president of tlie State xVgricultural society, 1854-60, and received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University in 1834. His opinions while on the bench were largely used by the bar of North Carolina, and even the U.S. supreme court, as authoritative. His son. Col. Thomas Ruffin, who occupied a seat on the supreme bench of North Carolina, died May 23, 1889. Judge Thomas Ruffin, Sr., died in Hillshorough. N.C, Jan. 15, 1870. RUFFNER, Henry, educator, was born in the valley of Virginia, in the section which became Page county, Jan. 19, 1789 ; son of Col. David and Ann Ruffner. Colonel Ruffner removed to the Great Kanawha valley, and established the first salt manufactory in that region. Henry Ruffner was graduated from Washington college, Lexing- ton, Va., A.B., 1817, and was an instructor in Mer- cer academy, Charlestown, 1817-19. He became a professor in Washington college, 1819 ; studied theology with President George A. Baxter, and was licensed by the presbytery of Lexington. He was professor of languages in Washington col- lege, 1819-30 and 1835-37, and professor of math- ematics, 1830-35. He was president of the col- lege, professor of moral philosophy, and ex-officio rector of the board of trustees, 1836-48. During his administration of the college he also served as acting pastor at Timber Ridge, Fairfield and New Monmouth. After liis resignation in 1848. he retired to a mountain farm in Kanawha county, for the benefit of his health, preached to the mountaineers, and was subsequently made pastor of the church at Maiden, Va., serving until 1860. He received the honorary degree of D.D. from the College of New Jersey, 1838, and that of LL.D. from Washington college, 1849. He is the author of : Discourse upon the Duration of Fntiire Punishment (1823); Inaugural Address (1837); Judith Bensaddi, a Romance (1840) ; Ruffner Pam- phlet, an anti-slavery address (1847); and Tlte Fathers of the Desert, or An Account of the Origin and Practice of Monkery (2 vols., 1850). He died in Maiden, Va., Dec. 17, 1861. RUQER, Thomas Howard, soldier, was born in Lima, Livingston county. N.Y''., April 2, 1833; son of Thomas Jefferson and Maria (Hutchins) Ruger ; grandson of Francis and Jane (Jewell) Ruger, and of Benjamin and Jerusha (Bradley) Hutchins. He attended school at Janesville, Wis., 1844-50, and was graduated from the U.S. Military academy as brevet 2d lieutenant of the corps of engineers in 1854. He was assistant en- gineer upon the repairs and construction of the RUGER RUGGLES defences of the approaches to New Orleans, La., 1854-55 ; resigned his commission in the U.S. army, April 1, 1855, and practised law in Janes- ville. Wis., 185.5-61. He was married, Oct. 6, 185T, to Helen Lydia, daughter of Henry Rice and Eliza (Gardner) Moore of Beloit, Wis. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 3d Wisconsin volunteers, June 29, 1861 ; colonel, Sept. 1, 1861 ; commanded his regiment in the operations in Mary- land and tlie Shenan- doah valley, 1861- 63 ; being engaged at Winchester, Va., May rf^ ^ k^ 25, 1862; Cedar Moun- C/A^. ^- fX^^^-Cr^ tain, Autietam, and the march to Fal- mouth. Va.. 1862. He was promoted brigadier- general, U.S.V., Nov. 29, 1862; commanded the 3d brigade, 1st division, 12th army corps. Army of the Potomac, in the Rappahannock campaign, December, 1862-June, 1863, and in the Pennsyl- vania campaign, June-July, 1863, taking part in the battles of Chancellorsville, May 2-4, 1863. He succeeded Gen. Alplieus S. Williams in the com- mand of the 1st division, ]2tli army corps. Army of the Potomac, during tlie battle of Gettysburg, July 1-3. 1863 ; took part in the march to War- rentoii. Va.; was engaged in suppressing the draft riots m JNew YorK city, July-September, 1863 ; commanded the 2d brigade, 1st division, 20th army corps, Sherman's army, in the invasion of Georgia, May 4-Nov. 8, 1864 ; taking part in the battles of Resaca and New Hope Church ; the ac- tion of Kiilp House and battle of Peach Tree Creek, and in the siege and occupation of Atlanta. He commanded a division of the 23d army corps in the Tennessee campaign ; was bre vetted major-general, U.S.V., Nov. 30, 1864, " for gal- lant and meritorious services in the battle of Franklin, Tenn.; " was engaged in organizing the l:^t division, 23d army corps, at Nashville, Tenn., 1864-65 ; commanded the division in the opera- tions in North Carolina, February- June, 1865, taking part in the battle of Kinston (Wise's Fork), N.C., March 10. 1865, and commanded the ■department of North Carolina, 1865-66. He was honorably mustered out of volunteer service, ■Sept. 1, 1866, and was reappointed in the U S. army, with the rank of colonel, July 28, 1806. He commanded the 33d infantry regiment at Macon, Ga., 1866-67, and was brevetted brigadier- general, U.S.A., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Gettysburg, Pa. He was provisional governor of Georgia, January-July, 1868 ; was transferred to the 18th infantry, March 15, 1869 ; was superintendent of the U.S. Military academy, 1871-76 ; was in com- mand of the department of the South, 1876-78, and commanded posts in the south and west. He was in command of tlie U.S. Infantry and Cavalry school, July 1, 1885, to April 14,1886; was promoted brigadier-general, March 19, 1886; was in temporary command of the department of the Missouri, April-May, 1886, and later com- manded the department of Dakota, the division of the Pacific and the departments of California and of the East. He was promoted major-gen- eral, Feb. 8, 1895, and was retired, April 2, 1897. In 1903 he was residing in Stamford, Conn. RUQER, William Crawford, jurist, was born at Bridgewater. N.Y., Jan. 30, 1824 ; son of John and Sophia (Brown) Ruger ; grandson of Francis and Jane Ruger and of Oliver and Desire Brown, and a descendant of Fi-ancis Ruger, who is sup- posed to have been of Holland Dutch descent. He attended Bridgewater academy, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1845. He was a delegate to the Democratic state convention, known as the Hunker convention, in 1849. He removed to Syracuse in 1853, and was married on May 2, 1860, to Harriet, daughter of Erastus S. Prosser of Buffalo, N.Y. He was an unsuccessful Demo- cratic candidate for representative in congress in 1863 and 1805 ; was a delegate to the Democratic national convention in 1872, tliat endorsed the nomination of Greeley and Brown, and was a dele- gate to the Democratic state convention of 1877. He was first president of the Onondaga Bar asso- ciation in 1875, and in 1876 was first president of the State Bar association. He was counsel for the defendants in the " canal-ring " cases, and in 1882 was elected chief judge of the New York court of appeals, which position he held until his death in Syracuse, N.Y., Jan. 14, 1892. RUGGLES, Benjamin, senator, was born in Windiiam county. Conn., 1783. He paid his school tuition by teaching ; was admitted to the bar ; removed to Ohio, and began practice in Marietta, afterward removing to St. Clairsville. He served as president judge of the court of com- mon pleas for the third judicial circuit of Ohio, 1810-15 ; was elected U.S. senator from Ohio as a Democrat, serving by re-election three terms, 1815-33, and was a presidential elector-at-large from Ohio, voting for William H. Harrison in 1837. He died in St. Clairsville. O., Sept. 2, 1857. RUGGLES, Charles Herman, jurist, was born in New Milford, Conn., Feb. 10, 1789; son of Joseph (a Revolutionary soldier) and Mercy (Warner) Ruggles ; grandson of Lazarus (an officer of the Revolutionary army) and Hannah (Bostwick) Ruggles, and a descendant of the RUGGLES RUGGLES Rev. Benjamin and Mctcv (Woodbriilgc) Ruggles of SuffifM. Conn. He received a liberal educa- tii>n ; studied and practised law at Kingston, N.Y.. was a member of the state legislature iu 1820 ; a representative from New York in the ITtii congress, 1821-23, and circuit judge and vice-cliancellorof the second state judicial district. 18;W-46. He resigned on account of ill-healtii in 1846, liaving meanwhile re- moved toPoughkeep- sie, N.Y. He was a member of the state constitutional con- vention of 184G, serv- ing as cliairman of its judiciary com- mittee ; was judge of the court of ap- peals. 1847-53 ; chief justice, 1851 ; re-elected judge of the court of appeals in 1853 upon the expiration of his original term, and served until A:ig. 30, 1855, when he resigned and retired to private life. He was married, first, to Gertrude Beekman of Kingston, N.Y., and secondly, in May, 1850, to Mary Crooke (Broom) Livingston. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from R.ttgers college. New Brunswick, N.J., 1848. He died in Poughkeepsie, N.Y., June 16, 1865. RUGGLES, Daniel, soldier, was born in Barre, Mass., Jan. 31, 1810. He was graduated from tlie U.S. Military academy as brevet 2nd lieu- tenant, 5th infantry, July 1, 1833, and served on frontier and recruiting duty, 1833-39 ; was pro- moted 2nd lieutenant, Feb. 18, 1836, and 1st lieutenant, July 7, 1838. He served in the Florida war, 1839-40 ; on frontier and recruiting duty, 1840-45; in military occupation of Texas, 1845- 46. and in the war with Mexico, 1847-48. He was promoted captain of the 5th infantry, June 18. 1846, and took part in the siege of Vera Cruz, capture of San Antonio, battle of Molino delRe^', and the assault and captureof the City of Mexico. He was brevetted major, Aug. 20, 1847, for gal- lant conduct in the battles of Contreras and Churubusco, Mex., and lieutenant-colonel, Sept. 13, 1847, for Chapultepec. He was on frontier duty in Mississippi and Texas ; served on the Utah expedition, 1858-59, and resigned his com- mission. May 7, 1861. He joined the Confederate army ; was appointed colonel of Virginia volun- teers, April 22, 1861 ; brigadier-general, April 23, 1861, and was appointed brigadier-general C.S.A., Aug. 9, 1861. He was stationed at Pensacola, Fla.. 1861-62: commanded the 1st division, 2nd army corps, Army of the Mississippi, in the battle of Sliiloh. and the 2nd division, Breckinridge's force, at tlie battle of Baton Rouge, La., Aug. 5, 1862. He succee'led Breckinridge in the com- mand of the Confederate forces at Port Hudson, then engaged in erecting tiie works that proved a formidable obstacle to the Federal operations on the Mississippi. He was promoted major- general in 1863 ; commanded the Department of the Mississippi, and was commissary-general of prisoners in 1865. He retired to his estate near Palafox, Texas, after the war, and died at Fred- ericksburg, Va., June 1. 1897. RUGGLES, George David, soldier, was born at Newburgli, N.Y., Sept. 11, 1833 ; son of David and Sarah (Colden) Ruggles ; grandson of Joseph and Mercy (Warner) Ruggles and of David and Gertrude (Wynkoop) Colden, and a descendant of colonial governors Thomas Dudley of Massa- chusetts, William Leete of Connecticut and Cad- wallader Colden of New York. His first ances- tor in America was John Ruggles of Nasing, Essex, England, who came to Roxbury, Massachu- setts Bay colony, 1635. George D. Ruggles was graduated at the U.S. Military academy, July 1, 1855 ; was assigned to duty as 2d lieutenant, 2nd infantry, and served in the Chippewa and Sioux Indian country. He was adjutant of liis regiment, 1857-61, and acting adjutant-general of the Department of the West, 1858. He was promoted 1st lieutenant. May 21, 1861, and was assigned to Gen. Robert Patterson's army, in which he served as acting adjutant-general of brigade, being appointed assistant adjutant-gen- eral with brevet rank of captain in July, 1861. He was commissioned assistant adjutant-general with the rank of captain, Aug. 3, 1861, and as- signed to duty in the war department, charged witli the organization of volunteer forces when there was little precedent of law or regulation to guide hira in his important work. The quarter- masters' and subsistence departments were not authorized to pay any expenses of soldiers prior to mustering in, which expenses had to be met by the several states. About the time that their funds were exhausted, Captain Ruggles appealed to congress and succeeded in obtaining an a impro- priation of twenty millions of dollars for "col- lecting, organizing and drilling volunteers."' The volunteer bureau having been completely organ- ized under his direction, in one year after its conception he was assigned to duty as chief of staff and adjutant-general of the Army of Vir- ginia, with the rank of colonel of volunteers, June 28, 1862, and was promoted to the rank of major in the regular service. July 17, 1862. He took part in the actions at Cedar Mountain, the two days' fight on the Rappahannock, the battle of Waterloo Bridge, the second battle of Bull Run and the battle of Chantilly. When General RUGGLES RUGGLES McClellan took command of the army after Pope's disastrous campaign, Colonel Ruggles became his assistant chief of stuff, and he served in that position throughout the Maryland campaign, in- cluding the battles of South Mountain and Antietam and the skirmish at Snicker's Gap. Shortly after the retirement of General McClellan from tlie army, Colonel Ruggles was ordered by Secretary Stanton to duty in his office at Wash- ington. Later he assisted in organizing the con- scription bureau, and was in the west on special duty. In the winter of 1864-65. upon the applica- tion of General ]\Ieade, he became adjutant-gen- eral of the Army of the Potomac, and remained in that position until the disbandment of the army, June 30, 1865. In this last campaign, he was in the three days' engagement at Hatcher's Run, siege of Petersburg, and the pursuit of Gen- eral R. E. Lee, and was present at the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia, at Appomat- tox. He received the brevets of lieutenant-colonel and colonel, U.S.A., March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war, of brigadier-general, U.S.A., " for gallant and meri- torious services during the campaign terminating with the surrender of the insurgent army of northern Virginia," and brigadier-general of volunteers, April 9, 1865, for gallant and merito- rious services in the events leading to the sur- render of Lee's army. For special service ren- dered March 25, 1865, he received the verbal thanks of General Meade and President Lincoln. After tho war, he served as adjutant-general of the divisions of the Atlantic and the Pacific and of the departments of the Lakes, the East, the Platte, Dakota, Texas and California. He was married, Jan. 8, 1868, to Alma Hammond, daughter of Stephen Satterlee and Alma (Hammond) L'Hom- medieu. Of his children : Capt. Colden L'Hom- msdieu was graduated at the U.S. Military academy, an honor man in the class of 1890 ; Charles Herman was graduated at the Rensselaer Polytechnic institute, Troy, N.Y., in 1893 ; Alma Hammond L'Hommedieu was graduated at Rad- cliffe college in 1900 ; and Francis Augustus was graduated at Sheffield Scientific school, Yale, in 1900 ; was commissioned in the army as lieutenant of cavalry, Feb. 3, 1901, and was ordered to duty in the Philippines. General Ruggles was promoted lieutenant-colonel, June 15, 1880, coloTiel, June 7, 1889, adjutant-general of the army with the rank of brigadier-general, Nov. 6, 1893, and was retired by operation of law, Sept. 11, 1897. His total actual services in the army covered, up to that time, a period of forty-six years. He was appointed in 1898, by President McKinley, to the command of the Soldiers' Home at Washington, D.C. His tour of duty there expired Jan. 10, 1903. RUGGLES, John, senator, was born in West- borough, Mass., Oct. 8, 1789. He was graduated at Brown, 1813 ; taught school in Kentucky, 1813- 14 ; studied law ; was admitted to the bar, and practised in Skowhegan, 1815-17, and in Thomas- ton, 1817-74. He was a member of the lower house of the Maine legislature, 1823-31, serving as speaker, 1825-29 and 1831 ; was judge of the court of common pleas, succeeding Samuel E. Smith, resigned, 1831-34, and U.S. senator from Maine, elected as a Democrat to fill the unexpired term of Peleg Sprague, resigned, serving from Feb. 6, 1835, to March 3, 1841. While in congress he was the originator of a reorganization of the patent office, and after its reorganization was granted the first patent, July 28, 1836, for a loco- motive steam engine. He died in Thomaston, Maine. June 20, 1874. RUGGLES, Nathaniel, representative, was born in Roxbury, Mass., Nov. 15, 1761 ; son of Capt. Joseph and Rebecca Ruggles. He was graduated from Harvard college, A. B., 1781, A.M., 1784, and practised law in Roxbury, where he became prominent in town affairs. He was appointed judge of the general sessions of the peace, 1807 ; cliief-justice, 1808, and was a Federalist repre- sentative from the Norfolk district in the 13th, 14th and 15th congresses, 1813-19. He served as past-master of the Washington Lodge of Free Masons. He died in Roxbury, Mass., Dec. 19, 1819. RUGGLES, Samuel Bulkley, lawyer, was born at New Milford, Conn., April 11,1800; son of Philo and Ellen (Bulkley) Ruggles. and grandson of Capt. Lazarus and Hannali (Bostwick) Rug- (Hubbell) Bulkley. gles, and of Josepli and He was graduated from Yale in 1814 ; studied law witli his father ; was admitted to the bar in 1821, and pi-actised in New York city. He was married to Mary Ro- salie, daughter of John Rathbone of New Y'ork city. He was a member of the assembly in 1838, serving as chairman of the committee on ways and means ; was influential in se- curing the enlargement of the Erie canal, being as prominent in that movement as DeWitt Clin- ton in its construction. He was a canal com- missioner, 1840-42 and 1858 ; an Erie railway commissioner, and a director of the road, 1833-39. He was a delegate from the United States to the International Statistical congresses held in Ber- RUGGLES RUMFORD lin in 1863, and at The Hague in 18G9 ; was U.S. commissioner to the Paii.s exposition of 1807, and a delegate to the International Monetary confer- ence at Paris in tliat year. lie presented tiie perpetual use of Gramercy park, New York city, to the neighboring property-liolders, liaving previou.-^ly laid out and named the park. He was also instrumental in locating and erecting a fence around Union stjuare. in front of his resi- dence, and he named Lexington avenue and Irving place. He was a trustee of the Astor library for many years ; a trustee of Columbia college, 1836-81, and a member of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York. The lionorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Yale in 1859. He is the author of : Report upon FinnHCCs and Internal Improvements (1838); Vindication of Canal Policy (ISAQ); Defence of Improvement of Navigable Waters by the Gen- eral Government (1852); Law of Burial (1858); Report on State of Canals inlSoS (1859); Reports on the Statistical Congress at Berlin (1863); The Monetary Conference at Paris (1867); The Statis- tical Congress at The Hague (1871); Report to tie Chairman of the Committee on Canals (1873); and -4 Consolidated Table of Xational Progress in Cheapening Food (1880). A memorial of Mr. Iviiggles was printed and distributee! by the Cham- ber of Commerce of New York in 1881. He died on Fire Island. L.I., N.Y., Aug. 28, 1881. RUGGLES, Timothy, jurist, was born in Roch- ester, Mass., Oct. 20, 1711 ; son of the Rev. Tim- othy and Mary (White) Ruggles ; grandson of Capt. Samuel Ruggles of Roxbury and Martha Woodbridge, his wife, who was a granddaughter of Governor Thomas Dudley. He was graduated from Harvard in 1733 ; studied law, and estab- lished himself in practice in Rochester. In 1735 he married Mrs. Bathsheba Newcomb, widow of William Newcomb and the daughter of the Hon. Melatiah Bourne of Sandwich. He removed to Sandwich, Mass., in 1740, and there remained, with increasing reputation and a constantly in- creasing list of clients, till 17.53, when he removed to Hardwick. He was an impressive pleader, his eloquence enhanced b}' his majestic presence. His services were in constant demand in adjoin- ing counties, where his principal antagonist was Col. James Otis, then at the height of his fame. At the time of his settlement in Hardwick he had accumulated a lil>eral fortune, and entered upon a style of living commensurate with his standing and affluence. lie was appointed judge of the court of common pleas in 1756, and from 1762 to the Revolution he was chief-justice of that court, and served as a special justice of the provincial superior court, 1762-75. He was repeatedly elect- ed a representative in the general court of Ma.ssa- chusetts, and while the armies were in winter quarters was speaker of the house, 1762-63. He was commissioned colonel in the provincial forces under Sir William Joiinson, and was second in command at the battle of Lake George in 1755, where he distinguished himself for courage, cool- ness and ability. In 1758 he commanded the third division of the provincial troops under Abercrombie in the attack on Ticonderoga. Ha served as brigadier-general under Amherst in the campaign of 1759-60. In 1763 he was appointed by the Crovv'n "surveyor-general of the King's forests," as a reward in a measure for his military services in the French and Indian war. He was a delegate to the first colonial (or Stamp Act) congress of 1765, which met in New York, October 7, and was elected iLs president, but re- fused to sanction the addresses sent by that body to Great Britain, for which he was publicly cen- sured by the general court of Massachusetts. He was led by a sense of duty " in the halls of legis- lature and on the platform to declare against re- bellion and bloodshed." He was appointed man- damus councillor, Aug. 16, 1774, and in 1775 left Boston for Nova Scotia with the British troops and accompanied Lord Howe to Staten Island. His estates were confiscated, and in 1779 he re- ceived a grant of 10,000 acres of land in Wilniot, Nova Scotia, where he engaged in agriculture. His daughter Mary married Dr. John Green of Green Hill, Worcester, Mass. Judge Ruggles died in Wilmot, Nova Scotia, Aug. 4, 1795. RULISON, Nelson Somerville, second bishop of Central Pennsylvania and 136th in succession in the American episcopate, was born in Car- thage, Jefferson county, N.Y., April 24, 1842. He attended Wesleyan academy, Gouverneur, N.Y., and was graduated from the General Theo- logical seminary. New York city, in 1866. He was ordered deacon in Grace church, Utica, N.Y., May 27, 1866, by Bishop Coxe, and ordained priest in the Church of the Annunciation, New Y'ork city, Nov. 30, 1866, by Bishop Horatio Pot- ter. He was curate of the Church of the An- nunciation. 1866-67 ; rector of Ziou church, Morris, N.Y., 1867-70; St. John's, Jersey city, N.J., 1870-76, and St. Paul's, Cleveland, Ohio, 1876-84. He was elected bishop coadjutor of Central Pennsylvania in 1884, and was conse- crated at St. Paul's, Oct. 28, 1884, by Bishops Lee, Bedell and Stevens, assisted by Bishops Howe, McLaren, Harris, Potter and Whitehead. He succeeded to the bishopric on the death of Bishop Howe, July 31, 1895. The honorary de- gree of D.D. was conferred on him by Kenyon college, Ohio, in 1879. He is the author of : History of St. Paul's Chnrch, Cleveland, Ohio (1877). He died at Bad Nauheim, Germany, Sept. 1. lS'.t7. RUMFORD, Count. See Thompson, Benjamin. RUMPLE RUNKLE RUMPLE, Jethro, clergyman, was born in Cabarrus county, N.C., March 10, 1827. He was graduated from Davidson college in 1850, and studied at the Columbian Theological seminary, 1851:-56. He was licensed by the Concord presby- tery, July 31, 1854, was ordained in 1857, and was installed in Mecklenburg county, N.C. He was married, Oct. 13, 1857, to Jane E., daughter of Watson W. and Melinda Wharton of Greens- boro, N.C. In 1861 he was called to Salisbury, N.C, where he was still pastor of the First Pres- byterian church in 1903. He became trustee of Davidson college in 1858, and director and trustee of Union Theological seminary in Virginia, 1863 ; was elected a commissioner to several general assemblies, and to many important positions in the Synod and Presbytery. In 1882 he received the degree D.D. from the University of North Carolina. He is the author of : History of Rowan County, N.C. (1881), and History of First Fifty Years of Davidson College (1888). RUMSEY, Benjamin, delegate, was born at Bohemia Manor. Cecil county, Md., 1730 ; son of William, and grandson of Charles Rumsey of Wales, who came to Charleston, S.C, in 1665; removed to New York and thence to Philadel- l^hia, eventually locating, prior to 1678, at the liead of Bohemia river, Cecil county, Md. Wil- liam Rumsey was a surveyor, collector of cus- toms, and a large landholder. He laid out Fredericktown, Md. Benjamin Rumsey was a member of the Maryland convention. Dec. 29, 1775, serving on the committee tiiat drafted in- structions for the deputies of the province in congress, and in the following January on the committee appointed to draw up resolutions for " raising, clotliing, and victualing the provincial forces." He was also a member of the council of safety, 1776, and a delegate to the Continental congress, 1776-78. The date of Iiis death could not be ascertained. RUMSEY, James, inventor, was born in Bo- hemia Manor, Cecil county, Md., in 1743 ; son of William, grandson of Charles, and brother of Benjamin Rumsey (q.v.). He was a civil and mechanical engineer, and became superintendent of a mill owned by the Potomac company at Shepherdstown, Va., where he suggested many novel views in mechanics. Watts's new steam engine was especiallj' interesting to Rumsey, and he conceived the idea of having a boat propelled by an engine. He made his own patterns, moulds and castings, and in 1784 exhibited a boat intended for navigating rivers, which was seen by Washing- ton, Sept. 7, 1784. He received an exclusive right to navigate the waters of Maryland and Virginia for ten years from the legislatures of each state, 1784 and 1785. He built a boat propelled by a steam pump, taking in water at the bow and forcing it out at the stern. This boat he experi- mented with on the Potomac in March, 1786. The Rumsey society was formed in Philadelphia in 1788 to aid him in his work, and later he went to England, expecting to build a boat that would cross tlie Atlantic in fifteen days. A society similar to the Rumsey society was formed there, and in 1792 he navigated a steam-boat on the Thames, and was intending to experiment with more models when he died. The legislature of Kentucky, in acknowledgment of his contribu- tions to tlie science of steam navigation, pre- sented his son, Edward Rumsey, in 1839, with a gold medal. He is tlie author of : A Short Trea- tise oil the Application of Steam (1788). He died in London, England. Dec. 23. 1792. RUNKLE, Benjamin Piatt, soldier and clergy- man, was born in West Libert}-, Ohio, Sept. 3. 1837 ; son of Ralph E. and Hannah Isabella (Piatt) Runkle ; grandson of Jacob and Euphemia Run- kle and of Benjamin Marshall and Elizabeth (Barnett) Piatt, and a descendant of Adam Run- kle, who was descended from the Lords of Run- kel of Hesse Nassau, Germany, and of Col. Jacob Piatt of the Continental army, who was a de- scendant of John Piatt, a Huguenot emigrant. He was graduated at Miami university, Oxford, Ohio, A.B., 1857 ; was admitted to the bar in 1859, and practised law in Cincinnati, 1859-61. He was commissioned captain, 13th Oliio volun- teers, April 19, 1861 ; was promoted major, Nov. 8, 1861 ; honorably mustered out, Aug. 18, 1862 ; commissioned colonel, 45th Ohio volunteers, Aug. 19, 1863, and again honorably mustered out, July 21, 1864. He served in the West Virginia cam- paign, 1861, under Rosecrans ; in the Shiloh cam- paign under Buell (in which he was severely wounded and left for dead on the field), in the campaigns in Kentucky and Tennessee under Gilmore and Burnside, and in the Atlanta cam- paign under Schofield and Slierman. He was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the veteran reserve corps, Aug. 22, 1864 ; was commissioned major 45th infantry, U.S.A., July 28, 1866; was. honorably mustered out of the volunteer service, Oct. 5, 1866, and was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, U.S.A., for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Shiloh. March 2, 1867, and on the same day was brevetted colonel for gallant and meritorious services during the war. He was brevetted colonel, brigadier-general and major- general for meritorious services, Nov. 8, 1868, and was retired, Dec. 15, 1870, because of wounds received in duty. He was editor of the Urbana, Ohio, Union, 1873-75 ; attended Bexley Hall, tlie theological seminary of Kenyon college at Gam- bier, Ohio. 1879-80 ; was professor of military science and tactics in Milner Hall, Kenyon col- lege, 1879-80, and was admitted to the diaconate KUXKLE RUNYON of the Protestant Episcopal churcli in 1880 ; serv- ing in parishes in Galena, Oliio. Midland, Mich., Minneapolis. Minn., and Greencastle. Ind.. 1880- 85. In 1888 he became manager of Belford's Magazine. He was married, Feb. 10, 1894. to Lalla Leins, dangliter of Andrew and Anna R. Trimble (McDowell) McMicken and grand- daughter of Gen. Joseph J. and Sallie Allen (McCue) McDowell. In 1895 he resigned the diaconate. He was professor of military science and tactics in Miami university. 1900-01 ; in Uni- versity of Maine, 1901-0-2, and in 1903 accepted a like position in Peekskill Military academy. He was a founder of the Sigma Chi fraternity, of which he was grand counsel, 1895-97 ; a trustee of Miami university, 1863-72, and received the degree of L.H.D. from Miami in 1900. RUNKLE, Bertha, autiior, was born in Berke- ley Heights, X.J., in JIarch, 1879; daughter of Cornelius and Lucia (Gilbert) Runkle ; grand- daughter of Daniel and Sarah (Gordon) Runkle and of Arad and Mary (Fowler) Gilbert, and a descendant of Peregrine "White, of Jlajor John Willard, of Gen. Zephaniah Curtis, of Vermont, and of a long line of Revolutionary ancestors. She attended private schools in New York, 1885-94, continuing her studies, especialh' of history, lit- erature, and languages with her mother, and with private tutors. Siie wrote some verse which attracted attention, her So7ig of the Sons of Esau being included in Charles Dudlej' Warner's " Li- brary of American Literature " and in E. C. Sted- man's "American Anthology." Miss Runkle is the author of one or two magazine stories and of Tlie Helmet of Navarre (1901), a novel, which had a remarkable sale. RUNKLE, John Daniel, mathematician, was born at Root, Montgomery county, N.Y., Oct. 11, 1822; son of Daniel and Sarah (Gordon) Runkle. He attended the public schools and academies at Cana- Xn^ joharie, Ames and /v Cortland, N.Y., and J^\ ' was graduated at the jKi^ .' Lawrence Scientific j*- school, Harvard uni- versity, in 1851. He was emplo3'ed on the /,^' ^v- American Ephemeris f' :, -^ and Nautical Alma- . *' r ? : Jt>: nac, 1 849-8-1. He was married, April 19, 1862, to Catharine Robbins, daughter of "William and Lucy (Taylor) Bird of Dorchester, Mass. Upon the opening of the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology in 1865, he was made professor of math- '/^> ^-^, m. ematics, and in 1868, when illness obliged Pres- ident Rogers to resign, Professor Runkle was made acting president of the corporation, and in 1870 became president of the Institute. He im- proved the laboratory work in all branches, and in 1871 held the first summer school of mining. He established the Lowell school of practical design, laboratories of mining engineering, met- allurgy, mechanical engineering and mechanic arts, and a preparatory school of mechanic arts, which latter was transferred to tlie city of Bos- ton. He resigned the presidency of the Institute in 1878 ; travelled abroad, 1878-80. and was "\Valker professor of mathematics, 1880-1902, and professor emeritus until his death. He resided in Brookline, Mass., and in recognition of the part he took in introducing manual training in that town, one of the grammar schools was given his name. He was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He received from Harvard tlie honorary degree of A.M. in 1851 ; from Hamilton that of Ph.D. in 1869, and from "Wesleyan that of LL.D. in 1871. He founded and edited the Mathematical Monthly, 1858-61, and wrote : Neic Tables for Determining the Values of Coefficients in the Perturbative Function of Plan- etary Motion (1855) : Manual Element i7i Educa- tion (1876); Report on Industrial Education (1883). and Analytic Geometry (1888). He died at Southwest Harbor, Maine, July 8, 1902. RUNNELS, Hardin R., governor of Texas, was born in Mississippi. In 1841 he removed to Bowie county, Texas, where he started a cotton planta- tion. He represented his county in the state legislature, 1847-55, being speaker of the honce. 1853-54 ; was re-elected to the legislature in 1855, and owing to a strong Know- nothing agitation, was on short notice elected lieuten- ant-governor in the same year. He declined his seat in the legislature, served as lieutenant-governor, and in Houston for tlie governorship by a large majority. He was defeated by General Houston in 1859. and served in the secession convention of 1861 and the constitutional convention of 1866. He died in Bowie county. Texas, in 1873. RUNYON, Theodore, jurist, was born at Somerville, N.J., Oct. 25. 1822; son of Abraham (1801-1892) and Mary (Runyan) Runyon : grand- son of Ephraim (1769-1856) and Elizabeth (Coriell) (1770-1860) Runyon ; great-grandson of John (1743-1792) and Viotet (Layton) (1743-1782) Runyon ; great-^grandson of Reune (1707-1776) and Rachel (Drake) (1711-17^4) Runyon ; greats, grandson of Vincent and :Mary Ronnion and great*-grandson of Vincent Rongnion.a Huguenot, defeated Sam RUPP RUSBY who emigrated from Poiters, France, and was married in the Province of New Jersey, July 17, 1668, to Ann, daughter of John Boutcher of Hart- fordshire, England. Theodore Runyon was graduated from Yale in 1842 ; was admitted to the bar in 1846, and began practice in Newark, N.J. He was city attorney, 1853-56 ; city counsel, 1856 ; and in 1860 was a presidential elector on the Douglas and Johnson ticket. He was brigadier-general of the state militia, 1857-69 ; was mus- tered into the U.S. service as brigadier- general of volunteers in 1861, and assigned to the command of the fourth division of the Army of Northeast- ■eru Virginia. His troops built Fort Runyon, but did not leave Washington, D.C. In Au- gust, 1861, he resigned his commission; was subsequently brevetted major-general of the state militia, and promoted to that rank in 1869. He was married Jan. 21, 1864, to Clementine, daughter of William D. and Sarah (Ostrander) Bruen of New York. He was elected mayor of Newark, N.J., in 1864, and in 1865 was the un- successful Democratic candidate for governor. He was chancellor of New Jersey, 1873-87 ; practised law for six years ; was appointed U.S. minister to Germany in 1893 to succeed William Walter Phelps ; and was advanced to the position of ambassador extraordinary and minister pleni- potentiary ill 1894. He received the honorary degree of A.M. from Yale in 1862, and that of LL.D. from Rutgers in 1875, from Wesleyan, 1867, and from Yale, 1882. He died in Berlin, ■Germany, Jan. 27, l8v)6. RUPP, Israel Daniel, historian, was born in Cumberland county, Pa., July 10, 1803. His boy- hood was spent upon a farm, and lie was mainly self-educated, early evincing a remarkable talent for languages. He became a school teacher, and from 1827 devoted himself to the collecting of historical materials, principally for his "History of the Germans of Philadelphia," which was in- complete and unpublislied at the time of his death. In addition to his numerous translations and his county histories of Pennsylvania, he is the author of : Geographical Catechisms of Penn- sylvania (1836); Events in Indian History (1842); History of the Religious Denominations of the United States (1844); Collection of Names of Tliirty Tliousand German and Other Immigrants IX. -13 to Pennsylvania from 1727 to 1776 (1856), and Genealogy of the Descendants of Jolt n Jonas Rupp (1874). lie died in Philadelphia, May 31, 1878. RUPPERT, Jacob, Jr., representative, was born in New York city, Aug. 5, 1867 ; son of Jacob and Anna (Gillig) Ruppert, natives of New York city ; grandson of Franz and Wilhelmina (Zindel) Rup- pert, and of George and Anna (Dorn) Gillig of Germany. He attended the Columbia grammar school, and engaged in business as a brewer in New York city. He was a member of the 7th regiment, N.G.S.N.Y.; was appointed aide-de- camp with the rank of colonel on the staff of Governor Hill, and later served as senior aide on the staff of Governor Flower. He was a Democratic representative from the fifteentli congressional district of New York in the 56th-57th congresses, 1899-1903, and from the sixteenth district in the 58th congress, 1903-05, serving on the committees on militia, and immigration and naturalization. RUSBY, Henry Hurd, botanist, was born in Franklin, N.J., April 26, 1855 ; son of John and Abigail (Holmes) Rusby, and grandson of Leon- ard and Elizabeth (Redman) Rusby and of Hugh and Eliza (Dow; Holmes. He attended the state normal school at Westfield, Mass., 1872-74, and the Centenary Collegiate institute, Hacketts- town, N.J., in 1875 ; taught school for several years, and was graduated from the University of the City of New York, M.D., 1884, being awarded a medal by the Centennial exhibition in 1876 for a herbarium of the plants of Essex county, N.J. As agent for the Smithsonian Institution, he made botanical explorations in New Mexico and Ari- zona, 1880-81, and again in 1883, and in 1885 he started on an exploring tour in the interest of medical botany in South America, crossing the continent, discovering several hundred new species and genera of plants and birds, and return- ing in 1887, On Oct. 5, 1887, he was married to Margaretta Saunier, daughter of Samuel and Eliza (Saunier) Hanna of Franklin, N.J., and a descendant of Pierre Paul Saunier, associate of the botanist Michaux, and who inherited Mi- chaux's American estate. He was made profes- sor of botany, physiology and materia medica iu the New York College of Pliarmacy in 1888. In 1897 he became professor of materia medica in the Bellevue Hospital Medical college, and was retained when that college and the University Medical college consolidated as the University and Beilevue Hospital Medical college. In 1893 he explored along the lower Orinoco river. He was a member of tlie committee for the seventh and eighth decennial revision of tlie U.S. Pharmaco- poeia (1893 and 1903) , and chairman of the commis- sion of the Pan-American Medical congress for the study of the American medicinal flora. He was elected a corresponding member of the Pharma- RUSCHENBERGER RUSH ceutical Society of Great Britain in 1894. and an liononiry member of the Institute Meilico N;i- cional of Mexico in ISDT. He was influential in securing the esstablishment of the New York Botanical garden, and was made a member of its board of managers and one of its scientific di- rectors. He was vice-president of the Torrey Botanical club in 1903. He is the author of : Es!rk Cnllrg,' of Pharmacy (189")). RUSCHENBERGER, William S. W., naval surgeon, was born in Curaberhmd county, N.J., Sept. 4. 1807. lie attended the schools of Phila- delpliia and New York city, and was appointed surgeon's mate in the U.S. navy, Aug. 10. 1826. He was graduated from the University of Penn- sylvania, M.D., 1830; was promoted surgeon, Aug. 4, 1831 ; was fleet surgeon in the East India squadron, 1835-37 ; was attached to the naval rendezvous at Philadelphia, 1840-4'2, and served in the naval hospital, Brooklyn, 1843-47, where he establislied the laboratory for supplying unadulter- ated drugs to the service. He was fleet surgeon of the East India squadron, 1847-.50 ; of the Pa- cific squadron, 1854-57, and of the Mediterranean squadron, 1860-61. In 1861 he was appointed surgeon of the Boston Navy yard, and served throughout the war ; was on special service in Philadelphia, 1865-70 ; was senior officer of the medical corps, 1866-69, and was retired, Sept. 4, 1869. He was commissioned medical director on the retired list, March 3, 1871 ; was president of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- delphia, 1870-82, and president of the Col- lege of Physicians of Pliiladelphia, 1879-83. He edited the American edition of Mrs. Somerville's "Physical Geography' " (1850), and is the author of : Three Years in the Pa- cific (1834); .4. Voyage Round the World, 1835- 37 (1838); Elements of Natural History (2 vols., 1850); A Lexicon of Terms used in Natural His- tory (1850); A Notice of the Origin, Progress and Present Condition of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (1852); Notes and Com- mentaries During Voyages to Brazil and China, ISJfS (1854), and numerous articles on naval rank and organization, 1845-50. He died in Philadel- pliia. Pa.. March 24, 189.5. RUSH, Benjamin, signer, was born near Po- qmssing Cre^'k, Pa., in 1741; son of John and Susan Hall (Harvey) Rush ; grandson of James and Rachel (Peart) Rush, and of Jo.seph Hall of Tacony, Pa. ; great-grandson of William Rush, who came to America in 1683, and of Bryan Peart of Poquessing Creek : and great--grandson of John Rush, who commanded a troop of horse under Croujwell, became a Quaker at the close of the war in 1660, married Susanna Lucas, and in 168.i emigrated to Pennsylvania, settling at Byberry, near Philadelphia, where he died in May, 1699. Upon the death of his father in 1752, Benjamin Rush was left to the care of his uncle, Samuel Finley (cj. v. ) , by wliom he was prepared for college in his Nottingham, Md., classical school. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1760. A.M., 1763; studied medicine under Dr. John Redman of Philadelphia, and was graduated from the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, M. D. , 1768. He spent a year hearing medical lectures in London and Paris, and returning to Philadelphia in 1769, was professor of chemistry in the Phila- delphia Medical college. He was a member of the provisional conference of Pennsylvania, and chairman of the committee appointed to report to congress •• that it was expedient to declare inde- pendence." He was surgeon to the Pennsylvania navy, 1775-76, and signed the Declaration of In- dependence of July 4, 1776. He was married in 1776 to Julia, daughter of Richard Stockton, and their son, Dr. William Rush (1801-04) married Elizabetii Fox, daughter of Hugh Roberts of Philadelphia county. Benjamin Rusli was ap- pointed surgeon-general of the middle depart- ment of the Continental arm}' in April, 1777, be- coming physician-general in July, 1777. He was in attendance on the army at the battles of Tren- ton, Princeton, Brandy wine and Germantown, and during the winter at Valley Forge. He re- signed his office in Februar}', 1778, and returned to Pliiladelphia, where he resumed his practice and professorship. He was surgeon to the Penn- sylvania hospital, 1784-1813 ; port physician of Philadelphia, 1790-93, and in an address to the legislature of Pennsylvania in 1786 favored the establishment of a system of free schools, one at least in every township, three colleges, one at Carlisle, one at Lancaster, and one at Philadel- phia, "the university to furnish masters for the colleges, and the colleges to f urnisli masters for the free schools." This led to the establishment of Dickinson college, char- tered in 1783, of which he was the acknowledged founder. He was also the founder of the Philadelphia dispensary, and a censor of the College of Physicians. He was a mem- ber of the state convention that ratified the constitution of the United States in 1787, and a member of the committee that formed the state constitution the same year. He was professor of the theory and practice of medi- cine at the medical department of the Univei-sitv RUSH RUSH of Pennsylvania, 1789-91 ; professor of clinical practice, 1797-1813, and professor of clinical prac- tice and the practice of physic, 1797-1813. He was treasurer of the U.S. mint, 1799-1813 ; succeeded Benjamin Franklin as president of the Pennsyl- vania Society for the Abolition of Slavery ; was president of the Philadelphia Medical society ; vice-president and founder of the Philadelphia Bible society, and an originator of the American Piiilosophical society, and vice-president, 1800. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Yale in 1812. He is the author of : Medi- cal Inquiries and Observatio)is (5 vols., 1789-98); Essays on the Mode of Education Proper to a Re- public ( 1786) ; Account of the Ph iladelphia Society for the Establishment of Charity Schools (1796) : Essays, Literary, Moral and Philosophical (1798, 2d ed., 1806); Sixteen Introductory Lectures (1811) ;Z)tseoses of the Mind (1812, 5th ed., 1835), and of many essays on slavery, temperance and medical topics. In the selection of names for the Hall of Fame for Great Americans, New York university, in October, 1900, his name, in Class L, Physicians and Surgeons, received forty-two votes, the highest number in the class, in which no name secured a place, fifty-one votes being necessary to place the name in the Hall. He died in Philadelphia. Pa., April 19, 1813. RUSH, Christopher, A.M.E.Z. bishop, was born in Craven county, N.C., in 1777, a slave of pure African descent. He was taken to New York in 1798 ; was afterward emancipated, and licensed to preach by the M.E. church, 1815. He was one of the principalorganizersof the African Metliodist Episcopal Zion church in New York city in 1820, and was elected a bishop of that church in 1828, and each successive fourth year thereafter up to the time of his death. He pub- lished: History of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church in the United States. He died in New York city, July 16, 1873. RUSH, Jacob, jurist, was born near Philadel- phia, Pa., in December, 1746; son of John and Susan (Hall) Harvey Rush, and brother of Ben- jamin Rush, the signer. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1765, A.M., 1768 ; practised law in Philadelphia ; was a justice of the supreme court ; judge of the court of errors and appeals, 1784-1806, and president of the city court of common pleas, 1806-20. He defended Benedict Arnold against the charges of Gov. Joseph Reed in 1779. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by the College of New Jersey in 1804. He is the author of : Resolve in Committee Chamber, Dec. 6, 1774 (1774); Charges on Moral and Religious Subjects (1803) ; Character of Christ (1806), and Christian Baptism (1819). He was married to a Miss Rench. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 5, 1820. RUSH, James, physician, was born in Philadel • phia. Pa. , March 1, 1786; son of Benjamin (q.v.) and Julia (Stockton) Rush. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1805, A.M., 1808, and from the University of Pennsylvania, M.D., 1809. He studied in Edinburgh, and estab- lished himself in practice in Philadelphia. He was professor of the theory and practice of medicine at the Jefferson Medical college. Pa., and later engaged in scientific and literary pur- suits. He was married to Phoebe Ann Ridge way (1797-1857), an heiress of Philadelphia. He be- queathed $1,000,000 to the Philadelphia library company to erect the Riilgeway branch, on the unique condition that a reissue of his publications be sold at cost five times within the succeeding fifty years, and that the library should exclude all newspapers. He is the author of : Philosophy of the Human Voice (1827); Hamlet, a Dramatic Prelude in Five Acts (1834); Analysis of the Human Litellect (2 vols., 1865), and Rhymes of Contrast on Wisdom and Folly (1869). He died in Philadelphia, Pa., May 26, 1869. RUSH, Richard, cabinet officer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 29, 1780; son of Ben- jamin (q.v.) and Julia (Stockton) Rusli, and grandson of Richard Stockton, the signer. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B.. 1797, A.M., 1800; studied law under Wil- liam Lewis; was admitted to the bar in December, 1800, and established himself in practice in Phil- adelphia. He was married in 1809, to Catherine Eliza, daughter of Dr. James Murray of Anna- polis, Md. He was solicitor of the guardians of the poor in 1810, and attorney-general of the state in 1811 ; comptroller of the treasury in November, 1811, and U.S. attorney-general, 1814- 17. He served as secretary of state in 1817 prior to the arrival of Secretary John Quincy Adams from England, and was appointed U.S. minister plenipotentiary to England in 1817, serving till 1825, and negotiating several important treaties. He was appointed secretary of the treasury by President Adams in 1825, and was a candidate for Vice-President in 1828. He was a commis- sioner to adjust the boundary between Ohio and Michigan in 1835 ; a commissioner sent to Eng- land to obtain the legacy left by James Smithson (q.v.) to found the Smithsonian Institution, and returned with the full amount $508,318.46 in August, 1838. He was U.S. minister plenipoten- tiary to France, 1847-51, and, acting under in- structions from the U.S. government, was the first of the foreign ministers to recognize the new republic in 1848. He was a fellow of the American Philosophical society ; a regent of the Smithsonian Institution, and is the author of : Codification of the Laws of the United States (5 vols., 1815); Narrative of a Residence at the KUSH RUSK Court of Loudon (Vol. I. from 1817 till 1825, 1833; Vol. II. from 1819-18'2.->. 1845); Washington in Domestic Life (1S5T); Occasional Productions, Political, Diplomatic and Miscellaneous, includ- ing a Glance at the Court of Louis Philippe and the French Revolution of JS^S (1860). He died in Pliiladelpliia. Pa., July 30, 1859. RUSH, William, sculptor, was born in Phil- adelphia. Pa.. July 4, 1756. Reserved an appren- ticesiiip to Edward Cutbusli, a wootl-carver, and became proficient in the art. He served in the patriot army during the Revolutionary war, and as a member of the city council for several years. He made a si>ecialty of figure-heads for ships, and modelled many figures and portrait-busts in clay. Among his ship carvings are : " Genius of tlie United States" for the frigate United States ; "Nature" for the frigate Constellation; "The Indian Trader " for the sliip William Penn ; " The River God" for tiie ship Ganges, and busts and figures of Voltaire, Rousseau, Franklin and Penn for various vessels. Among his statues are : Exhortation ; Praise ; Cherubim ; Winter; Agri- culture, a.nd Christ on the Cross. His statue of "Washington (1814) was purchased bj' the city of Philadelphia. His portrait-busts include that of General Lafayette (1824). He died in Philadel- phia, Pa.. Jan. 17, 1833. RUSK, Harry Welles, representative, was born at Baltimore, Md., Oct. 17, 1852; son of Jacob K. and Catharine Olivia (Lane) Rusk ; grandson of George and Mary (Krebs) Rusk and of Samuel and Martha (Ryan) Lane, and a de- scendant of David Rusk, who was a member of Captain Cox's voluntary company of Maryland, who served during the American Revolution. He was graduated at Baltimore City college, A.B., 1866, and at Maryland University Law school, LL.B., 1872. He was a member of the Maryland house of delegates, 1876-78, and 1880-81 and of the state senate, 1884-86. He was married, Dec. 10, 1880, to Belle W., daughter of John Q. and Elizabeth (Morrow) Adams of Baltimore, Md. He was elected a representative from the third Maryland district to the 49th congress to fill the unexpired term of "William H. Cole, deceased, and was re-elected to the 50th-54th congresses, 1887-97, serving as chairman of the committee on accounts during the last session of the 54th congress. RUSK, Jeremiah McLain, cabinet officer, was born in Morgan county, Oliio, June 17, 1S30 ; son of Daniel and Jane (Fakner) Rusk. He attended the common schools, and after his father's death in 1845. began driving a stage between Zanesville and Newark. Ohio. He moved to Bad Axe, Wis., in 1853, where he became a farmer, and continued his business as a stage-driver. He was chosen sheriff in 1855, coroner in 1857, and was a member of the state assembly, 1862, He was commis- sioned major of the 25th Wisconsin volunteers, Sept. 14, 1862, and after some service against the Indians in Minnesota, took part in the siege of Vicksburg. He succeeded to the command of the regiment, and in 1864 participated in Sher- man's excursion to Meridian, Miss., marched to Atlanta in the 2d brigade, 4th division, 16tli corps, under General Dodge, Army of the Ten- nessee, and when Hood attacked McPherson at Atlanta, Rusk was on the right of the line, and in that engagement lost heavily. On the march from Atlanta, he was in the 2d brigade, 1st divi- sion, 17th corps; was mustered out in June, 1865, and later was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers for bravery at Salkahatchie, where he led the attacking column. He was state bank comptroller of Wisconsin, 1866-70, and was Repub- lican representative from the seventh district of Wisconsin in the 42d, 43d and 44th congresses, 1871-77, being chairman of the committee on invalid pensions during the 43J congress. Dur- ing the administration of President Garfield, he declined appointments as U.S. minister to Para- guay and Uruguay. He was governor of Wisconsin, 1882- 89, and was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the national convention of 1888, In 1889 he was appointed secretary of agriculture in President Harrison's cabinet, a position he held until the close of the administration. He was married in 1849, to Mary Martin, who died in 1858 ; and secondly, to Elizabeth Jolinson, who survived him. He died in Viroqua. Wis., Nov. 21, 1893, RUSK, Thomas Jefferson, senator, was born in Camden, Pendleton district, S,C., Dec. 5, 1803, of Irish descent, his father being a stone mason. He was educated under the direction and personal instruction of John C. Calhoun ; was admitted to the bar, and began practice in Georgia, where he married a granddaughter of Gen. Ben Cleveland, (q.v.), removing to Nacogdoches, Texas^ early in 1835. He was a member of the convention that declared Texas an independent republic, March 2, 1836, and a signer of its declaration ; was first secretary of war of the republic ; served with distinction as adjutant-general in the battle of San Jacinto, April 21, 1836, and was appointed brigadier-general in command of the army, May 5, 1836, during General Sam Houston's absence, Colonel M, B, Lamar succeeding him as secre- tary of war. General Rusk ratified and signed the treaty with Filisola, May 25, 1836, and to him belongs the honor of sparing the lives of Santa Anna and his chief lieutenant. He was elected a ^delegate to the convention at Washington, D.C, RUSS RUSSELL and by that convention again appointed secretary of war in NoA-ember, 1836, resigning after a short time ; was in command of various expedi- tions against the Indians ; a member of the Texan legislature, and chief-justice of the su- preme court, 1838-42. He was elected major- general of militia, 1843 ; was a delegate to and president of the convention that effected the annexation of Texas to the United States, Dec. 29, 1845, and in the same year elected a U.S. senator. He took his seat, March 6, 1846, and served by two re-elections until ]iis death by his own hand during a temporary condition of in- sanity, caused by the loss of his wife. While in the senate he was chairman of the committee on post-offices and post-roads, and was elected pres- ident ^ro tempore of the senate, March 14, 1857, in special session. He was succeeded as senator by James Pinckney Henderson, who took his seat, March 1, 1858, died the following June 4, and was succeeded by Matthias Ward, who in turn was succeeded, Jan. 4, 1860, by Lewis T. Wigfall, elected by the legislature to complete the term, March 3, 1863. Senator Wigfall left the senate to join the Confederate government, soon after taking his seat. Senator Rusk died at Nacogdoches, Tex., July 29, 1857. RUSS, John Denison, humanitarian, w^as born in Cliebacco (Essex), Mass., Sept. 1, 1801 ; son of Dr. Parker and Elizabeth (Cogswell) Russ ; grandson of Jonathan (q.v.) and Elizabeth (Wise) Cogswell ; greats-grandson of the Rev. John Wise (q.v.), and a descendant of John Leverett (q.v.), educator. Dr. Parker Russ died when his son was a few years old, leaving him a considerable fortune, and his wife married, secondly, the Rev. Paul Park, and removed to Preston, Conn. John D. Russ was graduated from Yale, A.B., 1823, A.M., 1825, meanwhile studying medicine at Bowdoin college, and in Baltimore, Md., and Boston, Mass. He practised in the hospitals in London and on the continent, 1826, and estab- lished himself in New York city on his return. In June, 1827, he was appointed to take charge of the brig Statesman, sailing from Boston, and freighted with medical and other stores for the suffering Greek patriots. He remained in Greece three years ; founded a hospital at Poros, and projected a still larger one at Hexamelia, Isthmus of Corinth, but illness compelled him to leave the completion of the work to others. As a result of his labors in support of the independ- ence of the Greeks, the Turks placed a price of 20,000 piastres on his head. He returned to the United States in 1830, visiting Malta, Sicily, Italy, and France, en route. During the subsequent cholera epidemic in New York city he was as- sistant-physician at the hospital at Corlear's Hook, N.J. ; was secretary of the contemplated asylum for the blind in New York city, for which a charter had been obtained in 1829, and in order to excite an interest in the proposed organiza- tion, successfully commenced the instruction of three blind boys from the Alms House, the first attempt of the kind in the United States. He was soon after invited to organize the Institution for the Blind in Boston, but declined, devoting himself gratuitously to the work already under- taken, and inventing, in 1832, a better style of maps than those in use in European schools and a new phonetic alphabet of raised characters. His various inventions and improvements in the system then existing for the education of the blind came into universal use. He resigned the superintendency, and on his return from a third voyage to Europe, devoted his energies to tlie improvement of prison discipline, the amelior- ation of prisoners and the su^jport of convicts after their discharge. He assisted in the organ- ization of the New York Prison association, 1843, serving as its corresponding secretary for many years, and subsequently as vice-president ; was also instrumental in establishing the board of Ten Governors for oversight of the penitentiary and workhouse on BlackwelFs Island ; was a member of the board of education of New York city, 1848-51, and promoter of The Juvenile asy- lum, its secretary, and superintendent, 1851-58. He was married, first, in 1830, to an English lady, a widow, who died in 1860 ; and secondly, in April, 1873, to Elsie, daughter of James Birdsell of Ohio. Dr. Russ died at Hillside Cottage, Pompton, N.J., March 1, 1881. RUSSELL, Addison Peale, author, was born at Wilmington, Ohio, Sept. 8, 1826 ; son of Charles and Mary (McNabb) Russell ; grandson of AVil- liam and Jane (Sewell) Russell, and of John and Catharine (Warnock) McNabb. His grandfather, William Russell, was a soldier of the American Revolution. His early education was limited to attendance at the common schools of his native village, and apprenticeship to a printer in the office of the Gazette at Zanesville, Ohio, 1842-45. In 1845 he became editor and publisher of the News, a Whig journal issued from Hillsborough, Ohio, and in 1847 he removed to Lebanon, Ohio, where he was connected with the Western Star, 1847-50. He was clerk of the Ohio senate in 1850 ; an editor and half owner of the Clinton Republican, Wilmington, 1852-62 ; representative in the state legislature, 1856-58 ; secretary of state, 1858-62, and financial agent for the state in New York city, 1862-68. Later he became a member of the Authors club, and received the degree of Litt. Doc, from Ohio university at Athens in 1898. He was unmarried. He is the author of: Half Tints; Table D'Hote and Draw- ing-Room (1867); Library Notes (1875; rev. ed., RUSSELL RUSSELL 1879); TJiOtnas Conrin : A Sketch (1N:<1): C/iarac- teristics (1S84) ; .4 Club of One (1887); In a Club Corner (18t»0), and Snb-Cieluin : A Sky-Built Human World (189;{). RUSSELL, Benjamin, journalist, was born in Boston. Mass., Sept. 13. 1761 ; son of John Rus- sell. In August. 1775. he was apprenticed to I-«iiah Thomas of Worcester, publisher of the Massachusetts Spy. and in 1780 he substituted in tlie Continental army for his employer, who had been drafted. He joined the army at West Point, and was one of tlie guard at the execution of Major Andre. At the expiration of his service he returned to Worcester, was released from his in- denture, and in March 24. 1784. with William War- den, began publishing the Massachusetts Centinel. In 178.5 he became sole owner and editor, changed the name of the paper to the Columbian Centinel, and continued to edit and publisli it for forty- four years. During the crisis that followed the treaty of Versailles, and through the trying times of Shays's rebellion, when other papers were stirring up sedition. Russell stood for nationalism, and gave the administration of Washington his unlimited support. He made a specialty of local news, which he gathered on street-corners and in public meetings, and to procure foreign news he visited every vessel that came to Boston. During the exile of Louis Philippe and other noblemen to this country, Mr. Russell made life- long friendsliips. He received an atlas from Louis Philippe, which later proved a great aid when he was editing the war news from Europe. In 1793 he started the Boston Gazette. He retired from the Centinel in 1828 and from the Gazette in 1830. The Centinel is considered the best type of the early political newspaper of the United States. The most eminent federalist statesmen and writers contributed to its columns and it wielded no little influence in the early his- tory of New England. It was united with the New England Paladium in 1830 and with the Boston Gazette in 1836. In 1840 it became merged in the Daily Advertiser. Mr. Russell was a member of the state senate, of the governor's council, and of the constitutional convention of 1820. He published all the laws and oflScial documents of the first congress, 1789-91, intend- ing that the work should be gratuitous, but a few years later, when the treasury could afford to pay, he was presented with $7,000. He died in B<»ston, Mass.. Jan. 4, 184.'}. RUSSELL, Charles Addison, representative, was lx)rn in Worcester, Mass., March 2, 18.52 ; son of Isaiali Dunster and Nancy (Went worth) Rus- sell ; grandson of Moses and Betsy (Dunster) Russell, and of Jason and Mary (Meriam) Russell, and a descendant of Henry Dunster (q. v.), first president of Harvard college. He was graduated from Yale college, 1873. and was city editor ofllie Worcester Press until 1870. wlien lie btcaine con- nected with the Sjyy. He was married in May, 1879, to Ella Frances, daugiiter of Sabin L. and Deborah (Mitcliell) Sayles of Killingly, Conn. He engaged in business as a wool merchant ; was aide-de-camp witli the rank of colonel on Gover- nor Bigelow's staff, 1881-82 ; a representative in the state legislature in 1883 ; secretary of state of Connecticut, 1885-86, and a Republican repre- sentative from the third district of Connecticut in the 50th-56th congresses. 1887-1901. He died in Killingly, Conn., Oct. 23. 1902. RUSSELL, Daniel Lindsay, governor of North Carolina, was born in Brunswick county. N.C., Aug. 7, 1845 ; son of Daniel Lindsay and Caroline Elizabetli (Sanders) Russell, and grandson of Thomas and Abiah (Ward) Russell, and of David Ward and Alice (Mitchell) Sanders, and a descendant of the' Rev. David Lind- say, who came from Glasgow, Scotland, about 1658, and set- tled on the Rappahan- nock river in Vir- ginia, and of Gen. William Russell, who came to Virginia in 1710 with Gover- nor Spots wood. His father was a Whig representative in the state legislature for several terms, and liis grandfather, the Hon. David Ward Sanders of Onslow county, was a member of the state constitutional convention of 1835. and a member of Guv. Vv^illiam A. Graham's council, 1845-49. He was a student at the Bingham school ; attended the University of North Caro- lina, 1860-61 ; was captain in the Confederate army ; was a representative in the state legisla- ture, 1864-66, thus being twice elected before he was twenty-one, and was admitted to tlie bar in 1866. He was married, Aug. 16, 1869, to Sarah Amanda, daughter of Isaac Newton and Sarah Caroline (Burns) Sanders of Onslow county, N.C. He was judge of the superior court for the 4th judicial circuit, 1868-74 ; a representative from Brunswick county in the state legislature, 1876- 77, and a National Greenback representative in the 46th congress, 1879-.S1. He resumed the practice of law at Wilmington in 1881, and in 1896 was elected governor of North Carolina by tiie Republicans by a plurality of nearly 0000. serving, 1897-1901. His administration was mark- ed by a conservative but independent cour.se, and at its close he resumed the practice of law. RUSSELL RUSSELL RUSSELL, David, representative, was born in Masachusetts in 1800 ; a descendant of Richard Rus- sell(1612-74),who immigrated to the United States, 1640, and was treasurer of Massachusetts, 1644-74, through James (1640-1709), judge and treasurer of Massachusetts, 1680-86, and Chambers (1713- 67; Harvard, 1731), judge of the Massachusetts superior court of admiralty. He attended the common schools, and was admitted to the bar in Salem, N.Y., where he began practice. He was a member of the New York assembly from Wash- ington county, 1816 and 1830 ; U.S. district attor- ney for northern New York, and a Whig repre- sentative in the 24th, 2.jth and 36th congresses, 18:35-41, serving as chairman of the committee on claims. In the latter year he returned to the practice of law in Salem, N.Y., where he died, Nov. 24, 1861. RUSSELL, David Allen, soldier, was born in Salem, N.Y., Dec. 10, 1820 ; son of David Russell (q.v.). He was gi'aduated from the U.S. Military academy, and promoted brevet 2d lieutenant, 1st infantry, July 1, 1845 ; was promoted 2d lieutenant, 4th infantry, Sept. 21, 1846 ; was brevetted 1st lieutenant, Aug. 15, 1847, " for gal- lant and meritorious conduct in the several affairs with guerilleros, at Paso Ovejas, National Bridge and Cerro Gordo, Mexico ; " was promoted 1st lieutenant, Jan 1, 1848 ; was on frontier, garrison and recruiting service, 1848-54 ; was promoted captain, June 22, 1854 ; engaged in the combat with the Indians on Tappinish river, Simcoe valley, Ore., Oct. 6-8, 1855; in the hostilities in Washington Territory, 1856 ; and remained on duty in Oregon and California until Nov. 27, 1861, when he was called to the defences of Washing- ton, March 10, 1862, and assigned to the com- mand of the 7th Massachusetts volunteers, Jan. 31, 1862. He was ordered to the Peninsula, March 10, 1862, and assigned to Devens's brigade, Couch's division, Keyes's 4tli corps, in the siege of Yorktown, the battles of Williamsburg and Fair Oaks and the seven days' battles around Rich- mond, and was bi-evetted lieutenant-colonel, for gallant and meritorious services, July 1, 1862, and promoted major of the 8th U.S. infantry, Aug. 9, 1802, the regiment being attached to Couch's di- vision, Franklin's 4th corps, in the Antietam campaign. He was promoted brigadier-general, U.S. volunteers, Nov. 29, 1862, and in the Rappa- hannock campaign commanded the 3d brigade, Brooks's division. Smith's 6th corps, under Gen- eral Burnside, and was engaged in the battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862. At the battle of Salem Heights, May 4, 1863, when Sedgwick, commanding the corps, fell back, it devolved upon General Russell to withdraw the picket line, and he crossed the river in safety, although troops and bridges were shelled by the enemy's artillery. Early in June General Russell's bri- gade, witli that of Ames, was detailed under Pleasanton to obtain information as to the ene- my's position, and he crossed Kelly's Ford, pro- ceeded to Brandy Station and thence to Culpeper, and particii^ated in the combat at Beverly Ford, June 9, 1863. The 6th corps arrived at Gettys- burg, July 2, 1863, after a long march from Man- chester, and with the 5th corps succeeded in checking and finally repulsing the opposing Con- federate force about sunset. For his gallant and meritorious conduct at Gettysburg, General Rus- sell was brevetted colonel, U.S.A. He engaged in the pursuit of Lee toWarrenton, Va., and with his division alone brilliantly assaulted the Rappa- hannock redoubts, Nov. 7, 1863, facing the con- tinuous and destructive fire of the enemy, and broke over the parapet. Sergt. Otis O. Roberts, company H, of the 6th Maine, captured the colors, and Col. Emory Upton's brigade, advanced to the head of the pontoon-bridges, cutting off tlie ene- my's retreat and capturing more than 1600 pris- oners, 8 colors, all the guns, and 2000 stands of small-arms. General Russell, accompanied by one company of each of the regiments engaged, was ordered formally to present the captured flags at headquarters. He was then ordered by General Meade to present the flags to the war department of Washington, Sergeant Otis to accompany him, and was also offered a leave of absence on account of the wound which he had received during the assault. In three days he returned from Wash- ington, reporting that Secretary Stanton had been too busy to receive him, and that consequently he had sent the flags to the war departmen t. Gen- eral Russell was soon after compelled to go to the hospital for treatment, which detained him more than sixty days, and it required the combined in- fluence of Generals Meade, Sedgwick and Wright to prevent his being mustered out of service. On May 10, 1864, with General Upton, he com- manded a selected column of the 6th corps, and carried the works near Spottsylvania, one of the few Federal victories in the Wilderness campaign. In the battle of Cold Harbor, June 1, 1864, he commanded the 1st division of the 6th corps, and held the left of the line of battle. His division met with severe losses and he was wounded, but refused to leave the field during the day. He commanded the 1st division in the Army of the Shenandoah, and at the battle of Winchester, when the Federal center, weakened by Emory's 19th corps, was being driven back by Rodes, he led his division into the breach, striking the flank of the Confederates who were pursuing Grover, and thus restored the lines and checked the ene- my's advance, but received a mortal wound, and was brevetted major-general, U.S.A., on tlie field. He died at Winchester, Va., Sept. 19, 1864. RUSSELL RUSSELL RUSSELL, Henry Benajah, journalist and au- thor, was born at Russell. Mass., March 9, 1859 ; son of Edwin Armstrong and Sarah Louise (Tinker) Russell ; grandson of Abel and Emeline (Loomis), and of David Parks and Mary Elizabeth (Hamilton) Tinker ; greats-grandson of William Russell, who came from England to New Haven, Conn., before 1700; and a descendant of Joseph Loomis, Windsor, Conn., 1639; Thomas Tinker, Maijjloicer passenger, 1G'20, and John Hamilton, Sudbury, Mass., an original settler of Bradford. He was graduated from the Connecticut Literary institute. Suflield, Conn.. 1877 ; from Amherst, 1881; was a reporter on the Springfield, Mass., Republican, 1881-83, and editor of the Meriden, Conn., Press- Recorder, 1882-84. He was married, Sept. 25, 1885, to Louisa Annette, daughter of Silas W. Clark of Suflield, Conn. He was a special writer on the New York Sun, 1884-88 ; editorial writer on the Providence Journal, 1888-90, and associate editor of the Hartford Post, 1890- 97. He is the author of : Life of William Mc- Kinley (1896); International Monetary Confer- ences (1898); Illustrated History of Our War with Spain (1899), and of contributions to various periodicals. RUSSELL, Isaac Franklin, jurist, was born in Hamden, Conn., Aug. 25, 1857 ; son of the Rev. William Henry and Susan Voorhies (Hiller) Rus- sell. His father was for fifty years a Methodist preacher in the New York East conference. He prepared for college at Southold academy, L.I., N.Y.; was graduated from New York university with highest honors. A.B., 1875, LL.B., 1877, and A.M., 1878; and from Yale, LL.M., 1879, and D.C.L., 1880. He was admitted to the bar in 1878 ; •was lecturer on Roman law at New York univer- sity, 1880-81, and in 1881 became professor of law and political science there, being also engaged in tlie active practice of law. He was married in Brooklyn, N.Y., July 8, 1886, to Ruth, daughter of Walter M. Ferriss of Bay Ridge, Long Island, N.Y. He was lecturer to the women's law class in the university, 1892-1902 ; a member of the Brooklyn institute, the Long Island Historical society, the American Geographical society, and an occasional preacher in Methodist, Congre- gational and Reformed churches in New York and Brooklyn. Dickinson college conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1893. His works include : Lectures on Law for Women (1892); Outline Study of Law (3 vols., 1894, 1895, 1900), and contributions to the Methodist Re- view (1896-97); Yale Law Review (1897); The American Lawyer (1898); Albany Law Journal (1899); Laio Nutes {\'M){)) . RUSSELL, Israel Cook, geologist, was born in Garrattsville, N.Y., Dec. 10, 1852; son of Barnabas and Louisa Sherman (Cook) Russell ; grandson of Joseph and Rachel (Leggett) Russell and of Israel and Edith (Sherman) Cook, and a des- cendant of Ralph Russell, who emigrated to Massa- chusetts from Monmouthshire, England, 1650, and established the first iron works in America at Taunton, Mass., in 1652; and of Joseph Rus- sell, the founder of New Bedford, Mass. He was graduated from the University of the City of New York, B.S. and C.E., 1872; M.S., 1875 ; received later the degree LL.D., and attended the Columbia School of Mines, 1872-74. lie was photographer of the United States expedition to Queenstown, New Zealand, to observe the transit of Venus, 1874-75 ; assistant in geology, School of Mines, Columbia college, 1875-77 ; assistant geologist with Professor J. J. Stevenson, 1878 ; assistant geologist, 1879, and geologist of the U.S. geolo- gical survey, 1880-92; in 1889 ascended the Yukon river, and in 1890 led an exploring expe- dition to Mount St. Elias, Alaska, renewing the attempt to climb the mountaiji tlie next summer. In 1892 he became professor of geology at the University of Michigan. He was married, Nov. 27, 188G, to Julia Augusta, daughter of John Dwight and Susan (Ilathorne) Olmsted. He was- sent to Marti nic^ue and St. Vincent in May, 1903, by the National Geographic society to make a study of the volcanic eruptions of that month. He was elected a member or fellow of numerous scientific societies, and is the author of many geological treatises and other scientific articles published in periodicals, and of Lake Lahontan (1885) ; The Neicark System (1893); Lakes of North America (1895); Glaciers of North America (1897); Volcanoes of North America (1897); Rivers of North America (1898); A View of the World in 1900 (1900); North America (1903). RUSSELL, James Earl, educator, was boni' at Hamden, Dclauaie county, N.Y., July 1, 1864; son of Charles and baraii (McFarlaue) Russell,, and grandson of James Russell, a native of Scot- land. He was graduated from Cornell in 1887 ; taught in Hill school, Pottstovvn, Pa., 1887-89; and on June 19, 1889, was married to Agnes, daughter of William Fletcher of Delhi. He was- principal of Cascadilla school, Ithaca, N.Y., 1890-93, and was European commissioner of th3 regents of the University of the State of New York, and also European agent of the Bureau of Education, Washington, D.C., 1893-95. At the same time he studied at the Universities of Jena, Leipzig and Berlin, and received the degree of PIi.D. from Leipzig in 1895. He was professor of philosophy and pedagogy, University of Colo- rado, 1895-97 ; and in 1897 became professor of the history of education in Teachers' college. Columbia university, being appointed also dean of Teachers' college in January, 1898. His pub- lished writings include ; TJie Extension of Uni- RUSSELL RUSSELL vendty Teaching in England and America (1895 ; translated into German, 1895) ; German Higher Schools ; Hie History, Organization and Methods of Secondary Education in Germaiiy (1899), and many contributions to educational periodicals. RUSSELL, John Edwards, politician, was born in Greenfield, Mass., Jan. 20, 1834 ; son of John and Juliana (Witraer) Russell ; grandson of John and Electa (Edwards) Russell, and of Abram and Barbara (Everly) Witmer, and a des- cendant of John Russell, who immigrated to Boston in 1634, and later settled in Hadley, Mass., and of his son, Philip, whose brother, the Rev. John Russell, concealed the regicide judges for some years in his house at Hadley. Mr, Russell attended no college, but studied with private instructors under his father's supervision. He was married, March 18, 1856, to Caroline, adopted daughter of John and Zibiah (Bigelow) Nelson of Leicester, Mass., and in 1858, with his wife he traveled in South and Central America. For four years he lived in Nicaragua, studying the early history of Central America. He returned to the United States in 1864, and became inter- ested with Benjamin Holladay in mail transporta- tion west of the Mississippi, and in steamship lines from San Francisco to the north, but in 1867 retired from business life and settled on a small estate in Leicester, Mass., belonging to his wife. He interested himself in travel, study and agriculture, and from 1880 to 1886 was secretary of the state board of agriculture, lecturing to farmers' gatherings in all parts of the state. He was a Democratic representative from the tenth Massachusetts district in the 50th congress, 1887- 89, served on the committees on foreign affairs and on pensions, and identified himself with the incipient free-trade movement. He refused a re-nomination to congress, but took an active part in the presidential campaign of 1888. In 1889-90 he traveled in Egypt, Asia Minor and Greece, refused the Democratic nomination for governor of Massachusetts, but presided at the state convention and was active in the campaign. He was a delegate-at-large to the Democratic naHonal convention at Chicago in 1892 that nom- inated Cleveland and Stevenson ; participated in the following campaign, and later declined the navy portfolio and the embassy to Italy. He visited Spain in 1893, and that fall was Demo- cratic candidate for governor. He was appointed by President Cleveland in 1895 one of the three persons authorized by an act of congress to con- fer with a similar commission appointed by the Dominion of Canada, to make inquiry and report on the feasibility of a canal for ocean commerce between the Atlantic and the Great Lakes. Mr. Russell was elected secretary of the commission, and made their report which was the basis of congressional action. The commission served without compensation. RUSSELL, John Henry, naval oflScer, was born in Frederick city, Md., July 4, 1827. He was warranted midshipman, Sept. 10, 1841 ; was attached to the sloop Cyane of the Pacific squad- ron, 1841-43 : and served on the St. Mary's in the Gulf of Mexico, 1844-47, taking part in the capture of Corpus Christi, and in the blockade and capture of Vera Cruz. He was promoted passed midshipman, Aug. 10, 1847, and was graduated from the U.S. Naval academy in 1848. He was assigned to the North Pacific exploring expedition, 1853-56, as acting lieutenant and navigator, where he secured an official audience for the American and British envoys with the Chinese authorities. He was promoted master, Sept. 14, and lieutenant, Sept. 15, 1855, and was on ordnance duty in the Washington navy yard 1860-61. He was sent to the Norfolk navy yard, April 28, 1861, to prevent the Confederates from capturing the vessels stationed there ; was attach- ed to the frigate Colorado off Pensacola, Fla., the same year, and on Sept. 14, commanded a night expedition composed of 100 men in four boats, which cut out and destroyed the Confederate armed schooner Judah, moored to a wharf at the Pensacola navy yard under protection of a battery of columbiads. For this service Lieutenant Rus- sell received thanks from President Lincoln, from the state of Maryland, and from the navy department. He commanded the steamer Ken- nebec, in Admiral Farragut's squadron ; took part in the bombardment of the forts below New Orleans, and was commissioned lieutenant-com- mander, July 16, 1862. He was on ordnance duty at Washington, D.C., in 1864; commanded the sloop Cyane of the Pacific squadron, 1864-65 ; was promoted commander, Jan. 28, 1867 ; com- manded the steamer Ossipee, 1869-71, and res- cued the passen- gers and crew of the Pacific mail steamer Contine7ital dur- ing a gale in «J-SS. oss.pee. September, 1869. He was promoted captain, Feb. 12, 1874, and while in command of the sloop Ply- mouth in 1875, he saved the vessels of the North Atlantic squadron from an epidemic of yellow fever at Key West. He commanded the steamer Powhatan, on special service, 1876-77; was pro- moted commodore, Oct. 30, 1883 ; was in com- mand of the Mare Island navy yard. 1883-86 ; was promoted rear admiral, March 4, 1886, and was retired at his own request, Aug. 27, 1886. He died in Washington, D.C., April 1, 1897. RUSSELL RUSSELL RUSSELL, Jonathan, diplomat, was born at Provitlence, K.L, Feb. 21, 1771 ; son of Jonathan and Abigail Russell. He was graduated at Riiode Lsland college, A.B., 1791, A.M., 171)4 ; studied law and entered business. He became greatly interested iu politics ; was charge d'affaires in Paris, 1810-11; in London, 1811-12, and on Jan. 8, 1814, was appointed to negotiate a treaty of peace with Great Britain at Ghent. He was min- ister plenipotentiary to Sweden, 1814-18, and upon his return to the United States he made his home in Mendon, Mass.. and was a Democratic representative from Massachusetts in the 17th and 18th congresses, 1821-25. Mr. Russell was twice married ; first, ou April 3, 1794, to Sylvia Amidon, who died, July 10, 1811, and secondly, on April 2, 1817, to Lydia, daughter of Barney Smith. Mr. Russell by both marriages had eight children; one of them, Jonathan Russell, was con- sul at Manila several years. He received from Brown the honorary degree of LL.D. iu 1817, and is the author of several addresses and orations that have been preserved. He died in Milton, Mass., Feb. 17. 1832. RUSSELL, William, representative, was born in Ireland. He immigrated to the United States, and settled at West Union, Adams county, Ohio. He was a representative in the state legislature, 1809-10 and 1811-13; state senator, 1819-21; a Jackson Democratic representative from the filth district' of Ohio in the 20th, 21st and 22d con- gresses, 1827-33, and was defeated in 1832 as a candidate for the 23d congress. He removed to Portsmouth, and was a Whig representative from the seventh Ohio district in the 27th congress, 1841-43. He died at Portsmouth, O., Oct. 2, 1840. RUSSELL, William Augustus, representative, was born at Wells River,Vt., April 22, 1831 ; son of William and Almira (Heath) Russell, and a de- scendant of English ancestry. He removed with his parents at an early age to Franklin, N.H., where he attended the academy ; worked in Peabody & Daniels' paper mill during vacation until 1847 ; attended a private scliool in Lowell, Mass., 1847- 48 ; worked in his father's paper mill at Franklin, N.H., 1848-51, becoming a partner in 1850, and removed the mills to Lawrence, Mass., assuming entire control of tlie business, which he extended by leasing two mills in Belfast, Me., in 1856 ; purchasing another mill at Lawrence in 1861, and establishing in 1869 a wood-pulp mill, tiie first of its kind, in Franklin, N.H. He purchased the Fisher and Aiken paper mills in Franklin in 1879, and located large mills at Ph-Hows Falls, Vt., pur- chasing the entire water power and building a dam. He extentled his interests in paper mills to other i)oints in Maine and to St. Aiitliony's Falls, Minn., and on the organization of the Int(-rna- tional Paper company in 1897 became a director and president of the company, resigning in No- vember, 1898, on account of failing healtli. He was a Republican alderman of Lawrence, Mass., in 1867 ; a representative in the state legislature in 1808 ; a delegate to the Republican national conventions of 1868 and 1876, and a Republican representative from the seventh Massachusetts district in the 46tli and 47th congresses, 1879-83, and from the eightli district in the 48tli congress, 1883-85, declining re-election in 1884, and serving in tlie 46th congress on tlie committee on com- merce and on a sub-committee to investigate the decline of American commerce, his report result- ing in a change of the state laws in relation to the taxation of property in ships, and on the com- mittee on ways and means in the 47th and 48th congresses as a protectionist. He was married, first, Feb. 1, 1859, to Elizabeth Haven, daughter of William A. Hall of Bradford. She died, Dec. 18, 1866, leaving three daugiiters ; and he was married, secondly, June 25, 1872, to his first wife's sister, Frances Spafford Hall, by whom he had two sons, William A., Jr., and Ri(;hard Spafford, and one daughter, Elizabeth H. Mr. Russell made his winter home in Boston, Mass., from 1885, and died tliere, Jan. 10, 1899. RUSSELL, William Eustis, governor of Mas- sachusetts, was born in Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 6, 1857 ; son of Charles Theodore and Sarali Eliza- beth (Ballister) Russell; grandson of Charles and Persis (Hastings) Russell, and of Joseph and Sarah (Yendell) Bal- lister, and a descend- ant of William and Martha Russell, who were iu Cambridge in 1645. He was gradu- ated from Harvard, A.B., 1877, and from Boston university, snmma cum laude, LL.B., 1879, and en- tered his father's law office. He was a member of the Cam- bridge common coun- cil, 1881-82 ; of the board of aldermen, 1882-84, and was mayor of Cambridge, 1884- 87. He was married, June 3, 1885, to Margaret Manning, daughter of Joshua A. and Sarah (Hodges) Swan of Cambridge, Mass. In 1888 and 1889 he was the unsuccessful Democratic candi- date for governor of Massachusetts, but was elected in 1890, serving by re-election until 1893. and being the youngest governor ever elected in IMassacliusetts. He became very popular, and was prominently mentioned as a candidate for President of the United States. He attended the ^.lAw.^^. RUTER RUTHERFOORD Democratic national convention at Chicago, 111., in 1896, identifying himself with the gold faction of that convention, and is supposed to have in- jured his health by overwork at that time. He received the degree of LL.D. from Williams col- lege in 1891. He died near St. Adelaide de Pabos, Quebec, July 16, 1896. RUTER, Martin, clergyman, was born in Charlton, Worcester county, Mass., April 3, 1785. His father was a Revolutionary soldier ; he at- tended the common schools ; was licensed to preach in 1800, and was admitted to the New York conference of the M.E. churcli in June, 1801. He was an itinerant preacher in New Eng- land and at Montreal, Canada, prior to 1816 ; was married, first, in June, 1805, to Sibyl Robertson of Chesterfield, N.H., who died in March, 1808 ; and, secondly, in April, 1809, to Ruth Young of Concord, N.H. He was stationed in Philadelphia, Pa., 1816-17 ; was principal of Wesleyan academy. New Market, Mass., 1818-20, and agent of the Book Concern, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1820-27. He was a delegate to the general conferences at Baltimore, Md., in 1808, 1816, 1820 and 1824; pres- ident of Augusta college, Ky., 1827-32 ; secretary of the general conference at Pittsburg, Pa., 1828 ; pastor in Pittsburg, 1832-33 ; a delegate to the Pittsburg conference of 1833, and president of Allegheny college, 1833-37. He was a delegate to the Pittsburg conference at Washington, D.C., 1834, and to the general conference at Cincinnati, 1836, and in 1837 became superintendent of Meth- odist missions in Texas. In this capacity he served one year, riding thousands of miles on horseback, preaching every day, and often three times a day, and planting societies in every part of the state. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Transylvania college, Ky., in 1820. Ruter Hall, Allegheny college, and Ru- tersville, Tex., were named for him, and a college was founded at Rutersville in his honor. He is the author of : Collection of Miscellaneous Pieces ; Explanatory Notes on the Ninth CJiapter of Ro- mans; Sketch of Calvin's Life and Doctrine; Letters on Calvin and Calvinism (1815-16); He- brew Grammar ; History of Martyrs ; Ecclesiasti- cal History ; various text-books, and left in MS.: Plea for Africa as a Field for Missionary Labor, and a Life of Bishop Asbury. He died on his way home in Washington, D.C., May 16, 1838. RUTGERS, Henry (or Hendrick), patriot, was born in New York city, Oct. 7, 1745 ; son of Hendrick (1712-1779) and Catharine (de Pey- ster) Rutgers ; grandson of Capt. Harman and Catharina (Meyer) Rutgers and of Johannes de Peyster, who settled in New York about 1642- 45, and a descendant of Rutger Jacobsen Van Schoenderwoerdt, who embarked fi-om Holland on the yacht Rensselaer swyck, in 1636, for Fort Orange (Albany) N.Y. ; was married to Tryntje Jansse Van Breesteede of New Amsterdam, 1646, and was a magistrate in 1655. Henry Rutgers'8 ancestors engaged chiefly in the brewery business. He was graduated from King's college in 1766 ; and devoted his attention to the management of his estate. He was appointed a lieutenant in the Colonial militia in 1775 ; a lieutenant in Malcom's regiment in 1776, and in the battle of White Plains commanded his company and succeeded Malcom as colonel. During the occupation of New York city by the British, his house was used as a barrack and military hospital, and the Rutgers brewery was used as a hospital kitchen, and subsequently as a repository of naval stores. He was major of the New York militia, 1788 ; colonel, 1790 ; a member of the New York state assembly in 1784, 1800-02 and 1807 ; a presidential elector from the sixth district in 1809, elector-at- large in 1819, and elector from the first district in 1821. In 1811 he assisted in raising funds for building the first Tammany Hall. He presided over a meeting held June 24, 1812, and contributed to the defence of the city against an expected attack by the British. He was a member of the correspondence committee appointed to devise a plan for checking the spread of slavery, 1819. He was a regent of the University of the State of New York, 1802-26 ; a trustee of the College of New Jersey, 1804-17 ; gave $5,000 toward the re- establishment of Queen's college, N.J., and changed the name to Rutgers, Dec. 5, 1825, and Q.u£ty^J■S COULEce contributed sites of land on the East River, in Chatham Square, and in other parts of the city for the erection of schools and churches. He was elected president of the Public School society to succeed De Witt Clinton, 1828. He never married. He died in New York, Feb. 17, 1830. RUTHERFOORD, John, governor of Virginia, was born in Richmond, Va., Dec. 6, 1792 ; son of Thomas and Mary (Winston) Rutherfoord. His father was a native of Kircaldy, Scotland, who came to America in 1784 as a merchant, witli a letter of introduction to Washington from Sir Edward Neversham, a member of parliament for RUTHERFORD RUTHERFORD the county of Dublin, settled in Richmond, and became a large real estate owner; lie also wrote extensively for the press on matters connected with commerce and tlie taritT. John Kutherfoord was graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B.. ISIO, A.M., 1813; studied law, but abandoned it, and was president of tlie Virginia Mutual Assur- ance company of Richmond for many years. He was married. April 24, 1S16, to Emily Anne Coles. He w:us the first captain of tlie Fayette artillery and became colonel of tlie regiment. He was a Whig representative in the state legislature, being elected in 1826 from Richmond ; in 1839 was ap- pointed a councillor, and in 1810 was elected lieutenant-governor of the state on the Democra- tic ticket. Upon the resignation of Gov. Thomas Gilmer in 1841, and the expiration of the term of John M. Patton as senior councillor and Gilmer's successor, he succeeded on March 31 to the office of acting governor and held it till 1842. He was influential in procuring the appointment of Gen. Robert E. Lee to the position of commander- in-chief of the Virginia forces in 1861. He died at Riclimond. Va., Aug. 3, 1866. RUTHERFORD, Griffith, soldier, was born in Ireland about 1731. He settled in Locke Settle- ment, west of Salisbury, N.C.; was a delegate to the provincial congresses of 1775 ; a raemlier of the council of safety ; was appointed brigadier- general, June 22, 1776, and co-operated with Col. Andrew Williamson against the Cherokees and Tories on the frontier, compelling them to sur- render much of their lands. He was in command of 700 North Carolina troops, including the com- mand of Col. W. R. Davie, in June 1780, and crossed the Tuckasuge Ford of the Catawba river to attack Colonel Moore, who commanded 1,100 Tories at Ramseur's Mills on the edge of the present townofLincolnton,N.C., but Col. Francis Locke, who was to meet him, advanced more rapidly and drove Moore out of the place. Rutherford arrived less than one hour after the retreat, and with Colonel Davie pursued the fleeing Tories, capturing man\-. He then passed down the Catawba valley opposite Hanging Rock, where he surprised and captured a detacliment of Tories and their stores, July 20, 1780. He joined Gates's army in the battle of Camden, S.C., Aug. 16, 1780, where he was captured, carried to Charleston, and imprisoned there, and subsequent- ly at St. Augustine, Fla. He was exchanged June 22, 1781, and commanded the brigade of militia that took possession of the city of Wilming- ton, N.C., when the British evacuated. He rep- resented Rowan county for several terms in the state senate previous to 1786, and was appointed president of the legislative council of the newly created territory of Tennessee, in August, 1794. He died in Tennessee about 1800. RUTHERFORD, Mildred, educator, was born at Atlieiis. Ga.. July 16, 1851 ; daughter of Pro- fessor Williuiiis and Laura Battaille (Cobb) Rutherford ; granddaughter of Williams and Eliza (Boykin) Rutlierford, and of John Addison and Sarah (Robinson) Cobb, and a descendant from Robert (b. 1734) and Dorothy Ann (Brooks) Rutherford : from Thomas Reed Rootes of Fred- ericksburg. Va. ; from John Lewis of the Vir- ginia House of Burgesses, and from Augustine Warner, Virginia House of Burgesses, 1675, and member of tlie Royal Council, 1680. Her mother was a sister of Gens. Howell and T. R. R. Cobb of the Confederate army, and her father was a soldier in the Confederate army, 1861-65. Mildred Rutherford was graduated from Lucy Cobb ' ; " ^'^.rr~~^^. LU<;Y COBB INSTITUTE.. Institute in 1868 ; was principal of the Institute, 1880-95 ; and teacher of literature there, from 1880. Her published writings, chiefly text- books, include : English Authors (\88S); American Authors (1894); Bible Questio7is on Old Testament History (\8U); That School Girl (1896); French and German Atdhors (1902). RUTHERFORD, Williams, educator, was born at Midway, near Milledgeville, Ga., Sept. 3, 1818 ; son of Williams and Eliza (Boj'kin) Rutherford ; grandson of Col. John and Mary (Hubert) Ruth- erford and of Maj. Frank Boykin ; great-grand- son of Benjamin Hubert, a Huguenot, who immi- grated to tlie United States in 1746 and married Mrs. Mary Williams, and a descendant of Robert Rutherford, who settled on the Nottaway river, Va.. and married Dorothy Ann Brooks. Williams Rutherford attended a preparatory school at Milledgeville, and was graduated from Franklin college (University of Georgia), Athens, Ga., A.B., 1838, A.M., 1841. He engaged as a planter on Flint river and in teaching scliool until 1856; was professor of mathematics in Franklin college, 1856-86, and upon his resignation in the latter year was made professor emeritus. He was mar- ried, March 23, 1841, to Laura Battaile, daughter of John and Sarah Robinson (Rootes) Cobb, and sister of Gens. Howell ((j.v.) and Thomas R. R. (q.v.) Cobb. Of their children: John C. Ruth- erford was a lawyer, and Mary Ann (Rutherford, RUTHERFURD RUTLEDGE Lipscomb (q.v.) and Mildred Rutherford (q.v.) were prominent educators. Professor Rutherford is the author of : Church Members' Guide for Baptist Churches ; Family Government, in manu- script, and many articles for church papers. He died at Athens, Ga., Aug. 21, 1896. RUTHERFURD, John, senator, was born in New York city, Sept. 20. 1760 ; son of Walter and Catherine (Alexander) Rutherfurd, and grandson of James Alexander of Perth Amboy, N.J., and of Sir John Rutherfurd of Edgerston, Roxburgh- shire, Scotland, who came to America in 1756. His father, an English soldier, took part in the Canadian campaign under Sir Jeffrey Amherst, and settled in New York city. John was gradu- ated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1776, A.M., 1779, and practised law in New York city until 1787. He was married in October, 1782, to Helena, daughter of Lewis Morris, 3d, of West- chester, N.Y.; she died at Edgerston, N.J., Oct. 6, 1840. He was clerk of the vestry of Trinity church, and in 1787 I'emoved to Tranquility, Sus- sex county, N.J. He was a representative in the state legislature ; presidential elector from the second congressional district in 1788, and was elected to the U.S. senate in 1791, serving till 1798, when he i-esigned. He was a commissioner with Simeon DeWitt and Gouverneur Morris to lay out the city of New York from 1801. He was president of the board of proprietors of eastern New Jersey ; a member of tlie New York and New Jersey boundary commission in 1826, and of the joint commission to settle the boundary ques- tion between New York and New Jersey and Pennsylvania, 1829-33. He died at Edgerston, now Rutherfurd, N.J., Feb. 23. 1840. RUTHERFURD, Lewis Morris, physicist, was born in Morrisania, N.Y., Nov. 25, 1816; son of Robert Walter and Sabina (Morris) Rutherfurd ; grandson of John and Helena (Morris) Ruther- furd, and of Lewis and Ann (Elliott) Morris, and a descendant of Maj. Walter Rutherford of the British army, who changed the name to Ruther- furd, and was married to Catharine, daughter of James Alexander, and sister of Gen. William Alexander of the Patriot army. He was gradu- ated from Williams college in 1834 ; was admitted to the bar in 1837, and became a partner of Peter A. Jay, and in 1843 of Hamilton Fish. He retired from active practice in 1849 and devoted himself to scientifiG study. He made a specialty of as- stronomical photography, and published a paper in the American Journal of Science on the spec- tra of stars, moon and planets, which was tlie first attempt at a spectral classification of the stars. He invented the star spectroscope, and in 1864 constructed a corrected object glass for mak- ing negatives of the heavenly bodies, and he im- proved the lens in 1868. He also constructed an instrument for the measurement of astronomical photographs. In 1870 he invented an engine that ruled 17,000 lines to the inch on a metallic sheet, this being the best one produced until the inven- tion of Henry Augustus Rowland (q.v.) about ten years later. By means of the plates thus ruled he made a photograph of the solar spectrum. He was one of the American delegates to the International Meridian conference, held in Wash- ington in October, 1885, and framed the resolu- tion expressing the conclusions of the conference. He was appointed the representative of the Na- tional Academy of Sciences to the International Meridian Conference on Astronomical Photo- graphy in 1887, but failing health caused him to decline the honor. He was married to Margaret Stuy vesant Chanler. He was a trustee of Colum- bia college, 1858-84, and presented that institu- tion with his astronomical instruments, valued at $12,000, in December, 1883, and with all his nega- tives, with funds for their measurements, in No- vember, 1890. "The Rutherfurd Photographic Measures of the Group of the Pleiades " was pub- lished before the time of his death. He was one of the founders of the Academy of Science in 1863 ; an associate of the Royal Astronomical society ; a member of the American Astronomi- cal society, and a fellow of the Royal society of London. Tlie honorary degree of LL.D. was con- ferred on him by Columbia in 1887 and by Wil- liams in 1889. He died in Tranquility, Sussex county, N.J., May 3, 1892. RUTHRAUFF, John Mosheim, educator, was born in Stark county, Ohio, Jan. 13, 1840. He served in the U.S. army one hundred days in 1864 ; was graduated at Wittenberg college, Ohio, A.B., 1871, A.M., 1874, D.D., 1900; was pastor of Lutheran churches at Louisville, Ky., 1872-74 ; Circleville, Ohio, 1874-76 and 1880-85 ; Washing- tonville, Ohio, 1870-80, and Dixon, Oliio, 1885-95; president and professor of history and philosophy, Carthage college. 111., 1895-1901, and served as president and professor of theism and ethics, Wit- tenberg college, 1901-02, succeeding the Rev. Dr, Samuel A. Ort (q.v.) resigned. He was married, May 28, 1879, to Sarah E., daughter of John and Mary A. Morrison. He was president of the synod, both in Ohio and Illinois ; president of Rock assembly, 111., 1888-95, and five times delegate to the general synod. He died suddenly at his home in Springfield, Ohio, May 6, 1902. RUTLEDGE, Edward, statesman, was born in Charleston, S.C, Nov, 23, 1749; son of Dr. John Rutledge. He studied law at Temple bar, Lon- don, 1769-73, and established himself in practice in Charleston. He was married in 1773 to Har- riet, daughter of Henry Middleton. He was a delegate to the Continental congress, 1774-77 ; a signer of the Declaration of Independence; a RUTLEDGE RUTLEDGE member of the first board of war, and with John Adams and Benjamin Franklin met Lord Howe on SUiten Island, Sept. 11, 1776, in order to effect a reconciliation. He was re-elected to the Conti- nental congress in 1779, but was disabled by sick- ness and could not attend. He was appointed captain of a company of artillery, and took part in skirmishes at Port Royal in 1779 ; was pro- moted lieutenant-colonel, and was detailed to secure assistance for the army of Benjamin Lincoln, which was cut off from supplies during the investment of Charleston, but was taken prisoner and confined at St. Augustine, 1780-81. He was a representative in the legislature of 1782 that met at Jackson borough to pass a bill con- demning all Tories to punisliment. He returned to Charleston on its evacuation and resumed his professional duties. He was a representative in the state legislature: a member of the state con- stitutional convention of 1790 ; declined the office of associate justice of the U.S. supreme court in 1794, and was elected governor of South Carolina in 1798. but did not complete his term. He died in Ciiarlestun. S.C, Jan. 23, 1800. RUTLEDGE, Edward, educator, was born in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1797 ; son of Hugh Rutledge and grandson of Dr. John Rutledge. He was graduated from Yale, A.B., 1817, A.M., 1820, and was ordained to the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal church, at Christ Church, Middletown, Couu., Nov. 17, 1819. He was assist- ant professor of moral philosophy at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, 1828-3G, and was elected president of Transylvania university in 1836, but died before assuming the office. He is the author of: The Family Altar (1822), and History of the Church of Eiujland ( l825). He died in Savannah, Ga., March 13, 1S3G. RUTLEDGE, Francis Huger, first bishop of Florida and 53rd in succession in the American episcopate, was born in Charleston, S.C, April 11, 1799; son of Hugh Rutledge, and grand- .son of Dr. John Rutledge. He was graduated from Yale college, A.B., in 1820, and entered the General Theological seminary, New York city, class of 1823, but did not graduate. He was ordered deacon in 1823 ; advanced to the priest- hood, Nov. 20, 182.J ; was rector of a church on Sullivan's Island, S.C, 1827-39; of Trinity ciiurcli, St. Augustine, Fla., 1839-45; and of St. John's, Tallahassee, Fla., 1845-51. He was elected bishop of the newly-created diocese of Florida, and was consecrated Oct. 15, 1851, by Bishops Gadsden, Elliott, and Cobbs. The honorary degree of M.A. was conferred on him by the College of South Carolina, and that of S.T.D. by Hobart college, 1844. He died in Tallahassee, Fla., Nov. fi. 1860. RUTLEDGE, John, cliief justice, was born in Ciiarleston, S.C, in 1739; son of Dr. John Rut- ledge, who emigrated from Ireland in 1735, married a Miss Hexe, and died in 1749, at Char- leston. He studied law at the Temple. London, returned to Charles- ton in 1761, estab- lished a practice, and was married in 1763, to Elizabeth Grimke. He was attorney -gen- eral pro tempore, in 1764, a delegate to the Continental con- gress, 1774-77 and 1782-83; a member of the provincial con- vention of 1774 ; chairman of the com- mittee that framed the constitution of 1776 ; and on March 27, 1776, was elected president of the provin- cial government and commander-in-chief of tlie militia. He advocated the fortification of Charleston against the threatened invasion by Sir Henry Clinton and Commodore Parker ; held the post on Sullivan's Island, contrary to the advice of Gen. diaries Lee, and planned the suc- cessful defence of Charleston. He resigned his office in JIarch, 1778, as he did not approve of the changes made in tlie state constitution, but was again chosen governor by the unanimous vote of the legislature in 1779. He commanded the militia against Gen. Augustine Provost, in May, 1779, and wiien Charleston was captured May 12, 1779, by Sir Henry Clinton, he left the city with his council and took refuge in North Carolina, and used every effort to relieve the city by co- operating with Generals Gates and Greene in reorganizing the army. His term of office ended in 1782, and he was succeeded by Governor Matthews. He was elected state chancellor, March 21, 1784; was a delegate to the Philadel- pliia convention that adopted the Federal con- stitution ; was a member of the state convention that ratified the constitution ; a delegate from South Carolina in the national convention to elect a president and vice-president in 1789, and received six electoral votes. On Sept. 26, 1789, he was apiwinted an associate justice of the supreme court of the United States, serving 1789-91 ; was chief justice of South Carolina, 1791-95 ; and was appointed chief justice of the United States supreme court by President Washington in 1795. He presided at the August term of the court, but on Dec. 15, 1795, the senate refused to confirm the nomination. His mind failed in December, 1795, and he died at Charleston, S.C, July 23, 1800. RUTLEDGE RYAN RUTLEDGE, John, Jr., representative, was born in Charleston, S.C, in 176G ; son of John Rut- ledge (q.v.), with whom he studied law. He was admitted to the bar ; practised in Charleston, and was a Federalist representative from South Carolina in the 5th, 6th and 7th congresses, serving from May 15, 1797, to March 3, 1803. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 1, 1819. RYAN, Abram Joseph, poet-priest, was born in Norfolk, Va., Aug. 15, 1839. He was ordained a R.C. priest in 1861, and served as chaplain in the Confederate army, 1861-65. He became priest in the archdiocese of New Orleans, La., in 1865, where he edited the Star, a Roman Catholic weekly; was transferred to Knoxville, Tenn., and subsequently to Augusta, Ga., where he founded and edited the Barmer of the South, a political and religious weekly. He was pastor of St. Mary's church in Mobile, Ala., 1868-80, traveling and lecturing to raise money for the catliedral in Mobile ; and in 1880 removed to Baltimore, Md., with the intention of making a lecture tour. He delivered his first lectui'e : " Some Aspects of Modern Civilization " in Balti- more, and in return for the hospitality he had enjoyed at Loyola college gave $300, the proceeds of a public reading, to the Jesuit fathers to found a medal for poetry in the college. His lecture tour not proving successful, and being in feeble health he received permission to retire from all parochial duty in October, 1881 ; settled in Biloxi, Miss. , and devoted himself to literary work. He is the author of : Poems, Patriotic, Religious and 3Iiscellaneous (1880), including: The Conquered Banner ; The Lost Cause ; TJie Sword of Lee ; The Flag of Erin, poems ; the epic, Tlieir Story Run- neth Thus, and at the time of his death he liad in preparation a Life of Christ. He died in Louis- ville, Ky., April 22, 1886. RYAN, Edward George, jurist, was born at Newcastle House, county Meath, Ireland, Nov. 13, 1810. He was liberally educated ; began the study of theology, but abandoned it for that of the law, and immigrated to the United States in 1830, completing his law course in New York city, where he was admitted to the bar, 1836. In the same year he began practice in Chicago, 111. ; edited the Tribune, 1839-41, and practised in Racine, Wis., 1842-48. He was a delegate to the state constitutional convention that assembled Oct. 5 and adjourned Dec. 16, 1846, and to the Democratic national convention that met at Baltimore, Md., May 22, 1848, and served as chairman of a special coinmittee of the Democra- tic state convention, 1862, that framed an address to the people, subsequently published as the "Ryan Address." He removed to Milwaukee in 1848 ; was city attorney, 1870-72 ; was appoint- ed chief justice of the supreme court of Wiscon- sin to succeed Luther S. Dixon, June 17, 1874, and was elected to the office in April, 1875, serving until his death, which occurred in Milwaukee, Wis., Oct. 19, 1880. RYAN, James, R.C. bishop, was born in Thurles, county Tipperary, Ireland, June 17, 1848. He came to the United States at an early age ; prepared for the priesthood in the seminaries of St. Thomas and St. Joseph, Bardstown, Ky.; was ordained, Dec. 24, 1871, at Louisville, Ky.; was professor at St. Joseph's seminary, and subse- quently missionary pastor in Kentucky until 1878, and in Illinois, 1878-88. He was appointed bishop of Alton, III., and was consecrated May 1, 1888, by Bishop Spalding of Peoria, assisted by Bishops McCloskey and Janssen. RYAN, John, Jesuit clergyman and educator, was born in Ireland, June 24, 1810. He was edu- cated in the Catholic schools of his native coun- try, at that time decried by the government, and determining to enter the priesthood, he came to America and joined the Society of Jesus at Bards- town, Ky., Sept. 7, 1839, where he served his no- vitiate and was ordained priest in 1845. He joined the Jesuit colony in New York city, where he helped to conduct the School of the H0I3' Name of Jesus, first in basements of churclies and then in a building on Third avenue between Elev- enth and Twelfth streets. He was the second president of the school, 1847-50, and having thi'ough strenuous efforts and against great oppo- sition secured a plot of ground on West Fifteenth street as the site for a Jesuit college, he was in- strumental in founding the College of St. Francis Xavier, opened in 1850, and he was the first pres- ident under the new name, 1849-55. He died in New York city in 1861. RYAN, Patrick John, archbishop, was born in Thurles, county Tipperary, Ireland, Feb. 20, 1831 ; son of Jeremiah and Mary Ryan. He attended the Christian Brothers' school at Thurles ; a pri- vate school in Dublin until 1847 ; was graduated from Carlow college in 1852, and ordained sub- deacon, and in the same j^ear came to the United States. He was professor of English literature in Carondolet Theological seminary, St. Louis, Mo., 1852-53 ; ordained deacon in 1853. and priest, Sept. 8, 1853, by Archbishop Kenrick, being ap- pointed assistant rector of the St. Louis cathedral and seci'etary of the archbishop. In 1856 he was made rector, remaining in that position until 1860, when he assumed charge of the Parish, of the Annunciation in St. Louis, serving also dining the civil war as chaplain to the Gratiot Street Military prison and hospital, and declining a com- mission as chaplain in the army. After the war he was appointed rector of St. John's church. St Louis, and while on a visit in Europe, in 1867-68, at the invitation of Pope Pius IX., delivered in the RYAN RYAN latter year the English course of Lenten lectures in Rome. He was appointed vicar-general upon his return to St. Louis in 1868, and was adminis- trator of tlie diocese during Archbisliop Kenrick's absence while attending the Vatican council ; was consecrated Bishop of Triconiia (Palestine) i. p. i., and coadjutor to the archbishop of St. Louis. April 14. 1872. by Archbishop Kenrick, assisted by Bishops Feehan and Melcher ; pro- moted archbishop coadjutor, and translated to the titular see of Salamis (Greece). Jan. 6. 1884, and transferred as archbishop to Philadelphia, A i^: \^K^ g*.; ■%-^m n^ iAIwePBAL OfiST Ct1tR«" ST PAUL. June 8, 1884. In 1877 he delivered, on invitation, two lectures before the legislature of Missouri ; in 1879 he preached at the dedication of the New Y'ork cathedral ; and in 188.5 preached on the occa- sion of the bestowal of the pallium on Archbishop Corrigan. In November. 1883, he visited Rome to participate in the deliberations of the Ameri- can archbishops before the Third plenary council of Baltimore, and preached the opening sermon of the council in November, 1884, as well as the centennial sermon of the establishment of the Catholic hierarchy of the United States in 1889 ; was chosen orator by Cardinal Gibbons, when the latter received the cardinal's hat in 1886 ; preached the sermon at the laying of the corner-stone of the National Irish Church of Patrick in Rome, 1888, and delivered the address to his holiness Leo XIII., on presenting him with a copy of the constitution of the United States, the gift of President Grover Cleveland, on the occasion of the Pope's Episcopal jubilee in 1888. The sil- ver jubilee of Archbishop Ryan's elevation to the see of Philadelphia was celebrated by the Cath- olic Province of the Archdiocese of tliat city with elaborate ceremony in 1897. His pul)lishod lec- tures include: ]Miat Catholics (Jo not Believe (1877); Tlie Causes of Modern Religious Skepti- cism (1H8.3); Agnosticism (189.5). In 1902 Arch- bi.shop Ryan dedicated the new R.C. chapel of St. Maron in Philadelphia, the house of worship for the Maronites, who are permitted to use their ancient liturgy in the Cyro-Chaldaic tongue. Archbishop Ryan received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of New York in 1864, and from the University of Pennsylvania in 1886, and was closely identified as one of the trustees with the promotion of the American Catholic university at Washington, D.C. A jubilee cele- bration in honor of the fiftieth anniversary of Archbishop Ryan's ordination was arranged for Sept. 8. 190:}. by the clergy of the archdiocese. RYAN, Stephen Vincent, R.C. bishop, was born in Ahiumte, Ontario. Jan. 1. 1825; son of Martin and Catiierine (McCarthy) Ryan. Here- moved with his parents at an early age to Potts- ville. Pa. ; attended St. Charles seminary, Phila- delphia. 1840-44, joining the Lazarist order at Cape Girardeau, Mo., in the latter year, and after continuing his theological studies at the semi- nary of St. Mary's of the Barrens, Mo., was or- dained priest by Archbishop P. R. Kenrick, June 24, 1849. From 1851 to 1857 he was engaged as pro- fessor and prefect at St. Mary's ; as professor at Cape Girardeau, and as president of the College of St. Vincent. In 1857, on the anniversary of his or- dination, he was made visitor of the Vincentian Fathers, making his iiome in St. Louis, Mo., and subsequently in Germantown, Pa., to which city the headquarters of the community were trans- ferred largely through his influence. He was con- secrated second bishop of the diocese of Buffalo in St. Joseph's cathedral, Buffalo, N.Y., Nov. 8, 1868, by Archbishop McCloskey of New York, assisted by Bishops Loughlin, McQuaid and Conroy. During his administration the diocese more than doubled the number of its churches and chnpels, and also the number of its priests. Bishop Ryan bequeathed his propertj- to the Roman Catholic church. He died in Buffalo, N.Y., April 10, 1896. RYAN, Thomas, musician, was born in Temple Moor. Ireland, in 1827 ; son of Michael and Ellen (Armstrong) Ryan. His father was a bandmas- ter in tlie British army. Thomas Ryan came to the United States in 1845, and was immediately engaged as a member of the orchestra of a theatre owned by William B. English, on Washington street, Boston, Mass., joining the orchestra at the Howard Athenaeum in 1846, and subsequently teaching and playing as op])ortunity offered. In November, 1849, the INIendelssohn Quintet club gave its first public performance in Chickering Hall, Boston, Mr. Ryan rendering a clarinet con- certo. He remained a member of the club until his death, touring through the United States, Australia, New Zealand and the Sandwich Islands. He was married. May 24, 1854, to Mary Helen, daughter of Eben Carlton and Eliza Badger (Jacobs) Ewins of Gilmanton, N.H. In 1873 he was active in inducing the club to establish the National College of Music in Tremont Temple, Boston, but was obliged to abandon the enterprise after one year, and in 1893 founded the Con- RYAN RYLAND servatory of Music and Fine Arts at Augusta, Ga. He was a member of the Boston Academy of Music, introducing for the first time in Boston Mendelssohn's " Midsummer Night's Dream " and his own " Scotch Symphony ; " a member of the Musical Fund society, and of the Orchestral union. Mr, Ryan was known as a talented player of the clarinet and viola, and as the composer of a number of quartettes for strings and clarinet, per- formed by the Mendelssohn Quintet club and by himself as soloist. He is the author of : Recollec- tions of An Old Musician (1899) . He died in New Bedford, Mass., while on his way from New York city to his home in Boston, Mass., March 5, 1903. RYAN, Thomas, representative, was born at Oxford, N.Y., Nov. 25, 1837. In early life he went with his parents to Bradford county, Pa., where he lived on a farm until 1854. He was a student at Dickinson seminary, Williamsport, Pa., and in 1861 was admitted to the bar. He served in the Federal army, 1862-64 ; was severely wounded at the battle of the Wilderness, and was mustered out with the rank of captain. He was married, Nov. 24, 1863, to a daughter of Edwin Coolbaugh of Towanda, Pa. In 1865 he removed to Topeka, Kan., where he was county attorney, 1865-73 ; assistant U.S. attorney for Kansas, 1873-76 ; and a Republican representative from the fourth district of Kansas in the 45th-50th con- gresses, 1877-89. He was re-elected to the 51st congress, but resigned to accept the office of U.S. minister to Mexico, where he served, 1889-93. He again practised law in Topeka until 1897, when he was appointed by President McKinley first assistant secretary of the interior, and was continued as such by President Roosevelt. RYAN, William Henry, representative, was born at Hopkinton, Mass., May 10, 1860 ; son of Patrick and Jane (Cleary) Ryan. In 1866 he removed with his parents to Buffalo, N.Y., where he was educated in the public schools, and en- gaged in business us a contractor. He was mar- ried, Sept. 19, 1887, to Ellen, daughter of Ter- ence Cosgrove, of Buffalo, N.Y. He was a member of the board of supervisors of Erie county, 1895-99, and its chairman, 1898, and was a representative from the tiiirty-second district of New York in the 56th, 57th and 58th congresses, 1899-1905. RYDER, James, educator, was born in Dublin, Ireland, Oct. 8, 1800. He came to the United States at an early age ; entered the Society of Jesus, 1813 ; studied at Georgetown university, D.C., and in Rome, Italy, and was ordained priest in 1825. He was professor of theology and the sacred scriptures; College of Spoleto, Italy, 1825- 28 ; professor of theology and philosophy, and vice-president of Georgetown university, D.C., 1828-39, resigning in 1839 to become pastor of St. IX. — 14 Mary's church, Philadelphia, Pa. He was pastor in Frederick, Md., 1840-41 ; president of George- town university, 1841-43 ; superior of the Jesuit order in the United States, 1843-45 ; president of the College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Mass. , •-••HOLY CROSS COLLEGE. •• E«^itki44iSi Hill! !|,ll II I jy[l(!«Bt»l titEii|mi] tae 1846-48, and again president of Georgetown uni- versity, 1848-51. He is the author of various ad- dresses and sermons. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 12, 1860. RYDER, Piatt Powell, artist, was born in Brooklyn, N.Y^., June 11, 1821 ; son of Uriah and Mary Ann (Powell) Ryder ; grandson of Nathaniel and Phebe (Nostrand) Ryder, and of Jacob and Elizabeth (Sands) Powell, the latter of Quaker stock. He attended the public schools and later the Brooklyn Art Association and Academy of De- sign, and the National Academy of Design, al- though he was in art mainly self-educated. He vis- ited Europe in 1860, and again in 1869, studying in London, Amsterdam, The Hague, and at the atelier of Bonnat in Paris, exhibiting two works in oil at the Salon in 1870. On his return in the latter year he painted genre subjects, interiors, witli figures, landscapes and portraits Hp also painted in water-colors, when leisure permitted. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Design in 1868, and was one of the founders of the Brooklyn Academj'- of Design. Mr. Ryder never married. His portrait subjects include : Miss Emily Cole, Katskill, N.Y".: Mrs. Dickinson, New Y^ork ; Judge Alexander McCue and others of his family ; Judge G. J. Dj^ckerman ; Will- iam Marshall ; Charles Parsons, A.N. A., for the National Academy of Design ; S. R. Putnam ; George P. Putnam, for the trustees of the Metro- politan Museum of Art, and Gen. U. S. Grant, which last portrait, though executed entirely from memory of the general's features, as studied at his various appearances in public assemblies, is said to be a striking likeness. His genre paint- ings include : Tlie Christmas Turkey ; Tlie House- keeper; Boys Playing 3farbh's (W. T. Evans col- lection); Expectant; On Guard; Waiting for the Train. He died in Saratoga, N.Y., July 16. 1896. RYLAND, Charles Hill, educationist and min- ister, was born in King and Queen county, Va., Jan. 22, 1836 ; son of Samuel Peachey and Cath- KYLAXD RYLAND aiine (Gaines) Hill Kyhuul. IIo was prepared for college at Fleetwood academy ; was a student at Richmond college, 1854-56, and was graduated at tlie Soutiieru Baptist Theological seminary in 1^00. He was evangelist and colporteur in the Confederate army, 1^G1-C5 ; was pastor at Bur- russ's church, Blount Carmel, Va., 1803-66; gen- eral state superintendent of Sunday-schools, 186G- 69, and was prominent in the first national Sun- day-school institute at St. Louis, 1869. He was married. Oct. 28, 1869, to Alice Marion, daughter of Dr. John Muscoe and Anne E. (Hancock) Garnett of King and Queen county, Va.; pastor in Alexandria, Va.. 1869-74 ; financial secretary and librarian, Richmond college, 1874-1903. He was elected a trustee of Richmond' college ; a member of the corpdration of Columbian univer- sity, D.C, and overseer, 1872-82, and founder of the Virginia Baptist Historical society, 1876. Tiie degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Rich- mond college. RYLAND, Robert, educator, was born in King and Queen county, Va., March 14, 1805; son of Josiah and Catharine (Peachy) Ryland ; grand- son of Joseph and Elizabeth (Huuley) Ryland, and great-grandsou of Richard Hunley. He re- ceived a good preparatory training in private schools and academies near his home ; was li- censed to preach in 1825. and ordained to the Bap- tist ministr}' in 1827. He was married, May 27, 1830, to Josephine, daughter of Thomas and Ann (Mosby) Norvell of Richmond, Va. He was grad- uated from Columbian college, Washington, D.C, A.B., 1826, A.M. 1831 ; was pastor at Lynchburg, Va., 1827-31; principal of the Virginia Baptist seminary, Spring Farm, Henrico county, Va. (a manual labor school, which was removed to Rich- mond, Va., 1834), and served, 1832-40, and as president of its successor, Richmond college, 1840-66. He resigned the presidency in 1866. He had served as chaplain of the University of Vir- ginia, 1834-36, and as pastor of the First African Baptist church, Richmond, 1842-67. He was president of the female seminary in Shelbyville. Ky., 1868-70; at Lexington, Ky., 1870-77, and at New Castle, Ky., 1877-80. He received the hon- orary degree of D.D. from Richmond college and from Shurtleff college, 111. He is the author of : Lectures on the Apocalypse (1857); of several ad- dresses and published sermons, and of a catechism which was used for the oral instruction of the colored people in his church. He died in Lexing- ton, April 23, 1899. RYLAND, William Semple, educator, was born in Richmond, Va., June 4, 1836 ; son of the Rev. Robert (q.v.) and Josephine (Norvell) Ry- land. He was graduated at Richmond college, of whiclx his father was president, A.B., 1855, A.M., 1858; was pastor of the Baptist church at Winchester, Va., 1859-61 ; taught school in Clarke county, 1861-63 ; was chaplain in tiie Confederate army, 1863-65 ; pastor and teacher at Frederick county, Va., 1865-67 ; Grenada, Miss., 1867-73, and Lexington, Ky., 1873-80; president of the Lexington Female college, 1877-80 ; president of Bethel college, Ky., 1889-98, serving also as profes- sor of natural science, 1880-93, and as cliairman of the faculty, 1887-89, and in 1893 became pastor of churches in Logan county, Ky., residing at Rus- sell ville. He was married at Racine, Wis., Sept. 29, 1870, to Mary Elizabeth, daughter of Dr. William J. Morton, a native of Shelby county ,-Ky. He received the degree of Ph.D. from Mercer uni- versity, Ga., in 18SG, and that of D.D. from Georgetown, Ky., in 1887. RYORS, Alfred, educator, was born in Phila- delphia, Pa., or Long Island, N.Y., June 28, 1812. Left an orphan at an early age in Philadelphia, he resided at Abington, Montgomery county. Pa., in the family of the Rev. Robert Steel, whose se- lect school he attended. He was graduated from Jefferson college. Pa., in 1835, meanwhile teach- ing Latin and Greek at C. J. Halderman's school at Bristol, Pa., 1833-34 ; was principal of the i)re- paratory department at Lafayette college, Pa., 1835-36 ; adjunct professor of Latin and Greek, 1836-37, and professor of mathematics in Ohio university, Athens, 1836-44. He was marrieii in 1838 to Louisa, daughter of Judge Walker of Athens, Ohio. He was licensed to preach by tlie presbytery of Philadelphia in 1838 ; was professor of mathematics in Indiana university, 1844-48 ; was ordained by tlie presbytery of Salem, Ind., in 1845, and preached in Bloomington, 1845-48 ; was president of Ohio university, 1848-52, and in 1852 was elected president of Indiana university, but he resigned at the end of the first year, and sup- plied the pulpit of the First Presbyterian church of Madison, Ind., declining, however, to become their pastor. He was professor of mathematics in Centre college, stated .supply of the Presby- terian church. New Princeton, and co-pastor elect of the Second church, Danville, Ky., 1854-58. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Indiana university in 1848. He died in. Danville, Ky., May 8, 1858. SABIN SACKET SABIN, DwJght May, senator, was born on a farm near Marseilles. La Salle county, 111., April 25, 1843 ; the youngest son of Horace C. and Maria E. Sabin ; grandson of Jedediah Sabin, of Huguenot and Scotch descent, who shared in the original Roxbur\^ grant, owning a large farm in Windham county. Conn., which had descended to him from tlie earliest pioneers. His father, who had settled in Illinois, returned to Windham, Conn., in 1857. Dwiglit M. Sabin attended Phillips academy, Andover, Mass. ; served in the Federal array for three months in 1863, and then engaged in farming and lumbering in Connecticut until 1868, when he settled in Stillwater, Minn., in the lumber business and as a manufacturer of railroad cars and agricultural machinery. He represented the twenty-second district in the Minnesota senate, 1872-73, and in the lower house, 1878 and 1881, and was a delegate to the Eepublican national conventions of 1872, 1876, 1880 and 1884, .serving as chairman in 1884. He was a U.S, senator from Minnesota, 1883-89, serving as chairman of the committee on rail- roads. He was married, July 1, 1891, to Jessie Larmon, daughter of Asahel and Susan Slee of Paducah, Ky. He died suddenly of heart failure at the Auditorium Annex, Chicago, Dec. 22, 1902. SABINE, James, clergyman, was born at Fareham, Hampshire, England, May 26, 1774 ; son of Sarah and Samuel (Beaker) Sabine. He entered the Presbyterian ministry, and was mar- ried, Aug. 19, 1800, to Ann, daughter of Isaac and Rachel (Jackson) Danford of Uley, Glouces- tershire, England. He sailed from London with his wife and seven children. May 6, 1816, and arrived, June 15, at St. Johns, Newfoundland, where he preached until after the two great fires which deva.stated that city. He then removed to Boston, Mass., arriving, July 18. 1818, and there founded the society in Boylston Hall, which later became the Essex Street church, of which he was the first minister. In 1828 he withdrew from the Presbyterian church and took orders in the Pro- testant Episcopal church, being ordained priest in 1830, He w^as the first rector of Grace church, Boston, and in 1830 was transferred to Christ church. Bethel, Vt., where he remained until his death. He is the author of : Ecclesiastical History (1820), and many published sermons. He died in Randolph. Vt., at the residence of his daughter, Oct. 2, 1845. SABINE, Lorenzo, historian, was born in Lis- bon, N.H., July 28. 1803 ; son of the Rev. Elijah Robinson and Hannah (Clark) Sabine ; grandson of Nehemiah and Mary (Rice) Sabine, and of John Clark, and a descendant of William Sabine, a Huguenot, who came from Wales to Rehoboth, Mass., in 1643. Elijah Robinson Sabine (1776- 1818) was presiding elder of the Vermont and Rhode Island districts ; was the first Methodist to serve as chaplain of the Massachusetts house of representatives, and was taken prisoner by the Britisli during the war of 1812, for assisting in the military hospital. Lorenzo Sabine became book-keeper for the Passamaquoddy Bank, East- port, Me., and engaged as a frontier trader, 1834- 48. He served three terms as representative in the Maine legislature, and afterward as deputy collector of customs. He removed to ^lassachu- setts in 1849 ; was confidential agent of the U.S. treasury department in relation to the Ashburton treaty in 1852, and was a Whig representative in the 32d congress as successor to Benjamin Thomp- son, deceased, 1852-53. He was also secretary of the Boston Board of Trade, and wrote nine of its annual reports. He was a member of the New England Historic Genealogical society and of the Massachusetts Historical society ; and received the honorary degree A.M. from Bowdoin in 1846, and from Harvard in 1848. He is tlie author of : Life of Com. Edward Preble, in Sparks's American Biography (1847); Tlie American Loyalists, or Biograpldcal Sketches of Adherents to the British Cnncn in the Revolution (1847; 2d. ed., 2 vols., 1864); Reports on the Principal Fisheries of the American Seas, for the U.S. treasury department (1853); Notes on Duels and Duelling, u'ith a Pre- liminary Historical Essay (1855 ; 2d. ed., 1856), and Address on tlie Hundredth Anniversary of the Death of Major-GeneralJames Wolfe (1859). He died in Boston, Mass., April 14, 1877. SACKET, Delos Bennet, soldier, was born at Cape Vincent, N.Y., April 14, 1822. He was graduated at the U.S. Military academy, brevet 2d lieutenant in the 2d dragoons, July 1.1845; served in the military occupation of Texas, 1845- 46, and in the Mexican war, 1846-47, and was brevetted 1st lieutenant. May 9, 1846. for gal- lantry at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. He was promoted 2d lieutenant, 1st dragoons, June 30, 1846, and 1st lieutenant, Dec. 27, 1848 ; was assistant instructor in cavalry tactics at the U.S. Military academy, 1850-55 ; was promoted captain, 1st cavalry, March 3, 1855; served in garrison and on the field, 1855-56, and on the board to revise the army regulations at Washington, 1856-57. He was engaged in quelling the Kansas disturb- ances : in the Utah and Cheyenne expedition and in the Antelope Hill expedition, 1857-59; was promoted major, Jan. 31, 1861, and lieutenant- colonel, 2d cavalry. May 3, 1861 ; and served as acting inspector-general at Washington, D.C., June to August, 1861 ; as mustering and disburs- ing officer in New York city, August to Decem- SADLER SADTLER ber, 1861, and Wcos promoted inspector-general with the rank of colonel, Oct. 1, 1861. He was inspector-general. Army of tlie Potomac, 1861-63 ; served on McClellan's staff in the Peninsnlar and Maryland campaigns, and on Burnside's staff in Virginia. He was in charge of the inspector- general's olHce at Washington, D.C., in 1863; served successively on the boards to organize the invalid corps, and for retiring disabled oflicers, 1863-64 ; was on inspection duty in tiie depart- ments of the Tennessee, Cumberland, Arkansas, and New Mexico, 1864-65, and on March 13, 1865, was brevetted brigadier-general for gallantry in the field during the war, and major-general for services during the war. He served on a tour of inspection to and through Montana Territory to the Pacific ocean in 1666 ; was inspector-general of tlie departments of the Tennessee and of the Cumberland, 1860-68 ; of the division of the Atlantic. 1868-7:2, and under general instructions from the war department, 1872-76. He was in- spector-general of the division of the Missouri, 1876-81, and was promoted inspector-general of the army with the rank of brigadier-general, Jan. 2, 1881, succeeding Gen. Randolpli B. Marcy as senior inspector-general. He died at "Washington. D.C.. :\rarch 8. 1885. SADLER, Reinhold, governor of Nevada, was born in Prussia, Jan. 10, 1848; son of William and Wilhelmine Sadler. In 1864 he settled in Virginia City, Nev.; then spent a few j-ears in Austin, and in 1868 entered mercantile business in White Pine county, where he was county com- missioner in 1872. He was married at Hamilton, White Pine county, in 1874, to Louise, daugliter of William and Wilhelmine Zadow, and he later removed to Eureka county, where in 1875 he was made county treasurer. He was unsuccessful candi- date for state senator, state controller (1886), state treas- urer, and lieutenant-gov- ernor in 1 890. He was elected in 1894 on the Silver party ticket, lieutenant-governor, with John E. Jones for governor, and upon the death of Governor Jones, April 10, 1896, he suc- ceeded to the executive chair, completing the term. Jan. 1, 1899, and was re-elected, his term expirijig. Jan. 1, 1903. SADTLER, Benjamin, educator, was born in Baltimore, Md., D.-c. 25. 1823 ; son of Philip Ben- jamin and Catherine (Sauerwein) Sadtler ; grand- son of John and Ciiristina (Strom) Sadtler, and of Peter and Catherine (Steenburger) Sauerwein. His father came to the United States from Hom- burg in 1799 ; settled in Baltimore, and served with credit as a captain in the battle of North Point in 1814, having raised and equipped a com- pany at his own expense. The Steenburger fam- ily came from Holland and settled in Virginia early in the eighteenth century. Benjamin Sadt- ler was graduated at Pennsylvania college in 1842, and at the theological seminary, Gettys- burg, in 1844. He was married, Oct. 25, 1845, to Caroline Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. Dr. Samuel and Catiierine (Steenburger) Schmucker of Gettj'sburg, Pa. He was pastor of the Lu- theran church at Pine Grove, Pa., 1845-49 ; Ship- pensburg. Pa., 1849-53; Middletown, Pa., 1853- 56, and of St. John's, Easton, Pa., 1856-62; prin- cipal of the College for Women, Lutherville, Md., 1862-76, and succeeded Frederick A. Muhlen- berg, D.D., as president of Muhlenberg college, Allentown, Pa., serving from 1876 until 1885, when he was disabled by an accident and retired to his home in Baltimore. He was a trustee of Pennsylvania college, 1862-77, and received the degree D.D. from there in 1867. He contributed to Lutlieran periodicals, and is the author of the following discourses : A Rebellioiis Nation Re- i^roved (1861), and TJie Causes and Remedies of the Losses of Her Population by the Lutheran Church in America (1878). He died at Atlantic City, N.J., April 28. 1901. SADTLER, Samuel Philip, chemist, was born in Pine Grove, Pa., July 18. 1847 ; son of Benja- min (q.v.) and Caroline Elizabeth (Schmucker) Sadtler, and a descendant on the maternal side of Thomas Beale, who came from England in 1649 and settled in York countj% Va. He was gradu- ated at Pennsylvania college, A.B., 1867, A.M., 1870 ; attended Lehigh imiversity, 1807-68, and was graduated at Harvard. S.B., 1870, and at the University of Gottingen, Ph.D.. in 1871. He was professor of natural science in Pennsyl'fania col- lege, 1871-74 ; assistant professor of chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania, 1874-86 ; profes- sor of organic and industrial chemistry there, 1887-91, and of chemistry in the Philadelphia Col- lege of Pharmacy from 1879. He was married, Dec. 17, 1872, to Mary Julia, dauglittT of John C. Bridges of Baltimore. Md. In 1885 he visited and reported upon laboratories in Europe for the trustees of the Univer.sity of Pennsylvania, who were about to organize a laboratory of industrial chemistry, but subsequently resigned his profes- sorship and engaged in practice as a consulting chemical expert. He was made a fellow of the Chemical societies of London and Berlin, of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a member of the American Chemi- cal society, the American Electro-Chemical so- ciety and the American Philosophical society, of which latter he also served for some years as secretary. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Pennsylvania college in 1902. He contributed to the American Journal of Phar- SAFFOLD SAFFOKD macy after 1879 : edited Attfield's " Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry" (8tli ed., 1879); was chemical editor of the Encyclopsedia Britannica, American reprint (9th ed., 1880-84), and of the *• United States Dispensatory," with Joseph P. Remington and Horatio C. Wood (loth, 16th, 17th and 18th eds., 1882-98); was made a member of the committee of revision of the *' United States Pharmacopeia." and is the author of: Handbook of Chemical Experimentation for Lectures (1877) ; Handbook of Industrial Organic Chemistry {1891- 98), which passed through three editions and ap- peared in both German and Russian translations ; Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, with Vir- gil Coblentz (1899), and numerous addresses and lectures. SAFFOLD, Reuben, jurist, was born in Wilkes county, Ga.. Sept. 4. 1788 : son of Reuben Saffold, a Revolutionary soldier residing in Wilkes county, who received a land grant in Washington county as a bounty for his services. Reuben Saffold, Jr., received a liberal education ; studied law under Edward Payne, and engaged in practice at Watkinsville, Ga., until 1813, when he re- moved to Jackson, Miss. Ter. (now Clarke county, Ala.). He married, April 1, 1811, Mary, daughter of Col. Josepli (a Revolutionary soldier) and Jane (Walker) Phillips, early settlers of South Alabama. He served as a private at the fight of Burnt Corn ; commanded a company against the Indians on the Perdido in 1814, and represented Clarke county in the territorial legislature. He was a member of the Alabama state constitutional convention in 1819 ; removed to Dallas county. Ala., in 1820 ; was judge of the circuit court of the state, 1819- 32 ; judge of the supreme court. 1832-36, and its chief justice. 1835-36, and resumed the practice of law in 1836. He died in Dallas county, Ala., Feb. 15, 1847, and was buried at his country place " Belvoir." near Selma. SAFFORD, James Merrill, geologist, was born in Putnam, now Zanesville, Ohio, Aug. 13. 1822 ; son of Harry and Patience (Van Home) Safford ; grandson of Jonas and Joanna (Merrill) Safford, and of Isaac and Dorothy (John) Marple Van Home, and a descendant of Thomas Safford, who came from England to America in 1630, and was living in Ipswich, Mass., 1641. His maternal grandfather was descended from an ancient fam- ily of Hc>llanders in the time the Dutch possessed New York, then called New Amsterdam. He was a soldier of the Revolution from first to last ; was taken prisoner at Fort Washington, and was present at the surrender at Yorktown. James Merrill Safford was graduated from the Ohio uni- versity in 1844. and spent the following year in post-graduate study at Yale. He was professor of natural science at Cumberland university, Lebanon, Tenn., 1848-72, and was also state geol- ojU^^.S^^^ ogist of Tennessee, 1854-60. He was married, Aug. 24, 1852, to Mrs. Catherine Kennedy (How- ard) Owen of Lebanon, Tenn. He was a mem- ber of the state board of health of Tennessee, 1866-88. He was reappointed state geologist of Tennessee in 1871, and was continued in this office until 1889. In 1872 he was made professor of chemistry in the medical depart- ment of the Univer- sity of Nashville, which after 1874 was associated with the medical department of Vanderbilt univer- sity. He received the degrees of A.M. and Ph.D. from Yale in 1866, and that of M.D. from the University of Nashville in 1872. In 1875 he accepted the chair of geology in Vanderbilt university, which position he held until 1900 (25 years), when ad- vanced age and ill health caused him to retire from active work. Besides many papers on geol- ogical subjects, he published : Geological Recon- noissance of Tennessee (1856); Geology of Ten- nessee (1869), and assisted in the preparation of "Introduction to the Resources of Tennessee" (1874). As special agent of the U.S. census of 1880 he made a "Report on the Cotton Produc- tion of the State of Tennessee" (1884). and was an editor of " The Elements of the Geology of Tennessee" (1900). a school book by Foster and Webb, Nashville, Tenn. After an active life, he resided in 1903 with his daughter, Mrs. D. H. Morrow, in Dallas, Texas. SAFFORD, Truman Henry, mathematician, was born in Royalton. Vt., Jan. 6, 1836. At an early age his remarkable mathematical ability attracted attention. In 1845 he prepared an almanac, and at the age of fourteen calculated the elliptic elements of the first comet of 1849. He graduated from Harvard in 1854, and spent several successive years in study at the observa- tory. He was officially connected with Harvard observatory, 1854-66. being assistant observer in the Astronomical observatory. 1863-66. He was professor of astronomy in the University of Chicago, and director of the Dearborn observa- tory, 1865-74 : was connected with the U.S. coast survey, 1874-76, and was professor of astronomy. Williams college. 1876-1901. At different times, he devoted himself to computing the orbits of planets and comets, to making observations for a standard catalogue of right ascensions, to the study of the nebulae, and to latitude and longi- SAGE SAGE tude work in the territories for tlie U.S. corps of engineers. He was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Scieui-es : associate of the Royal Astronomical society of England ; a mem- ber of the Astronomische Gesellschaft. Leipzig ; a member of the Deutscher Geometer Verein, and a Fellow of the American As.sociation for tiio .\dvancement of Science. In 187S "Williams college gave him the degree of Ph.D. He pub- lished a continual star catalogue for Williams college, and two jMjlar-star catalogues for Har- vard obst-rvatory. He edited volumes IV and V of the '• -Vnnals of Harvard College Observatory," and is the author of: Mathematical Teaching ami lis Moilern Methmls. He died in Newark, X.J.. June 13. IDOL SAGE, Henry Williams, pliilanthropist, was born in Mi.UlK-towii. Conn.. Jan. 31, 1814; son of Charles and Sally (Williams) Sage; grandson of William and Elizabeth (Cook) Sage and of Josiah and Charity (Shaler) "Williams, and a descendant of David Sage, Middletown, 1652. His father was shipwrecked on the Florida coast in 1838, and murdered by the Indians. He had prepared for college, but in 1833 removed to Ithaca, N.Y., and eng;iged in the mercantile business with his uncle. He tnarried, Sept. 1, 1840. Susan, daughter of William Linn of Ithaca. In 1854 he became in- terested in the lumber regions of Canada and the west, bought e.xtensive tracts of timber land, and became successful as a lumber merchant. Later he erected the largest saw-mill in the country at Winona, Mich, He was a Whig member of tiie New York assembly in 1847 ; re- moved to Brooklyn, N.Y., in 1857, and returned to Ithaca in 1880. He was a trustee of Cornell university, 1870-97 ; president of the board, 1875- 97 ; and gave to the university $306,000 for tlie Sage college for women ; *50,000 for the Susan Linn Sage chair and $200,000 for the Susan Linn Sage School of Pliilosophy ; .$200,000 and an endowmt-nt of $300,000 for tlie University Lib- rary building ; $20,000 to the Museum of Classical Arclueology ; $11,000 for the erection of a house for the Sage professor of philosopliy, and $30,000 toward paying off a floating indebtedness. His other benefactions include the endowment of the Lyman Beecher lecture.ship on preaching at Yale college, the building and endowment of several churches and schools, and a public library at West Bay City, Mich. After his death his resi- dence, valued at ^"^0.000, together with an endow- ment of $100,000, was given to Cornell for a .stu- dents' hospital, by his sons Dean and William H. Sage. He died in Ithaca, N.Y.. Sept. 17. 1897. SAQE, Russell, financier, was born in Shenan- doah. Verona township, Oneida county, N.Y., Aug. 4, 1816; son of Elishaand Prudence (Risley) Sage. His parents removed to Durhamville, Oneida county, in 1818, and there lie worked on his father's farm, and attended the district school. In 1828 he became erraiul-boj' in the grocery store of his brother, Henrj' Risley Sage, at Troy, and in 1837 engaged in partnership with his eUler brother, Elisha Montague Sage, in a retail grocery store in Troy. A few years later, Ru.ssell bought out Ids brother's interest, and in 1839 made the business a wholesale concern, taking JiAin W. Bates as his partner. Tiie business rapidly increased, and lie interested himself in politics, serving as alder- man of Troy, 1845-48. and treasurer of Rensselaer county for several years. He was a delegate to the Whig national convention in 1848, where he supported Henry Clay as Presidential candidate; was the defeated Whig candidate for representa- tive in the 32d congress in 1850, and was elected a representative in the 33d and 34t}i congre.sses, serving, 1853-57, defeating Horatio Seymour, 1852. His father died in 1854, while he was in congress. In 1857 he engaged in financial business, tiirough the influence of Jay Gould, and in 1863 removed to New York city, and opened a broker's office in Wall Street, dealing principally in railroad stocks and bonds. He purchased a seat in the New York stock exchange in 1874, and, in association with Jay Gould, became one of the most prominent operators on the street, amassing one of the largest private fortunes in the United States, liis hold- ings being estimated in 1903 at about $75,000,000. He was vice-president and president of the Mil- waukee and St. Paul railroad for many years ; a director of the Union Pacific railroad, and a manager of Wabasli, St. Louis and Pacific, the Missouri Pacific, the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western, and the St. Louis and San Francisco railroads. He was a manager of the American Cable company, the Western Union Telegraph company, a director of the jNIanhattan Elevated Railway company, pre- sident of the Standard Gas Light company of New York, and a director of the Merchants' Trust company and the Fifth Avenue bank of New York city. He presented the Troy Female seminary with a new dormitor)' costing $200,000, in honor of his second wife and the memory of Mrs. Willard, who was Mrs. Sage's instructor, and also gave $50,000 to the Woman's Hospital in the State of New York, of which Mrs. Sage was a patron, for the erection of a new building. He was twice married ; first, in 1841, to Maria, daughter of Moses J. Winne of Troy, and secondly, in 1867, to Oliva, daughter of the Hon. Joseph Slocum of Syracuse, N.Y., and a graduate of the Troy Female seminary. SAQE, William, author, was born in Manches- ter, N.II., May 8, 1864 ; son of Daniel and Abby (Sage) McFarland. He assumed liis mother's maiden name, attended the celebrated "'Gunnery" ST. CLAIR ST. CLAIR '/ ^rw '-//-, ' yfh'^t school in Washington, Conn., and studied in France and Germany, 1881-95. He was employed in the railroad and banking business, and in 1897 adopted literature as a profession, beginning by writing sliort stories for magazines and news- papers. He is the author of : Robert Tournay (1900), and The Clayhornes (1902). ST.CLAIR, Arthur, soldier,was born in Thurso, Caithness, Scotland, in 1734 ; a descendant of William de St. Clair of Normandy, who settled in Scotland in the eleventh century, and from wliom was also descended the Earl of Roslin, (7-'>>^^'>v^^_^^^^ generally, but erro- -'''''','^>^ i-,QQygly^ supposed to have been the grand- ^^'~' father of Arthur St. / ^ Clair. At an early ^^ , age he entered the \ - / University of Edin- ^ / li burgh, and in 1755 '^^ r ' ^ was indentured to Dr. William Hunter, the celebrated Lon- don physician. On the death of his mother in the winter of 1756-57, he pur- chased his time, ob- tained an ensign's commission (dated May 13, 1757) in the Royal American regiment of foot, under Maj.-Gen. Jeffrey Amherst, and came to America, arriving before Louisburg in 1758. He took part in the capture of tliat city, July 26, 1758 ; was com- missioned lieutenant, April 17, 1759 ; assigned to the command of General Wolfe, and took a conspicuous part in the attack on Quebec, and in the siege of Montreal and the capitulation of the French posts in Canada, Sept. 8, 1760. St. Clair was married in Boston in 1759, while on a fur- lough, to Phoebe, da.ugliter of Belthazar Baj'ard, and Mary Bowdoin, his wife, who was a half sister of Governor James Bowdoin (q.v.). By his marriage St. Clair received £40,000, a legacy to his wife from her grandfather, and this, added to his own fortune, made him a wealthy man. He resigned his commission, April 16, 1762, and resided first in Boston and later in western Pennsylvania, in the Ligonier Valley, where he is said to have commanded Fort Ligonier, receiv- ing the title of captain. He became a large land owner ; was prominent in the military and civil life of that section, and erected the first, and for many years the only, grist mill in that section. He was appointed surveyor for the district of Cumberland, April 5, 1770 ; justice of the court of quarter sessions and common pleas in May, 1770, and was a member of the governor's council for Cumberland county, 1770-71, On the erec- tion of Bedford county in 1771, he was appointed by the governor a justice of the court, recorder of deeds, clerk of the Orphans' court and prothon- otary of the court of common pleas, and in the same year, with Moses McLean, lie ran a meridian line, nine and a half miles west of tiie meridian of Pittsburgii. In May, 1775, he participated in a meeting of the Scotch residents of Westmore- land, lield to protest against British aggressions, and later in the same year, wliile acting as secre- tary to the commissioners sent to treat with the Indians at Fort Pitt, St. Clair suggested a volun- teer expedition to surprise Detroit, and engaged between 400 aiad 500 young men, who agreed to undertake the project, which, however, although strongly recommended to congress by the com- missioners, was disapproved by that body on the ground that Arnold's forthcoming expedition would result in the fall not only of Quebec, but of Detroit. In December, 1775, St. Clair was com- missioned colonel of militia, and reported for duty at Philadelphia. On Jan. 22, 1776, he received orders to raise a regiment to serve in Canada, and on March 12, it left Philadelphia for the North, fully equipped, reaching Quebec, May 11, just in time to cover the retreat of General Thomas's army, which proceeded from that place to the mouth of the Sorel, having halted for a few days at Point Deschambault. Meantime St. Clair went to Montreal to consult with the committee of congress, and on May 15 he left for Sorel. On June 2, General Thomas died at Chambly. and the command devolved on General Thompson. On arriving at Sorel, St. Clair advised Thompson to occupy Three Rivers, and accordingly, on June 5, was despatched from the camp at Sorel to Nicolet, whence he was to cross the St. Lawrence. When Sullivan reached Sorel the same day and learned of the movement of St. Clair, he ordered Thomp- son to follow him with three regi- ments, and on •iving at Nicolet, Thompson assumed command. The British, however, had been informed of the approach of the Americans, and had laid a trap to mislead them, through tlie aid of a guide, into a morass, in which the army of Thompson was nearly mired. In this dilemma ST. CLAIR ST. CLAIR they were attacked by the Britisli. and the disas- trous battle of Tliree Rivers followed, in which Thompson was t^iken prisoner, and tiie coniinand of the rt'treating Aniericans devolved iijmn St. Clair, who, while feij^niiig a second attack, with- drew his men and crossed the river in safety, reaching Sorel two or three days later. Sullivan then retreated to Crown Point, and later to Ti- conderoga. St. Clair was appointed brigadier- general. Aug. 9. 1776 ; left the northern depart- ment, and joined General "Washington in New Jersey, where he organized the state militia. He commanded his brigaile in the battles of Trenton and Princeton, and at the latter guarded the fords of tlie Assanpink and proposed to Washington turning the enemy's left and marching to tlie North. In recognition of his distinguished services he was commissioned major-general. Feb. 19, 1777, and succeeded Colonel Reed as adjutant-general of the army in March, 1777. He was ordered to the northern department and appointed to the command of Fort Ticonderoga, reaching there, June 12, 1777. and finding a small garrison badly armed and clad and without magazines. His force of 2.200 was obviously inadequate to hold the works against Burgoyne's force of 7,8G3 well armed men, and St. Clair ordered the fort evacuated. The Americans were pursued by the British and reached Fort Edward, July 12, 1777. St. Clair was severely censured for evacuating the post. On Aug. 20, 1777, he left the northern department to report at headquarters and await an inquiry into his conduct. He demanded a court-martial, and joined in the campaign under Washington, serving as voluntary aide-de-camp at the battle of Brandy wine, Sept. 11, 1777. The court-martial was delayed until September, 1778, when it was held with Major-General Lincoln as president, and reached the following verdict : " The court, having duly considered the charges against Major-General St. Clair, and the evidence, are unanimously of opinion, that he is not guilty of either of the charges preferred against him, and do unanimously acquit him of all and every of them with the highest honor." He took part in the preparation of Gen. John Sullivan's expe- dition against the Six Nations ; was a member of the court-martial that condemned Major Andre ; was in command at West Point in October, 1780, and in November was given temporary com- mand of the corps of light infantry until the return of General La Fayette. He was active in suppressing the mutiny among the Pennsylvania troops under Gen. Anthony Wayne in January, 1781 ; engagetl in raising troops in Pennsylvania, and in forwarding tlu'm to Virginia. He joined Washington in October, 1781, in time to take part in the surrender of Yorktown by Cornwallis. In 1782 he returned to his home at Westmoreland, Pa., and found himself financially ruined. He was a member of the council of i-ensors in 17>So ; was vendue-master of Philadelphia, and as a delegate from Pennsylvania took his seat in the Continental congress, Feb. 20, 1780, being elected its president, Feb. 2, 1787. On Oct. 5, 1787, he was elected first governor of the newly formed Northwestern Territory', and served at Fort Har- mer, Ohio, July 9, 1788. The civil government of the Territory was estal)lished, and Governor St. Clair took oflSce at Marietta, July 15, 1788. Ho drafted a bill for the government of the North- western Territory, which was introduced in the U.S. house of representatives in July, 1789. and which passed both houses without opposition. This act gave the sanction of the national legisla- ture to all the important provisions of the famous ordinance of 1787 (see sketch of ]\Ianasseh Cutler), including the compac^t for the inhibition of slavery. St. Clair went to New York to concert measures with General Knox for the settlement of tlie difficulties with the Indians on the borders, and while there assisted in the inauguration of President Washington, April 30, 1789. He seriously considered resigning the territorial governorship and retui'ning to Pennsylvania to enter actively into political life, and in July, 1789, he received a letter from James Wilson, asking if he would stand for the presidency of Pennsylvania. Later in the year, however, he returned to the west, and in the winter of 1790 he was joined by his son Arthur, and his three daughters, Louisa, Jane and Margaret, Mrs. St. Clair remaining in the East. On Dec. 20, 1789, ho started on a trip to tiie Illinois country, stopping en route at Fort Washington, where, on Jan. 4, 1790, he issued a proclamation establishing Hamil- ton county. Courts were organized, officers and judges appointed and Cincinnati (so named by Governor St. Clair, it having previously been known as Losantiville) declared the county seat. The next and third county to be laid out was St. Clair county, April 27, 1790, with Kankoski as the county seat. Ui)on his recommendation it was decided to send a formidable military force into the Miami country against the Indians, and erect a series of forts, and he was appointed to conduct the expedition in person, being given the rank of major-general. In a battle fought on a creek branching from the Wabash river, Nov. 4, 1791, he was surprised, and thearmy of untrained soldiers fled in disorder to Fort JefTerson. The matter was thoroughly investigated by congress, and St. Clair was exonerated of all blame. He resigned his commission in the army, and was succeeded by Gen. Anthony W.-iyne. In 1796, after unsuccessful attempts to induce a com- petent lawyer to accept the office of attorney- general of the Territory, the governor prevailed SAINT GAUDENS SAINT GAUDKNS upon nis son, Arthur St. Clair, Jr., a promising young attorney at Pittsburgh, to remove to Cincinnati and take the office. This step, although a great personal sacrifice on the part of the son, later subjected the governor to unjust criticism. Early in 1802 charges were preferred against him, and on Nov. 22, he was removed from office by President Jefferson. His removal is generally acknowledged to have been a political partisan movement. Returning to Pennsylvania he gather- ed his family about him at Ligonier. Although at the beginning of the Revolution he had owned seven hundred acres of good land, which promised to become very valuable, his losses in the war were such that he was forced to give up his estate, whicii passed to James Galbraith, from him to James Ramsey and thence to his son, John Ram- sey, who founded upon it the town of Ligonier, Pa. After the sale of his home he removed to a small log house on the summit of Chestnut Ridge, where he passed his remaining years in great privation, his eldest daughter, Mrs. Louisa Robb, sharing his fortunes. The Pennsylvania legisla- ture granted him $400 a year in 1813, and in 1817 congress settled $2,000 and a pension of $60 a rnonth upon him. He was a member of the American Philosophical society ; an original mem- ber of the Society of the Cincinnati, and president of the State Society for Pennsylvania, 1783-89 ; and is the autlior of : A Narrative of the Manner in which the Campaign Against the Indians in the Year 1791 was Conducted (1812). While driving to Youngstown for provisions, he was thrown from his wagon and fatally injured. The Masonic society erected a monument to his memory in the cemetery of Greensburg, Pa., bearing these words: "TJie Earthly Remains of Major-General Arthur St. Clair are deposited beneath this humble monument, which is erected to supply the place of a nobler one due from his country." See " The St. Clair Papers" by Wil- liam Henry Smith (3 vols., 1882). He died at Chestnut Ridge, Pa., Aug. 31, 1818. SAINT GAUDENS, Augustus, sculptor, was born in Dublin, Ireland, March 1, 1848 ; son of Bernard Paul Ernest and Mary (McGuinness) Saint Gaudens. His father, a native of Saint Gaudens, Haut Garonne in the Pyrenees, settled in Dublin early in the nineteenth century, and came to the United States with his wife and son in 1848, locating in New York. Augustus attended the public schools, studied drawmg in the eve- ning classes of the Cooper Institute, 1861-65, and at the National Academy of Design, 1865-66, and meanwhile learned the trade of a cameo cutter. He studied sculpture under JoufTroy at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris, 1867-70, and continued his .studies in Rome, 1870-72, wliere he produced his first figure, Hiawatha, in 1871. In 1872 he opened a studio in New York city, and made a second visit to Paris and Rome, 1878-80, removing his studio to Paris in 1898. He was married in 1877 to Augu.sta F., daugiiter of Thomas J. Homer of Boston, Mass. He was made a National Acade- mician in 1889 ; a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; a corresponding member of the Institute of France ; an officer of the Legion of Honor ; president of the Society of American Artists, which he was instrumental in founding ; one of the founders of the American Academy in Rome ; a member of the National Sculpture society, the Architectural league, the Century association, and of various social clubs of New York. He was also a supporter of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the National Academy of Design. He was awarded a medal of honor at the Paris exhibition, 1900 ; a special medal of honor at the Pan-American exposition, Buffalo. 1901 ; and received the degrees LL.D. from Harvard and L.H.D. from Princeton in 1897. His more important works include the bas- relief. Adoration of the Cross by Angels, in St. Thomas's church, New York ; statue of Admiral Farragut, New York city (1880); of Abraham Lincoln, Chicago, 111. (1887); The Puritan, a statue of Samuel Chapin, Springfield, Mass. (1887); statues of John A. Logan, Chicago (1897), Peter Cooper, New York (1897); Shaw Memorial, ROBERT COULP SHA>A/ Boston Common, facing the State House, unveiled Memorial Day, 1897 ; figure over the grave of Mrs. Henry Adams, Rock Creek cemetery, Washing- ton ; monument to General Sherman for New York (unveiled, 1903); portrait busts of William M. Evarts (1872-73). Theodore D. Woolsey (1876), and Gen. William T. Sherman (1888). and medal- lions of Bastien Le Page (1879). Robert Louis Stevenson (1887), Rev. Henry W. Bellows. D.D., W. Dean Howells. Dr. James McCosh of Prince- ton, Mr. Justice Horace Gray (1901). Mr. and :\rrs. Wayne ]\IcVeagh (1902). and many otliers. He also modeled tlie caryatids in the Cornelius Vanderbilt house, New York city ; the main fagade ST. JOHN ST. PALAIS of the Boston Public library ; assisted John La- Farge in the decorations of Trinity church. Boston, and in 11*03 comploto.l a portrait statue of Phillips Brooks ft>r the triangular space between the north transept of the cliurcli and the ciiapel. ST. JOHN, Charles Elliott, clergyman, was born in Prairie tiu Cliiou, Wis., Dec. 19, 1856; son of Thomas Elliott and Henrietta (Knox) St. John. He attended the high school in Worcester. Mass. ; was graduated from Harvard college, A.B., 1879, A.M., 1S8;3. and from Harvard Divinity .school, B.D., 1SS3 ; oi\lained to tlie Unitarian ministry in tiie latter year, and served as pastor of the Second Congregational church, Northampton, Mass.. 1883-91. He was married, June 26. 1888, to Martha Elizabeth, daughter of George Draper and Martha (Plummer) Everett of Dover, Mass. He was pastor of the First Unitarian church, Pittsburg. Pa., 1891-1900. and in July, 1900. was appointed secretary of the American Unitarian association of Boston, Mass. ST. JOHN, Isaac Munroe, engineer, was born in Augusta, Ga., Nov. 19, 1827 ; son of Isaac R. and Abby R. (Munroe) St. John. He was grad- uated at Yale, A.B., 1845, A.M., 1848; studied law in New York cit}-, and in 1847 became as- sistant editor of the Patriot, at Baltimore, Md. He subsequently engaged in civil engineering on tiie Baltimore and Ohio railroad until 1855, and superintended divisions in the construction of the Blue Ridge railroad in Georgia, 1855-61. He was a private in the Fort Hill Guards, South Carolina state troops, in February, 1861 ; was transferred to engineer duty in April, 1861, and became engineer-in-chief of the Confederate forces on the Peninsula under Gen. John B. Magruder. He was promoted major and chief of the mining and nitre bureau corps in ^lay, 1862, and subsequently rose through the various grades to the rank of brigadier-general, attaining the position of commissary-general of the Confed- erate States army in 1865. He was married dur- ing the progress of the civil war to a daughter of Col. J. L. Carrington of Richmond, Va. He was chief engineer of the Louisville, Cincinnati and Lexington railroad, 1866-69 ; city engineer of Louisville. Ky., making its first topographical map and establishing the sewerage system, 1870-71, and consulting engineer of the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad, and chief engineer of the Lexington and Big Sandy railroad, 1871-80. He died at the Green- brier. Whit" Sulphur Springs.W.Va.. April 7, 1880. ST. JOHN, John Pierce, governor of Kansas, was born in Brook ville, Ind., Feb. 25. 1833 ; son of Samuel and Sophia (Snell) St. John ; grand- son of Daniel and Mercy (Gardner) St. John. The St. Johns are of Huguenot descent. He worked on his father's farm and in a country store ; attended the district school, and removed /hiiiiyi/^^mio to California in 1853, where he shipped for a voy- age to South America, Mexico, Central America and the Sandwich Islands. He also served in the Indian wars in California and Oregon, engaged in mining, and removed to Charleston, 111., in 1859. He was mar- ried, March 28, 1860, to Susan J. Parker, daughter of Col. Na- thaniel Parker of Ciiarleston, 111. He was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1861, practised in Charles- ton, and in 1862 was arrested and tried under the Illinois "Black Laws," on the criminal charge of harboring a colored person, and was ac- quitted. He aided in organizing the 68th Illinois volunteers in 1862. in which he served as captain ; was detached and assigned as acting assistant adjutant-general, under Gen. John P. Slough ; commanded the troops at Camp Mattoon, 111., in 1S64; was appoint- ed lieutenant-colonel of the 143d Illinois infantr}-, and served in the Mississippi valley until tiie close of the war. He practised law in Independ- ence, Mo., 1865-69, and in Olathe, Kan., from 1869 ; was a member of the Kansas senate. 1873- 74 ; was Republican governor of the state for two terms, 1879-83. and was nominated for President of the United States on tiie Prohibition ticket in 1884, from which year he advocated prohibition, woman suffrage, and the free coinage of both gold and silver. He also opposed the war in the Philippines, 1898-1901, and lectured extensively on these subjects. ST. PALAIS, James Maurice de Long d'Aus= sac de, R.C. bishop, was born at La t:'"lvatat, diocese of Monti)elier, France, Nov. 15, 1811. He attended the College of St. Nicholas du Chardonet at Paris, and the Seminary of St. Sulpice, 1830- 36. He was ordained, May 28, 1836. at Paris, France, by Mgr. de Quelin, archbishop of Paris, and was sent to America as a missionary. He arrived at Vincennes, Ind., and established a church about thirty-five miles east of that town. After building several churches in Indiana, he removed to Chicago in 1839, and began a labor among the Indians. In the face of much opposi- tion, he built St. Mary's church, which became the first cathedral of the diocese of Chicago. In 1844 he was removed to Logansport. in 1846 went to Madison, and in 1847 was appointed vicar- general and superior of the ecclesiastical semi- nary at Vincennes. He became administrator of SALISBURY SALM SALM the diocese of Yincennes on the death of Bishop Bazin, April 23, 1848 ; was precanonized, Oct. 3, 1848, aud was consecrated bishop of Yincennes, Ind., Jan. 14, 1849. by Bishop Niles of Nashville, assisted by Bisliops Spalding of Louisville, aud Hypolite Dupoutance of Madison, Ind. He erected many churches and two orphan asylums ; per- suaded the Benedictines to send a colony to Indiana in 1849, and twice visited Europe in the interest of his diocese. He attended the Yatican council iu 1869 and established the Franciscan Fathers at Oldenburg, and at Indianapolis. Many female orders owe their admission into the diocese to his administration. He died at St. Mary's of tlie Woods, Yigo co.. Ind.. June 28, 1877. SALISBURY, Edward Elbridge, orientalist, was born in Boston, Mass., April 6, 1814; son of Josiah and Abby (Breese) Salisbury : grandson of Samuel and Elizabeth (Sewall) Salisbury and of Samuel and Elizabeth (Anderson) Breese, and a descend- ant of John Salisbury of Boston, Mass., about 1689. and his second wife, Bridget Williams ; also of Sidney Breese. who was in New York as early as 1733-34, and his wife, Elizabeth Penkethman. He was graduated from Yale, A.B., 1832, A.M., 1835 ; attended Yale Divinity school. 1832-35, and studied Oriental languages under Silvestre de Sacy. Garcin de Tassy and Franz Bopp, 1836-39. He was married, first, April 27, 1836, to Abigail Salisbury, daughter of Edward and Mary (Salis- bury) Phillips of Boston, Mass. ; and secondly, Nov. 23, 1872. to Evelyn, daughter of Judge Charles Jo!uison and Sarah Ann (Lord) McCurdy of Lyme, Conn. H ; was professor of Arabic and Sanskrit languages and literature at Yale, 1841- 54, which chair liad been created for him, and in ]8r)4 he divided the chair with William Dwight Wliitney, retaining the professorship of Arabic language and literature. He was corresponding secretary of the American Oriental society and its president in 1863 ; was elected a member of tlie Asiatic society of Paris in 1838 ; correspond- ing member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences and Belles Lettres at Constantinople in 1855, and of the German Oriental society in 1859. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Yale in 1869, and by Harvard in 1886. He presented Yale with his unequalled Sanskrit library in 1870. He conducted the Journal of the American Oriental society for several years, and contributed many articles. He is the author of: Account of the Diodati Family (printed privately, 1875); Principles of Domestic Taste, a lecture delivered before the Yale School of the Fine Arts (1877); Family Meviorials (1885); and Family Histories and Genealogies (1892), the lat- ter in collaboration with his wife, Evelyn Mac- Curdy Salisbury. He died in New Haven, Conn., Feb. 5, 1901. SALLEV, Alexander Samuel, Jr., author, was born in Orangeburg county. S.C., June 16. 1871 ; son of Alexander McQueen and Sallie (McMichael) Salley ; grandson of Alexander Samuel and Julia Eliza (Murrowe) Salley and of Cephas Manly and Rachel Elizabeth (Jennings) McMichael, and a descendant of Capt. John Salley (1740-1794), of the Revolution. He attended Sheridan's classical school. Orangeburg. S.C., 1881-87 ; was graduated from the South Carolina Military academy. 1892 ; served on the engineer corps of the World's Columbian exposition, August-September, 1892 ; was private secretary to William Elliott, repre- sentative, 1896 ; employed on the Neics and Courier, Charleston, S.C., 1896-99 ; admitted to the bar in the latter year, and also elected sec- retary and treasurer and librarian of the South Carolina Historical society. His publications include : History of Orangeburg County. S.C. (1898); Bibliography of William Gillmore Simms (1897), and Henry Timrod (1899) for the South- ern History association of Washington, D.C.. and other bibliographies, reports and articles on historical subjects. He also edited Tlie South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine (Yols. 1. 2. 3 and 4. 1900-1903). SALLMON, William Henry, educator, was born in London. Ontario. Canada, Sept. 6. 1866 ; son of Christopher and Mary (Mcilurdoch) Sall- mon. He was engaged in mercantile business in London, Ontario, 1884-85 ; was secretary of the Young Men's Christian association, Port Henry, N.Y., 1886-87; Newburgh, N.Y., 1887-89, and was graduated from Yale, A.B,, 1894, A.M.. 1897. He was traveling secretary of the Australasian Student Christian union. 1897-1900; traveled in Egypt, Palestine and Southeastern Europe. 1900 ; was a member of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, 1897-1900 ; pas- tor of tlie South church, Bridgeport, Conn., 1902, and in January, 1903, became president of Carle- ton college, Northfield, Minn. He was married, Feb. 17, 1903, to Alice Bussey. daughter of Fred- erick and Mary (Baldwin) Trubee of Bridgeport, Conn. He is the author of several studies in the life of Jesus and of other religious publications. SALM SALM, Agnes, Princess, philanthro- pist, was born in S wanton. Yt., or Phillip.s- burg, Quebec, Dec. 25,1840; daughter of William L. and Julia (WiUard) Joy. She was married, Aug. 30, 1862, in Washington, D.C.. to Prince Felix Salm Salm, then colonel and chief of staff to Gen. Louis Blenker, and became his insepa- rable companion throughout his varied and rom- antic career. During the civil war her unfailing cheerfulness, warm sympathies and womanly ministries endeared her to the men confined in the Federal hospitals. Her husband reached the rank of l)rigadier-general by brevet, April 13, SALOMON SALPGIN'iE 1865. and was later military governor of Atlanta, the popularity and intluence of the Princess aiding materially in tlie recognition and reward of iiis talents as a soldier. In 1866 the Prince j )ined t lie forces of Maxinulian in Mexico, and with him was captured at Queretaro, M.iy 15, 1867, and condemned to deatli, his life being spared through the entreaties of the Princess, who rode d:iy and night between his prison and the Liberal headquarters, negotiating terms, securing delay of judicial proceedings and beseeching President Juarez to release the emperor and her husband. For her efforts in his behalf Maximilian decorated her with the Grand Cordon of the Order of San Carlos; his mother, Archduchess Sophie, gave her his miniature set in an emerald bracelet, and the Eiuperor of Austria granted her a pension. After Maximilian's execution. Prince Salm Salm return- ed to Europe, published in 1808. '■ My Diary in Mexico." and was appointed major of the Queen Augusta regiment of the Prussian guards, his wife obtaining permission from General von Steinraetz in July, 1870. to accompany his staff with the army of invasion in the Franco-Prussian war. Prince Salm Salm was killed while heroic- ally leading his battalion at Gravelotte. Aug. 18. 1870. Both before and after the death of her husband. Princess Salm Salm exerted herself to the utmost, organizing hospitals and distributing supplies among the sick and wounded. She was recommended for the Order of the Iron Cross (an honor reserved for men) and received the Prus- sian medal of honor made from captured cannon, a bracelet from Empress Augusta, and letters of thanks from the commanding generals of the armies in which she ministered. She married sec- ondly. 1876, Charles Heneage, of the British em- bassy at Berlin. In 1899 she revisited the United States, to restore to the survivors, flags of the 8th and 68th New York regiments which her husband had commanded, and she was made an honorary member of the Blenker Veteran association. In the same year she was also made an honorary member of the New York Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution. She returned to America again in 1900 for the purpose of raising funds to equip an ambulance corps for the relief of the wounded in the South African war. She is the author of : Ten Years of My Life (1875). SALOMON, Edward, governor of Wisconsin, was born at Stroebeck, near Halberstadt, Prussia, Aug. 11, 1828; son of Christoph and Dorothea (Klussmann) Salomon. He was a student at the College at Halberstadt and the University of Berlin, and in 1849 came to the United States with his brother, Frederick, and settled at Manitowoc, Wis., where he was successively school teacher, county surveyor and deputy clerk of tlie circuit court. In lb55 he was admitted to the bar in Milwaukee, Wis., and practised law there until 1869. He was married. May 14, 1858, to Elise Nebel of Liege, Belgium. He was elected lieu- tenant-governor of Wiscon- sin on the Republican ticket with Louis P. Harvey, Re- publican and Independent, for governor in 1861, and on April 19, 1862, on the death of Governor Harvey, suc- ceeded to the office, and filled it until Jan. 4, 1864. He engaged in the practice of law in New York city in 1869, where he be- came consul for the German empire. In May, 1894, he retired from business and settled at Frankfort-on-Main. Germany. SALOMO.N, Frederick, soldier, was born near Halberstadt, Prussia, April 7, 1826 ; son of Chris- toph and Dorothea Salomon. Christoph Salomon was an officer in the army, and later in tlie civil service of Prussia. Frederick Salomon was edu- cated in the gymnasium at Halberstadt, became a government surveyor, and subsequently a lieu- tenant of artillery. He attended the Berlin school of architecture in 1848, and in 1849 immi- grated to the United States with his brother Edward, and engaged in surveying at Manitowoc, AVis. He was county register of deeds four years; chief engineer of the Manitowoc and Wisconsin railroad. 1857-59, and in 1861 entered the 5th IMis- souri volunteers as captain for three months, serv- ing at Carthage, Dug Springs and Wilson's Creek. In Januarj-, 1862, he was appointed colonel. 9th Wisconsin infantry, which he commanded at Fort Scott, Kan. He was promoted brigadier- general of volunteers, July 10. 1862. command- ing the 2d brigade in the Indian expedition and the 1st brigade, Army of the Frontier, in the battles of Newtonia, Mo., Cane Hill, Ark., and Prairie Grove, Mo. He was assigned to the com- mand of the 2d brigade in Gen. A. P. Hovey's division in Januarj-. 1863; on May 15, 1803, to the command of the 13th division. Army of the Tennessee, and on June 2, 1863, of all the United States forces around Helena, Ark., where he defeated the enemy under General Holmes. Juh' 4, 1863. He was placed in command of the 3d division, 7th army corps. Sept. 27, 1863, served in the Red River expedition. 1864, and in Arkan- sas, 1864-65. In March. 1865, he was brevetted major-general of volunteers, and was mustered out, Aug. 25, 1865. He subsequently settled in Utah Territory, where he served as surveyor- general for several }'ears. He died at Salt Lake, Utah, :March 9. 1897. SALPOINTE, Jean Baptist, R.C. archbishop, was born at St. Maurice. France, Feb. 21, 1825. He was prepared for college in Ajain, and attended successively the College of Clermont and the SALTER SALTONSTALL Seminary of Clermont, Ferraud, where he was ordained priest, Dec. 30, 1851. He was profes- sor in the preparatory Seminary of Clermont, 1851-59 ; and came to the United States in 1859, engaging in missionary work as parish priest at Mora, New Mexico, 1859-66, and as vicar-general of Arizona, 1866-68. He was elected bishop of "Dory la" in partibus and vicar-apostolic of Arizona, Sept. 25, 1868, and was consecrated at Clermont, Ferraud, France. June 20, 1869. His diocese included Arizona, New Mexico and part of Texas, in wliich he organized many new con- gregations, schools and hospitals. He was trans- ferred to Santa Fe, New Mexico, as coadjutor to Archbishop Lamy, April 23, 1884 ; was promoted titular archbishop of " Anazarba," Oct. 3, 1884, and succeeded to the see of Santa Fe, July 18, 1885. He resigned the archbishopric, Jan. 7, 1894; received the title " Archbishop of Tomi"^)^ partibus, Jan. 21, 1894, and retired to Bussieres, Pruns, Paraigueperse, Puy de Dome. France. He died in Tucson, Arizona. July 16, 1898. SALTER, Moses Buckingham, A.M.E. bishop, was born in Charleston, S.C, Feb. 13, 1841 ; son of Moses Buckingham and Mary M. Salter. He joined the Methodist church, 1856 ; was a class leader. 1860 ; one of the founders of the A.M.E. cimrch in Charleston, S.C, 1865 ; ordained deacon, 1807 ; eliler, 1868 ; was presiding-elder of Aiken district, 1868-70, and a student in Wilberforce university, 1870-74. He was married, Sept. 2, 1874, to Priscilla Smith of Aiken ; was pastor of Emanuel church, Charleston, 1875, and served various other pastorates until his consecration as bishop in 1892. In 1903 his residence was in Charleston, S.C. SALTER, William Dayton, naval officer, was born in New York city, Aug. 23, 1794 ; son of Thomas and Charlotte (Daj'ton) Salter ; grand- son of Manassah and Catharine (Wright) Salter, and of Jonathan Dayton, and a descendant of Ricliard Salter, who came from England to Mon- mouth county, N.J., 1665, and Sarah Bowne, his wife. ^"S5^^^^«S^^^ frigate Constitution, during the fight with the Guerriere, Aug. 19, 1812, and was the last survivor of the crew of the Constitution in 1868. He was promoted lieutenant, Dec. 9, 1814 ; commander, March 3, 1831, and captain, March 3, 1839. He was married to Margaret Armstrong. He was placed on the reserved list, Jan. 4, 1856 ; com- manded tlie navy yard at Brooklyn, N.Y., 1856- 59, and was promoted commodore on the reserved list, April 4, 1867. He died at Elizabetli, N.J., Jan. 3, 1869. SALTONSTALL, Dudley, naval officer, was born in New London, Conn., Sept. 8, 1738 ; son of Gurdon (q.v.) and Rebecca (Winthrop) Salton- stall. He received a liberal education, and be- came a sea captain in the merchant service. He was married in 1765 to Frances, daughter of Dr. Joshua Babcock of Westerly, R.I. He command- ed tlie Alfred, flagship of Commander-in-Cliief Esek Hopkins's squadron, of which John Paul Jones was second in command, and in February, 1776, took part in the attack on New Providence, and with Abraham Whiffle was brought before the marine committee with Admiral Hopkins, charged witli breacli of orders, but the captain was acquitted, and he was appointed fourth in the list of captains in the Continental nav^-, Oct. 10, 1776, and transferred to the frigate Trumbull. He was commodore of the fleet that sailed from Boston in July, 1779, for the purpose of reducing tlie British post at Castine, Maine. Gen. Solomon Lovell commanding the militia, refused to co-operate with Saltonstall, and tlie attack was delayed till the arrival of Sir George Collier with a superior naval force. In the attack which followed, the American vessels were aban- doned or burned, and the soldiers and sailors marched through the wilderness to Falmouth and thence to Boston. A court of inquiry shielded the state militia, and laid the blame upon Salton- stall, a Continental officer, hoping to make the Continental government responsible in part for the $7,000,000 which the expedition had cost Massachusetts. He was dismissed from the ser- vice, Oct. 7, 1779, and subsequently commanded the privateer Minerva, capturing among otlier prizes the Hannah, a British merchant ship, with a cargo valued at £80,000. He died in the West Indies in 1796. SALTONSTALL, Gurdon, governor of Con- necticut, was born in Haverliill, Mass., March 27, 1666 ; son of Nathaniel and Elizabeth (Ward) Saltonstall ; grandson of Richard and Muriel (Gurdon) Saltonstall and of the Rev. John and Alice (Edmunds) Ward, and a descendant of Sir Richard and Grace (Kaye) Saltonstall. He was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1684. A.M., 1687; served as butler of the college, 1684-85 ; was or- dained minister of the church at New London, Conn., Nov. 25, 1691 ; became celebrated as a preaclier, and was invited to accompany Win- throp to England to settle political difficulties in 1693. He was chosen to succeed Gov. Fitz-John Winthrop in office at the latter's death, and SALTONSTALL SAMPLE served as governor by annual election, 1708-24. lie refused to be agent of the colonj- conveying tlie address to Queen Anne urging the comiuest of Canada in 170'J. but aided in raising a large force for tlie disastrous expedition of Sir Hoven- deu Walker, and in 1713 becunie personally re- sponsible for the credit of the colony, which had become involved througli the expenses incurred in Canada. The Saybrook platform, which re- sulted from liis urging ecclesiastical discipline, was in some iiniK)rtant respects in harmony witli the Presbyterian polity. He was instrumental in introducing the printing press into the colony, setting the first one up in his residence in 1709, and was also prominent in locating Yale college at New Uaven, instead of at Hartford. He was married first, to Jerusha, daughter of James and Sarah (Gil)bons) hichards of Hartford, Conn. ; secondly, to Elizabetli, daugliter of AVilliam and Catlierine (Russell) Kosewell of Branford, Conn., and thirdly, to Mary, daughter of William and Mary (Lawrence) Wliittingham of Boston, Mass., and widow of William Clarke. He died in New L.n.lon. Conn.. Sept. 20. 1724. SALTONSTALL, Leverett, representative, was born in Haverhill. Mass., June I'S, 1783 ; son of Dr. Nathaniel and Anna (White) Saltonstall ; grandson of Col. Ricliard and Mary (Cooke) Saltonstall and of Samuel White, and a descen- dant of Sir Richard Saltonstall. He attended Phillips academy at Exeter ; was graduated at Harvard, A.B.. 1802, A.M., 1805 ; studied law under William Prescott at Salem, and practised there, 1805-43. He was married, March 7, 1811, to Mary Elizal>eth, daughter of Thomas Sanders of Salem, Mass. He was a member and speaker of the Massachusetts house of representatives ; presi- dent of the senate in 1831 : first mayor of Salem, 1S36-38. and a presidential elector on the Webster ticket in 1837. He was a Whig representative in the 25th congress as successor to Stephen C. Phillips, resigned, and in the 26th and 27th con- gres.ses, serving, 1838-43. He was an overseer of Harvard. 183.5-45 ; a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; president of tlie Bible society, the Essex Agricultural society, tlie Es.sex Bar as.sociation, and a member of the Mass- achusetts Historical society. At his death he left most of his library to Phillips Exeter academy, and a sum of money to purchase books for the Harvard library. He is the author of : Historical Sketch of Ildverhill. He received the honorary 2-()3 ; was an instructor at the U.S. Naval academy in 1864 ; .served on the Pdfapsco, of the South Atlantic blockading squadron off Charleston, as executive officer, and on Jan. 16, 1i^^^^aa^<^jU^>*t^ 1805, 5ie was ordered to enter Charleston harbor, and remove and destroy all submarine mines and torpedoes protecting the city. Under a heavy fire the Pataj)SCO succeeded in entering the harbor, but was blown up by a sunken mine. Sampson was rescued about one hundred feet from the wreck, but seventj' of his crew were drowned. He was promoted lieutenant-comman- der. July 25, 18G6 ; served on the steam frigate Col- orado, flagsliip of the European stpiadron, 1865- 67 ; was stationed at the L^.S. Naval academy as in- structor, 1868-71 ; commanded the Congress on the Eurojiean station, 1872-73 ; was promoted com- mander, Aug. 9, 1874; assigned to the Alert, and was again instructor at the Naval academy. 1876- 78. He commanded the Swatara in Chinese waters, 1879-82. He was proficient in science, being especially interested in physics, chemistry, metal- lurgy and astronomy ; was sent in 1878 to Creston, Iowa, to report a total eclipse of the sun ; was as- signed to duty as assistant superintendent of the U.S. Naval observatory, 1882-85 ; was on dutj' at the torpedo station. Newport, R.I. ; a member of the international prime meridian council in 1884 ; a member of the board of fortifications and other defences, 1885-86, and a delegate to the interna- tional maritime conference in 1889. He was promoted captain in March. 1889. and commanded the cruiser San Francisco during a tour of duty on the Pacific coast, 1890-93. He was cliief of tiie bureau of ordnance, 1893-97, and on June 16, 1897. was given command of the battleship loiva, at that time the most formidable vessel in tlie U.S. navy. He was pi-esiding officer of the board of inquiry to ascertain the cause of the destruc- tion of the battleship Maine in Havana liarbor, in February. 1898, and on the outbreak of the war with Spain, he commanded tlie North Atlantic squadron, with the rank of acting rear- admiral. He was commander-in-cliief of the U.S. naval forces operating in the North Atlantic off the coast of Cuba, and planned the blockade of the harbor of Santiago that effectually pre- vented the escape of the Spanish fleet under Cervera. The blockading fleet was arranged in a semi-circle six miles from the entrance of tiie harbor by day, and four by night. The fleet co- operated with tlie land forces under General Shafter, who had his headquarters at Sebony, and on the morning of Juh' 3. Sampson, in his flagship Xew York, left the squadron in order to confer with Shafter at that jdace. During his absence the Spanish fleet was discovered coining out of the harbor, and by concerted action of the captains in command of the respective blockading vessels they immediately closed in and engaged theeiiemy. .\ running fight was kept up for about four hours, when theSiianish fleet was entirely de- stroved. The Xeiv York returned in time to witness SAMSON SANBORX the close of the great naval battle, but was unable to get within range. The fleet then co-operated with Shafter in the bombardment of Santiago, July 10-11, 1898 ; and after the surrender of the Spanish laud forces Sampson was appointed a member of the commission to arrange for the evacuation of Cuba. He was promoted com- modore, July 6, 1898 ; made an extended cruise in West Indian waters in 1899, aud returned to the United States in tlie spring of 1899. A difference of opinion between the respective admirers of S;i;npson and Schley, as to tlie relative part taken by each in the destruction of the Spanish fleet, carried on by the press, prevented the prompt advance in rank of any of the participants in the Santiago campaign, and in answer to a letter fro!n Sampson addressed to the President, March 9, 1899, in which he offered to waive all personal interests, if tlie other officers could receive ad- vancement as recommended by him, President McKinley, on March 13, 1899, commended his dis- interested action, assured him of the highest appreciation of his services as commander-in-chief of the Atlantic naval forces in blockading Cuba, co-operating with the army and dii-ecting the movements that after the most effective prepara- tion consummated in the destruction of the Spanish fleet, and reminded him that it was in recognition of such services that he had recom- mended him to the senate for the advancoTuent he had earned. In 1899 a jewelled sword was presented him by the state of New Jersey. He was promoted rear-admiral, March 3, 1899 ; com- manded the Charlestown navy yard, Mass., 1899- 1902, and was retired, .Jan. 1, 1902. The iionorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Yale in 1901. He was twice married; first, in 1863, to Margaret Seton Aldrich of Palmyra, and secondly, 1882, to Elizabeth Susan Burling of Rochester, N.Y. He died in Washington, D.C., May 6, 1902. SAMSON, George Whitfield, educator, was born at Harvard, Mass., Sept. 29, 1819 : son of the Rev. Abisha and Mehetable (Kenrick) Samson, and seventh in descent from Abraham Samson, one of the early Plymouth Pilgrims, and also (maternally) from one of the early Boston Puri- tans. He attended the Worcester Manual Labor IX. — 1.5 school, 1833-35, was graduated at Brown in 1839, and at the Newton Theological institution in 18-13, and was assistant principal at the Worcester Manual Labor school, 1839-40. He was ordained to tlie Baptist ministry at Washington, D.C., in August, 1813, and was pastor of the E Street Baptist churcl), 1843-47. He spent the following year abroad, was pastor at Jamaica Plain, Mass., 1845-52, and in Washington, D.C., 1852-58. He was president of Columbian college, 1858-71, of Rutgers female college, 1871-75. He was pastor of the First Baptist church of Harlem. N.Y., 1873-81, and of a New York city church, 1881-84. In 1886 he again became president of Rutgers Female college, holding the position until his death. He was a member of the American Phi- lological society, and president of tlie Bible Workers' college, 1884-96. Columbian university conferred upon him tlie degree of D.D. in 1883. He is the author of : Sermon on theDeath of Sarah C. Green (1849); To Daimonion, or the Spiritual Medium (1852); Outlines of the History o}' Ethics (1860); Elements of Art Criticism {\mi); Physical Media in Spiritual Manifestations (1869) Memo- rial Discourse on Joel Smith Bacon (1870); Tlie Atonement (1878); Divine Law as to TFuies (1880); English Revisers' Greek Text Unauthorized (1882); Creation and Immortality (1882); Guide to Self Education (1886); Guide to Bible Interpretation (1887) ; Idols of Fashion and Culture (1888) ; Classic Test of Autliorship applied to the Scinpture (1893). He died in New York city, Aug. 8, 1896. SAMUELS, Edward Augustus, naturalist, was born in Boston, Mass.. July 4, 1836; son of Emanuel and Abigail (Zanki) Samuels; grand- son of Isaac aud Ruth Samuels and of Antonio and Abigail (Palmer) Zanki. He attended the public scliools and began his literarj- work early in life. He was connected with the state board of agriculture, 1860-81, and was president of the Massachusetts Fish and Game Protective associa- tion, 1885-92. He originated a process of engrav- ing by photography, directly from nature, or from a photographic print. He married. June 28, 1869, Susan Blngge, daughter of Commodore Charles H. B. Caldwell of Waltham, 3Iass. She became known as a writer of juvenile tales. Mr. Samuels contributed frequently to the United States and Massachusetts agricultural reports, and is the author of : Ornithology and Oology of New Eng- land (1867); Among the Birds {\SQ~); Mammalogy of Neio England (1868); Tlie Living World (1868- 70) ; With Fly-Rod and Camera (1890) ; With Rod and Gun in New England and the Maritime Provinces (1897). SANBORN, Edwin David, educator, was born in Gilmantown, N.H.. May 14, 1808 ; son of David E. and Hannah (Hook) Sanborn. He was grad- uated from Dartmouth, A.B., 1832, A.M., 1835: SANBORN SANBORN studied l;iw, and afterward took a course in diviuity at Aiidover TlKH)logical seminary ; was a tutor at Dartnioutli, is;r» ; professor of Latin and CJret'k languages, 18:{.>-57. and professor of Latin language and literature, 1837-39. He was married. Dec. 11, 1837, to Mary Ann, daugiiter of Ezekiel Webster, and niece of Daniel Webster. He was professor of chussical literature and his- tory, Wjvshington university, St. Louis, Mo., 1859- 63 ; professor of oratory and belles-lettres at Dartmouth. 1S()3-S0 : librarian. lSGG-74 ; Winkley professor of Anglo Saxon and English language and literature. 1880-t<2, and professor emeritus, lS8'2-8o. He was elected to the state legislature several times. He received the degree of LL.D. from the University of Vermont in 1859 and from Dartmouth in 1879. He is the author of : Lectures on E'hicotion ; A Eulogy on Daniel IVebster (IBU'i); Histori/ nf Xew Hampshire (1875). He died in NVw Y..i-k city. Dec. 29. 1SS5. SANBORN, Franklin Benjamin, journalist and reformer, was born in Hampton Falls, N.H., Dec. 15, 1831 ; son of Aaron and Lydia (Leavitt) Sanborn ; grandson of Benjamin and Hannah (Blake) Sanborn and of Thomas and Hannah (Melcher) Leavitt, and a descendant of Lieut. John Sanborn, who settled in Hampton about 1638, and married Anne, the daughter of the Rev. Stephen Bachiler. His brother, Charles Henry, was a prominent physician in New Hamp- shire, a member of the state legislature and author of "The North and the South" (1856). Franklin Benjamin Sanborn attended Phillips Exeter academy, and was graduated from Har- vard college in 1855 ; taught school in Concord, Mass., 1855-03; was chosen secretary of the M:issachusetts state Kansas committee in 1856, and was secretary of tlie state board of charities, 1863-68; a member. 1870-76. and chairman, 1874- 76, and state inspector of charities, 1879-89. He was treasurer of the first National conference of charities, 187-1, and again in 1886-88 ; president in 1880-81 ; was one of the organizers of the American Social Science association in 1865, and its secretary, 1865-98 ; a founder of the National Prison association ; the National Con- ference of Charities ; the Clarke School for the Deaf, and the Concord School of Philosophy. He was a lecturer at Cornell, Smith and Wellesley colleges, and at the Concord School of Philosophy. He was twice married ; first, Aug. 23, 1854, to Ariana, daughter of Jane ajid Sarah (Smith) Walker of Peterborough, N.H. ; and secondly, July 15. 1862. to L<^)uisa. daughter of Joseph and Eliza (Yendell) Leavitt of Boston, Mass. He was editor of the Boston Commonicealth, 1863-04, the Springfield Republican, 1868-72, and the Journal of Social Science, 1876-97 ; editor of twenty state reports on charities and labor, and of Channing's" Wanderer "(1871); Alcott's " Son- nets and Canzonets" (1882), and "New Con- necticut" (1887) ; also of Channing's " Poems of Sixty-Five Years" (1902); " Thoreau, the Poet- Naturalist " (1902). He is the author of two biographies of Emerson, three of Thoreau, one of A. Bronson Alcott, one of Dr. S. G. Howe, two of Joim Brown, and one of Dr. Earle ; also of a History of New Hampshire (19U3) . A bronze bust of Mr. Sanborn by F. E. Ehvell was presented to the Histoi'ical Society of Kansas, and was placed in the state capitol at Tojjeka, in October, 1902. SANBORN, John Benjamin, soldier, was born in Epsom, N.H., Dec. 5, 1826. He attended Dartmouth college, studied law, was admitted to the bar in July, 1854, and removed to St. Paul, Minn., where lie established himself in practice. He was appointed adjutant-general and quarter- master-general of the state, and upon the out- break of the civil war, he organized five regi- ments of infantry, a cavalry battalion, and two artillery batteries, which he sent to the field. He was appointed colonel of the 4th Minnesota volunteers, and commanded the 1st brigade, 2d division, Army of the Mississippi, under Major- Geueral William S. Rosecraus at the battle of luka, Miss., Sept. 19, 1862. He commanded the 4th Minnesota regiment attached to the 1st brig- ade, Srd division. Army of the Mississippi, at the battle of Corinth, Oct. 3rd-4th, 1862, and com- manded the 1st brigade, 7th division, 17th army corps, Army of the Tennessee, under General Grant, in the Vicksburg campaign, taking part in the battle of Jackson, Champion's Hill, and in the assault on Vicksburg, IMay 22, 1863, and he led the advance after the surrender of Vicks- burg. He commanded the district of Southwest Missouri, at Springfield, and took part in the pursuit of Gen. Sterling Price through Missouri. In 1865 he was engaged against the Indians in Upper Arkansas, and concluded a treaty at the mouth of the Little Arkansas, in October, 1865, and was appointed by President Johnson to settle the Indian difficulties in the southeast. He was a member of the Indian peace commission, 1867- 68, and served as a representative in the Minne- sota legislature, 1872 and 1881, and state senator, 1891. He was three times married : first, on March 17, 1857, to Catharine Hall of Newton. N.J. ; secondly, on Nov. 26, 1865, to Anna Nixon of Bridgeton, N.J., and thirdly, on April 18. 1880, to Rachel Rice of St. Paul, Minn. In 1903 he was still practising law in St. Paul, Minn. SANBORN, Katherine Abbott, author, was born in Hanover, N.H., July 11, 1839 ; daughter of Professor Edwin David (q.v.) and Mary Ann (Webster) Sanborn. She taught a day-school at Hanover, N.H., 1858-60; at Mary institute, con- SANBORN SANDERS nected with AVashington university, St. Louis, 1860-62 ; at Packer institute, Brooklyn, and was professor of English literature in Smith college, 1880-86. Later she became a newspaper corre- spondent, lecturer, and writer for magazines, on education, literature and household economy. Her books, written under the name "Kate San- born,''include : Home Pictures of English Poets (1869); Round Table Series of Literary Lessons (1884); Vanity and Lisanity of Genius (1885); Adopting ayi Abandoned Farm (18!)0); My Liter- ary Zoo (1892): A Truthful Woman in Sojithern California (1897); Abandoning an Adoj^ted Farm (1899); Favorite Lectures {IQOO); besides a series of successful calendars. SANBORN, Walter Henry, jurist, was born on Sanborn's Hill, Epsom, N. II., Oct. 19,18-15; eldest son of Henry F. and Eunice (Davis) San- born ; grandson of Frederick and Lucy (Sargent) Sanborn and of Rufus and Sallie (Beaman) Davis, and lineal descendant of Eliphalet Sanborn of Epsom, who served in the Colonial army in the French and Indian war ; served with the New Hampshire militia at Lake Champlain and at Ticonderoga in 1777, and was present at Bur- goyne's surrender ; also of William Sanborn, born in 1622, who came from England to Hampton, N.H.. about 1632, with his grandfather, Stephen Bachiler, and served in King Philip's war ; also of Rev. Benjamin Sargent, who enlisted in the third New Hampshire Continental regiment for three years on March 31, 1777, and served through the war, participating in the battle of Saratoga, and being present at the surrender of Burgoyne. "Walter Henry Sanborn was raised on the ancestral farm of three hundred acres on Sanborn's Hill, which was acquired by his ancestor, Reuben San- born, in 1762, and descended to the eldest son of each generation. He was fitted for college at the public schools and academies of Epsom and Pitts- field, N.H., and graduated from Dartmouth, A.B., 1867, A.M., 1870. He was principal of the high school at Milford, N.H., 1867-1870 ; studied law with Bainbridge Wadleigh (q.v.), and re- moved to St. Paul, Minu., in February, 1870, being admitted to the bar in the supreme court of Minnesota in 1871 ; practised law in St. Paul with his uncle. Gen. John B. Sanborn (q.v.), 1871- 92, and on March 17, 1892, was commissioned U.S. circuit judge for the eighth judicial cii-cuit. On Nov. 10, 1874, he was married to Emih" Francis, daughter of John E. and Mary (Whitte- more) Bruce of Milford, N.H. He was a member of the city council of St. Paul, 1878-80 and 1885- 1892 ; president of the Union League of St. Paul, 1890, of the St. Paul Bar association, 1890-91 ; and a member of various other organizations. He received the honorary degree of LL. D. from Dart- mouth in 1893. SANDEMAN, Robert, religious leader, was born in Perth, Scotland, in 1718. He was edu- cated in the University of Edinburgh, engaged in the linen trade, and married Catharine, daughter of the Rev. John and Katharine (Black) Glass. The Rev. John Glass was the founder of the sect known first as the Glassites, and later as the Sandemanians. Robert Sandeman systematized the opinion of Glass and was made an elder, es- tablishing churches in the principal cities of Scot- land, in London, and other towns in England. He came to America accompanied by Mr. James Cargill in 1764, and was mainly instrumental in the establishment of several churches in New Eng- land, one of which was loL.ated in Danbury, an- other in Boston, Mass., and a third in Portsmouth, N.H. Subsequently Taunton and Newton. Mass., held congregations. In 1765 he located in Danbury, Conn., where much controversy was aroused by his views. Among the distinctive practices of the sect are community of goods, abstinence from blood and from things strangled, love-feasts, and weeklj' celebration of the communion. The main cause of the decline of this sect was its division into two parties, one being called the Osbornites from their teacher, Levi Osborne, and the other the Baptist Sandemanians from their practice of baptism. During the Revolution the Sandeman- ians were principally loyalists. Robert Sande- nian died at Danburj-, Conn., April 2, 1771. SANDERS, Daniel Clarke, educator, was born in Sturbridge, Mass. , May 3, 1768 ; son of Micah and Azubah (Clarke) Sanders ; grandson of Daniel and Sarah (Metcalf) Sanders ; and of Moses Clarke. He was graduated at Harvard, A.B. , 1788, A.M., 1791 ; taught in the Cambridge grammar school, 1788-90 ; was licensed to preach in 1790, and or- dained, June 12, 1794. He was pastor of the Con- gregational church at Vergennes, Vt., 1794-99; secretary of the corporation of the University of Vermont and principal of its preparatory de- partment, 1800-04 ; and first president of the Uni- versity of Vermont, 1800-14, personally directing all branches of study, 1800-06. He also preached at Burlington, Vt., 1799-1807 ; was pastor of the Unitarian church at Medfield, Mass., 1815-29, and subsequently chairman of the Medfield board of selectmen and of the school committee. He was a member of the Massachusetts constitutional convention in 1820, and of the committee of the General Court on tlie revision of the general statutes, 1832-35. He was married to Nancy, daughter of Dr. Jabez Fitch of Canterbury, Conn. Harvard gave him the degree of D.D. in 1809. He is the author of : History of the Indian Wars ivith the First Settlers of the United States (1812). and about thirt}' discourses, commencement and con- troversial addresses published in pamphlet form. He died in Medfield, Mass., Oct. 18, 1850. SANDERS SANDERS SANDERS, Daniel Jackson, educator, was born at Wiimsl.oro. S.<".. Fol). 15, 1S47. His parents were slaves. He was a stiuleutat Brain- arJ Institute, Cliester, S.C. ; was graduated from Westeru Theological seminary in 1874, and was ordained by the presbytery of Fairfield in 1870. He was pastor at Wilmington, N.C., 1874- 86 ; and was married, Sept. IG. 1!^S0, to Fannie T., daughter of George W. and Eliza Price of Wil- mington. He founded the Afn'co-Ameriean Pre-tbylerian iu 1879, of wliieh he became editor and proprietor. In 1891 ho became president of Biddle university, Charlotte, N.C., an institution for the education of Negro youths. He was a member of the General council of Presbyterian churches held iu Toronto in 1892, also the one held in Wasliington in 1898, and was repeatedly a member of the Presbyterian General assembly. He received the honorary degrees A.M. and D.D. from Lincoln university, Pa., and D.D. from Biddle university. N.C. SANDERS, Frank Knight, educator, was born at Batticotla, Jatliia. Ceylon, June 5, 1801; son of the Rev. Marshall Danforth and Georgiana (Knight) Sanders ; grandson of Anthony and Celinda (Brown) Sanders and of Joseph and Ruby (Hyde) Knight, and a descendant of Chad Brown (1638). He was graduated from Ripon col- lege, Wis., in 1882; spent the next four years as an instructor in JalTna college, Ceylon, and studied Semitic languages and Biblical literature at Yale, 1886-89. taking the degree of Ph.D. in 1889. He was married, June 27, 1888, to Edith, daughter of Morris and Mary Elizabeth (Billings) Blackman of Whitewater, Wis. HewasWoolsey professor of Biblical literature at Yale, 1893-1901, and on Oct. 1, 1901, became professor of Biblical history and archaeology and dean of the Divinity school at Yale university. In 1900 he was elected president of Iowa college, Grinnell, Iowa, which position he declined. He became a member of the American Oriental society, the Society for Biblical Literature and Exegesis, and of the American Archfeological association, and pre- sident ( lSK)3-04) of the Religious Education society. He received the honorary degree of D.D. from Ri|)on college in 1900. He is the author, with Professor C. F. Kent, of : TJie Messages of the Ear- lier Prophtts (1898); Tlie Messages of the Later Pz-o/i/jW.* (IHDQ); and co-editor, with Prof. C. F. Kent, of 77t<.' Historical Series for Bible Students (10 vols., 1890); the Messages of the Bible (12 vols.. 189''). and the Library of Ancient Inscrip- tioiift (10 vols.. 1903). SANDERS, Frederic William, educator, was born in Westchester county, N.Y., Jan. 17. 1864; son of Dr. Henry and Frances Clara (Smith) aiuders : grand.son of Henry L. and Barbara (Vaughan) Sanders and of William and Elizabeth (Scott) Smith. His mother's ancestors were among the early settlers of New England, but his father was an Englishman, although he served as a medical officer in the U.S. army during the civil war. He was graduated from the College of the City of New York, A.B., 1883 ; was engaged as a tutor, editor, government emploj'ee and law clerk, 1883-87 ; as a law proof-reader, Rochester, N.Y., 1887-88 ; was admitted to the bar in New York, 1887, and practised law in eastern Ten- nessee, 1888-91. He was a student in the Divinity school of Harvard, 1891-92, receiving the degree of A.M. upon examination from that university in 1892 ; was minister of the Unitarian church, Asheville, N.C, 1892-93 ; subsequently continued his studies in the University of Chicago, being graduated, Ph.D., 1895, and was university fellow in sociology, Columbia university. New York city, 1895-96. Dr. Sanders returned to the Uni- versity of Chicago in the latter year, where he held the position of university extension lecturer in sociology and pedagogy, 1896-97 ; was lecturer- elect on statistics and social economics in the graduate school of the university, 1897 ; was as- sistant professor, first of pedagogy and then of European history, and finalh* professor in West Virginia university, 1897-99 ; and was president of the New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, 1899-1901, officiating also as pro- fessor of political and economic science. He is the author of reviews in the Political Science Quarterly, the American Jouimal of Sociology, the Journal of Political Economy, 0,1x6. of mono- graphs and papers on sociological and philosoph- ical subjects, publislied independently or in scientific or popular magazines. He resigned the presidency of the territorial college of New Mexico and his seat in the territorial board of education in 1901, traveled in Europe, 1901-02, and on his return to America in 1902 took up his residence in New York. SANDERS, John Caldwell Calhoun, soldier, was born in Tuscaloosa county, Ala., April 4, 1840 ; son of Dr. Charles Peak and Elizabeth Ann (Thompson) Sanders of Ciiarleston, S.C; grandson of William and Martha (Ditmore) Sanders and of Dr. Matthew and Arabella (Keys) Thompson. His paternal grandfather, a native of England, emigrated to Charleston, S.C. His maternal ancestors resided in Anderson district, S.C He was a cadet in the University of Alabama, and was the first member of the student body to leave that institution in 1861 to join the Confederate States army. lie at once volunteered as a private in a military company raised in Greene county, and on the reorganization of this command was elected its captain, assigned to the 11th Alabama regiment, and he was with his company at Seven Pines, Gaines's Mill, and SANDERS SANDERSON Frayser's Farm. In tlie last-named battle he was severely wounded. Promoted to the colonelcy of his regiment, he led it at Fredericksburg, and was conspicuously gallant at Salem Churcli. At Gettysburg he was wounded, and in the winter of 1863-64, he was president of the division court- martial. At the Wilderness he commanded his regiment, and after General Perrin fell, he led the brigade to the assault of the horse-shoe salient, recapturing a part of the lost works. For his gallantry liere on May 31, 1864, he was made a brigadier-general. His brigade consisted of the 8th, 9th, lOtli 11th, and 14th Alabama regi- ments. In an assault on the enemy's lines, June 23, 1864, near Petersburg, General Sanders was the first to mount the breastworks, and the brigade captured more men than it numbered. The brigade fought, June 28, 25, 29, and 30, the last being the battle of the Crater, when it re- took the lost position. At Deep Bottom, Aug. 16, he again distuiguished himself while com- manding his own and a North Cai'olina brigade. On Aug. 21, he led the brigade against the heavy force of the enemy which had seized the Weldon railroad. The Confederates drove back two lines of battle, but upon emerging from the woods, they were confronted by a line of defences and were obliged to seek shelter in the woods. Gen- eral Sanders, who had advanced on foot, was struck by a minie ball which passed through both thighs, severing the femoral arteries. His death occurred on the following day, Aug. 22, 1864. SANDERS, Thomas Jefferson, educator, was born near Burbank, Ohio, Jan. 18, 1855 ; son of Isaac and Mary (Stratton) Sanders, and grand- son of Henry Sanders. He was graduated from Otterbein' university, A.B., 1878, A.M., 1881, and was married in June, 1878, to Gertrude, daughter of the Rev. Charles A. and Emeline Slater of Burbank. He was superintendent of public schools, 1878-91 ; tenth president of the Otterbein university, also occupying the Westerville chair of philosophy, 1891-1901, and in 1901 assumed the John Hulitt chair of philosophy there. He re- ceived the degree of Ph. D. from Wooster uni- versity in 1888. He is the author of : Philosophy of tlie Christian Religion (1888) ; Transcenden- talism (1889) ; God: the Ultimate a priori Condi- tion {19,^0) ; Tlie Unconscious in Education (1887) ; Tlie Place and Purpose of the College (1890) ; The Nature and End of Education (1889). SANDERS, Wilbur Fiske, senator, was born at Leon, N.Y., May 2, 1834 ; son of Ira and Free- dona (Edgerton) Sanders. He removed to Ohio, where he taught school, studied law and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1856. In 1858 he was married to Harriet P. Fenn. He was commissioned 1st lieutenant in the 64th Ohio volunteers in 1861 ; was acting assistant adjutant-general on the staff of Gen. J. W. Forsyth ; was employed on the de- fences south of Nashville, 1862, and resigned in 1863, because of ill health. He then removed tO' Montana, where he practised law, engaged in min- ing and was active in the prosecution of robbers and murderers before the " law and order" tribu- nals. He was attorney for the Northern Pacific railroad company ; unsuccessful Republican can- didate for delegate to congress, 1864, 1867, 1880 and 1896 ; a delegate to the Republican national con- ventions of 1868, 1872, 1876, 1884 ; a member of the legislative assembly of Montana, 1872-80 ; de- clined the appointment of U.S. attorney for Montana ; was president of the Montana His- torical society, 1865-90, and U.S. senator, 1890- 93, having been elected on Dec. 30, 1889, by the Republican members of the state legislature. On Jan. 7, 1890, the Democratic members elec- ted William A. Clark. Senator Sanders was seated for the short term expiring, March 3, 1893, and was a candidate for re-election when a deadlock in the legislature prevented a choice from Jan. 11, to March 2, 1893, when Senator Clarke was elected. Senator Sanders's name being withdrawn, Feb. 10, 1893. SANDERSON, Joseph, clergyman and author, was born near Ballyboy, county Monaghan, Ire- land, May 23, 1823 ; son of Samuel and Sarah (Brooks) Sanderson, and of Scotch Irisli ancestry. His grandparents, James and Margaret Sanderson, came from Scotland about 1700. He was gradu- ated witli honors from Royal college, Belfast, in 1845, came to the United States in 1846, was an instructor in Washington institute. New York cit}^, 1847-48, studied theology in the Associate Presbyterian cliurch, 1847-49, and was licensed to preach in the latter year. He was pastor in Providence, R.I., where he built a church, 1849- 52 ; in New York city, where he built a church, 1852-69, and in Westport, Conn., 1870-76. He was married, first, June 7, 1850, to Isabella Field, who died, Oct. 6, 1863 ; and secondly, Oct. 17, 1865, to Arminella Gillespie, wlio died, April 10, 1880. He was the editor of the Homiletic Monthly, 1876-83, of the Pulpit Treasury, 1883-95, and was made secretary of the church extension com- mittee of the New York presbytery in 1896. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred upon liim in 1865 by the University of Columbia (now ex- tinct), Kittarfning, Pa., and that of LL.D. by the University of Omaha in 1890. He is the author of : Jesus on the Holy Mount (1869); Memorial Trib- utes (1883) ; Thoughts for the Occasion, Patriotic and Secular (1892) ; The Bow in the Cloud (1888) ; Shots at Sundry Targets (1886) ; Manual for Fu- nerals (1894) ; Tlie Story of St. Patrick (1895) ; Man's Seal to God's Word (1902) : Neiv York City as a Mission Field (1900). In 1903 Dr. Sanderson was residing in New York city. SANDS SANDS SANDS, Benjamin Franklin, naval orticer. was born in Halliiiioiv. Mii.. Feb. 11. 1811. He was appointed from Kentueky niiilshipnian in tlie U.S. navy. April 1, 1823 ; was warranted p:issed midshipman, June 14, 1834, served on the U.S. coast survey, 1836-41 ; was promoted lieutenant, Marcli 16, 1840. and served on hoard the Columbus of the Mediterninean squadron, 184'i-44. He was at tlie naval observatory in 184G. and attached to the Home squadron in 1847. where he took part in tlio expedition up the Tabasco river and at TiLspan. He commanded tlie Porpoise off the west coast of Africa, 1848-50 ; served on the coast survey, l8ol-58, and was promoted commander, Sept. 14. ISoo. He was on duty in the bureau of construction, 18.")9-60 ; commanded the coast sur- vey steamer Actii'e. 1861-G'3 ; was promoted cap- tain. Julv 16, 186'2. and commanded the Dacotahon the Nortii Atlantic blockading squadron in 1863, with which vessel he took part in the engage- ment at Fort Caswell, Feb. 23, 1863. He com- manded the steamer Fort Jackson of the same squadron, 1864-65, engaging in both attacks on Fort Fisher and in the blockade of Wilmington, N.C. He was senior officer in command of the division, 1862-65; commanded the division on blockade off the coast of Texas, February to June, 1865, and took formal possession of Galveston, Te.\., the last stronghold surrendered by the Con- federates, June 2, 1865. He was promoted com- modore, July 25, 1866 ; was stationed at the Boston navy yard, 186.5-66, and wassuperintendent of the naval observatory at Washington, D.C., 1867-73. He was promoted rear admiral, April 27, 1871 ; re- tired, Feb. 11, 1874, and resided in Washington. He is the author of From Reefer to Bear Admiral, an autobiography compiled by F. B. P. Sands (1897). He died in Washington, June 30, 1883. SANDS, James Hoban, naval officer, was born in Washington, D.C., July 12, 1845 ; son of Ben- jamin Franklin and Henrietta Maria (French) Sands ; grandson of Benjamin Norris and Rebecca (Hk) .Sands, and of William and Anna Rosetta (Halverson) French. He was appointed to the U.S. Naval academy from Maryland in 1859, and was graduated in 1863, becoming an ensign in the same year. He was on duty with the North Atlantic blockading squadron, 1863-65, and with the India squadron, 1865-68 ; was promoted lieutenant in 1866, and lieutenant-commander. 186S. He wiis married in October, 1869, to Mary Elizal>eth, daugliter of Ricliard Worsam Meade (q.v.) and Clara Forsyth (Meigs) Meade. He was promoted a commander in 1880, and captain, Sept. 7. 1894. During tlie war with Spain, he oomman.led the crasier Columbia. From Aug. 80, 1898. to Sept. 17, 1901. he was governor of the United Suites Naval home, Philadelphia, Pa. On April 11, 1902, he was promoted rear-admiral. and in June, 19(V.'. was ordered to the cnminand of the navy yard and station at League Island, Pa. SANDS, Joshua Ratoon, naval officer, was born in Brooklyn. N. Y., May 13, 1705 ; son of the Hon. Joshua Sands. He was appointed midshipman in the U.S. navy, June 18, 1812 ; served under Commodore Chauncey on Lake Ontario, in the action with the Royal George ; was transferred to the Madison in April, 1813, and carried orders from Chauncey to the different vessels during the engagement resulting in the capture of Toronto, and also took part in the capture of Fort George. He was attached to the Pike, and served on shore in a battery in 1814, until ordered to the frigate Sujyerior. He was attached to the Washington in the Mediterranean, 1815-18 ; was promoted lieu- tenant, April 1, 1818, served on board the Hornet off the coast of Africa, and in the West Indies in 1819 ; on the Franklin on Pacific coast, 1821-24 ; on the Vandalia, Brazil, 1828-30 ; was on re- cruiting duty, 1830-40 ; was promoted commander, Feb. 23, 1841, and was at the navj- yard. New York, 1841-43. He commanded the Falmouth in the Gulf and West Indies, 1843-45 ; the Vixen during the Mexican war ; took part in the capture of Alverado, Tabasco and Laguna, and was made governor of Laguna. He engaged the castle of San Juan d'UUoa from Point Horwas in tlie attack on Vera Cruz ; assisted in the capture of Tampico and Tuspan in 1847, and was intrusted with various trophies of war. which he conveyed home, together with despatches and a letter to the navy department commending his action in the engagements. He commanded the North Carolina, 1848-.50 : the frigate St. Lawrence at the W^orld's fair in England, and at Portugal in 1851, and was promoted captain, Feb. 25, 1854. iHe commanded the Susquehanna in Central Amer- ica ; in the Mediterranean and in England, 1856 ; was engaged in laying the Atlantic cable in 1857, and was a member of the expedition to Central America against General Walker's filibusters. He commanded the Brazilian squadron on the flagship Congress, 1859-61 ; was retired by age limit, Dec. 21, 1861, and was promoted com- modore on the retired list, July 16, 1862, and rear- admiral, July 25, 1866. He served as light-house inspector on Lakes Erie and Ontario and the St. Lawrence river, 1862-66, and as port-admiral at Norfolk, Va., 1869-72. He gave the sword and SANDS SANFORD epaulets presented him by the citizens of Brook- lyn, N.Y., and the gold snuff-box inlaid with diamonds, the gift of Queen Victoria in 1851, to the Historical society of Brooklyn. He was senior officer of the navy on the retired list at the time of his death, which occurred in Balti- more, Mi., Oct. 2, 1883. SANDS, Robert Charles, author, was born in Flatbush, Long Island, N.Y., May 11, 1799; son of Comfort and Cornelia (Lott) Sands. His father, a well-known merchant and patriot of New York city, was a delegate to the state constitutional convention of 1777, and a member of the state assembly for several years. Robert was grad- uated from Columbia college, A.B.. 1815, A.M., 1818, and engaged in literature and the study of law. He had edited two periodicals while in college ; contributed a series of essays to the Daily Advertiser, and with James Wallis East- burn, he wrote " Yamoyden," a poem (1820). He was admitted to the bar in 1820, declined the professorship of belles lettres in Dickinson col- lege, and resumed his literary work. He was one of the founders of the St. Tammany Mag- azine, 1823-24 ; issued the Atlantic Magazine in 1824. and when it was changed to the New York Review in 1825, he joined with William Cullen Bryant in its conduct. In 1827 he became an editor of the Commercial Advertiser, and remained as such till his death. He publislied Tlie Talis- man, which appeared annually, 1828-30, in which he was joined by William Cullen Bryant and Gulian C. Verplanck, and which was re-publisbed under the title Miscellanies. He contributed tlie humorous introduction to " Tales of Glauber Spa" (2 vols., 1832), and is the author of: Life and Correspondence of Paul Jones (1831), His works were edited with a memoir by Gulian C. Yerplanck (2 vols., 1834). He died in Hoboken, N.J.. Dec. 17. 1832. SANFORD, Edward, poet, was born in Albany, N.Y., July 8, 1805 ; son of the Hon. Nathan San- ford (q.v.). He was graduated at Union college, A,B., 1824, A.M., 1827, and studied law, but abandoned it for journalism. He edited a Brookl3'n paper ; was employed on the New York Standard ; the New York Times. 1836-37, and was an associate editor of the Globe at Washing- ton, D.C., 1837-38. He was appointed assistant naval officer at the port of New York in 1838 ; was secretary to the commission appointed to restore the duties on goods destroyed by the great fire of 1835, and a member of tlie state senate in 1843. He contributed stories and poems to the leading New York periodicals. Among his well known poems are : To Black Hawk ; To a Mos- quito; TJie Loves of the Shell-Fishes, and a Charcoal Sketch of Pot-Pie Palmer. He died in Gowanda, N,Y., Aug, 28, 1876. SANFORD, Edward Terry, lawyer, was born in Knoxville. Teun., July 23, 1865 ; son of Edward Jackson and Emma (Chavannes) Sanford ; grand- son of John W. and Altha (Fanton) Sanford and of Adrien and Anna (Francillon) Chavannes. and a descendant of Thomas Sanford, who came to America in 1631 with the John Winthrop colony. He was graduated from the University of Ten- nessee, A.B, and Ph. B., 1883; from Harvard college, A.B., 1885 (A.M., 1889), and from Har- vard Law school, LL.B,, 1889. He was admitted to the Tennessee bar, and began practice in Knoxville in 1889, where he was married, Jan. 6, 1891, to Lutie Mallory, daughter of William Wal- lace and Ella (Conelly) Woodruff of Knoxville, Tennessee, He was president of the University of Tennessee Alumni association, 1892-93 ; was elected a trustee of the university, 1897, and in 1899, chairman of the finance committee of the board of trustees, and was appointed lecturer in the university law school, 1898, He also served as a vice-president of the Tennessee Bar associa- tion, 1896-97 and 1901-02, and of the American Bar association, 1899-1900 ; was elected a trustee of East Tennessee Female institute, 1900, and ap- pointed a charter member of Knoxville hospital, 1899. He is the author of : Blount College and the University of Tennessee, centennial address (1894) ; Tlie Constitutional Cortvention of Ten- nessee of 1706, for the Proceedings of the Tennes- see Bar association (1896); Biographical List of the Trustees of Blount College, East Tennessee College, East Tennessee University and Univer- sity of Tennessee (1898), SANFORD, Henry Shelton, diplomatist, was born in AVoodbury, Conn., June 15, 1823 ; son of Nehemiah C. and (Shelton) Sanford. He attended Washington (Trinity) college and was graduated from Heidelberg university ; was at- tache to the U.S. embassy at St. Petersburg, 1847- 48 ; was appointed acting secretary of tlie U.S. legation at Frankfort-on-the-Main in 1848 ; secre- tary of the U.S. legation, Paris. 1849-53, and U.S. charge d' affaires at Paris, 1853-54, wlien he re- signed. He was U.S. minister to Belgium, 1861- 69 ; and for a time, during the war, he had super- vision of the secret service in Europe, with head- quarters at London and Paris, and negotiated and signed the Scheldt treaty with Belgium, attended the first consular convention, and a trade mark and naturalization convention. In 1869 he was appointed U.S. minister to Spain, but the senate adjourned without confirming the nomination. He was one of the founders of the International African association, representing the English speaking races on its executive committee, and as its minister plenipotentiary at Washington, D.C., he secured recognition of its flag as that of the Independent State of the Congo in April, 1884. SANFORD SANGER He was a delegate to the Btrlin Congo conference of 18S5-86. He founded the city of Sanford, Fla., in 1870, and engaged in the cultivation of orange trees. lie received the honorary degree of A.M. from Trinity college in 1849. and the degree of J.U.D. from Heidelherg university iu 1854. His official reports were published by congress. He died at Healing Springs. Va.. May 21, 1891. SANFORD, Joseph Perry, naval officer, was born in Winciiester. Va., in 1816 ; son of Senator Nathan Sanford. He was warranted midship- man in the U.S. navy. Feb. 11, 1832, and w;us at- tached to Cai)tain Wilkes's exploring expedition, 18.38-42. He was advanced passed midshipman, June 23, 1838, commissioned lieutenant, Nov. 2, 1842, and was an officer on the Cumberland of tlie Mediterranean squadron, 1842-46. He was on board the U.S. steamer Alleghany in the Gulf of Mexico during the war witli Mexico, 1846-47 ; on duty at the National Observatory, Washington, D.C., and on the Mediterranean squadron until Oct. 8. 1853, when he resigned from the navy, and engaged in business in Albajiy, N.Y., until May 13. 1861, when he was commissioned acting lieutenant in the U.S. navj-. He was promoted commander, June 6, 1861, and ordered to western waters to assist Flag-Officer Foote in creating a fleet in the upper Mississippi. He was lieutenant of ordnance on the staff of Flag-Officer Foote at the battle of Fort Henry on board the flag steamer Benton, and was in command of ordnance at the naval depot, Cairo, 111., 1862-63, and in 1863 was made fleet-captain of the North Atlantic squadron and subsequently senior officer com- manding the West Indian convoy fleet. He com- manded tlie U.S.S. Vanderbllt, 1865-66, at that time the fleetest steamer in the U.S. navy. He convoyed the monitor Monadnock from New York to San Francisco by way of the Straits of Magellan ; was promoted captain, Sept. 27, 1866, and was fleet captain of the North Pacific squadron, 1866-68. and commandant of the Nor- folk navy yard, 1868-69. He resigned his com- mission, March 1, 1869. He died in Stamford, Conn.. D-r. 5. 1001. SANFORD, Nathan, senator, was born in" Bridgehampton, L.I., N.Y., Nov. 5, 1777 ; son of Thomas Sanford, and a descendant of Robert and Ann (Adams) Sandford. Robert Sandford emi- grated from England and settled in Hartford, Conn., in 1645. Nathan Sanford was a student at Yale, but did not graduate ; was ailinitted to the bar in 1799 and practised in New York city. He served as U.S. commissioner in bankruptcy in 1802 ; as U.S. district attorney, 180.3-16 ; as a member of the state assembly, 1810-11, and speaker in 1811; state senator, 1812-15; Democratic U S. senator from New York, 1815-21 ; and dele- gate to the state constitutional convention in t^' 1821, where he introduced the amendment adopted, abolishing the necessity of property qualification in voters. He succeeded James Kent as chancellor of the state, 1823-25. and served a second term in the U.S. senate, 1825-31, where he advocated a reform of the currency and favored the French spoliation claims. He was married tliree times, his third wife being Mary Buchanan, granddaughter of Thomas McKean, the signer. They were married at the White house, President John Quincy Adams being her nearest relative. Chancellor Sanford received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Columbia in 1823. He died at Flushing, N.Y., Oct. 17, 1838. SANGER, Joseph Prentice, soldier, was born in Detroit, Mich., May 4. 1840 ; son of Henry Kirk- land ajid Caroline (Prentice) Sanger ; grandson of Richard and Rachel (Butler) Sanger, aud of the Rev. Joseph and Sarah (Morgan) Prentice, and a descendant of Capt. Thomas Prentice (1621-1710) of Cam- bridge, Mass., and of George Barbour (161. > 1685) of Dedham, Mass. He attended the University of Michigan ; enrolled as lieutenant, 1st Michigan volunteers, April 19, 1861, and served with the light artillery, being bre- vetted captain and major for gallantry in the battles of Bermu- da Hundred and Deep Bottom, Va., 1864 and 1865, He was promoted adjutant of tlie 1st artillery,18G6, was honor graduate of the artillery school. Fort Monroe, Va., 18G9, and on its re-establishment was appointed its first adjutaiit ; commanded a battery in the Brooklyn "Whisky Riots," 1871,. and was professor of military science, tactics and law in Bowdoin college, 1872-75. He was promoted captain, 1st artillery, Feb. 7, 1875 ; was detailed to accompany Gen. Emory Upton on a tour of inspection of the armies of Japan, Asia. Europe and England, 1875-77 ; commanded a battery in the 1st artillery, 1877-84, serving in several rail- road riots ; was aide to Major-General Schofieid, 1884-88 ; appointed inspector-general, with the rank of major, Feb. 12, 1889 ; served as aide and acting secretary to President Harrison, 1891, and as military .secretary to Lieut. -Gen. Schofieid. He was inspector of the South Atlantic inspection district and princi-ial assistant to the inspector- general of the army, September, 1895, to March. 1898, and appointed inspector-general of volun- teers, with rank of lieutenant-colonel, July 7^ -r SANGSTER SANKEY 1898, serving as acting inspector-general, U.S.A. He was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, May 27, 1898, and was in command consecutively of the 2d brigade, 2d division, 1st corps, June 19- 29, 1898 ; 3d division, 1st corps, June 29-Nov. 19 ; 2d brigade, 2d division, 1st corps, Nov. 19-Dec. 4, and 2d division, 1st corps, Dec. 4-23. He was assigned to the command of the district of Mantanzas, Cuba, Jan. 11, 1899 ; mustered out of the volunteer service, June 12, 1899, and assigned to duty with assistant secretary of war the fol- lowing July 3. General Sanger was appointed by President McKinley director of the census of Cuba and Porto Rico, Aug. 9 and Sept. 8, 1899, respectively, and a member of the War college board, June 21, 1900. He was promoted colonel and inspector-general, U.S.A., Feb. 2, 1901, and brigadier-general, U.S.A., July 23, 1902. In 1903 he was supervisor of the Philippine census, with headquarters at Manila, P. I. SANGSTER, Margaret Elizabeth, author, was born at New Rochelle, N.Y., Feb. 22, 1838; daughter of John and Margaret (Chisholm) Mun- son ; granddaughter of John and Grace (Gale) Munson, and of Thomas and Margaret (Kirkaldy) Chisholm ; and of Irish and Scottish lin- eage. She was edu- cated in New York city, and was mar- ried Aug. 12, 1858, to George Sangster. She contributed to the leading periodi- cals, and was associ- ate editor of Hearth and Home, 1871-73; of the Christian at Work, 1873-79, and of the Christian In- telligencer from 1879 ; staff-contributor to the Christian Herald from 1894, and editor of Harper's Bazar, 1889-99. She is the author of : Home and Heaven (1860) ; Five Happy Weeks (1862); Mary Stanhope and Her Friends (1863); Miss Dewbury's School (1870); Splendid Times (1870); Hours ivith Girls (1876); Mamial of Mis- sions of the Reformed Church in America (1880); Poems of the Household (1882) ; Home Fairies and Heart Flowers (1882); With My Neighbors (1883); Art of Home Making (1883); On the Road Home (1890); Easter Bells (1891); Little Knights and Ladies {\SQ2); Maidie's Problem (1892); Winsome Womanhood {imO); Janet Ward (1902); When Angels Come to Men (1903), SANKEY, Ira David, evangelist, was born in Edenburg, Pa., Aug. 28, 1840 ; son of David and Mary (Leeper) Sankey ; grandson of Ezekiel and Jane (Cubbison) Sankey. In 1857 he moved with his parents to New Castle, Pa., where he became a class leader in the M.E. church, and later leader of the choir. He was also for a few years president of the New Castle Young Men's Christian asso- ciation, and after- ward, in 1883, pre- sented the town with a new, fully-equipped Association building. In 1861 he enlisted in the 12th Pennsyl- vania infantry, and after serving out his time became a deputy in the revenue service under his father, who was U.S. collector of internal revenue, ap- pointed by President Lincoln. He was married, Sept. 9, 1863, to Frances Victoria, daughter of Rev. John and Elizabeth Edwards of New Castle ; and of this union were born three sons, two of whom, John Edwards and Ira Allan, were living in 1903. In 1870 he went as a Y.M.C.A. delegate to the International convention in Indianapolis, and it was here that he first met Mr. Dwight L. Moody, with whom he soon afterward became associated in evangelistic work. Mr. Sankey and Mr. Moody went to Great Britain in 1871, and in 1873, during their memorable campaign there, Mr. Sankey compiled the first of the ' 'Sacred Songs and Solos " series, the songs of which were soon sung the world over. On their return to America in August, 1875, this hymn book, with a few additions, was prepared for publication by Mr. Sankey and Mr. P. P. Bliss, under the title of " Gospel Hymns and Sacred Songs." This was the first of tlie well-known Gospel Hymn series (1875-1894), the last four numbers of which (Gospel Hymns Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6) were edited by Mr. Sankey, Mr. George C. Stebbins and Mr. James McGranahan, as were the popular hymn books, " Sacred Songs No. 1 " and " No. 2 " (1896- 99) . The royalties from all of these hymn books went to the support of the Northfield schools established by Mr. Moody. In 1898 Mr. Sankey visited Egypt, Palestine and Southern Europe, and upon his return to this country, began the series : " Services of Song and Story," upon which he was still engaged in 1903. His most famous sacred songs are : Tlie Ninety and Nine; TJiere'll Be No Dark Valley ; 11 hen the 3rists Have Rolled Aivay; Faith is the Victory; A Shelter in the Time of the Storm. He also edited : Winnowed Hymns (1890) ; Christian Endeavor Hymns (1894); Young People's Songs of Praise (1902); and was SANTAVANA SARGENT associated with others in compiliiiK and arrang- ing : Male Chorus Ao. 1 and Xo. -' ( 18aS-9tt) ; Gems of Song for tlie Sunday School (1901). SANTAVANA, George, educator and author, was lx)rn at Madrid. Sj-ain. Dec. 16. 1863. In 1872 he came to the United States and was educated at the BostOQ Latin school and Harvard college, graduating with the class of 1886. In 1889 he became an instructor in philosopliy at Harvard, and in 1898, assistant professor. He is the autlior of: Sonnets and 0th, r rocms (1894^; Tlie Sense of litauty (1896); Lucifer, a TJieological Tragedy (1899); Interpretations of Poetry and Religion. (1900); 77u' Hermit of Carniel (1901). SARQEANT, Nathaniel Peaslee, jurist, was born in Methuen. Mass.. Nov. 2, 1731 ; son of the Rev. Christoplier and Susanna (Peaslee) Sargeant; grandson of Tliomas and Mary (Stevens) Sargent and of Col. Natlianiel and Judith (Kimball) Peaslee. and a descendant of William and Eliz- abeth (Perkins) Sargent. William Sargent emi- grated from England and settled in Ipswich, Mass.. in 1633, becoming later a grantee of Ames- bury, Mass. Nathaniel Peaslee Sargeant was grad- uated at Harvard, A.B., 1750, A.M., 1753; and practised law in Haverhill, Mass. He was a dele- gate to the Provincial congress in 1775, judge of the superior court of judicature in Massachusetts in 1775-89, and chief-justice of the supreme court of the state. 1790-91. He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He %vas married, first, Feb. 3, 1759, to Rhoda Bar- nard of Amesbury, Mass., and secondly, to Mary (Livingston) Leavett. He died at Haverhill, Mass.. Oct. 12, 1791. SARGENT, Aaron Augustus, senator, was born in Newburyport. Mass., Sept. 28, 1827 ; son of Aaron Peaslee and Elizabeth (Stanwood) Sar- gent ; grandson of Moses and Lydia (Severance) Sargent and of John Stanwood, and a descendant of William Sargent. He learned the printers' trade, and in 1847 became a reporter in Washing- ton, D.C. He removed to California in 1849 ; and in 1850 establislied the Xevada Journal in "Seyadsk City. He was married March 15, 1852, to Ellen' Swctt, daughter of Amos and Rebecca (Ingalls) Clark of Newbury port. He was admitted to tlie bar in 1854 ; chosen district attorney of Nevada county in 1856 ; vice-president of the Re- publican national convention in 1860 ; a Republi- can representative in the 37th congress, 1861- 63 ; in the 41st and 42d congresses, 1869-73. and U.S. senator. 1873-79. He was the author of the first Pacific railroad act tiiat was passed in con- gress July 1. 1862. He practised law in San Fran- cisco, lS7d-82. and in 1882. wjis appointed envoy extraordinary and minister jdenipott^ntiary to Germany by President Arthur. At tlie time of Mr. Sargent's arrival in Berlin, the German gov- ernment was imposing increasing restrictions upon American pork. Mr. Sargent reported to his government the real cause of restriction and recommended retaliation. His report was inad- vertently published, and for this and other dip- lomatic reasons his position became unpleasant. He presented his resignation and was immedi- ateh' nominated U.S. minister to Russia, which he declined, returning home in 1884. He received the honorary degree of A.M. from the University of California in 1865. He died in San Francisco, Cal., Aug. 14. 1887. SARGENT, Charles Sprague, botanist and dendrologist, was born in Boston, Mass., April 24, 1841 ; son of Ignatius and Henrietta (Gray) Sargent ; grandson of Ignatius and Sarah (Stevens) Sargent and of Samuel and Mary (Brooks) Gray ; great-grandson of Daniel and Mary (Turner) Sargent: greats-grandson of Col. Epesand Cath- arine (Osborne) Sargent ; greats-grandson of Wil- liam and Mary (Duncan) Sargent, and great-- grandson of William and Maiy (Epes) Sargent, who emigrated to Gloucester, Mass., in 1678. He was graduated from Harvard university in 1862 ; was appointed lieutenant and aide-de-camp of U. S. volunteers in 1862 ; and was brevetted major of U.S. volunteers in 1865. He was profes- sor of horticulture, 1872-73 ; director of the botanic garden at Harvard, 1873-79, and was chosen Arnold professor of arboriculture in 1879. He received tlie degree LL.D. from Harvard in 1901. ' THE BUSSE.Y lAjSTlTUTION. He was married, Nov. 27, 1873. to Mary, daughter of Andrew and Mary (Allen) Robeson of Tiverton, R.I. He planned the Jesup collection of North American woods for the Museum of Natural History, New York city ; was chairman of the commission for the preservation of Adirondack forests in 1885, and chairman of the commission appointed by tlie National Academy of Sciences, of which he was elected a member in 1895, to decide upon a forest policy for the American woodlands, 1896-97. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical society ; of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and of the Royal Horticultural society of England, and SARGENT SARGENT the Scottish Arboricultural society, and president of tlie Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agri- culture. He edited Garden and Forest, 1887-97, and is the author of : Catalogue of the Forest Trees of North America (ISSO); Pruning Forest and Ornamental Trees, a translation from the French of Adolphe Des Cars (1881); Reports on tite Forests of North America {iQSl); The Woods of the United States, with an account of their Structure, Qualities, and Uses {1885) ; The Forest Flora of Japan (1894), and The Silva of North A:iierica (U vols., 1883-1903). SARQENT, Epes, author, was born in Glouces- ter, Mass., Sept. 27, 1813 ; son of Epes and Han- nali (Dane) Sargent ; grandson of John Osborne and Lydia (Foster) Sargent and great-grandson of Col. Epes and Catharine (Osborne) Sargent. In his youth he travelled with his father in Rus- sia, and returning to Boston, attended the Latin school, and Harvard college where he was associ- ated with his brother John Osborne Sargent and Oliver "Wendell Holmes, in the publication of the Harvard Collegian. He became connected with the Boston Daily Advertiser and the Atlas, and in 1839 became assistant editor of the Mirror, New York city. On his return to Boston in 1846 he became editor of the Transcript, and later en- gaged in editing a series of educational works. Hp was married to Elizabeth, daughter of Samuel Weld, of Roxbury, Mass. In 1836 he began to write for the stage, and produced Tlie Bride of Gtnoa (1837), Velasco, Change Makes Change, and Priestess. Among his poems are Songs of the Sea (1847) ; Tlie Woman who Dared (1869) ; and Life on the Ocean Wave, besides a lyric on the death of Warren. His other works are, WeaWi and Worth (1840) ; WhaVs to be Done, or the Will and the Way (1841) ; Fleetwood, or the Stain of a Birth (1845) ; Peculiar, a Sale of the Great Trans- ition (1863) ; Life and Services of Henry Clay (1843) ; American Adventure by Land and Sea (2 vols. 1847) ; The Critic Criticised (1856) ; Arctic Adventures by Sea and Land (1857) ; and Origi- nal Dialogues (1861). He edited the lives of Collins, Campbell, Goldsmith, Gray, Hood and Rogers (1852-65) ; "Works of Benjamin Franklin " (1853); " Works of Horace and James Smith" (1857); Tlie Modern Drama (15 vols., 1846-58); and Cyclopcedia of English and American Poetry ( 1883). He died in Boston, Mass., Dec. 31, 1880. SARQENT, Frederick Leroy, botanist, was born in Boston, Mass., Dec. 25, 1863; son of George Frederick and Mary Motley (Gavett) Sar- gent ; grandson of John G. and Martha (Bellamy) Sargent and of George B. and Catharine M. E. (Motley) Gavett, and a descendant of William Sargent of Ipswich, Newbury, Hampton, Salis- bury and Amesbury, who received a grant of land at Agawam, now Ipswich, Mass., April, 1633. He removed to New York city in 1866, where he attended the common schools, and the College of the City of New York, 1879-81, com- pleting his studies by a special course in botany at the Lawrence Scientific school. Harvard, 1883- 86. He was an instructor in the summer school of botany. Harvard, 1886 ; head of the depart- ment of botany. University of Wisconsin, 1886- 87, and instructor of botany in the medical school of Boston university, 1894-95. He became pres- ident of the Columbine association, 1895, and was a delegate to and president of the National Flower convention at Asheville, N.C.. Oct. 21-23, 1896. He was married, July 9, 1903, to Helen M. C, daughter of Francis James and Elizabeth E. (Sedgwick) Child of Cambridge, Mass. He is the author of: Guide to Cryptograms (1886); Through a Miscroscope, in collaboration with Samuel Wells and Mary Treat (1886); A Key to North American Species of Cladonia. CamhHdge (1893) ; Hoto to Describe a Flowering Plant (1894) ; Corn Plants: Tlieir Uses and Ways of Life (1899), and contributions on botanical subjects to the Popular Science Monthly and other scientific periodicals. In 1903 Mr, Sargent was residing in Cambridge, Mass. SARQENT, Henry Winthrop, horticulturist, was born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 26, 1810 : son of Henry and Hannah (Welles) Sargent ; grandson of Daniel and Mary (Turner) Sargent and of Samuel and Isabella (Pratt) Welles and a de- scendant of Tliomas Wells, second colonial gover- nor of Connecticut in 1655, and again in 1658, He was graduated from Harvard in 1830 and practised law in Boston for a short time, but later engaged in the banking business with Archibald Gracie in New York city. After his marriage, Jan. 10, 1839, to Caroline, daughter of Francis and Maria (Wyckoff) Olmsted of New York, he retired from business and devoted him- self to horticulture. He purchased a tract on the Hudson which he called " Wodenethe " and which he made one of the most celebrated gardens in the United States. He is the author of : Treatise on Landscape Gardening (1859) ; Skeleton Tours through England, Ireland and Scotland (1866) ; A Supplement to Andrew J. Downing' s Landscape Gardening (1875) ; and many articles in horticul- tural magazines. He died at Fishkill-on-the- Hudson. N.Y., Nov. 10, 1882. SARQENT, Herbert Howland, soldier, Mas born in Carlinville, 111., Sept. 29, 1858; son of Jacob True and Maria Lucretia (Braley) Sargent : grandson of Daniel and Deborah (Foss) Sargent and of Elliott and Lucretia (Bullard) Braley. and the ninth in descent from William Sargent (born in England about 1606 ; died at Amesbury, Ma.ss.. March, 1675). He was graduated from Black- birn university, B.S., 1878, and from the U.S. SARGENT SARGENT Military academy, 18S3, being promoted 2d lieu- tenant "id U.S. cavalry, June 13, 1883, and served on frontier duty until 18D8. except one year, 1886-^7, wlien lie was profes-sor of military science at the Uuiversitv of Illinois. He w:ii) married, Aug. 11,1880, to Alice Carey, daughter of Lindsay and Eliza- beth (Miller) Apple- gate of Ashland, Ore. He served at Wash- ington, D.C., May, 1898, in organizing volunteers for tlie Spanish- American war ; was appointed colonel. Fiftli Volun- teer infantry. May 20, 1898 ; organized the regiment and arrived at Santiago, Cuba, Aug. 1^, and com- manded the regiment there under Gen. Leonard Wood until March 20, when he was ordered with his regiment to command the district of Guan- tanamo. He sailed from Guantanamo to the United States the following May, and was mustered out of service at Camp Meade, Pa., May 31. 1899. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel, 29th infantry. U.S. volunteers, July 5, 1899; sailed with his regiment for Manila, Philippine Islands. Oct. 5, 1899, arriving Nov. 2 ; participa- ted in combats with insurgents on the island of Luzon ; commanded the attacking forces at the battle of San Mateo, in which General Lawton was killed, Dec. 19, 1899; was honorably discharged from the volunteer service, May 10, 1901, and promoted captain, 2d U.S. cavalry. March 2, 1899. He is tlie author of : Napoleon Bonaparte's First Campaign (1893), and The Campaign of Marengo (1897 ). His works on Napoleon's campaigns gave him high standing as an authority on military strategy. SARGENT, John Singer, artist, was born- in Florence. Italy, in 18.")G; son of Dr. Fitzwilliam and (Newbold; Sargent. His father, a well-known physician and surgeon of Boston, Mass. , was the author of several books on surgery, and his mother, a water-color artist of ability. He was educated in Italy and Germany ; studied painting at the Academy of Fine Arts, Florence, Italy, and in 1874 entered the studio of Carolus- Duran of Paris, France, who was the subject of his first exhiljited portrait in the Salon of 1877. This pr framing. She exhibited oil paint- ings at tlie Paris Salon in 187.") and 1883 ; received a medal at the Centennial exiiibition of 187r): honorable mention at tiie Pan-American exhibi- tion of 1901, and was awarded the Marj' Smith prize by tlie Penn.sylvania Academy in 1881 and 13S3 for the he-it painting by a woman. She was art editor of Our Continent. 1881-83 ; a member of tlie jury of awards of the Art Department, Wr>rld's Columbian exposition, 1893. and official delegate from the U.S. government to the Inter- national Congress on Instruction in Drawing, lield at Paris in 1900. From 1886 she served as principal of the Philadelpiiia School of Design for Women. SARTAIN, John, artist, was born in London, England. Oct. 24, 1808. He attended private schools in London but left school in 1818, and in 1820 Ijecame assistant to Signor Mortram, the pyrotechnist and scene painter at the Covent CJarden theatre. In 1822 he engaged as appren- tice to an engraver, and in 1823 received the order for eighteen .steel plates for the illustrations of the early Florentine sciiool of painters. He studied designing in water colorsunder Varley and Rich- ter, and painting in oils under Joshua Shaw and De Franca. He was married to Susannah Long- mate Swain, daughter of John Swain, his first master in steel engraving. He removed to Amer- ica in 1830 ; settled in Philadelithia and was tlie first to introduce into America the mezzotint style of engraving. He also engaged in painting portraits in oils and miniatures on ivory, design- ing bank-note vignettes and in making wood cuts for lK»ok illustration. In 1843 he Ixmght Camj)- bell's Foreign Scmi-Monthly Magazine, which he e lited. and later he engraved the plates for the Eclectic Muxenm. In 1848 he purcliased a half interest in the Union Magazine, of New \ork. which he removed to Philadelphia, and changed the name to Sartain's Union Magazine. He pur- chased for his magazine Agassiz's first contribu- tion to American current literature, entitled " A Period in the History of Our Planet,'" which he published in 1843, and received many contribu- tions from Edgar Allan Poe, including: ''The Bells." He was a member of the Artists Fund society, the School of Design for Women. w;is a director of the Academy of Fine Arts in Pliila- delphia, and was elected a member of the Society Artes in Amicitiae in Amsterdam, Holland, in 1862. He had charge of the Art department at the Centennial exhibition at Piiiladtlpiiia, and of the American exhibit in London in isb7. Among his most notable engravings are llie County Election in Missouri, after Bingham (1855) ; Mrs. and Mrs. Robert Gilmor of Baltimore, after Sir Thomas Lawrence ; David Paul Broicn. after John Neagle ; Christ Rejected, after Benja- min West (1802); Men of Progress, American Inventors (1862); Zeesberger, Preaching to the Indians at Gosgoshimk {18Q2); Tlie Iron Worker and King Solomon (1876); John Knox and Mary Queen of Scots, after Leutze, Homestead of Henry Clay, after Hamilton and Edwin Forrest, and The Battle of Gettysburg, after Peter F. Rother- mel. He designed several monuments including one to Washington, one to Lafayette and two medallion heads for monuments in the Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia. He died in Phila- delphia. Pa., bet. 25. 1897. SARTAIN, Samuel, engraver, was born in Philadelphia. Pa., Oct. 8, 1830 ; eldest son of John (q.v.) and Susannah Longmate (Swain) Sartain. He studied under his father, and at the Pennsyl- vania Academy of Fine Arts, and devoted himself to engraving on steel. He was a trustee of the Artists Fund society and a member of the board of managers and treasurer of the Franklin Insti- tute. He received a silver medal at an exhibi- tion of the Franklin Institute and an " honorable mention " with special approbation at the World's Fair, New York. Among his best known en- gravings are, Clear the Track, after C. Schucssele (1854); Christ Blessing Little Children, after Sir Charles Locke ; Eastlake (1861); Oneofthe Chosen, after Guy ; Christ Stilling the Tempest, after Hamilton; Song of the Angels, after Thomas Jloran ; Evangeline, after Thomas Faed and A Pompeian Water Carrier after Millet. His por- traits include, Benjamin West, Thomas Sully and John Nagle. SARTAIN, William, artist, was born in Phil- adelpiiia. Pa.. Nov. 21, 1843; son of John and Susannah Longmate (Swaine) Sartain. He at- tended the Philadelphia High school; studied SARTORI SATTERLEE engraving under his father until 1867 ; studied painting under Christian Schuessele, and at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts ; studied abroad with Leon Bonnat and at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris, and on his return to the United States in 1877, settled in New York city. He was elected an associate of the National Academy of Design in 1880 ; was one of the original members of the Society of American Artists ; president of the New York Art club ; received a silver medal in Boston in 1881, and honorable mention in Philadelphia in 1887 ; a bronze medal at the Pan- American exposition, Buffalo, 1901, and a silver medal at the Charleston exposition, 1902. He is represented in several public galleries, includ- ing the Corcoran Art gallery, Washington. He was professor of life classes at the Art Students' league. New York city, and contributed many articles on art to periodicals. His paintings in- clude : Tombs of the Saints at Bouzareah (1874); Italian Boy's Head and Italian GirVs Head (1876); Narcissus (1878) ; Nubian Sheik (1879) ; A Qniet Moment (1879-80); A Chapter of the Koran (1883) ; Paquita (1883) ; Sand Dunes of Manesquan (1892); Tlie Valley (1902). and The Passing Shower (1903). SARTORI, Lewis Constant, naval officer, was born in Bloomsbury, N.J., June 3, 1812. He entered the U.S. navy as a midshipman in 1829; was promoted passed midshipman in 1837 ; lieu- tenant, Sept. 8, 1841, and served throughout the Mexican war on the bomb-brig Stromboli, 1847- 48. He was attached to the Pacific squadron on the sloop John Ada7ns, 1855-56, when he com- manded an expedition against the Feejee Islanders; was on shore duty at the Philadelphia navy yard, 1857-58 ; was promoted commander, April 7, 1861, and given command of the steamer Flag of the South Atlantic blockading squadron. He was assigned to command the sloop-of-war Porfs- viouth of the Western Gulf blockading squadron, 1863-65, and the steamer Agaioam of the North Atlantic squadron, 1865-66. He was promoted captain, Sept. 26, 1866 ; served in the North Pacific squadron, 1868-70 ; was in charge of the Mare Island navy yard, San Francisco, in 1873 ; was promoted commodore, Dec. 12, 1873, and was retired, June 3, 1874. He died in New York city. Jan. 12, 1899. SATTERLEE, Henry Yates, first bishop of Washington and 180th in succession in the Amer- ican episcopate, was born in New York city, Jan. 11, 1843 ; son of Edward and Jane Anna (Yates) Satterlee ; grandson of Edward Rath- bone and Mary (Lansing) Satterlee and of Henry and Katharine (Mynderse) Yates, and a descen- dant of the Rev. William Satterlee, vicar of Ide, Devonshire, England, 1645, and his son, Benedict Satterlee, who settled in New London, Conn., in 1685 ; also of Lieut. -Col. Benedict Satterlee, an f^y oflScer in the coloiiial army, who was killed at the massacre of Wyoming. He was graduated from Columbia college, A.B., 1863, A.M., 1806; from the General Theological seminary in 1866 ; vras ordained to the diaconate in 1865, and to the priesthood in 1866. He was married, June 30, 1866, to Jane, daugh- ter of Timotliy Grid- ley and Patience (Lawrence) Churchill of New York city. He served as assistant minister of Zion church at Wappin- ger's Falls, N.Y., 1865-75 ; rector, 1875- 82, and rector of Cal- vary church, New York city, 1882-96. He declined the elec- tion as bishop coad- jutor of Oliio in 1887, and as bishop of Mich- igan in 1889, and was consecrated bishop of Washington, March 25, 1896, by Bishops Coxe, Huntington, Dudley, Scarborough, Penick, Wliitehead, Potter, Rulison, Pai-et, Leonard, Nelson and Chesliire. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Union college in 1883, and by Princeton university in 1896 ; and that of LL.D. by Columbia college in 1897. He is the author of : Christ and His Church. (1878) ; Life Lessons from the Prayer Book (1890); A Creedless Gospel and the Gospel Creed (1894); New Testament Churchmanship (1899); The Call- ing of the Christian and Christ's Sacrament of Fellowship (1902). SATTERLEE, Walter, artist, was born in Brooklyn, N.Y., Jan. 18, 1844 ; son of George Crary and Mary Le Roy (Livingston) Satterlee, and a descendant of Lieut. Col. Benedict Satterlee. He was graduated from Columbia, A.B., 1863, A.M., 1866 ; studied at the National Academy of Design, and under Edwin White and Leon Bonnat. He was elected an Associate of the National Academy in 1879 ; a member of the American Water Color society, and tlie New York Etching club, and in 1886 he won the Clarke prize at the Academj'. He became well known as a book illustrator and as a teacher. Among his oil paintings are : Con- templation (1878) ; Extremes Meet (1881) ; The Convent Composer (1881) ; Autumn (1886) ; Good Bye, Summer (1886) ; Tlie Cronies (1886) ; For- tune by Tea Leaves (1886) : Lagging Hours, Tlie First Patient, The Votive Offering : and his water colors include ;So/«faiVe (1878) : Old Ballads (1878); Two Sides of a Convent Wall (1884) ; Tlie Fortune Teller (1S87) ; Tlie Net Mender (1887). and The Lightened Load (1887.) SAULS BURY SAUNDERS SAUL5BURY, Ell, senator, was born in Mis- pillion Hundred. Kent county. Del., Dec. 29, 1817 ; son of William .iml (Smith) Saulsbury. His father \v;is slierill in 1820, and soon after re- moved to Dover, where Eli attended school. He subsequently entered a select school at Denton, Md.. attended Dickinson college regularly, but did not };raduate. and engaged in cultivating his widowe.l niotlier's farm at Mispillion. 1841-56. He was a rei»resentative in the state legislature, ia'>2-,54; went to Dover, Del., in 1856; studied law. and in 1857 was admitted to the bar. He was elected U.S. senator by the Democratic legislature in 1870. as successor to his brother, Willard Saulsbury ; was re-elected in 1877 and l^*"^:]. serving till March 4, 1889, and during his entire service in the senate was chairman of the committee on engrossed bills. He voted against the 14th amendment. He contributed largely to the building of the Wilmington conference academy, and was elected president of the board of trustees to succeed his brother. Gove Saulsbury, in 1881, serving till 1893. He died in Dover, Del., March 22. 1898. SAULSBURY, Gove, governor of Delaware, was born in Mispillion Hundred, Kent county, Del., March 29. 1815 : son of William and (Smith) Saulsbury. He attended the local schools, Delaware college, and the university of Pennsylvania : practised medicine in Dover : was elected state senator on the Democratic ticket in 1862, and was speaker during the second session. Upon the death of Gov. William Cannon, March 1, lSt;5. he succeeded to the office of governor, and in 1^06 was elected to the office for the term ending 1870. He died at Dover, July 31, 1881. SAULSBURY, Wlllard, senator, was born in Mispillion Hundred, Kent county, Del., June 2, 1820; son of William and (Smith) Sauls- bury. He attended Dickinson college, Pa.; en- gaged in the practice of law in Georgetown, Del.; was state attorney-general, 1850-55, and was elected U.S. senator on the Democratic ticket in 1858, serving till 1871. He favored the preserva- tion of the Union ; served on the reconstruction committee in the 39th congress ; was a delegate to the Democratic national convention of 1864, and was made a chancellor of Delaware in 1873. He die.! in Dover, Del.. April 6, 1892. SAUNDERS, Alvln, senator, was born in Flem- ing county. Ky., July 12. 1817. He removed with his father to Illinois in 1829, and in 1836 settled in Mount Pleasant, Iowa, tlien W^isconsin Territory ; was rK)stmaster there for seven years ; studied law with Isaac Van Allen, and engaged in the mercantile and banking business. He was a meml)er of the convention that framed the state constitution in 1846 ; was state senator for eight years ; a delegate to the Republican national con- ventions of 1860 and 1868, and was appointed by congress a member of the board of commissioners to organize the. Pacific railroad company. He was governor of the Territory of Nebraska, 1861- 67, and U.S. senator, 1877-83. He secured for Nebraska a vast tract of land by straightening the boundary line between that state and South Dakota. He died in Omaha. Neb., Nov. 1, 1899. SAUNDERS, Frederick, librarian, was born in London. Eng., Aug. 14, 1807 ; .son of the senior member of the firm of Saunders and Ottley, book publishers of London. He received a superior education, and became a clerk in his father's book store. He was sent in 1837 to New York to open a branch of tlie house, hoping to secure an American copyright on the publications of the firm in demand in the United States ; and he also petitioned congress for the passage of an act looking to the protection of both American and British authors. His object failed, although lie was backed by Henry Clay, Washington Irving, William Cullen Bryant, and George Bancroft. He was for a time city editor of the New York Evening Post, W^illiam Cullen Bryant, editor; was employed by Harper and Brothers and by George P. Putnam, 1850-55, and was assistant librarian of the Astor library through the offices of Washington Irving, 1859-76, and librarian, 1876-96, when he was retired with full pay. He was married, Sept. 18, 1833, to Mary Ann Farr of London, Eng. The honorary de- gree of A.M. was conferred on him by Madison university, Hamilton. N.Y.. in 1853. He was the editor of Our National Centennial Jubilee (1877); and with Henry T. Tuckernian, of Homes of American Aidhors (1853). He contributed to the Knickerbocker Magazine; Democratic Rei-ieic ; Neio York Qnarterhj ; and is the author of : Memoirs of the Great Metropolis, or London from, the Tou-er to the Crystal Palace (1852) ; Neic Yoi'k in a Xat-shell (1853) ; Salad for the Solitary (1853 ; rev. ed., 1856-1872) ; Salad for the Social (1856) ; Pearls of Thought. Religious and Philosophical, Gathered from Old Authors (1858) ; Mosaics (1856) ; Festival of Song, with 73 illustrations (1868) ; Abo2it Womeri, Love, and Marriage (1868) ; Evenings with the Sacred Poets (1869) ; Pastime Papers (1885) ; Tlie Story of Some Fa- mous Books (1887); Stray Leaves of Literature (1888) ; Story of the Discovery of the New World (1892) ; Character Studies (1894). He died in New York city. Dec. 12. 1902. SAUNDERS, Romulus Mitchell, statesman, was born in Caswell (then Orange) county, N.C., March 3, 1791 : .son of W^illiam Saunders (an officer in the 0th regiment, N.C. troops during the Revo- lutionary war, 1777-83, and an original member of the .Society of tlie Cincinnati) and Hannah (Mitchell) Saunders, liis wife; grandson of W^il- SAVAGE SAVAGE Ham and (Adams) Saunders of Dan River, N.C., and a descendant of the Saunders familj' of Lancaster county, Virginia, who settled on the great Wiscomico river in 1660. His father re- moved to Somerset county, Tenn., in 1791. on the death of liis wife, and died there in 1803. Ro- mulus was adopted by his uncle. Col. James Saunders, a member of tlie Halifax congresses. He attended the University of North Carolina, 1809-11 ; read law with Judge Hugh Lawson White of Tennessee ; and was married Dec. 22, 1812, to Rebecca Paine Carter of Caswell county, N.C. He practised law at Milton on tlie Dan river, N.C, 1812-15 ; and was a member of the state house of commons, 1815-20, being speaker of the house, 1819. His wife died, Oct. 9, 1821, and he was married secondly. May 26, 1823, to Anna Hays Johnson, daughter of Justice William Johnson (q.v.). He was a Democratic represen- tative in the 17th, 18th and 19th congresses, 1821- 27 ; attorney-general of North Carolina in 1828-31, and a commissioner with Geoi'ge W. Campbell and John K. Kane, to distribute 25,000,000 francs secured by the treaty with France, 1831. He was judge of the superior court of North Carolina, 1835-40 ; was defeated for governor of the state by John M. Morehead in 1840 ; was a representa- tive in the 27th and 28th congresses, 1841-45 : U.S. minister to Spain, 1846-49, and he conducted the confidential negotiations made by the govern- ment for the purchase of Cuba for $100,000,000, which were frustrated by Reynolds, U.S. secre- tary of legation, who accepted a bribe for publish- ing the negotiations and was dismissed by the U.S. government. Mr. Saunders was recalled at his own request in 1849 ; was again a member of tiie house of commons, 1850-52 ; was judge of the superior court, 1852-65, and was a member of the board of commissioners to revise the laws of the state. He was a trustee of the University of North Carolina, ra9-64. He died in Raleigh, N.C, April 21, 18'::. SAVAGE, Ezra Perin, governor of Nebraska, was born in Connorsville, Ind., April 3, 1842; son of Benjamin Warren and Hannah (Perin) Savage ; grandson of Samuel and Margaret (Campbell) Savage and of John and Rachel (Rice) Perin, and a descendant of the Savages of Bangor, Me., formerly from the North of Ireland, and the Perins, Rices, and Williams, pioneer settlers of Massachusetts. He matriculated at Iowa college, but left to volun- teer in the Federal army, and served under Grant and Sherman, 1861-65. He was married, first. Oct. 11, 1866, to Anna C, daughter of Charles and An- toinett (Chase) Rich, of Chicago, who died in 1883 ; IX. — 16 and secondly, March 9. 1896. to Elvira, daughter of Daniel and Francis (Thorn) Hess of Lyons, Iowa. He engaged in business in Lyons, Iowa, 1866-73 ; began cattle-raising in Crawford county, Iowa, in 1873, and moved his ranch to Custer county. Neb., in 1879. He then engaged in business in South Omaha, Neb., and was first mayor of that city, 1886-88. In 1883 he laid out the town of Sargent. He was a member of the Nebraska legislature, 1883-84; was elected lieutenant- governor of Nebraska in 1900, on the Republican ticket, with C H. Dietrich for governor ; and Governor Dietrich being elected U.S. senator in March, 1901, Lieutenant Governor Savage became governor in May, 1901, for the term expiring December 31, 1902, when he was succeeded by John H. Mickey. SAVAGE, George Martin, educator, was born near Rienzi, Miss., Feb. 5, 1849 ; son of Hamilton Giles and Eleanor Jane (Shields) Savage ; grand- son of Martin and Mary (Hudspeth) Savage and of George and Margaret (McElbranan) Shields, and a descendant of Hamilton Savage. He was gradua- ted from Union university (now the Southwestern Baptist university) A.B. in 1871, A.M., 1874. and entered the Baptist ministry. He was married, July 26, 1871, to Fannie Forester, daughter of Chesley and Elizabeth (Jordan) Williams of Eagleville, Tenn. He was principal of Hender- son Male and Female institute. 1871-77 and 1880- 84; professor of English and French in the South- western Baptist university, 1877-80 ; principal of the Eagleville (Tenn.) high school, 1884-90, and in 1890 became president of the Southwestern Baptist university. He received the degree of LL.D. from the Southwestern Baptist university in 1890. SAVAGE, James, antiquary, was born in Boston, Mass., July 13, 1784; son of Habijah and Elizabeth (Tudor) Savage ; grandson of Thomas and Deborah (Briggs) Savage and of John and Jane (Varney) Tudor, and a descendant of Maj. Thomas Savage, who came from St. Albans, England, to Boston, Mass. in 1635. He was grad- uated at Harvard, A.B., 1803, A.M., 1806 ; studied law under Isaac Parker in Portland and under Samuel Dexter and William Sullivan in Boston ; was admitted to the bar in 1807 , and practised in Boston. He was a representative in the state legislature, 1812, 1813 and 1821 ; a member of the state constitutional convention, 1820 : state sen- ator, 1826, and a member of the executive council, of the Boston common council, and of the board of aldermen. He founded the Provident Insti- tution for Savings in Boston in 1817, and served successively as its secretary, treasurer, vice- president and president, through a period of forty-five years. He was married, April 25, 1823, to Elizabeth Otis, daughter of George Still- SAVAGE SAVAGE man of Machias, Maine, ami widow of James Otis Lincoln of Hinghani, Mass. He was an overseor of Haivaid. 1838-53; librarian of the Massaciiusetts Historical society, 1814-18, its trt-asurer. 18.;0-39. and its president, 1841-55; a fi-llow of the American Academy of Arts and St^-iences, and a member of tlie Boston Antliology society, lie received the degree LL.D. from Harvard in 1841. lie devoted many years to antitiuarian research : was for five years an as- sociate editor of tlie Monthly Anthology, which led to the Ao/7/i American Review ; revised the volnme of ciiarters and general laws of the Mass- aclnisetts Colony and the Province of Massachu- wtts Bay. and edited William Payley's works (5 vols., 18'23; new edit., 1830). He also published John Wintlirop's " History of New England 1G30- 46" (3 vols.. 1825-26 ; 2d 'edit, rev., 1853). His most notable work is his Genealogical Dictionary of the First Settlers of Xeiv England, Showing Tliree Generations of Those ii'ho came before May, liiDJ (4 vols., 1860-64), the result of twenty years of painstaking research. He died in Boston, Mass.. :\r;irch8. 1873. SAVAGE, John, jurist, was born in Salem, X.Y. in ITT'J. He was graduated at Union col- lege, 1799, and practised law in Salem, N.Y,, 1800-19. He represented Washington county in the New York assembly in 1814 ; was Democratic representative from New York in the 14th and 15th congresses, 1815-19. and subsequently served as U.S. district attorney for New York. He was state comptroller, 1821-23 ; chief-justice of the New York supreme court, 1823-37 ; assistant U.S. treasurer in New York city for some time, and a presidential elector for the 29th district on the Polk and Dallas ticket in 1845. He received the degree LL.D. from Union college in 1829. He died in Utica. N.Y^, Oct. 19, 1863. SAVAGE, John, journalist, was born in Dub- lin, Ireland. Dec. 13, 1828 ; son of John and Eliz- abeth (Guest) Savage. He attended the art school of the Royal Dublin society ; joined the revolu- tionary parly, and published two journals that were suppressed by the British government. He organized bands of armed peasants in the south of Ireland, and when the Irish cause was lost, he fled to New York city in 1848, and engaged as a proof-reader on the New York Tribune. He be- came literary editor of the Citizen; contributed to the Democratic Review, to the American Review, and in 1857 removed to Washington, D.C., where he purcha.sed Tlie States and made it the organ of Stephen A. Douglas. He organized the Irish brigade and the Irish legion in 1861, and served during tlie civil war in the 69th New York regi- ment. He was married, Oct. 3, 1854, to Louise Gouverneur. youngest daughter of Capt. Saniuel Chester Reid (q.v.) and Mary (Jennings) Reid. He was chief clerk of the New York marine court, 1875-84, The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by St. John's college, N.Y., in 1875. He wrote several popular war songs, incluiling : Tlie Starry Hag iind Tlie Muster of the North, and his published books comprise : Lays of the Fatherland (1S50); '9S and '4S : Tlie Modern Revolutionary History and Literature of Ireland (1856) ; Our Living Representative Men (1860) ; Faith and Fancy (poems, 1863); Campaign Life of Andrew Johnson (1864); Life and Public Services of Andrew Johnson (1866); Fenian. Heroes and Martyrs (1868); Poems: Lyrical, Dramatic and Romantic (1870); Picturesque Ireland, containing an interesting account of Mr. Savage's family (edited, 1876), and several plays, which are : Sybd, a tragedy, produced in 1858 (1865); Waiting for a Wife, a comedy (1859); and Eva, a Goblin Romance (1865). A life-size marble portrait bust of Dr. Savage was placed in the Booth museum. Players club, New York city. He died in Spragueville, Pa., Oct. 9, 1888. SAVAGE, John Houston, representative, was born in McMinuville, Tenii.. Oct. 9, 1815 ; son of George and Elizabeth (Kenner) Savage ; grand- son of Abram and Anne (Bi)wman) Savage and of Rodham and Malinda (Paine) Kenner, and a de- scendant of Capt. Richard Kenner, who recorded a deed of land in Northern Neck, Va., in 1667. He attended the common schools ; joined the army as a private under Gen. Edmund P. Gaines, serving on the Texas frontier and against the- Seminole Indians in Florida, and practised law in Smithville, Tenn. He was colonel of the state militia ; attorney -general of the 4th district of Tennessee, 1841-47, and a presidential elector oa the Polk and Dallas ticket in 1844. He took part in the war with Mexico as major, 14th infantr^^ U.S.A. ; was wounded at Molino del Rey ; pro- moted lieutenant-colonel, lltli infantry, and succeeded Col. William Graham in the command' of the regiment. He was a Democratic repre- sentative froin Tennessee in the 31st and 32nd congresses, 1849-53, and in the 34th and 35th con- gresses, 1855-59. He served as colonel, 16th Tennessee infantry, C.S.A., and was wounded at Perrj'ville and Murfreesboro. He was a Demo- cratic representative in the state legislature in 1877-79 and 1887. He was never married. His biograpliy was in course of preparation under his personal direction in 1003. SAVAGE, MinotJudson, clergyman, was born in Norridgewock. Maine, June 10, 1841 ; son of Joseph and Ann S. (Stinson) Savage, and a de- scendant of James Savage, a native of England, who came from London to Boston with his wife and one child about 1715. He fitted for Bowdoin college, but was prevented from going by ill- health, and was graduated from Bangor Theolo- SAVAGE SAWTELLE gical seminary in 1864. He was ordained to the Congregational ministry in 1864, and was married in the same year to Ella A., daughter of the Eev. John and Ann (Godfrey) Dodge of Harvard, Mass. He was a home missionary to California, 1864-67 ; pastor at Framingham, Mass., 1867-69, and at Han- nibal, Mo., 1869-73. He joined the Uni- tarian body in 1873, and was minister in Chicago, 1873, and of the Church of the Unity, Boston, 1874- 96, when he became the associate of the Rev. Dr. Robert Coll- yer at the Church of the Messiah, New York city. The hon- orary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Harvard in 1896. He edited : Sacred Songs for Public Worship and a Unitarian Catechism ; and is the author of: Christianity the Science of Manhood (1873); Light on the Cloud (1876) ; Tlie Religion of Evolu- tion (1876) ; Bluffton: a Story of To-Day (1878); Life Questions (1879) ; The Morals of Evolution (1880); Beliefs about Jesus (1881); Belief in God (1883); Beliefs about Man (1883); Poems (1882); Beliefs about the Bible (1883); The Modern Sphinx (1883); Man, Woman and Child (1884); The Religious Life (1885); Social Problems (1886); 3/^ Creed (1887); These Degenerate Days (1887); Religious Reconstruction (ISS8) ; Signs of the Times (1889); Heljjs for Daily Living (1889); Life (1890); Four Great Questions Concerning God (1891) ; Tlie Irrepressible Conflict between Two World-Theories (1891); The Evolution of Christianity (1893) ; 7s this a Good World (1893); Jesus and Modern Life (1893); A Man (1895); Religion for To-Day (1897) ; Our Unitarian Gospel (1898) ; Hymns (1898) ; Psychics, Facts and TJieo- Hes(1899); Life Beyond Death (1900), and Tlie Passing and the Permanent in Religion (1902). SAVAGE, Richard Henry, author, was born in Utica, N.Y., June 13, 1846 ; son of Richard and Jane Moorhead (Ewart) Savage ; grandson of Richard and Elizabeth Savage and of Robert and Jane (Nevin) Ewart, and a descendant of the Savages of Worcester, England, the Nugents of Portaferry, Ireland, and the Ewarts of Stirling, Scotland. His paternal grandfather, a civil engineer, came from Great Britain about 1805, He was graduated from the U.S. Military academy in 1868, and was promoted 2d lieutenant, corps of engineers, serving till 1871, when he joined the Egyptian army with the rank of major. He went to Marseilles, France, as U.S. vice-consul, and to Rome, Italy, as U.S. vice-consul in 1872. He was mari'ied, Jan. 2, 1873, to Anna Josephine Scheible, daughter of Carl Scheible and Hortense Josephine (von Rapedius) von Ruthishausen of Berlin, Germany. He was joint commissioner on the Texan-Mexican frontier commission, 1873-74, and was employed as chief engineer of the Corpus Christi and Rio Grande R.R. company in Texas, 1874-75. He was admitted to the bar of the U.S. supreme court in 1890. He was appointed senior major of 2d U.S. volunteer engineers in May, 1898, and served throughout the Spanish- American war, and in November, 1898, personally hoisted the first American flag in Havana. He was senior captain with the rank of major of the 27th U.S. volunteer infantry, July 5-Dec. 1, 1899, and was appointed brigadier- general and chief engineer of Spanish war veterans, Oct. 10, 1900, He was elected com- mander-in-chief of the National Spanish-American War Veterans, Oct. 11, 1902. His many publish- ed books include : My Official Wife (1891) ; Delilah of Harlem (1893); The Little Lady of Lagunitas (1893); For Life and Love (1893); Tlie Masked Fe?italf of tiie city to Parliament and the King. His career as sherifT was marked by greater ilecorum in tlie execution of criminals and humanitj' in the treatment of prisoners. He was a candidate ft)r Parliament from Seaford Sussex in 1774, but his election was successfully contested by his oppr of physics in Washington univer- sity. Mo,, 1860-61. He was appointed major, 1st Missouri volunteer infantry, April 26, 1861, that regiment being converted into artillery, August, 1861 ; and he was promoted captain, 1st artillery, U.S.A., May 14, 1801. He .served as mustering officer for the state of Miss<^>uri ; was chief of staff to General Lyon, and took part in the action of Dugspring, the battle of Wilson's Creek, when Lyon was killed, and tlie action at Fredericktown. He was appointed brigadier- general, U.S. volunteers, Nov. 21, and brigadier- general, Mis-souri militia, Nov. 26, 1861, and com- •^-^V manded the militia of Missouri, 1801-62. and the army of tiie frontier and district of south-west Missouri, 1802-03. He was aj)pointed major- general, U.S. v., Nov. 29. 1862, his commission expiring by constitutional limitation, March 4, 1803, when he again became brigadier-general, U.S.V. He was a member of the board of ex- aminers of Mississippi river mortar boats, Dec. 9-31, 1802 ; and commanded the 3rd divLsion, 14th army corps, Army of tlie Cumberland, Ajjril 20 to May 31, 1803. He was re-appointed major- general, U.S.V. , May 12, 1803, and commanded the department of the Missouri, 1863-64, and the department and Army of the Ohio, 1864-65. He commanded the Army of the Ohio in the invasion of Georgia, May 2-Sept. 7, 1804, and commanded the force that opposed General Hood in his ad- vance from Florence, Ala., into Tennessee. He defeated Hood's army at Franklin, Tenn., Nov. 30, 1804, being appointed origadier-general, U.S.A., on the same day, and brevetted major- general, U.S.A., March 13, 1805, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Franklin, Tenn. He commanded the 23rd army corps in the battle of Nashville, Dec. 15 and 10, 1804, and was in command of the department of North Carolina, February to May, 1805, being engaged in the capture of Forts Anderson and Wilming- ton, the occupation of Kinston, the march to Goldsboro, and in the surrender of the Confeder- ate States army under Gen. J. E. Johnston at Durham Station, North Carolina, April 20, 1805, where he was detailed to execute the military convention of capitulation. He remained in command of the department of North Carolina until June, 1865, and was sent on a special mis- sion to Europe, 1805-66. He commanded the de- partment of the Potomac with headquarters at Richmond, Va., 1860-67, and the first Military district, state of Virginia, 1867-68. He was honorably mustered out of the volunteer service, Sept. 1, 1866; succeeded Edwin M. Stanton as secretary of war, June 2, 1868, and served in Johnson's and Grant's administrations until March 12, 1809. He was promoted major- general, U.S.A., March 4, 1809, and took com- mand of the department of the Missouri in that month. He commanded the division of the Paci- fic, 1870-70 and also in 1882-83 ; was superin- tendent of the U.S. Military academy, 1876-81 ; commanded the division of the Missouri, 1883-86, and the division of the Atlantic, 1886-88. He then commanded the Army of the United States, 1888-95. He was promoted lieutenant-general, U.S.A., Feb. 5, 1895, under a special act of con- gress, and was retired, Sept. 29, 1895, on reaching the age limit. He was president of the board that adopted the tactics for the army in 1870 ; and president of the board of review of the Fitz- SCHOLFIELD SCHOOLCRAFT John Porter case in 1878. He was sent on a special mission to Hawaii in 1873. He was awarded a medal of honor for conspicuous gal- lantry at the battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo., Aug. 10, 1861. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by the University of Chicago in 1885. He was married, first, June, 1857, to Harriet, daughter of William Holmes Cliambers and Harriet (Whitehorn) Bartlett of West Point, N.Y. ; she died in December, 1888. In June, 1891, he married, secondly, Georgia Kilbourne, daughter of Mrs. Augusta AVells Kilbourne of Keokuk, Iowa. He is the author of: Forty-six Yeai's in the Army (1898). SCHOLFIELD, John, jurist, was born in Clark county, 111., Aug. 1, 1834; son of Thomas and Ruth (Beauchamp) Scholfield. The Schol- fields came from England to Pennsylvania at an early date in the pioneer immigration to the pro- vince, settled in West Chester, and after the Rev- olution removed to Loudoun county, Virginia ; a part of the family removing thence to Musk- ingum county, Ohio, and thence to Clark county, 111. He was brought up on a farm ; taught a district school and studied law, 1851-54 ; was graduated at the Louisville law school, LL.B., 1855 ; was admitted to the bar, and elected state attorney for the 4th judicial circuit in 1856. He was married, Dec. 29, 1859. to Emma J., daughter of Johr and Jane (Archer) Bartlett of Mar- sliall. 111. He canvassed' his district for the Democratic national ticket in 1856 ; was elected a representative in the state legislature in 1860, and was a delegate to the state constitutional convention of 1869. He was a justice of the supreme court of the state, 1873-90 and 1890-93, and chief justice, 1891. He refused a seat on the bench of the supreme court of the United States, offered him by President Cleveland in 1888. He died at Marshall, 111., Feb. 13, 1893. SCHOOLCRAFT, Henry Rowe, ethnologist, was born in Watervliet, N.Y. , March 28,1793; son of Col. Lawrence and Margaret Anne Barbara (Rowe) Schoolcraft; grandsonof John and Anna Barbara (Boss) Schoolcraft, and great-grandson of James Calcraft, who came from England to Canada in the military service of the crown in 1727, and subsequently settled in Albany county, N.Y., where he engaged in surveying and school- teaching, and changed liis name to Schoolcra,ft. Col. Lawrence Sclioolcraft served in the Revol- ution and as an officer in the war of 1812. Henry R. Schoolcraft was a student at Middlebury col- lege, Vt., and at Union college, Schenectady, N.Y. ; learned the trade of glass-making under his father, and during 1817-18, made a collection of minerals in Missouri and Arkansas. He joined Gen. Lewis Cass's exploring expedition to Lake Superior and the head- waters of the Mississippi in 1 820 ; was secretary of the board of Indian commis- sioners at Cliicago, 111., in 1821, and Indian ngent at Sault Ste. Marie and Mackinaw, 1822-36. In October, 1823, he married Jane, daughter of John Johnston, and maternal granddaughter of Waboo- jeeg, the Ojibway chief. He was a member of tlie Michigan territorial legislature, 1828-31 ; con- ducted a party of explorers to Lake Itasca in 1832, and through a treaty which he made with the In- dians on the upper lakes in 1836, the United States gained possession of 16,000.000 acres of Indian lands. He superintended Indian affairs and was disbursing agent on the northwest frontier, 1837- 41. He removed to New York city in 1841 ; visited Europe in 1842, and also Virginia, Ohio, and Canada, 1843-44 ; collected the U.S. census of New York Indian tribes, 1845, of the Six Nations for the New York legislature, 1845-47 ; and con- gress authorized him on March 3, 1847, to collect and edit information relative to the condition of the Indian tribes. This work occupied the re- mainder of his life, and congress expended in its preparation .$150,000. He was married in January, 1847, to Mary Howard of Beaufort district, S.C., who was his assistant in the preparation of his later vvorks, which were written when he was confined to his chair by paralysis. Slie is the author of : " The Black Gauntlet, a Tale of Planta- tion Life in South Carolina " (1860). Mr. School- craft received the degree of LL.D. from the Uni- versity of Geneva in 1846 ; was a founder of the Michigan Historical society in 1828 ; of the Algic society in 1831, and of the American Ethnological society in 1841, and a member of numerous histori- cal and scientific societies of the United States and Europe. He was awarded a gold medal from the Frencli Institute for his lectures on the construc- tion of the Indian language. His published volumes include tlie following : Mineralogy and Geology of Missouri and Arkansas (1819) ; Trans- AUegania, or the Groans of Missouri (1820); Journal of a Tour in the Interior of Missouri and Arkansas (1820); Travels from Detroit to the Source of the MississijJiJi (1821); Travels in the Central Portions of the Mississij^iJi Valley (1825); The Rise of the West, poem (1827) ; Indian 3Ielodies {18m ; The Man of Bronze (1834): Nar- rative of an Exjiedit ion through the Upiyer Mis- sissippi to Itasca Lake (1834); Iosco, or the Vale of Norma (1834) ; Algic Researches (1839) : Alhalla or the Land of Talladega, poem (1843); Oneota or Characteristics of the Red Race of America (1844-45) ; Plan for Investigating Amencan Ethno- logy (1846); Notes on the Iroquois (1846); Tlie Red Race of America (1847): Notices of Antique Earthen Vessels from Florida (1847); Life and Character of Gen. Leu-is Cass (18iS) ; Bibliograph- ical Catalogue of Books * * * in the Indian Tongues of the United States (1849); American SCilOONMAKER SCHOONMAKER Indians (1850); Personal Memoirs of a Residerice of TJiirtij Years with the ludian Tribes on the American Frontier, ISIC-J^ (\>i:A); Historical and Statistical Infornuition, respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States (6 vols., 18r)l-57): Summary Narrative of an Exploratory Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi River in ISJO, resumed and Completed by the Discovery of its Origin in Itasca Lake in JSJ? (18.")4); Hcldcrbergi a, poem (1855); and Tlie Myth of Hiawatha and notes for Tlie Indian Fairy Book from Original Legends (1855). lie ilk-.l in Washington, Dec. 10, 18G4. SCHOONMAKER, Cornelius C, representa- tive, w;is born in bliawangunk, Ulster county, N.Y., in June, 1745 ; a descendant of Henry Schoonmaker, who emigrated from Germany, and settled in Albany prior to 1653, subsequently removing to Ulster county. He was a surveyor by profession ; was an active member of the committees of vigilance and safety during the Revoluti(.)n ; and upon the adoption of the New York state constitution in 1777 he was elected a member of the assembly, and continued to serve in that body until 1791. He was a member of the state convention to decide ujion the adoption of tiie U.S. constitution ; was a representative in the 2d congress, 1791-93, and was again a member of the New York assembly, 1795-96. He died in Shawangunk, Ulster county, N.Y., early in 1796. SCHOONMAKER, Cornelius Marius, naval ofhcer, was born in Kingston, N.Y., Feb. 2, 1839; .'^on of the Hon. Marius (q.v.) and Elizabeth Van Wyck (West brook) Schoonmaker. He was grad- uated from the U.S. Naval academy in 1859 ; was promoted passed midshipman, Jan. 19, 1861, and master, Feb. 23, 1861 ; and was ordered to the Minnesota, the flagship of Flag-OfficerStringham, of which he was appointed acting-master, and participated in the capture of Forts Hatteras and Clark. He was commissioned lieutenant, Aug. 31, 1861, and appointed executive officer on the gun-boat Wyandotte, South Atlantic blockading squadron, being transferred to the Octorora, Oct. 1, 1862, in Rear-Admiral Wilkes's flying squadron, where he remained until February, 1864. He was later executive officer of the iron-clad Mayi- hattan, witli wiiich he participated in the battle of Mobile Bay and the destruction of Fort Morgan; executive officer of tlie U.S.S. Augusta and of the monitor Catskill successively until June, 1865, when he was ordered to the Juniata and joined th^ Brazil squadron, lie was commis- sioned lieutenant-commander, Dec. 24, 1865 ; was detached from the Juniata in July, 1867, and was on duty first as navigator and later as executive officer of the U.S.S. Delaware. He was engaged in torpedo instruction at Newport, 1872 ; com- manded the Frolic, 1872-73 ; was promoted cuin- VAAIOAI-I A mander, Feb. 14, 1873 ; and in May, 1873, went on the Frolic to St. John's, Newfoundland, and brought to Washington the survivors of the crew of the Polaris. He was on duty at the New York navy yard, 1873-74 ; inspector of the eighth light- house district. New Orleans, 1874-78 ; was in com- mand of the U.S.S. Nijjsic, 1879-81. on which he executed a special mission for the government to South America ; was at the Norfolk navy yard, 1882-86, and was commissioned captain, Oct. 7, 1886. In February, 1888, he was ordered to Hon- olulu to take com- mand of the U.S.S. Vandal ia, attached to the Pacific squad- ron. Upon the break- ing out of the .r troubles at Samoa he '] w^as ordered there with his vessel, which, with every otlier vessel in the harbor of Apia, was wrecked, and Captain Schoonmaker. with 4 other officers and 39 men of the Vandalia, was drowned, during the cyclone of March 15, 1889. SCHOONMAKER, Marius, representative, was born in Kingston, N.Y., April 24, 1811 ; son of Zachariah, grandson of Cornelius C. (q.v.), and a descendant of Henry Schoonmaker, the im- migrant, 1653. His father was a lawyer. He prepared for college at Kingston academy ; was graduated from Yale in 1830, and was admitted to the bar in 1833. He was married in 1837 tO' Elizabeth Van Wyck, eldest daughter of the Rev. Dr. Cornelius D. Westbrook, a clergyman of tiie Reformed Dutch clmrch. Mrs. Schoonmaker died in December, 1S87. In 1849 he was elected as a Whig to the state senate, and was chairman of the committee on claims ; and at the extra session in 1850 he was cliairman of the joint com- mittee on the revision of the code. He was a representative from the tenth New York district in the 32d congress, 1851-53 ; auditor of the canal department, 1854-55, resigning early in 1855 to accept the superintendency of the banking depart- ment ; delegate to the state constitutional con- vention of 1867, and president of the board of directors of Kingston for several years. He was president of the board of trustees of Kingston academy, 1842-54, and of the Kingston board of education, 1863-72. During his service in the latter office the graded system of free schools was put into operation. He compiled and prepared a History of Kingston from its First Settlement to the Year 1S.70 (1888). He died in Kingston, N.Y., Jan. 5, 1894. SCHOTT SCHOULER SCHOTT, Charles Anthony, meteorologist, was born in Manheim, Baden, Germany, Aug. 7, 1826. He was graduated at the Polytechnic school, Carlsruhe, C.E., 1847 ; came to the United States in 1848, and was employed in the U.S. coast and geodetic survey, being made as- sistant in 1850, and in 1855 chief of the comput- ing division, in which latter office he served until his death. He was a member of the gov- ernment expedition to Springfield, Illinois, to observe the total eclipse of the sun in August, 1869, and to Catania, Sicily, in December, 1870 ; and a delegate to the International Conference on Terrestrial Magnetism at Bristol, England, in 1898. He was married, first, June 6, 1854, to Theresa Gildermeister ; and secondly, Sept. 28, 1863, to Bertha Gildermeister. He was elected a member of the more important scientific societies of America, and of several foreign societies. He contributed to the annual reports of the U.S. coast and geodetic survey from 1854 ; and to the publications of tlie Smithsonian Institution, 1858-85, his contributions to the latter being largely made up from observations in the Arctic seas by Kane and Hayes and meteorological ob- servations made in various parts of the United States. He received the Wilde prize of 4000 francs from the Academy of France in 1899, for his investigations into the laws of terrestrial magnetism. He died in Washington, D.C., July 31. 1901. SCHOULER, James, lawj-er and historian, was born in Arlington, Mass., March 20, 1839 ; son of William and Frances (Warren) Schouler ; grandson of James and Margaret (Clark) Schouler and of Isaac and Frances (Wilkins) Warren. James Schouler, his grand- father, emigrated to the United States with his family in 1816, from Kilbar- chan, a manufactur- ing town near Pais- ley, Scotland. On his mother's side, his ancestors are of the Warren family and among the earliest English settlers in Massachusetts. His father (1814-72) was a journalist, and served five years in the general court of Mass- achusetts, one year in the senate, and four years in the house ; was adjutant-general of Massachusetts, 1860-66 ; and the author of the " History of Massachusetts in the Civil War " (3 vols., 1868-71). James Schouler was graduated (jC(Mt'^i^-^£^t.,i/h.,&Z-^ at Harvard in 1859, and after teaching for one year, studied law and was admitted to the Bos- ton bar in 1862. He served one year in the civil war as lieutenant the 48d Massachusetts volunteers, and on the Signal corps. He re- sumed his practice in Boston and in Washington, D.C., being admitted to practise in the U.S. supreme court in 1867. From 1885 to 1903 he was a lecturer and professor in the Boston Uni- versity Law school, and was a lecturer on American history in the Johns Hopkins university after 1891. and also visiting professor on the staff of the National University Law school at Washington, D.C. He was married in 1870 to Emily F., daughter of Asa F. and Mehitable (Fuller) Cochran, of Boston. He is the author of : The Law of Domestic Relations (1870) ; The Laib' of Personal Property (1873) ; The Law of Bailments (1880) ; Tlie Law of Husband and Wife (1882) ; Laio of Executors and Administra- tors (1883) ; Laiv of Wills (1887) ; Life of Tliomas Jefferson (1893); Histoi^ical Briefs (ISQl); History of the United States, 1783-1865 (6 vols., 1880-1899), and the Life of Alexander Hamilton (1901). He received the degree of LL.D. from the National university, Washington, D.C, in 1891, and from Johns Hopkins university, Balti- more, Md., Feb. 22, 1902. SCHOULER, John, naval officer, was born in Lowell, Mass., Nov. 30, 1846 ; son of William and Frances E. (Warren) Schouler, and brother of the historian, James Schouler. He was gradu- ated from the U.S. Naval academy, Annapolis, 1864 ; served on the steam frigate Colorado, on tlie European station, 1865-66 ; was commis- sioned ensign, Nov. 1, 1866 ; promoted master, Dec. 1, 1866, and served on the steamer Frolic, 1866-68 ; w^as promoted lieutenant, 3Iarch 12, 1868, and served on tlie sloop Portsmouth, 1868- 70 ; and was promoted lieutenant-commander, June 3, 1869. He was executive officer on the monitor Terror, 1871-72 ; was in the hydro- graphic office, 1872-73 ; was stationed at the Naval academy, 1873-76 ; and was on the prac- tice ship Constellation, 1874. He served on the Essex, 1876-79, at the Naval academy again ^ 1880-84, on the Lancaster, 1884-85; was pro- moted commander, June, 1885 ; was stationed at tlie Naval academj-, 1885-88, and commanded the training ship Portsmouth, 1889-91. He was on special duty in the bureau of navigation, 1891-92 ; was a member of the examining and retiring board, 1893-95, and chief of staff, North Atlantic station, 1895-97 ; again served on special duty for the bureau of navigation. 1897- 98 ; was promoted captain, June 5, 1898. and served on the examining and retiring boards, 1898-99. He was retired with rank of rear-ad- miral in November, 1899. SCHRIVER SCHULTZ SCHRIVER, Edmund, soUlier, was born in York. P;i.. Sept. 16. 1812. He was graduated at tlie U.S. Military academy, and as.signed to the 2d artillery. July 1, 1833; served in Tennessee and Alabama. 1833-34 ; was assistant instructor in infantry tactics at the Academy, 1834-35 ; was promoted 2d lieutenant, July 31, 1834, and 1st lieutenant. Nov. 1. 1836 ; served in the adjutant- general's office, 1835-39, and again. 1839-41. be- ing assistant adjutant-general, with the rank of captain, in 18:59 ; and served in the Florida war in 1839. He was at the headquarters of the Department of the East, 1841-46 ; was promoted captain, Aug. 17, 1842; resigned from the army, July 31, 1846. and engaged in railroad enter- prises in New York. 1847-61. He served as aide- de-camp on tlie staff of Governor Morgan of New York, with the rank of colonel, April to July, 1861 ; was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the nth U.S. infantry, May 14, 1861, and colonel. May 18, 1862 ; was chief of staff, Army of the Potomac. March 15, 1862 to January, 1863 ; took part in the occupation of Fredericksburg,Va. ; the Shenandoah campaign ; the Northern Vir- ginia campaign, where he was chief of staff of the 3d corps, and engaged in the battle of Cedar Mountain, the passage of the Rappahannock, and the battle of Manassas. He was acting inspec- tor-general of the Army of the Potomac, January to March. 1863 ; was promoted inspector-general, U.S. army, March 13, 1863, and assigned to the Army of the Potomac ; and participated in the battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, the Mine Run expedition, the Richmond and Peters- burg campaign, and was brevetted brigadier- general, U.S.A., Aug. 1, 1864, for services in the field, and major-general, U.S.A., March 13, 1865, for services during the war. He was attached to the office of tiie secretary of war, 1866-72, hav- ing charge of the inspection bureau. 1866-69 and 1871-76; was inspector of the U.S. Military academy, 1866-71, and on a tour of inspection in Texas, New Mexico, and Kansas, 1872-73 ; was inspector-general of the divi.sion of the Pacific, 1876-81 ; a member of the retiring board at San Francisco, Cal., in 1877, and of the board to examine the case of Dr. William A. Hammond (q.v.), 1878-79; and was retired, Jan. 4, 1881, having served beyond the age limit. He died in Washington. D.C.. Feb. 10. 1899. SCHROEDER, Seaton, naval officer, was born in Wasliinglon, D.C. Aug. 17. 1849 ; son of Francis and Caroline CScaton) Schroeder ; grand- .son of Henry and Henrietta Maria (Gheguiere) Schroetler and of William Winston and Sarah (Gales) Seaton. He passed liis boyhood in Europe; was appointed acting mid.shipman.Sept. 27, 1864; graduated from the U.S. Naval academy. 1868 : promoted ensign April 19, 1869 ; master, July 12, 1870. and lieutenant, Oct. 29, 1872. He served as midshipman in the Saginaiv and Pensdcoht on the Pacific station, and in the Benicia, Asiatic squadron, 1869 to 1872, taking part in Admiral John Rodgers's Corean expedition in 1871, and being mentioned for gallant conduct. He served in the Worcester, Canandaigua and Pinta in tlie North Atlantic squadron, 1872-74 ; in the Sicatara around the world, 1874-75 ; and was on special duty in the Gettysburg in the Mediterranean. 1876-78. He was married in January, 1879, to Maria, daughter of Richard and Sarah (Bache) Wain Wright of Washington, D.C.. He was on leave of absence to take part in the removal of the obelisk from Egypt to New York, 1879-80 ; and on duty at intervals in the hydrographic office and the office of naval intelligence and the board of inspection and survey. He served in the Despaich an 1 Albatross, 1882-85. and in com- mand of the Vesuvius, 1890-93. He was promoted lieutenant-commander, Sept. 27, 1893 ; assigned to the 3Iassac]iusetts in December, 1896, and served on board that vessel during the Spanish- American war, 1898, being promoted commander, March 3, 1899. In the spring of 1900 he was appointed governor of the island of Guam, to succeed Capt. R. P. Leary, and returning in 1903 was appointed chief naval intelligence officer, succeeding Capt. Charles D. Sigsbee. He is the author of Fall of Maximiliaii's Empire (1887), and in 1894 received a gold medal for an essay read before the U.S. Naval institute. SCHULTZ, Jackson Smith, merchant, was born in Hyde Park. N.Y., Nov. 9, 1815; .son of Abraham and Mary (Smith) Schultz ; grandson of John and Anna (Van Steenburg) Schultz. and of Maurice Smith ; great-grandson of Christian Otto and Christina Margaret (Sharpstein) Schultz, who came from Germany before 1737. He worked at his father's tanner}', Middletown, Del- aware county, N.Y.. 1824-27, and in his father's store. New York city, 1828-34 : attended Goold Brown's academy in New York city, during the winter months of 1828-34. and Waterville col- lege, Maine, 1834-36.^ He was connected witli the leather busine.ss of his father and his uncle. Morgan L. Smith, in New York city, 1836-37, and was a member of the firm of Young and Schultz, 1837-91. He was married first, Jan. 11, 1837, to Catharine, daughter of Abner Chichester, and after her death in November, 1877, secondly. May 8. 1879, to Mary (Fay) Wells, daughter of the Rev. Dr. Fay, who survived him. He was a charter member of the Eclectic association, founded in 1837 ; a memVjer of the Mercantile Library association ; president of the board of health of New York city, and of the exci.se com- mission, 1866-77 ; and a member of the Union League club, 1861-91. He was a Hard Money, SCHUMAKER SCHURMAN and subsequently a Free Soil, Democrat, and in 1856 joined the Republican party. He was New York, aud subsequently United States, commis- sioner to the Vienna exposition of 1873 ; director of the Park bank from its organization to 1880 ; one of the governors of the New York hospital and Bloomingdale asylum, 18G0 ; member of the committee of seventy in exposing the Tweed conspiracy ; a member of the New York Hide and Leather club, and of tlie chamber of com- merce, 1865-91, and of the board of management of the Veteran Association of the Seventh Regi- ment of New York. He received the honorary degree of A.M. from Colby in 1867. He is the author of : Leather Manufacture in the United States. He died in New York city, March 1, 1891. His pall bearers, March 5, 1891, included : Abram S. Hewitt, Cyrus W. Field, L. G. B. Cannon, C. M. Depew, D. B. Eaton, Joseph H. Choate, George Bliss, T. C. Acton, Isaac H. Bailey, Charles S. Smith. H. E. Tremain, and other leading New York citizens. SCHUMAKER, John Godfrey, representative, was born in Claverack, N.Y., June 36, 1826 ; son of John M. and Maria (Vanderpoel) Schumaker ; grandson of John Godfrey and Anna Maria Scliumaker and of Barent and Catharine Van- derpoel. His first maternal ancestor in America, Wynant Gerritse Van Der Poel, was born in Amsterdam, Holland, about 1620, and arrived in Bever\vyck(now Albany) in 1654 ; he died in 1699. The first paternal ancester in America, Daniel Schumaker, came from the Palatine, Germany, Nov. 10, 1711. He attended the Lenox, Mass., academy, 1841, and was admitted to the bar in 1847. He was married, Aug. 2, 1852, to Caroline, daughter of Thomas and Mary Mills of London, England. He removed to Brooklyn in 1853, and three years later was elected district-attorney for Kings county. He was a member of the state constitutional conventions, 1862, 1867 and 1894; was corporation counsel for Brooklyn in 1862 and in 1864, and was a delegate to the Democratic national convention of 1864. He was a Democratic representative in the 41st congress, 1869-71, and in the 43d and 44th con- gresses, 1873-77. In 1903 he was a resident of Brooklyn, N.Y., and was engaged in the practice of law in New York city. SCHUREMAN, James, senator, was born in New Brunswick, N.J., Feb. 12, 1756 ; son of John and Antje (de Riemer) Strycker Schureman ; and a grandson of Jacobus and Antje (Terhune) Schureman aud of Isaac and Antje (Woertman) de Riemer. Jacobus Schureman came from Holland in 1717, and settled at Three Mile Run, N.J. James Schureman was graduated at Queen's college, A.B., 1773, A.M., 1776 ; com- manded a volunteer company at the battle of Long Island in 1775, and was commissioned 2d lieutenant. Colonel Neilson's battalion of minute men, Jan. 10, 1776. He was 2d lieutenant in the Middlesex militia, and in 1777 was captured near New Brunswick, and imprisoned in the New York sugar house. He subsequently escaped with a companion by digging through the wall, and joined the army at Morristown, N.J. He was married, Jan. 28, 1778, to Eleanor, daughter of David and Eleanor Schuyler Williamson of Cranberry, N.J. He was a repi-esentative in the general assembly of New Jersey, 1783-85 and 1788 ; a delegate to the convention at Annapolis, Md., in 1786, and to the Continental congress in 1786 ; and was a Federalist representative from New Jersey in the 1st, 5th and 13th congresses. 1789-91, 1797-99 and 1813-15. He was elected to the U.S. senate to succeed Franklin Davenport and complete the term of John Rutherford, re- signed, and after serving, 1799-1801, he resigned in 1801, and was succeeded by Aaron Ogden. He was a member of the state council and senate, 1808-12 ; mayor of New Brunswick, N.J. ; and a trustee of Rutgers college for several years. He died in New Brunswick, N.J.. Jan. 22, 1824. SCHURMAN, Jacob Gould, educator, was born in Freetown, Prince Edward Island, May 22, 1854 ; son of Robert and Lydia (Gouldrup) Schur- man ; grandson of Caleb and Mary (Lefurgey) Schurman and of Jacob and Charlotte (Davis) Gouldrup and a de- scendant of Jacobus Schureman, who came from Holland in 1717 to New Am- sterdam, and settled at Three Mile Run, N.J. His grand- father, Caleb Schur- man, was born in New Rochelle, N.Y., 1782, and in 1784 was carried by his father, who belonged to the Tory party, to the British provinces. Jacob Gould Schur- man was brought up on his father's farm ; at- tended the common schools until 1867 ; clerked in a general store in the neighboring town of Summerside, 1867-69. where he attended tlie grammar school in 1869, and the following year entered Prince of Wales college. Charlottetown, having won the first government scholarship of S60. He completed the course in 1872 ; taught school for one year, and was a student in Acadia college, Nova Scotia, 1873-75. In the latter year he was awarded the Canadian Gilchrist annual scholarship of $500 for three years to be spent at SCHUKZ SCHURZ London or Edinburgh. He was graduated from tlie University of London. A.B.. 1877. A.M.. 1878, attending during liis course James Martineau's lectures on jiliilosopliy, and having won the uni- versity schohirship of §'2.')0 a year for three years' study of that subject, continued his studies at the University of Edinburgh, being graduated, D.Sc, 1878. ^VIlile in Edinburgh lie competed witli sixty-four otlier students for tlie Hibhard travel- ing fellowsliip of .$0000, open to all graduates of Great Britain. As a result of the competition, two fellowsliips were established and awarded to young Schurman and liis fellow -student. Andrew Seth. After studying two years in Heidelberg and Berlin, Germany, he returned to America, and was professor of English literature, political economy and psychology in Acadia college, 1880- 82. and of metapliysics and Eii.i;lisli literature in Dalhousie college, Halifax, 1882-86. He was mar- ried, Oct. 1, 1884. to Barbara Forest, daughter of George and Catherine (Forest) Munro of New York city. He was Sage professor of philosophy at Cornell university, 1886-92 ; dean of the Sage school of philosophy, 1891-92 ; and in the latter year succeeded Charles Kendall Adams as presi- dent of the university. He was non-resident lecturer on ethics at the Leland Stanford, Jr., university, 1892 ; and delivered a course of lec- tures on "Belief in God" at Andover Theolo- gical seminary in 1890. In January, 1899, Dr. Schurman was appointed a member of the Phil- ippine commission and served as chairman of the commission, spending nearly the entire year in the islands, and subsequently lecturing ex- tensively throughout the United States on the condition of the Philippines and the duty of the government toward advancing their educational and poUtical welfare. He received the honor- ary degree of LL.D. from Columbia university in 1892 ; from Yale in 1901, and from Edinburgh university in 1902; was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1895. He served as editor of the Philosophical Review, 1891-1903. He is the autlior of: Kantian Ethics ayid the Ethics of Evolution (1881); Tlie Ethical Import of Daricinism (1887); Belief in God (1890); Agnosticism and Religion (1896); A Generation of Cornell (1898); Philip- pine Affairs: A Retrospect and Outlook (1902); and is joint-author of the Report of the Philip- pine Commission (1900). SCHURZ, Carl, diplomatist, was born in Liblar. near Cologne, Prussia, March 2, 1829 ; son of Christian and Marianne Schurz. He was educated in the gymnasium of Cologne ; at- tended the University of Bonn, 1840-49, and in 1848, in partnership with Gottfried Kinkel. pub- lished a liberal newspaper in Bonn. He was an active revolutionist, and being for this reason forced to leave the city, he joined tlie revolu- tionary army, in which he was made adjutant, and after the fall of Rastatt. he fled to Switzer- land. On Nov. 6, 1850, he returned to (Termany and succeeded in liberating the poet, Gottfried Kinkel, who was im- prisoned at Spandau. He served as corre- spondent for German newspapers, residing in Paris in 1851 ; and in 1852 removed to London, where he taught school, and was married in July, 1852, to Margaret, daughter of Heinrich Cliristian and Agathe ]Meyer of Hamburg, Germany. He came to the United States in 1852 ; resided in Philadelphia, Pa., 1852-55, and in 1855 removed to Watertown, Wis. He was defeated on the Repub- lican ticket for lieutenant-governor of Wisconsin, by E. D. Campbell of LaCrosse, and engaged in the practice of law in Milwaukee after 1858. He was a delegate to tlie Republican national convention of 1860, and U.S. minister to Spain in 1861 . resign- ing in December of that year to enter the U.S. vol- unteer army, and in which he was appointed brigadier-general in April, 1862. He com- manded the 3d division. 1st corps, Pope's Army of Virginia, at second Bull Run. Aug. 16-Sept. 2, 1862 ; was promoted major-general of volun- teers, March 14, 1863, and transferred to the 3d division, Gen. O. O. Howard's 11th corps, in the campaigns of Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and Chattanooga. At Gettysburg, on the first day, when, in consequence of the death of General Reynolds, Howard was put in command of the field, Schurz commanded the 11th corps. He was chief of the staff to the Army of Georgia under Gen. H. W. Slocum, at the surrender of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's army in 1865. The same year he was special commissioner, appointed by President Johnson, to visit and report upon the condition of the Southern states with a view to reconstruction. He was a Washington cor- respondent of the New York Tribune, 1865-66 ; founded and edited Tlie Post, Detroit, Mich., 1866, and edited the Westliche Post, St. Louis, Mo.. 1807. He was a delegate to and temporary chairman of the Republican national convention of 1868, and his recommendation of a general amnesty plank in the platform was adopted. While serving as U.S. senator from Missouri, 1869-75, he opposed some of the measures of ad- ministration, especially the annexation of Santo SCHUSSELE SCHUYLER Domingo, and in 1872 organized the Liberal Re- publican party and presided over the national convention at Cincinnati, May 1, 1872, that nominated Horace Greeley for President. He favored the resumption of specie payment and the withdrawal of U.S. troops from the Southern states. He supported Rutherford B. Hayes for President in 1876 ; was secretary of the interior in Hayes's cabinet, 1877-81 ; editor of the New York Evening Post, 1881-84: ; and a leader in the Independent Republican movement in 1884, when he supported Cleveland, the Democratic candidate for President. He visited Europe in 1888, where he was accorded the honors due an American citizen by Prince Bismarck and other German leaders. He was a member of the American Pliilosophical society and an honorary member of the Massachusetts Historical society ; and was president of the Civil Service Reform league, 1892-1901. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the University of Mis- souri, 1874, by Harvard, 1876, and by Columbia, 1899. He is the author of : Speeches (1865) ; Life of Henry Clay (1887) ; Abraham Lincoln: An Essay (1889). SCHUSSELE, Christian, painter, was born in Guebwiller, Alsace, April 16, 1834. He studied art in Paris, 1842-48, Adolphe Yvon and Paul Delaroche being his instructors, and he also learned the art of chromo-lithography. He came to the Un ited States in 1848, where he first engaged •as a lithographer, but subsequently as a painter. He suffered from palsy in his right hand from 1863, which did not yield to treatment either in America or Europe. He was professor of draw- ing and painting in tlie Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, 1868-79. Several of Iiis paintings were reproduced by eminent en- gravers and largely circulated. His works in- clude : Clear the Track (1851); Franklin before the Lords in Council (1856) : Men of Progress (1857); Zelsberger preaching to the Lidians (1859); TTie Iron Worker and King Solomon (1860) ; Wash- ington at Valley Forge (1862) ; Home on Furlough (1863); McClellan at Antietam (1863); Queen Esther Denouncing Human (1869), and The Alsa- tian Fair (1870) . He died in Merchantville, N. J., Aug. 20, 1879. SCHUYLER, Aaron, educator, was born in Seneca county, N.Y.. Feb. 7, 1828; son of John B. and Elizabeth (Turner) Schuyler ; grandson of Arent Schuyler, and a descendant of Philip Schuyler (q.v.) through Arent and Casper Wil- iiam Schuyler. He attended Seneca academy and the Ohio Wesleyan university ; was principal of Seneca academy, 1851-62 ; professor of mathe- matics at Baldwin university, Ohio, 1862-75 ; president of Baldwin university, 1873-85 ; and was elected professor of mathematics and mental philosophy at Kansas Wesley an university in 1885. He was married, Nov. 13, 1851, to Amanda, daugh- ter of Giles and Content Pearce ; and secondly, July 29, 1886, to Mrs. Josephine Campbell of Bera, Ohio. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on him by Ohio Wesleyan university in 1860, and that of LL..D by Otterbein university in 1875. He is the author of : Higher Arithmetic (1860) ; Principles of Logic (1869); Complete Algebra (1870) ; Surveying and Navigation (1873) ; Ele- ments of Geometry (1876) ; Empirical and Rational Psychology (1882) ; Outlines of Psychology (1893) ; and Systems of Ethics (1902). SCHUYLER, Eugene, diplomatist, was born in Ithaca, N.Y., Feb. 26, 1840; son of George Washington and Matilda (Scribner) Schuyler. His father (1810-88) was state treasurer, 1863-65 ; superintendent of the banking department of New York, 1866-70, and a representative in the state legislature in 1878. Eugene was graduated from Yale college in 1859, and from the Columbia Law school in 1863 ; and practised law in Ithaca and in New York city until 1866. He was U.S. consul at Moscow, 1866-69 : atReval, 1869-70 ; and secretary of legation at St. Petersburg, 1870-73. While acting charge d'affaires at St. Petersburg in 1873, he made a journey of eight months through Russian Turkestan, Bokhara, Kliokand and Kuldja. He was secretary of legation and consul-general at Constantinople. 1876-78. and in this official capacity was sent to Bulgaria to inves- tigate the Turkish massacres, making an official report that was partly instrumental in putting an end to the outrages. He was married in 1877 to Gertrude Wallace, daughter of Charles (q.v.), and Henrietta (Low) King. He was U.S. consul at Birmingham, England, 1878-79, and consul- general at Rome, Italy, 1879-1880 ; charge d'af- faires and consul-general in Bucharest, 1880-82, and concluded the commercial and consular treaties between the United States and Roumania and Servia. He was U.S. minister resident, and consul-general to Greece, Servia and Roumania, 1882-84, and after 1884 devoted himself to literary work. He was named bj' President Harrison for first assistant-secretary of state in March, 1889, but his name was not confirmed by the senate for political reasons. He was U.S. consul-general at Cairo, Egypt, 1889-90. He was a correspond- ing member of the Roumanian academy and of the London, Russian, Italian and American geographical societies, and received decorations from the governments of Russia, Greece, Servia, Roumania and Bulgaria. The honorary degree of Ph.D. was conferred on him by Yale in 1861. that of LL.B. by Columbia in 1863, and that of LL.D. by Williams in 1882. and by Yale in 1885. He edited John A. Porter's " Selections from the Kalerala " (1867) ; translated Ivan Turgenieff's SCHUYLER SCHUYLER -Fathers and Sons" (1867) and Tolstoi's " The Cossacks, a tale of tlie Caucasus " (1878), and is the author of : Turkestan : Xotes of a Journey in Russutn Turkestan, Khokand. Bokhara and Kuldja (1876); Peter the Great, Emperor of Jiiissia (2 vols. 1884) ; and Amrrican Dipohnaey and the Furtherance of Commerce (1886) ; besides many articles in tlie It-adiiig American jitrio- Jical's. H.> di.'d ill lair... Ej,'ypt. July 16, ]bVO. SCHUYLER, Montgomery, clergyman, was born in New York city, Jan. 9. 1814 ; son of Anthony Dey and Susan (Ridge) Schuyler, and a descendant of Arent, brother of Peter Scliuyler. He attended Hobart college, and was graduated from Union college, Schenectady. N.Y.. in 1834; studied law ; engaged in mercantile bii.^iiiess, and w!is ordained de;vcon in 1840 and prie^t in 1841. He was rector of Trinity church, Marshall, Mich., lsi4i_44. Grace church, Lyons. N.Y.. 184-1-4.5; St. John's, Buffalo, N.Y^, 1845-54 : and Christ church cathedral, St. Louis, Mo., 18.54-96. He was dean of the cathedral at the time of his death. He was president of the standing com- mittee of the diocese of Missouri. 1858-96, and was president of the diocesean conventions of 1868 and 1886, that elected Bishops Robertson and Tuttle. In 1891, upon the fiftieth anniversary of his ordination, the Schuyler memorial house, an adjunct to Christ church cathedral, was founded. He was three times married : first, Sept. 7, 1836. to Sarah Sandford ; secondly, Oct. 10. 1843. to Lydia Eliza Roosevelt, and tliirdly, May 29. 1855, to Sophia Elizabeth Norton. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on liim by Hobart college in 1856. He is the author of : The Church, its Ministry and Worship (18.53); Tlte Pioneer Church (1867) ; HUtorical Discourse of Christ Church, St. Louis (1870). He died in St. Louis. Mo., March 19. 1896. SCHUYLER, Montgomery, journalist, was born in Ithaca, X.Y'.. Aug. 19. 1843 ; son of the Rev. Anthony (1816-1900) and Eleanor (John- son) Schuyler ; grandson of Peter and Caroline (Prother) Schuyler and of Ben and Jane (Dey) Johnson and a descendant of Philip Pieterse and Margaretta (van Schlectenhorst) Schuyler of Albany, both born in Holland. Their marriage (Dec. 12, 16.50) was the first celebrated in Albany, N.Y''. Anthony Schuyler was the rector of Christ church at Oswego, N.Y''.. 1852-62; Christ church, Roche.ster, N.Y., 1862-68 and Grace church. Orange, N.J., 1868-1900. He attended Hobart college in 18-58 ; engaged in tlie newspaper busi- ness as a member of tlie staff of the New Y'ork II orW. isr,.5-s3, and became a member of the editorial staff of tlie New York Times in 1883. He was married, Sept. IG, 1876. to Katherine Beeckman, daughter of Rolu-rt Dwight and Mary (Armour) Livingston of New York, He pub- lished papers on architecture in the leading magazines, and is the author of : Tlie Brooklyn Bridge (in conjunction with William C. Conant, 1883), and Studies in American Arcliitccture (1892). SCHUYLER, Peter, soldier, was born in Albany. N.Y'., Sept. 17, 1657 ; son of Philip Pieter- sen and Margarita(Van Slichtenhorst) Schuyler, and grandson of Brant Arent Van Slichtenhorst, who immigrated to America in 1647, and was commissioned director of the Rensselaerwyck, president of the court of justice, and im- mediate manager of the whole estate of the Van Rensselaer family. Philip Pietersen Schuyler emigrated from Amsterdam, Holland, in 1650, and died at Albany, N.Y'., March 9, 1684. Peter was appointed justice of the peace in 1685. and upon the incorporation of Albany as a city he was sent to New York in company with Robert Livingston to procure the charter, under which he was appointed first mayor of the city in 1686, serving till 1694. He was commissioned lieu- tenant of state militia in March, 1688, became commander of militia in the northern depart- ment of New Y'ork, and was given command of the fort at Albany, where he successfully re- sisted the attack upon the fort made by Milborne. In June, 1700, he led a small force into Canada and penetrated to Laprairie, and after several skirmishes with the French and Indians, returned to Albany. He was a member of the New Y'oi k assembly, 1701-03. In 1710 he went to England with five chiefs of the Five Nations, for the pur- pose of impressing them with the greatness of the English nation. He was appointed a mem- ber of the King's council in New Y'ork in 1714 ; served for a time as president of the council, and during tlie absence of Peter Burnet, served as acting governor, 1719-20. He was commissioner of Indian affairs, obtaining great influence over the Five Nations, He was twice max-ried ; first, in lObl, to Elizabeth Van Schaick, and secondly to Maria Van Rensselaer, He died in Albany, N.Y., Feb. 19, 1724. SCHUYLER, Peter, soldier, was born at New- ark, N.J. . in 1710; son of Arent Schuj-ler. He was authorized by the colonial government to recruit men in New Jerse\' for the proposed in- vasion of Canada; was commissioned colonel, Sept. 7, 1746, and although the expedition was abandoned he commanded his regiment, the "Jersey Blues," at Fort Clinton, Saratoga, N.Y'., until 1747, when he was forced to leave the post on account of scarcity of provisions. In 1748 he returned to New Jersey, and in 1754 was stationed at Oswego, where he was taken prisoner with half his regiment by General Montcalm, and was imprisoned at Montreal and Quebec, until Oct., 1757, when he was released on parole. In SCHUYLER SCHWAB 1759 he joined Gen. Jeffrey Amherst's army, and served until the conquest of Canada. He died at Peterborough (Newark), N.J., March 7, 1763. SCHUYLER, Philip (John), soldier, was born in Albany, N.Y., Nov. 20. 1733 ; second son of John and Cornelia (Van Cortland) Schuyler ; grandson of Capt. John and Elizabeth (Sloats) Wendell Schuyler and of Stephen Van Cortland, and greats-grandson of Philip Pietersen and Margarita (Van Slichtenhorst) Schuy- ler. Philip inherited his father's vast es- tate, and the Sara- toga estate of Col. Philip Schuyler. He attended the schools of Albany and studied under a private tutor at New Rochelle, N.Y. In 1755 he re- cruited a company in Albany, and was com- missioned captain, June 14, 1755. He served under Gen. Pliineas Lyman in the battle of Lake George, Sept. 8, 1755 ; was stationed at Fort Edward, 1755-56, and was appointed a commissary in the army in 1755. He was chief commissary to Col. John Bradstreet in the spring of 1756, and accompanied that general to Oswego, N.Y., to provision the fort there, taking part in the action with the French and Indians near the fort. He resigned from the British army in 1757, and in 1758 re- joined General Bradstreet as commissary with the rank of major. In 1758 he was sent to England as Bradstreet's agent to settle the colonial claims, and on his return in 1763, engaged in the lumber business at Saratoga. He also built the first flax mill in America, for which he received a medal of the Society for Promoting Arts. He was a boundary commissioner to settle the line between New York and Massachusetts in 1764, and later served on tlie commission that settled the New Hampshire boundary. He was a representative in the colonial assembly in 1768 ; and nominated Edmund Burke (q.v.) as agent in England for the colony. He was a delegate to the Continental congress, 1775-77, and served with George Wash- ington on the committee to draw up rules and regulations for the Continental army. On June 19, 1775, he was appointed one of the four major- generals of the Continental army, and was assigned to the command of the northern depart- ment of New York, with headquarters at Albany. He began the organization of an army for the invasion of Canada, but after going with the army so far as Lake Champlain, and placing Ticon- deroga in a state of defence, he relinquished his command to Gen. Richard Montgomery (q.v.), his lieutenant, and returning to Albany continued liis work of raising troops. In 1776 he led the expedition to Johnstown and seized the militarj^ stores collected by Sir John Johnston. He was opposed to the expedition to Canada, and came in conflict with Gen. Horatio Gates, who was in command of the army in Canada. On Sept. 14, 1776, he formally offered his resignation, which was not accepted, and President Hancock of the Contniental congress requested his continuance in command. He was appointed chief of the militia in the state of Pennsylvania in 1777. He was returned to his command of the northern de- partment of New York in June, 1777. Burgoyne's advance from Canada caused the evacuation of Ticonderoga by Gen. Arthur St. Clair, July 4, 1777, but at Bennington a great victory had been won by the Patriot army. On Aug. 19, 1771, Gates was selected to command the army, and a court-martial was held to investigate charges made against Schuyler to the effect that he was guilty of neglect of duty in allowing the capture of Ticonderoga. Tlie court found him not guilty and acquitted him with the higliest honor. He was again a delegate to the Continental congress, 1778-81 ; resigned from the army, April 19, 1779, and was chosen to confer with Washington on the state of the department of the soutli. He was state senator from the western district of New York, 1780-84, 1786-90 and 1792-97. In 1781 he withdrew from military service and re- turned to Albany. He was chairman of the board of commissioners for Indian affairs ; was appointed state surveyor-general in 1782. and was a member of the council of appointment of New York. He was chosen one of the first U.S. sen- ators from New York in 1789, and drew thesliort term expiring, March 3, 1791, when he was suc- ceeded by Aaron Burr. He was deeply interested in the question of a canal system connecting the Hudson river with Lake Champlain, and later advocated a canal between the Hudson and Lake Erie. He was married, Sept. 17, 1755, to Cath- arine, daughter of John Van Rensselaer. She died, March, 7, 1803. General Schuyler died at Albany, N.Y., Nov. 18, 1804, and was buried with military honors. In 1871 a Doric column of Quincy granite was erected to liis memory. SCHWAB, John Christopher, political econ- omist, was boin in New York city. April 1, 1865 ; son of Gustav and Catherine Elizabeth (von Post) Schwab; grandson of Gustav and Sophie (Gme- lin) Schwab and of Lawrence Henry and Hen- rietta M. (Meier) von Post, and a descendant of John Christopher Schwab, German philosopher and statesman, and of Conrad Weiser. Heniy Melchior Muhlenberg and John Christopher SCHWAN SCHWATKA Kunze, missionaries and theologians in Pliiladel- phia and New York. He was graduated from Yale. -V.B.. ISSO; A.M., 1S8S ; was a post-graduate at Yale. ISS6-87 ; at Berlin university, 1887-88, and at Gottingen university, 1887-89, receiving from Gottingon t lie degree of Ph.D., 1889. He was married, Oct. 5, 1893, to Edith A., daughter of Samuel S. and .Vurelia S. (Crossette) Fisher of Cincinnati. He w;vs assistant professor of poli- tical economy at Yale. 1893-98, and in the latter 3'ear was promoted professor of tlie same. He w.as elected a member of the American and British Economical associations, and is the author of : '* History of New York Property Tax," in the proceedings of the American Economical Associa- tion (vol. v.. 1890); Revo! lit ion art/ History of Fort Xiimber Eight, New Haven (1897); TJie Con- federate States of America ( 1901) ; and articles on the " History of the Confederate States," in the Political Science Quarterly (1897). He also con- tributed editorials to the Yale Review, 1892-1903, and in 1898 a set of statistics dealing with the vocations of Yale graduates, 1800-93. SCHWAN, Theodore, soldier, was born in Hanover, Germany, July 9, 1841 ; son of the Rev. H. C. Schwan. He attended the gym- nasium at Stade, and came to the United States in 1857. He enlisted in the U.S. army as private in the 10th infantry, and was advanced to the position of quartermaster-sergeant and served in the Utali e.xpedition, 1857-58, proceeding from the winter camp at Fort Bridger, where the army suffered great hardships, to the Salt Lake Valley in the spring of 1858. His regiment was ordered east in 1862. and he was promoted 2d lieutenant, Oct. 31. 1863. and 1st lieutenant, April 9, 1864. His services in the Army of the Potomac included the Chaucellorsville and Gettysburg campaigns, and Grant's operations in the Wilderness and at Petersburg. He commanded his regiment at the battle of Sjiring Church and Chapel House. Sep- tember-October, 1864. He was brevetted captain, Dec. 1. 1864. for Chapel House and awarded a gold medal of honor for most distinguished gal- lantry in action at Preble's Farm. Va. , in dragging, at the imminent risk of his own life, a wounded and helpless officer to the rear, thus saving him from death. He was promoted captain, U.S.A., March 14, 1866. and brevetted major, March 2, 1867, for gallant and meritorious services during the civil war : served in Minnesota, Texas and Dakota, 1866-'^6. and was instructor at the Fort Leavenworth School of Application. He was promoted major and assistant-adjutant-general, July 6, ISSH ; lieutenant-colonel. Feb. 19,1805 ; col- onel,May 18, 1898, and atthe beginning of theSpan- ish war. was appointed brigadier-general of volun- teers. May 9. 1898. in command of the 1st division, 4th army corps. He was in camp near Mobile. Ala., June 4-July 20, 1898, and at Miami, Fla., to July 1, 1898, and commanded his regular brigade, 2d division, 4th army corps, at Tampa, Fla., to July 23, and at Ponce, Porto Rico, July 31, 1898. He engaged the Spanish troops at Homiguero, Aug. 8. and at the crossing of the Rio Tietro, Aug. 13, the last engagement in the war with Spain, for which he received from General Miles the niessage : " Commanding General sends congratulations and thanks. He relies implicitly on your skill, good judgment and generalship." He was chief of staff to the commanding general, 8th army corps, and principal assistant to the military governor of the Philippine Islands, Aug. 10. 1899-April 15, 1900. He commanded an ex- pedition (Oct. 7-17, 1899) instructed to destroy or scatter insurgent forces in Cavite province. Concerning the results accomplished. General Lawton reported : " In the exercise of good judg- ment, perseverance and energy General Schwan has successfully conducted his expedition, through a country almost impassable for an army at the most favorable period, during the rainy season upon which the enemy depended for their safety; and I recommend that for personal gallantry dis- played on this occasion, and for the successful conduct of this difficult expedition he be awarded a brevet in the regular army." With an army of 4000 men of all arms he conducted an expedi- tion to clear the Cavite, Batangas, Laguna and Tayabas provinces of insurgents, accomplishing the purpose between Jan. 3, and Feb. 8, 1900, and permanently occupying twenty-one towns. He was appointed brigadier-general, U.S.A.. Feb. 2, 1901, and was retired from active service, Feb. 21, 1901. SCHWATKA, Frederick, explorer, was born in Galena, III.. Sept. 29, 1849. He removed to Oregon with his parents in 1853, attended Wil- lamette university at Salem, Ore., worked as a printer, and in 1867 entered the U.S. Military academy. He was graduated and commissioned 2d lieutenant in the 3d cavalry, June 12, 1871 ; was admitted to the bar. May 5, 1875, and was gradu- ated from Bellevue Hospital Medical col- lege in 1876. He participated in the actions at Tongue River Heights. June 9. 1876: Rose Bud Hills, June 17, 1876. and Slim Buttes. Sept. 9, 1876. Schwatka heard from Thomas F. Barry, a captain SCHWATKA SCliWEIXITZ of a whaling vessel, an account of some utensils he liad seen in Alaska, tliat might have belonged to Franklin's ill-fated expedition, and obtaining a leave of absence, he organized the American Franklin search party, June 19, 1878, witli Will- iam Henry Gilder (q.v.) as second officer. They sailed, June 19, 1878, on the Eotlien, disembarked at King William Land and visited the district mentioned by Captain Barry. Tlie entire parly consisted of four white men and about twenty Eskimos. They found cairns in which were deposited papers and other property of the Franklin expedition ; and also found the skeletons of many of the party, all of which they buried. They discovered the grave of Lieut. John Irving, and records showing that Franklin died, June 7, 1817. in his attempt to return south. Schwatka made the longest sledge journey ever known, traveling 3250 miles in eleven months and twenty days ; encountered exceedingly cold weather, and supported his party by forage. He returned to the United States, Sept. 22, 1880. He had been promoted 1st lieutenant, March 20, 1879 ; from October, 1881, until May, 1883, was aide-de- camp on Brig. -Gen. Nelson A. Miles's staff, and Jan. 31, 1884, resigned his commission. In 1883 he took command of the Alaskan exploring ex- pedition, sent out by General Miles. This party, consisting of seven white men, landed at Cbilkat i'llet, and with native hunters crossed the Alaskan coast range of mountains, and traveled to the head of the Yukon river. Here a large raft was constructed, and the party drifted down the river Un- two months, mapping, surveying and exam- ining this unknown country. In 18SG Lieutenant Schwatka. under the patronage of Mr. George Jones of th 3 New York Times, explored the region among the northern spurs of the St. Elias Alps of Alaska. A large river he discovered running through the deep glaciers, he named the Jones river, and a gla-^ifr covering 1000 square miles he called the Aga > iz glacier. He also discovered and named Guyot and Tyndall glaciers. In 1889 Scluvatka led an expedition into the nortliern part of Mexica. Here he found a branch of the Taralmmari tribe, living in cliffs and caves in the backbone ridge of the Sierra Madre, between Sonora and Chihuahua. The results of this ex- pedition were so interesting that in 1889 he made another trip to the same locality and brought a number of these aborigines to the United States, wliere he used them to illustrate his lectures, Lieutenant Schwatka was made an honorary member of the Bremen Geographical society, of the Swiss Geographical society, and a correspond- ing member of the Royal Italian Geographical society. He received the Roquette Arctic medal from the Paris Geograpliical society and a medal from tlie Imperial Geographical Society of Russia. IX. — i8 He is the author of : Along Alaska's Great River (1885); Nimrod in the North, or Hunting a)id Fishing in the Arctic Regions (1885); The Child- ren of the Cold (1886). He died in Portland, Ore.. Nov. 2. 1892. SCHWEBACH, James, R.C. bishop, was born at Phiten, Luxemburg, Aug. 15, 1817 ; son of Nicholas and Margaret (Buscli) Schwebach, He studied under private teachers three years, then at the College of Diekirch two years and in 1864 came to the United States and settled in Wiscon- sin. He attended the Seminary of St. Francis near Milwaukee, finishing tliere his classical studies, philosophy and theology. In 1869, not having reached the canonical age for ordination, he went to LaCrosse to Bishop Heiss, and was tliere ordained deacon. He was ordained priest, June 16, 1870, at St. Paul's Cathedral, by Bishop T. L. Grace. He was pastor of St. Mary's church, LaCrosse, Wis., 1870-92 ; vicar-genaral of the diocese, 1882-93, and on the death of Bishop Flasche, Aug. 3, 1891, became administrator of the diocese, and in the same year was appointed his successor, and was consecrated, Feb. 25, 1892, by Archbisliop Katzer, assisted by Bishops Jans- sen and Cotter. SCHWEINITZ, Edmund Alexander von, Moravian bishop, was born in Bethlehem, Pa., March 20, 1825; son of Lewis David and Amelia Louise (Le Doux) von Schweinitz. He was graduated fi'om the Moravian Theological sem- inary, Bethlehem, Pa., in 1844 ; completed his education in the University of Berlin, and was ordained to the ministry in 1850. He was pastor of churches at Lebanon, Philadelphia. Lititz and Bethlehem, Pa., 1850-70; was a delegate to the General Synod at Herrnhut, Saxony, in 1857, and its president in 1879, and president of the Mora- vian Tlieological seminary, 1867-84. He was consecrated a bishop of tlie Moravian church at Bethlehem, Aug. 28, 1870, and at the time of his death was presiding bishop of tho northern dis- trict of the Moravian churcli. He received the honorary degree of S.T.D. from Columbia college in 1871. He was mai-ried in 1850 to Lydia von Tschirschky of Saxony, and in 1868, to Isabel Allison Boggs of Greencastle» Pa. He founded and edited The Moravian, 1856-66 ; and is the author of: Tlie Moravian Manual (1859): Tlie Moravian Episcopate (1865); Tlie Life and Times of David Zeisberger (1870); Soine of the Fathers of the American Moravian Church (1881): Unitas Fratrum (1885), and History of the Renewed Unitas Fratrum (MS.). He died in Bethlehem, Pa., Dec. 18. 1887. SCHWEINITZ, Emil Adolphus de, Moravian bishop, was born in Bethlehem, Pa., in October, 1816 ; son of Lewis David von Schweinitz (q.v.). He was married to Sophia, daughter of Bishop SCIIWEINITZ SCOFIELD John G. Hermann. He was prominent in the management of Moravian cluirch affairs, espe- cially in the south, and was for forty years di- rector of tlie affairs of the Province and Rishop of the Soutliern Moravian churcli, with headquar- ters at Salem. N.C. He was prominent in the forwarding of educational interests, especially in connection witli tlie Moravian cluirch, and deeply interested in building it up in North Carolina, His only son was Emil Alexander de Schweinitz (q.v.). Bisliop Soliweinilz died in 1879. SCHWEINITZ, Emll Alexander de, bacteri- ologist and chemist, was horn in Salem. N. C, Jan. 18. 18G6 : son of Bishop Emil Adolphus de Schweinitz (q.v.) and Sophia Amelia (Hermann) de Schweinitz. He attended Salem schools, Naz- areth Hall and the Moravian College at Bethle- hem. Pa., was graduated from tiie University of North Carolina, A.B.. 1S82, Ph.D., 1884, from Ciottingen university, Germany. Ph.D., 1886. and from C')liinibian university. "Washington, D. C, M.D.. 1894. He was in 1890 made director of tiie Biochemic Laboratory of the department of agri- culture. He was appointed in 1894 professor of chemistry in Columbian University Medical school and became dean of the faculty. He was president of the Washington Chemical society in 1896 ; a member of numerous American and for- eign bacteriological, medical and chemical socie- ties ; was the U.S. delegate to the fourth Inter- national Congress on Tuberculosis at Paris in 1898 and at Berlin in 1899, and was U.S. delegate to the International Medical Congress and Con- gress for Hygiene at Paris, 1900. He is the author of numerous reports, monographs and articles, among which are : Tlie Production of Immunity to Swine Plague by Use of the Products of the Germ (1891); Tlie Composition of Osage Orange Leaves and Adaptability as Silk-Worm Food (1891); 77/e Use of Midlein and its Active Princi- ples (1892); A Preliminary Study of the Poisons of the Tubercidosis Bacillus and the Practical Value and Use of Tuberculin (1892); Artificial Media for Bacterial Cultures (1893); The Ejfect of Tuberculin on the Milk of Cou-s (1894); TJie Production of Artifici(d Immunity to Tubercido- sis in Small Animalsby Attemiated Bacilli (1894); The Chemic(d Composition of the Tuberculosis and Glanders Bacilli (1895) ; A Hygienic Study of Oleomargarine (1896); Serum for the Treatment of Tuberculosis (1896); War with Microbes (1897); The Inter communicability of Bovine and Human Tuberculosis (1901); Further Studies in Tuber- culosis n902K etc.. etc. SCHWEINITZ, Lewis David von, Moravian mini>ter and botanist, was born in Bethlehem, Pa.. Feb. 13, 1780; son of Rev. Hans Christian Alexander von Schweinitz, a native of Silesia, and a proraint^nt member of the Unitas Fratrum, or Moravian Church, and of Anna Dorothea Eliza- beth von Schweinitz, by birth Baroness von Watteville, and granddaughter of Count Zinzen- dorf. Lewis David von Schweinitz was educated in the classical and theological schools of Ger- many, and on May 24, 1812, was married to Louise Amelia Le Doux, a descendant of Hugue- nots who had left France during the persecution. Returning to tiie United States soon after his marriage, he held many important positions in the Moravian church. In 1816 he was elected president of the University of North Carolina, but declined to accept the position. Throughout life he devoted his leisure time to botanical re- search, and added 1400 new species to the list of American flora, more than 1200 being fungi. His private herbarium, the largest in America, he bequeathed to the Academy of Natural Sciences, of which he was a member. He was also a member of the American Pliilosophical society, corresponding member of tiie Linnean society of Paris, and of the Society of Natural Sciences of Leipzig. The University of Kiel, Den- mark, conferred on him tlie honorary degree of Ph.D., and the botanist Elliot named a new genus of plants in his honor. He wrote ten botanical treatises, monographs and other woriis, cliiefly in Latin, among them being : Coyispectns Fungoruni Lusatice (1805) ; Synojxsis Fungorus Carol iuce Sn- perioris, edited by Dr. Schwaegricheu (1818) ; Specimen Florce Americce Septentrionalis Crypto- gamtce (1821) ; Monograph of the Linnoean Genus Viola (1821) ; Catalogue of Plants collected in the North Western Territory by Say (1824) ; Mono- graph of the American Sjjecies of the Genus Carex (1825) ; Synopsis Fungorum in America Boreali Media Degentium (1832). A memoir was puli- lished in 1835 by the Academy of Natural Sciences, and a brief account of his life and work appeared in the Journal of tlie Elisha Mitchell Scientific society. University of Nortii Carolina, in 1886. He died in Bethleiiem, Pa.. Feb. 8, 1834. SCIDMORE, Eliza Ruhamah, author, was born in Madison, Wis.. Oct. 14, 1856. She was educated in private schools, and officiated as cor- responding and foreign secretary of the National Geographic society, 1890-1903. Her publications include : Alaska, The Southern Coast and the Sitkan Archipelago (1885); Jinrikisha Days in Japan (1890); Westward to the Far East ; From East to West; Guide to Alaska (1890; 2d ed., 1898); Java, the Garden of the East (\891); China, the Long-Lived Empire (1909) ; Wiiiter India (1903). SCOFIELD, Edward, governor of Wisconsin, was born at Clearfield, Pa., March 28, 1842. He attended the district school, worked in printing pffices, 1855-61 ; enlisted as a private in the 11th Pennsylvania regiment in 1861, and rose to the SCOFIELD SCOTT rank of major. He was captured by the Coufed- erate army in May, 186-i, and was a prisoner until March, 1865, and on reaching Washington he was honorably discharged and returned to his home in Pennsylvania. He was a railroad surveyor, 1865-68 ; foreman of a lumber mill at Oconto, Wis., 1868-76, and in 1876 became a lumber man- ufacturer in that place. He was a Republican member of the state senate, 1887 and 1889 ; was elected governor in 1896 and re-elected in 1898 over Hiram W. Sawyer, Democrat, by 37,803 plurality, his term expiring January, 1900. SCOFIELD, Qlenni William, jurist, was born at Dewittville, Chatauqua count3% N.Y., March 11, 1817. He was apprenticed to a printer, 1831-36 ; was graduated from Hamilton college in 1840 ; taught school, and studied law until 18-13, when he began the practice of law in Warren, Pa. He was district attorney for his district, 1816-48 ; a representative in the Pennsylvania legislature, 1850-51, and a member of the state senate, 1857-59. Governor Curtin appointed him president judge of the eighteenth judicial dis- trict in 1861. He was a representative from Pennsylvania in the 38th-43rd congresses. 1863-75, being one of the three representatives at large from Pennsylvania in the 43d congress, and was chair- man of the committee on naval affairs. He was register of the U.S. treasury, 1878-81, and associ- ate justice of the U.S. court of claims, 1881-91. He received from Hamilton college the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1884. He died at Warren, Pa., Aug. 31, 1891. SCOLLARD, Clinton, author, was born in Clinton, N.Y., Sept. 18, 1860 ; son of James Isaac and Elizabeth (Stephens) Scollard ; grandson of William Ross and Hannah (Sennett) Scollard and of John Davison and Abby (Crombie) Stephens. He was graduated at Hamilton college in 1881, and studied two years at Harvard and several months at Cambridge, England, visiting, while abroad, Greece. Egypt and Palestine, and re- turning in 18S7. He was assistant professor of rhetoric and literature in Hamilton col- lege, 1888-91, and professor of English litera- ture and Anglo-Saxon, 1891-96. He was mar- ried, July 3, 1890, to Georgia, daughter of George Densmore and Celestia (Scollard) Brown of Jackson, Mich. He is the author of : Pictures in Song (1884); With Reed and Lyre (1886) ; Old .and Xeio World Lyrics (1888) ; Giovio and Giulia (1891); Songs of Sunrise Lands (1892); Under Summer Skies (1893) ; On Sunny Shores (1893) ; Hie Hills of Song (1895); Boy's Book of Rhyme (1896); Skenandoa (1896); A Christmas Garland (1897) ; A Man at Arins (1898) ; Laicton (1900) ; Son of a Tory (1900); The Lutes of Morn (1901); A Knight of the Highivay (1901); The Cloistering of Ursula (1903) ; Lyrics of the Datvn (1902). SCOTT, Abram M., governor of Mississippi, was born in South Carolina. He removed lo Mississippi Territory, when a young man ; com- manded a company in a regiment called out by Governor Holmes in 1811, to punish the Indians for the massacre at Fort Minis, in what is now Alabama, and subsequently settled in Wilkinson county, which he represented in the state constitutional convention of 1817. He re- presented Wilkinson county in the state legisla- ture for several terms ; was elected lieutenant- governor of the state on the ticket with Gerard C. Brandon for governor, serving, 1827-31 ; and was governor of Mississippi from January, 1833, until his death at Natchez, Miss., in November, 1833. SCOTT, Austin, educator, was born in Maumee, Ohio, Aug. 10, 1848 ; son of J. Austin and Sarah (Ranney) Scott ; grandson of Jere and Amelia (Wakeman) Scott and of Reuben and Elizabeth (Gibbons) Ranney. He removed, with his parents to Toledo, Ohio, in 1859 ; attended the public schools ; was graduated from Yale, A.B., 1869, editing the College Courant ; was a post-graduate student at the Uni- versity of Michigan, 1869-70, receiving the degree of A.M., and. continued his studies at the universities of Leipzig and Ber- lin, 1870-73. While abroad he was private secretary to George Bancroft, U.S. minister, and meantime was made bearer of dispatches from the emperor of Germany to the state department, Washington, relative to the northwestern boundary agitation. He was an instructor in German at the Univer- sity of Michigan, 1873-75 ; an associate in history at Johns Hopkins university, 1875-81, establish- ing there the Seminary of American History, and at the same time occupied in collecting materials for Bancroft's "History of the Constitution of the United States." He was married, Feb. 21, 1882, to Anna Prentiss, daughter of Jonathan French and Anna (Prentiss) Stearns of Newark, N.J. He was acting professor of history in Rut- gers college, New Brunswick, N.J., 1883 ; Voor- hees professor of history, political economy and constitutional law, 1883-90, and on Nov. 25, 1890. was elected to the presidency of the college. He received the degree of Ph.D. from Leipzig in 1873, and that of LL. D. from Princeton in 1891. He is the authorof iVe?t' Jerse?/(1903).in American Com- monwealths series, and contributions to reviews. SCOTT SCOTT SCOTT, Charles, governor of Kentucky, was bom in Cumberland county, Va., in 1733. He served under General Braddock in 175."). In 1775 he raised and eoninianded tlie first company of jKitriots south of tlie James river ; was commis- sioned colonel of the 3d Virginia battalion, Aug. 12. 177G ; was j)romi>ted brigadier-general, April 2. 1777, and served with the army in New Jersey, 1777-79. and under Gen. Anthony Wayne at Stony Point in 1779. He was taken prisoner at Cliarles- ton in 17S0 and confined until near the end of the war. He removed to Woodford county, Ky., in 178.1 ; commanded troops in tlie Indian outbreaks of 1791-94, and the battle of Fallen Timbei-s. He was governor of Kentucky, 1808-12, and a town and county in that state were named in his honor. He di^d in Koiitu.-ky, Oct. 22. 1813. SCOTT, Charles, jurist, was born in Knox- ville. T.'un., Nov. 12. 181 1 ; son of Edmond and Sarah (Corde) Scott : grandson of Major Joseph Scott, and a descendant of the celebrated Scott family of Virginia. Major Joseph Scott was a soldier in the Continental army during the Re- volution, and after the close of the war was appointed U.S. marshal of Virginia, by Presi- dent Jefferson. Edmond Scott was a prominent lawyer of Tennessee, and judge of the state cir cuit court, 1815-46. Charles Scott established himself in the practice of law in Nashville, Tenn., but later removed to Jackson, Miss., where he entered into partnership with George S. Yerger. He was ntarried to Elizabeth M. Bullus. He was chosen chancellor of the super- ior court of chancery of the state in 1852, and in 1859 removed to Memphis, Tenn. He is the author of : Analogy of Ancient Craft Masonry to Natural and Revealed Religion (1849) ; Tlie Key- stone of the Masonic Arch (1856). He died in Jackson. Miss.. May 30. 1861. SCOTT, Charles Frederick, representative, was born in Allen county. Kan., Sept. 7, 1860; son of John W. and Maria (Protsman) Scott. He was brought up on his father's farm ; at- tended the common schools, and was graduated from the University of Kansas, B.S.. 1881. He was engaged in clerical work in Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona, 1881-82, returning in the latter year to lola. Kan., where he purchased an interest in the Register, a weekly newspaper, of which he subsequently became sole proprietor, as well as editor and publisher. He served as state senator. 1892-96; was married, June 15, 1893, to May Brevard, daughter of Henry A. and Elizabeth (Merriman) Ewing of lola. and was a presidential elector on the McKinley and Hobart tioket. 1896. He was a Republican representa- tive from th«» state-at-large in the 57th con- gress. 1901-03. and re-elected to the 58th congress for the term expiring March 3, 1905. He re- ceived the honorary degree of M.S. from the University of Kansas, 1888, serving as regent of the university, 1891-95, 1895-99 and 1899- 1903 ; was president of the State Editorial as- sociation, 1893 ; of the Kansas League of Re- publican Clubs, 1S96, and of the Kansas Day club. 1900. He is the author of : Letters Wi-itten from Mexico and Europe (1891) ; History of Allen and ^VtH>dson (.'onnties. Kansas (1900). SCOTT, Elmon, jurist, was born in Isle La Motte, Vt., Nov. 6, 1853 ; son of Anson and Ann Barbara (Pike) Scott ; grandson of Henry and Cornelia (Wicker) Scott and of Ezra Pike. He removed with his parents to a farm in Chester, Eaton county, Mich., 1804, and attended the public schools, subsequently studying law at Charlotte, Mich. He was admitted to the bar, 1877 ; commenced practice in Charlotte, where he served as city-attorney ; removed to "Wash- ington Territory in October, 1881, and located at Pomeroy in January, 1882. He was married, Oct. 23. 1882, to Eleanor, daughter of Francis and Rebecca McBrearty of Pomeroy ; was mayor of the city three times, and elected to the su- preme court of Washington, 1889. He removed to Wliatcom, Wash., 1890 ; was re-elected to the supreme court in 1892. and was chief-justice at the expiration of his term in 1899. He subse- quently resumed the practice of law in What- com, Wash. SCOTT, Gustavus, delegate, was born in Prince William comity. Va. ; son of the Rev. James Scott, a ministerof the Established church, who settled in Virginia in 1730. Gustavus at- tended Kings college, Aberdeen, Scotland ; re- turned to America, and when his friend. Sir Robert Eclen, was made governor of Maryland, he established a law practice in Somerset county, and was a delegate to the Annapolis convention of July 22, 1774 ; a member of the Association of the Freemen of Maryland ; a member of the first constitutional convention of Maryland ; a representative from Dorchester county in the state assembly of 1780 and of 1784, and a delegate to the Continental congress, 1784- 85. He was an advocate of the claim of James Rumsey to the right to the support of the legis- lature for his steamboats, and was one of the first promoters of the Potomac Canal company, 1784. He was one of the commission to super- intend the erection of the capitol at Washington, and gave his personal bond to the state of Mary- land, as security for the loan of several thousand dollars, to complete the work. He died in Wash- ington. D.C., in 1801. SCOTT, Gustavus Hall, naval oflScer, was born in Fairfax county. Va.. June 13, 1812 ; son of Gustavus Hall Scott, a graduate of the Col- lege of New Jersey, A.B., 1805, A.M., 1808 ; pro- SCOTT SCOTT bably grandson of Gustavus Scott, the delegate (q.v.). He was warranted midshipman, U.S.N. , Aug. 1, 1828 ; was advanced to passed midship- man, June 14, 1834, and served on the Vandalia in Charleston liarbor, S.C, 1835-36, and in the Seminole war, 1839-40. He was commissioned lieutenant, Feb. 25, 1841 ; was flag-lieutenant on the St. Lawrence of the Pacific squadron, 1852- 53 ; was promoted commander, Dec. 27, 1856, and was inspector of lighthouses, 1858-60. He commanded the Keystone State and the Maran- tanza, 1861-63; was commissioned captain, Nov. 4, 1863 ; commanded the De Soto and Canandaigua on blockade duty, and was senior officer at the surrender of Charleston, S.C, in 1865. He served on the board of examiners for the admis- sion of volunteer officers to the U.S. navy in 1868 ; was liglit-house inspector, 1869-71 ; was promoted commodore, Feb. 10, 1869 ; rear ad- miral, Feb. 14, 1873 ; was commander-in-chief of the North Atlantic squadron, 1873-74, and was retired upon reaching the age limit, June 13, 1874. He died in Washington, D.C., March 23, 1882. SCOTT, Irving Murray, mechanical engineer, was born at Hebron Mills, Baltimore county, Md., Dec. 25, 1837 ; son of John and Elizabeth (Lettig) Scott ; grandson of Thomas and Eliza- beth (Matthews) Scott ; great-grandson of Abra- ham and Elizabeth (Rossiter) Scott, and great-- grandson of Abraham Scott, a Quaker, wlio emi- grated from Cumberland county, England, June 22, 1722, and settled in Pennsylvania, where he was married in 1726 to Elizabeth Dyer. He at- tended Milton academy, Md., three years, and evening classes at tlie Baltimore Mechanics In- stitute, and obtained employment in the machine shop of Obed Hussey, the inventor, and later in larger works in Baltimore. He devoted himself to draughting of mechanical construction, and in 1830 removed to San Francisco, where in 1861 he became chief draughtsman of the Union iron works. He was superintendent of the Union iron works, 1863-65, general manager, 1865-1903, and vice-presfdent, 1873-1903, wlien it was pur- chased by the United Ship Building company. He was married, Oct. 7, 1863, to Laura Hord of Covington, Ky. He designed the macliinery for working the Comstock mines ; invented the Scott and Eckart, and Scott and O'Neill cut-off engines and many other mechanical , devices. He was president of the Art Association (1876- 81 ) , San Francisco, and the Mechanics Institute (1878-80) and of several other organizations, and a member of the principal clubs on the Pacific coast. He was the builder of the U.S. battle- ships Oregon and OJijmpia. He was a presidential elector on the Republican ticket in 1896. In 1898 he visited Russia, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Belgium and England in the interests of Ameri- can shipbuilding. He was a regent of the Uni- versity of California, 1878-80 ; a trustee of the Leland Stanford Junior university, 1891-98 ; and THE OREGON!. appointed U.S. commissioner to the commercial congress held at Ostend, Belgium, in 1902. He was married in 1863 to Laura Horde of Covington, Ky. The degree of Ph.D. was conferred on him by Santa Clara university in 1901. He died in San Francisco, Cal., April 28, 1903. SCOTT, John, representative, was born in Hanover county, Va., in 1782. He removed with his parents to Indian Territory in 1802, and later to Missouri territory, where he practised law^ 1806-61. He was a delegate from Missouri Ter- ritory to the 14th congress as successor to Rufus Easton, and to the 15th and 16th congresses, serving, 1816-21. Missouri was admitted to the Union in 1821, and he was the Missouri represen- tative in the 17tli-19th congresses, 1821-27, He died at St. Genevieve, Mo., Oct. 1, 1861. SCOTT, John, soldier, was born in Fauquier county, Va., April 23, 1820 ; son of Judge John and Elizabeth B. (Pickett) Scott ; grandson of Rev. John and Eliza (Gordon) Scott and of Col. Martin and (Blackwell) Pickett, and a descend- ant of a distinguished Scottish family, and on the paternal side collaterally descended directly from Professor Thomas Gordon, of Aberdeen (Scotland) university. He studied law witli his father, and after graduating from the University of Virginia was admitted to the bar in 1841. He was married, Nov. 14, 1850, to Harriet Augusta, daughter of James and Eliza R. (Pinsliain) Caskie of Richmond. Va. He was editor of the Richmond ^Mlig, 1850-51, and in 1858 he organ- ized and commanded the " Black Horse cavalry " of Fauquier county, which constituted the state guard during the imprisonment, trial and execu- tion of John Brown. He entered the Confederate army in 1861 as captain of cavalry ; recruited a company over which he was promoted major ; and was promoted colonel and transferred to tlie trans-Mississippi department. In 1870 he was appointed commonwealth's attorney for Fau- quier county, Va. He is the author of : The Lost Principle of the Federal Government or the Sec- tional Equilibrium (1860) ; Partisan Life with SCOTT SCOTT Mosby (1867) ; and Tlie Republic as a Form of Government, or Vie Evolution of Democracy in America (1S!)0). SCOTT, John, author, was born in Jefferson county. Oliio, April 14, 1824 ; son of John and Eliza (Skelley) Scott; grandson of Alexander and Rachel (McDowell) Scott and of John and Mar- garet (Simrall) Skelley, and a descendant of Hugh Scott, who was hovn in Ulster, Ireland, and came to Chester county. Pa., about 1680. He matriculated at Franklin college, New Athens, Ohio. 1841, but did not graduate ; studied law in Steubeiiville. Ohio, and was admitted to practice by the supreme court, 1845. He served in Mexico as a private in the Kentucky mounted volunteers, 1846-17, being captured with Cassius M. Clay at Encarnacion. January, 1847. In 1851 he located at Mt. Sterling, Ky., where he published the Kentuck-y THug, 185'2-54 ; removed to Iowa in 1856 ; was a state senator, 1860 : commissioned lieutenant-colonel. 3rd Iowa infantry, 1861, and served as colonel of the 32d Iowa infantry, 1863- 64. He was married, Nov. 24, 1863, to Mary Sophia, daughter of Orestes H. and Mary (Atkin- son) Wright of Freeport, 111. He was lieutenant- governor of Iowa, 1868 ; U.S. assessor of internal revenue. 1870-71 : published the Farmers' Jour- nal. Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 1872, and was state senator. 18S6. He was president of the State Agricultural society of Iowa, 1872-73 ; of the State Iiui>roved Stock Breeders' association, 1875, and of tlie State Road Improvement association, 1878. He was also president of the State Society of Scotcii-Irish, and of the Pioneer Law Makers' association, and Past Grand Master of Iowa Free Masons. He is the autlior of: Encarnacion or the Prison in Mexico (1848) ; Hugh Scott and His Descendants (1894) ; and History of the Tliirty- Second loiva Infantry (1895). Colonel Scott was residing in Des Moines, la., in 1903, SCOTT, John, senator, was born at Alex- andria, Pa., July 24, 1824; son of Maj.-Gen. John Scott. :in officer in the war of 1812 and a repre- sentative in the 21st congress, 1829-31. John attended tiie common schools and the law de- partment of Marshall college, Chambersburg, Pa., was admitted to the bar in 1846, and practised law in Huntingdon, Pa., 1846-69. He was prose- cuting attorney for Huntingdon county, 1846-49 ; a nieml>er of the revenue commission in 1851 ; a Republican representative in tiie state legislature in 1862 ; presided over the Republican state con- vention of 1867, and was elected U.S. senator to succeed Cliarles R. Buckalew, serving 1869-75. While in the senate he .served on the committees on naval affairs, claims, and Pacific railroads, and was chairman of the special committee to inve-stigate Ku-Kliix outrages in the South. He • inclined tlie secretaryship of the interior and re- turned to his law practice in Pennsylvania in 1875. He was special counsel of the Penn- sylvania railroad, at Pittsburg, Pa., 1875-77; and general solicitor, 1877-95. He was a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, 1884-96, and a director and trustee of the Princeton Theolo- gical seminary, 1889-96. He died at Philadel- phia. Pa., Nov. 29, 1896. SCOTT, John Hart, educator, was born in Northville, Midi., Jan. 4, 1847; son of George and Abigail (Hart) Scott ; grandson of Jer- emiah and Phoebe (Bloomer) Scott, and of Seth and Patience (Burdick) Hart. He graduated from the University of Rochester, A.B., 1871, and from the Rochester Theological seminary, B.D., 1874. He was married, July 23, 1873, to Florence Madeleine, daughter of ^laynard and Emily (Barrett) Davis, of Des Moines, Iowa. He was ordained to the Baptist ministry, 1874 ; was pastor of Cleveland, Ohio. 1874-79 ; at Ypsilanti, Mich., 1879-81 ; engaged in business at Minne- apolis, Minn., 1882-90 ; business manager of The Ensign, Minneapolis, Minn., 1890-92; of the Young People's Union, Chicago, 111., 1892-93; engaged in business, 1893-96 ; was professor of theology in Sliaw university, Raleigh. N.C., 1896- 97, and in the latter year was made president of Indian university, Bacone, Indian Territory. SCOTT, John M., jurist, was born in St. Clair, 111., Aug. 1, 1824; son of Samuel and Nancy (Biggs) Scott. He attended the common schools ; was instructed by private tutors, and studied law in the office of William C. Kinney, Belle- ville, 111., being admitted to the bar in 1847. He commenced practice in Bloomington, 111., in 1848 ; was judge of tlie McLean county court, 1852-62 ; judge of the circuit court, 1862-70, and of the supreme court, 1879-88, serving as chief- justice by allotment in 1875, 1883 and 1886. After his retirement from the bench in 1888 Judge Scott devoted himself to literary work. He bequeathed to the city of Bloomington, Illinois, the principal of his estate, estimated at $2,000,000, on the death of heirs, for a public hospital. He is the author of biographical sketches of Browne, Foster, Pliillips and Rej'- nolds, the four first judges of the Illinois supreme court, and Rewritten Chapters of Illinois History Prior to 1S19. His opinions are contained in the " Illinois Reports " (3rd-126th vols.). He died in Bloomington, 111., Jan. 21, 1898. SCOTT, John Morin, delegate, was bom in New York city, in 1730 ; grandson of John Scott, the immigrant. He was graduated from Yale, A.B., 1746, A.M., 1749; was one of the founders of the Sons of Liberty ; a member of the New York general committee in 1775, and a member of the provincial congress in 1775. He was appointed brigadier-general and commanded a SCOTT SCOTT brigade at the battle of Long Island, but in 1778 resigned his commission to accept the appoint- ment of secretary of state of New York, made March 13, 1778, in which office he served until Oct. 23, 1780. He was a delegate to the Con- tinental congress, 1780-83. He died in New York <;ity. Sept. 14. 1784. SCOTT, John Witherspoon, educator, was born in Hookstown, Pa., Jan. 22, 1800 ; son of the Rev. George McElroy and Anna (Rea) Scott. His father was a Presbyterian clergyman. He was graduated at Washington college, Pa., 1823 ; was a post-graduate student at Yale, 1823-24, and finislied his theological studies under private in- struction. He held the professorship of mathe- matics and natural sciences at Washington col- lege, 1824-28, and the same position at Miami university, Oxford, Oliio, 1828-45. He was mar- ried, Aug. 18, 1825, to Mary P., daughter of John Neal, of Washington, Pa. In April, 1830, he was licensed to preach, and in October, 1831, he was ordained. He received the degree of D.D. from Augusta college in 1840. In 1845 upon his re- moval to College Hill, Hamilton county, he as- sisted in the founding of Farmers' college (which became Belmont college in 1884), and continued a member of its faculty until 1849, when he accepted the presidency of the Oxford, Miss., female college, serving as such until 1849. He was a professor of natural science at Hanover col- lege, Ind., 1860-68 ; principal of the Presbyterian academy, Springfield, 111. ; professor at Mon- ongahela college, Jefferson, Greene county. Pa., 1875-81, and clerk in the pension office at Wash- ington, D.C., 1881-89. His daugliter, Caroline Scott, married Benjamin Harrison, and upon the inauguration of Harrison as President, Dr. Scott resigned his clerkship and became a mem- ber of his daughter's family at the White House, where he resided until his death, which occurred in Washington D.C.. Nov. 29, 1892. SCOTT, John Work, educator, was born at Slate Ridge, York county, Pa., Nov. 27, 1807. He was prepared for college at a classical school kept by the Rev. Samuel Morton at Chaceford, Pa., was graduated at Jefferson college, Canons- burg, Pa., 1827, was professor of mathematics at Washington college. Pa., 1829-30 ; and entered tlie Princeton Theological seminary, 1830, grad- uating in 1832. He was licensed, Oct. 3, 1832, by tlie presbytery of New Castle, and was ordained at Poland, Ohio, April 3, 1834, by the presbytery of Hartford. He was stated supply at Three Springs, Pa., and Free church in Steubenville, Ohio, 1836- 47. Here he founded Grove academy in 1836, and was its principal, 1836-47. He was princi- pal of Lindsley institute. Wheeling, Va., 1847-53, ])resident of Washington college, Pa., 1853-65, principal of Woodburn Female seminary, Mor- gantown, W.Va., 1865-67 ; vice-president and pro- fessor of ancient languages in West Virginia university, 1867-77, and professor at Biddle uni- versity at Charlotte, N.C., 1879. He received the degrees of D.D. from Washington college, Penn., in 1852, and LL.D. from Washington and Jefferson college in 1865. He died at Ridg- way, N.C., July 25, 1879, SCOTT, Julian, historical painter, was born in Johnson, Lamoille county, Vt., Feb. 15, 1846; son of Charles Walter and Lucy S. (Kellum) Scott ; grandson of Jonathan and Sophia (Lathe) Scott and of Jonathan K. and Lydia Turner (Bryant) Kellum ; and a descendant of Jonathan Scott (Sr. ) a native of Scotland, a graduate of Edinburgh university, and a lieutenant in the Revolutionary war, from Vermont, and of the Rev. Joshua Lathe of Birmingham, England, who with his wife came to America and settled in Hanover, N.H., in the latter part of the eigh- teenth century ; and on his mother's side of Nehemiah Bryant (uncle of William Cullen Bryant) and of the artist Turner. He joined the Federal army in 1861, and served with the Army of the Potomac until 1863, meanwhile making numerous sketches in the field and in military hospitals. By act of congress he was awarded a medal of honor for distinguished bravery and was placed on the staff of Gen, William F. Smith. In 1863 he entered the art school of the National Academy of Design, New York, and later studied under Emanuel Leutze in New York city, going to Paris in 1866, to pursue his studies. He was married Oct. 13, 1870, to Mary, daughter of William and Mary Burns, of New York city. He exhibited at the National Academy in 1870, and was made an associate Academician in 1871. He was elected a life-fellow of the American Geo- graphical society in 1873. In 1890 he was in Arizona and New Mexico, gathering material for the report on the 11th census on the Indians in the southwest. His reports, profusely illustrated, are embodied in the U.S. Indian Census, 1890. He made his residence in Plainfield, N.J., and was elected colonel of Drake's Zouaves of New Jersey. His paintings are chiefly on the military order, and include : Rear Guard at W kite Oak Stcamp (1870); Battle of Cedar Creek (1871); Battle of Golding's Farm (1871); Tlie Recall (1872) ; On Board the Hartford (1874) ; Old Re- cords (1875) ; Duel of Biwr and Hamilton (1876) ; Reserves Aicaiting Orders (1877) ; In the Cornfield at Antietam (1879); Charge at Peters- burg (1882) ; The War is Over (1855) ; Tlie Blue and the Gray (1886) ; and Death of General Sedgtoick (1889). He died in Plainfield, N.J., July 4. 1901. SCOTT, Levi, M.E. bishop, was born at Cant- wells Bridge, near Odessa, Newcastle county, SCOTT SCOTT Del., Oct. 11. 1S02. He was brouf^lit up on a farm, was a carpenter aiul cabinetmaker with limited education, prepared for the ministry, 18*23-26 ; joined tlie I'liiladelphia conference of tiie JI.E. church, in April, 1826, and was transferred to tlie Dover circuit, Delaware, in 1827. He was ordained deacon in 1828 ; and was pastor of St. George's. Philadeli>liia, 1828-30. He was mar- ried, in 1830, to Sarali H. Smith of Westchester ; was malisher in partnership with Isaac D. n.iker in 1846. and after Mr. Baker's d^ath in I^.")0, he conducted the business alone. 1850-57. He was married in 1848 to Emma E.. daughter of John I. Blair of Blairstown. N.J. In 1857 he bought the importing business of Banks. Merwin and Co., and Charles Welford, the London repre- sentative of the house, became his partner, doing business in New Y'ork as Charles Scribner and Co., and in London as Scribner, Welford and Co. Mr. Welford died in 1885. Mr. Scribner established Tlie Hours at Home in 1805, which became Scrilme7-'s Magazine in 1870, under the editorship of Dr. Josiah G. Holland. He died in Lucerne, Switzerland, Aug. 20. 1871. SCRUGGS, William Lindsay, journalist and diplomatist, was born near Knoxville, Tenn., Sept. 14, 1836 ; son of Frederick and IMargaret (Kimbrough) Scruggs : grandson of Frederick and Rebecca Lyndsay (Conway) Scruggs, and of Gross and Annie Keith (Hale) Scruggs of Vir- ginia, and a descendant of the Scruggs (or Scroggs) family of England, whereof Sir William, Chief Justice of the King's Bench, was a mem- ber. His ancestors emigrated to Virginia from England and Scotland, 1640 and 1667 ; his mater- nal ancestors being Scotch. He was educated in the common schools and under private instruc- tion ; attended Strawberry Plains college, East Tennessee, 1854-58 ; studied law, and was ad- mitted to the bar, 1861, but did not practise, be- coming interested in journalism in 1862. He was married. Aug. 3, 1858, to Judith Ann, daughter of John H. S. and Susan (Terry) Potts of Fredericks- burg, Va., who died in 1897. Mr. Scruggs was chief editor of the Daily Sun, Columbus, Ga., and of tlie Daily New Era, Atlanta, Ga.. 1862-72 ; U.S. minister to Colombia, South America, 1873- 77 and 1882-87 ; U.S. consul to Clieng-Kiang and Canton, China, 1878-81 ; ambassador extraordi- nary and minister plenipotentiary to Venezuela. S.A., 1889-93; and legal adviser and special agent of the Venezuelan government, charged with settlement of the Anglo- Venezuelan boundary dispute, 1893-98, bringing the question to arbi- tration, 1897 ; after wliich he resumed his resi- dence in Atlanta, Ga. He is the author of : British Aggresaiona in Venezuela (1894) ; Official History of the Guayana Boundary Dispute (1895); Lord Salisbury's Mi'itakes (1896) ; Fallacies of the British Blue Book (1896) ; Tlie Colombian and Venezuelan Republics (1900) ; The Monroe Doctrine on Trial (1902) ; Evolution of American Citizenship (1902) ; and contributions to various periodicals. SCUDDER, Henry Martyn, missionary, was born in Panditeripo, Ceylon, Feb. 5, 1822 ; son of the Rev. John and Harriet (Waterbury) Scudder. He came to the United States in 1832 ; matric- ulated at Williams college with the class of 1840 ; left in 1837 to enter the University of the City of New Y''ork, and was graduated there. A.B., 1840, A.M., 1843, and from Union Theological seminary in 1843, being ordained by the presbytery of New York, Nov. 12, 1843. He was SC UDDER SCUDDER married, April 18, 1844, to Fannie, daughter of John Lewis. He was stated supjily at New Rochelle, N.Y., 1843-44; was stationed at Madura, India, under the A.B.C.F.M., 1844-46 ; was a missionary at Madras, India, 1846-50 ; studied medicine, and became connected as a missionary with the Reformed Dutch church. He founded the mission at Arcot, India, where he served, 1850-57 and 1860-63, becoming profi- cient in the Sanskrit. Tamil, and Telugu lan- guages. He resided in America, 1850-57 ; was l)astor of the Reformed Dutcli churcli at Jersey City, N.J., 1804-65 ; pastor of the Howard Pres- byterian church at San Francisco, Cal., 1865-71 ; of the Central Congregational church at Brook- lyn, N.Y., 1871-83, and the Plymouth Con- gregational church, Chicago, 111., 1883-87. He was independent missionary to Japan with his son, the Rev. Doremus Scudder, and his daughter Catharine, 1887-89. He resided in Pasadena, Cal., 1889-90 ; Chicago, 111., 1890-92, and at Win- chester, Mass., 1892-95. The honorai-y degree of M.D. was conferi'ed on him by tlie University of the City of New York in 1853, and that of D.D. by Rutgers college in 1859. He is the author of a number of books in the Tamil language, pub- lislied in India, including: Liturgy of the Re- formed Presbyterian Dutch Church (1862) ; The Bazaar Book, or the Vernacular Teacher's Com- Xianion (1865) ; Sweet Savors of Divine Truth (1868), and Si)iritual Teaching'. On April 14, 1903, a bronze tablet to his memory was unveiled in the Central Congregational cluirch, Brooklyn. He died in Winchester, Mass., June 4, 1895. SCUDDER, Horace Elisha, author, was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 16, 1838; youngest son of Cliarles and Sarah Lathrop (Coit) Scudder ; grandson of David and Desire (Gage) Scudder, and a descendant of John Scudder, who emigrated from Lon- don, England, in 1635, settling in Charlestovvn, Mass., and in 1640 at Barn- stable, Mass. He pre- pared for college at the Roxbury and Bos- ton Latin schools ; was graduated at Williams college, 1858, taught private pupils in New York city, 1858-61, and meanwhile wrote several short stories for children. Upon the deatli of his father, a well-known merchant, he returned to Boston and continued his literary career, his children's stories making him widely known. He became a reader for Hurd and Houghton soon after the close of the civil war, and projected and edited the Riverside Magazine for Young Peoj^le during its existence, 1867-71. In 1872 he became a member of the firm, and in 1873 he was married to Grace Owen, of Cam- bridge, Mass. He retired from the firm in 1875, retaining his connection with the house as liter- ary adviser, however, and he continued in that capacity through the successive changes of the firm (Houghton, Osgood and Company and Hough- ton, Mifflin and Company) until his death. He was for several years, and until its discontinu- ance, the editor of the Riverside Bulletin. He devoted a large portion of his time to the study of American history. In 1890 he succeeded T. B. Aldrich as editor of the Atlantic Monthly, re- signing that position in 1898 to take up wliat proved to be his last, and in some respects his most important work, the Life of Lowell. In 1882 he delivered a course of lectures on " Child- hood in Literature and Art " before the Lowell Institute. He was a trustee of Williams college, 1884-1902 ; of Wellesley college, 1887-1902, and of the Episcopal Tlieological school, Cambridge, 1898-1902. He served on the Cambridge school committee, 1877-84, and on tlie Massachusetts State board of education, 1884-89, preparing for the reports of the latter some of his most elabor- ate studies. He was also president of the Church Library association. Princeton university con- ferred upon him tlie honorary degree of Litt.D. in 1896. Following is a list of his published books : Seven Little People and Their Friends (1862) ; Dream Children (1863) ; The Life and Letters of David Coit Scudder (1864) ; Stories from My Attic (1869) ; The Bodley Books, stories for chil dren (8 vols., 1875-84) ; The Dwellers in Five- Sisters Court, novel (1876) ; Men and Manners in America (1876) ; Recollections of Samuel Breck (1877) ; Stories and Romances (1880) ; Tlie Chil- dren's Book (1881) ; Boston Toivn (1881) ; Noah Webster, in American Men of Letters Series (1881) ; Tlie Book of Fables ; Chiefly from jEsop (1882) ; A History of the United States (1884) : George Washington (1886) ; The Book of Folk Stories (1887) ; Men and Letters, essays (1887) : Literature in School (1888) ; A Short History of the United States (1890) ; Childhood in Literature and Art: A Study (1894) ; Tlie Book of Legends (1899) ; James Russell Loioell (2 vols., 1901). He was also a contributor to Justin Winsor's " Me- morial History of Boston" (1880-81) and joint author with Mrs. Taylor of " The Life and Letters of Bayard Taylor" (1884). His anonymous writ- ings, if collected, would make several volumes. Mr. Scudder edited several important works, in- cluding : the Cambridge Edition of the Poets : the Riverside Literature Series ; Masterpieces of SCUDDER SCUDDER British Literature: American Poems (ISTO) ; American Prose (1880) ; American Comnion- weallljs (1SS3-9-2) ; and others. See " Horace E. Scudder : An Appreciation," by Alexander V. G. Allen {Atlantic Motithly, April. 1903). Mr. Scud- der died in Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 11, 1903. SCUDDER, John, missionary, was born in Freeliold. N.J.. Sept. 3, 1T9;5 ; son of Dr. Joseph and Maria (Johnson) Scudder, and a grandson of Cul. Natlianiel and Isabella (Anderson) Scudder, and of Col. Philip Johnson. He was graduated at the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1811, A.M., 1814, and at tlie College of Physicians and Sur- geons, New York city, in 1813. He practised medicine in Neu- York city, 1813-18. He was married in 1816 to Harriet, daughter of Gideon "Waterbury of Stamford, Conn., and their two daughters and seven of their eight sons became missionaries. He sailed for India as a mission- ary, having been ordained by the classis of the Dutcli Reformed church in 1820, and was stationed at Tillipally. Ceylon, 1820-89, where, in addition to his religious duties, he established and conducted a hospital. He was stationed at Madras. India, 1839-42 ; was in the United States, where he advanced the cause of the American Board of Foreign Missions, 1842-46 ; at Madras, 1846-54 : and in 1854 went to the Cape of Good Hope, Africa, with a view to restore his failing healtii. He is the author of: Letters from the East (1833); Appeal to Youth in Behalf of the Heathen (1846) ; Letters to Pious Young Men (1846) : Provision for Passing Over Jordan (1852) : and many contributions to the 3Iission- ary Herald. See "Memoir" by Rev. John B. Waterbury (1856). He died at Wynberg, Cape of Good Hope. Africa, Jan. 13, 1855. SCUDDER, Nathaniel, delegate, was born at Huntington. Lung Island, N.Y., May 10, 1733; sun of Jacob and Abia (Rowe) Scudder ; grand- son of Benjamin Scudder. and a descendant of Tliomas Scudder, who came from London, Eng- land, to Salem, Mass.. about 1G35. Nathaniel Scudder was graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1751, A.M., 1754. He was married, March 23, 1752, to Isabella, daughter of Col. Kenneth and Anne (Reed) Anderson of Monmoutli county, N.J. He was a practising physician in Monmouth county, N.J. ; a member of tiie committee of safety ; lieutenant-colonel in 1775 ; and subsequently colonel of the 1st Monmoutli county regiment, and was killed while leading a battalion of his regiment against the British, at Black's Point, N.J., Oct. 16, 1781. H*^ represented Monmouth county in the New Jersey legislature several terms ; was speaker in 1776 ; a delegate to the Continental congress, 1777-79 ; and on July 13, 1778, visited the legisla- ture of New Jersey to urge upon that body the policy of signing the Articles of Confederation. He was a trustee of the College of New Jersey, 1778-81. He died at Black's Point, near Shrews- bury. N.J., Oct. 16, 1781. SCUDDER, Samuel Hubbard, naturalist, was born in Boston, Mass., April 13, 1837 ; son of Charles and Sarah Lathrop (Coit) Scudder. He entered Williams college with the class of 1857 ; was graduated, A. B., 1857, A.M., 1860; took a post-graduate course at the Lawrence Scientific school. Harvard university, and received his degree, S.B., 1863. He was assistant in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 1862-64 ; was University lecturer at Harvard, 1863-64, and assistant librarian, 1879-82. He was connected with the Boston Natural History society, as sec- retary, 1862-70, as custodian, 1864-70, and as president, 1880-87. He was married, June 25, 1867, to Jeannie, daughter of Edgcumbe Heath and Mary Ann Blatchford of New York. He was a member of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science and chairman of the sec- tion on natural history in 1874 ; general secretary in 1875 ; librarian of the American Academj^ of Arts and Sciences, 1877-85, and paleontologist on the U.S. geological survey, 1886-92. He was also a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical society ; an honorary member of the Society of Physics and Natural History at Geneva, of the Entomological societies of London and of St. Petersburg, and the Natural History society of Madrid, and a corresponding member of various other learned societies of Europe. He received the degree S.D. from Williams, and LL.D. from Western university, in 1890. He reported on the entomo- logical specimens obtained by the government expedition to the Yellowstone survey, on the boundary between Canada aud the United States. He edited Science (1883-85) ; and his bibliography of more than fi%'e hundred titles includes : Cata- logue of the Orthoptera of the United States (1868) ; Entomological Correspondence of Tliaddeus William Harris (1869) ; Fossil Butterflies (1875); Catalogue of Scientific Serials of all Cotniiries 1G33-1S76 (1879) ; A Century of Orthoptera (1879) ; Butterflies (1881) ; Nomenclator Zoologi- cus (1882) ; Systematic Review of Our Present Knoioledge of Fossil Lisects (1886) ; Winnipeg County ; or Roughing it with an Eclipse Party (1886) ; Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada (1889); Bibliography of Fossil In- sects (1890) ; Lidex to the Known Fossil Insects of the World (1891) ; Tertiary Rhynchophororts Coleoptera of the United States (1893) ; Brief Guide to the Common Butterflies (1893); Tlie Life of a Butterfly (1893) ; Frail Children of the Air (1895); Guide to the Genera and Classification of North American Orthoptera (1897); Everyday SCUDDER SEABURY Butterflies (1899) ; Catalogue of the Described Orthoptera of the United States and Canada (1900) ; Adephagous and Clavicoru Coleox)tera from the Tertiary Deposits at Florissant, Cvlo. (1900) ; Index to the Orthoptera of Xorth America described in the Eighteenth and Nine- teenth Centuries (1902.) SCUDDER, Vida Dutton, educator, was born in Madura, India, Dec. 15, 1861 ; daugliter of the Rev. David Coit (1835-1862) and Harriet Louisa (Dutton) Scudder ; grand-daughter of Charles and Sarah (Coit) Scudder, and of George and Mary (Pomeroy) Dutton of Boston, Mass. She was graduated from Smith college, Northampton, Mass., A.B., 1884; continued her education in Oxford, England, and in Pai'is, France, and be- came connected with the formation of college settlements. She was an instructor in English literature at Wellesley college, Mass., 1887-92, and in 1892 became associate professor of Eng- lish literature. She edited : '* Selected Poems " from George MacDonald (1887) ; Macaulay's "Lord Clive," (1889) ; "Introduction to the AVritings of John Ruskin " (1890), and Shelley's "Prometheus Unbound" (1892); and is the author of : Hoio the Rain Sprites icere Freed (1883); Tlie Life of the Sjnrit in the 3Iodern Eng- lish Poets (1895); Tlie Witness of DenmZ (1896) ; Social Ideas in English Letters (1898); Introduc- tion to the Study of English Literature (1901); A Listener in Babel ; Being a Series of Imaginary Conversations (1903). SEABROOK, Benjamin Whitemarsh, gover- nor of South Carolina, was born in 1795. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1812; became a planter at Edisto Island, S. C, and served as a state senator, and was governor of the state, 1848-50. He was president of the State Agricultural so- ciety, and is the author of : Essay on the Management of Slaves (1834) and a Memoir of the Origin, Ctdtivation and Uses of Cotton (1844). He died in St. Luke's parish, S. C, April 16, 1856. SEABURY, Samuel, first bisliop of Connecti- cut, and 1st of the succession in the American episcopate, was born in Groton, Conn., Nov. 30, 1729; son of the Rev. Samuel (1706-1764) and Abigail (Mumford) Seabury ; grandson of John and Elizabeth (Alden) Seabuiy and of Thomas and Hannah (Remington) Mumford. and a de- scendant of John Seabury, who emigrated from Porlock, Somersetshire, England, to the Barba- does, and from there in 1639 to Boston, Massa- chusetts Bay Colony. Samuel Seabury (1706- 1764) after being ordained in England, organized the parish of St. James, New London, Conn., of which he was rector, 1732-43 ; and resided at Hempstead, N.Y., as rector of St. George's church, 1743-64. It was amid this atmosphere of church influence that the son spent his boyhood and received his preparation for college and for the priesthood. He was graduated from Yale, A.B., and fourth in the class of 1748 (A.M. 1751), and served as catechist and pursued a course in theology vmder tlie direction of his father, 1748- 51. He was then sent to England to receive orders, and before ordination studied medicine in the University of Edinburgh. He was ordered deacon by the Bishop of Lincoln (Dr. John Thomas) Deo. 21, 1753, and advanced to the priesthood by the Bishop of Carlisle (Dr. Richard Osbaldiston) two days later. On his return to America, with the license of Slierlock, Bishop of London, to officiate in New Jerse}', he was elected rector of Christ Church, in New Brunswick in that province, and served this parish, 1754-57. While at New Brunswick, he was married, Oct. 12, 1756, to Mary, daughter of Edward Hicks of New York. He was then called to Grace church, Jamaica, L.I., N.Y., where he was rector. 1757- 66, and in 1766 was inducted into the rectorship of St. Peter's, West Chester, which he held for about ten years. In November, 1775, he was taken by a band of armed men under Sears to New Haven, where he was imprisoned for six weeks, being finally released on requisition of the governor of New York as a citizen taken from his province without process of law. Returning to his parish he found hostilities commenced, and being unable to continue his duties he closed the church and took refuge in New York where he in part supported his family by the practice of medicine, serving also through the war as chap- lain of the King's American Regiment, under commission of Sir Henry Clinton (Feb. 14, 1778). Upon the recognition of the Independence of the American States he was elected by tlie clergy of English ordination in Connecticut (AVoodbury, March 25, 1783), to be the bishop of the church in that state, and sailed for England with credentials as an applicant for consecration by the English bishops, with instructions that failing in this quest he should apply to the bishops of the Scot- tish church, whose line of succession back of the time of Ciiarles II. was identical with that of the English episcopate, but who had lost their civil status by refusal to swear allegiance to the suc- cessors of James II. The English bishops could not legally confer consecration without the oath of allegiance to the king, which could not be taken by one who was to exercise his office in a foreign state. Various other difficulties were sug- gested, but this was the main point. The bishops could not dispense with the oatli ; the king and privy council would not : and, in the vain .SEABUKV SEAKING ho|>e that Parliament would, tlie applit'^nt re- sided for about sixteen months in Enghmd ; after wliich, concluding that he had been " amusod if not deceived." he went to Scotland where at Aberdeen. Nov. 14. 17S4. he was consecrated by the Scotch Bishops Kilgour. Petrie. and Skinner, returning to America as the first Bishop of Con- necticut, as well as of tiie American Cliurch. In the General Convention of 1789, by action of the House of Bishops, he became by virtue of senior- ity of consecration the first to hold the office of presiding bishop. During the exercise of his episcopate he resided in New London, being rec- tor of St. James cluirch. 17^<")-06, and Nov. 18, 1790, was also made bishop of Rliode Island. His first and only act of consecration was on Sept. 17, 1793, when he co-operated with Bishops Provoost, White and Madison, all consecrated by the Arch- bishop of Canterbury, in the consecration of Tiiomas John Claggett, bishop of Maryland, througli wiiom, however, every subsequent bishop of the American Cliurch traces his episcopal lineage. He received tiie degree of A.M. from Columbia in 1761, and that of D.D. from the University of Oxford in 1777. He is the author of : Free Thoughts on the Proceedings of the Con- tinental Congress, Tlie Congress Canvassed, and A View of the Controversy between Great Britain and Her Colonies, all in 177-1, under signature "A. W. Farmer"; Sermons (3 vols. 1791 ; 1 vol. 1798). The Rev. Eben E. Beardsley, D.D., wrote ••Life and Correspondence of Samuel Seabury" (1881), and the Rev. William Jones Seabury, D.D. read a sketch of Bishop Seabury before the New York Genealogical and Biographical society, Dec. 14. 1888, which was published in the Record of tiie society, April, 1889, and subsequently reprinted in pamphlf't form. Bishop Seabury died in New London. Conn., Feb. 25. 179G, in the 12th year of his episcopate, having been in orders nearly forty-three years. SEABURY, Samuel, clergyman, was born in New London, Conn., June 9, 1801 ; son of the Rev. Charles and Ann (Saltonstall) Seabury ; grandson of Bisliop Samuel (q.v.) and Mary (Hicks) Seabury, and of Roswell and Elizabeth (Stewart) Saltonstall. He was instructed at home by his father, but chiefly by his own unre- mitting studies, for some years also keeping a scliool for boys ; was admitted to the diaconate by Bisliop Hobart in 1826, and was advanced to the priesthood in 1828. He was professor of languages in St. Paul's college. Flushing, L.T., 1828-33; edited Tlie Churchman, 1833-49; was rector of the Church of the Annunciation, New York city. 18.38-68. and in 186S was succeeded by his son, the R^^v. William Jones Seabury (q.v.). He was professor of Biblicnl h-arning in the Gen- eral Theological seminary, New York, 1802-72. He wus three times married, first to Lj'dia Hunt- ington, daughter of Gurdon and Betsey (Tracy) Bill ; secondly, Nov. 17, 1830, to Hannah Amelia, daughter of William and Kezia (Youngs) Jones of Oyster Bay, L.I.. N.Y., and thirdly to Mary Anna Schuj^ler, daughter of Samuel and Cathe- rine (SchuN'ler) Jones, who survived lilm. He received the honorary degrees A.M. in 1823 and D.D. in 1837 from Columbia college. He is the authorof : Historical Sketch of Augustine, Bishop of Hippo (is:}3) ; Tlie Continuity of the Church of England in the lOth Century (1853); Tlie Su- premacy and Obligation of Conscience (1860) ; American Slavery Distinguished from the Slavery of English Theorists and Justified by the Laic of Nature (1861): 3Iary, the Virgin (1868) and Tlieory and Use of the Church Calendar in the Measurement and Distribution of Time (1872) ; and many occasional papers. He died in New York city. Oct. 10. 1872. SEABURY, William Jones, clergyman, was born in New York cit\', Jan. 25, 1837 ; son of the Rev. Samuel Seabury (q.v.) and Hannah Amelia (Jones) Seabury. He was prepared for college in New York city : was graduated from Colum- bia, A.B., 1856, A.M., 1859 ; was admitted to the bar in 1858, and practised in New York city, 1858-64. He abandoned the practice of law in 1864; was graduated from the General Theolog- ical seminary in 1866 ; received orders as a deacon, July 5, 1866, and was advanced to the priest- hood, Nov. 30, 1866, by Bishop Horatio Potter. He succeeded his father as rector of the Church of the Annunciation, New York city, in 1868. and was married, Oct. 29, 1868, to Alice Van Wyck, daughter of Thomas Marston and ]\Iary Susan (Saltonstall) Beare of New York city. He was elected Ludlow professor of ecclesiastical polity and law in the General Theological seminary in 1873. He received the honorary degree D.D. from Hobart in 1876, and from the General Theological seminary in 1884. He edited Dr. Samuel Seabury's "Memorial" (1873), and "Discourses on the Nature and Work of the Holy Spirit " (1874) ; and is the autlior of : Sug- gestions in Aid of Devotion and Godliness: A Manual for Choristers (1878) ; Tlie Union of Di- vergent Lines in the American Succession (1885) ; Lectures on Apostolical Succession (1893) ; An Introduction to the Study of Ecclesiastical Polity (1894) ; Notes on the Constitution of 1901 (1902) ; and many sermons, reviews riiid pamjihlets. SEARJNQ, Laura Catharine (Redden), author, was born in Somerset, Md., Feb. 9, 1840; a de- scendant of Edmund Waller, the poet, and of John Hampden, the patriot. She removed with her parents to St. Louis, and in 1851, after recover- ing from a dangerous illness, she was left entirely deaf. She attended the Missouri Institute for SEARLE SEARLE Deaf Mutes, and Clark Institute, and engaged in editorial work as assistant editor of the St. Louis Presbyterian, 1857-58. She contributed frequently to the St. Loviis Republican under the pen name, " Howard Glyndon," and in 1861 wrote an article protesting against the call for fifty thousand men, made by Governor Jackson of Missouri, which was so widely copied that the editors of a Confederate organ in St. Louis published an appeal to the reading public, not to be influenced by the opinion of an inexperienced girl, to which she replied in " An Appeal from Judge to Jury." She was Washington correspondent to tlie Mis- souri Republican, 1866-67 ; went to Europe, Feb- ruary. 1865. as correspondent to the Republican, and later was emploj'ed in the same capacity by the New York Times, remaining abroad until 1868. Slie removed to New York, where she was employed on the Mail, and contributed to the Tribune. She was married in 1876 to Edward W. Searing, a native of Sherwood, Cayuga county, N.Y., a well known lawyer of New York city. Siie was greatly interested in the educa- tion of deaf mutes, and in 1886 went to Califor- nia with a teachers' convention held at Berkeley in July, 1886. She then settled in Santa Cruz, Cal., where she was residing in 1903. She is the author of : Idyls of Battle (1864) ; Notable Men ill the House of Representatives (1864) ; A Book for Little Boys (1870) ; Sounds from Secret Cham- ber s(\Sl^). SEARLE, Arthur, astronomer, was born in London, England, Oct. 21, 1837 ; son of Thomas Searle, who was born in Newburyport, Mass., in 1795, and was married in England to Anne Noble. The family returned to America in 1840, and Arthur was graduated from Harvard, A.B., 1856, A.M., 1859. Early in 1861 he went to California with a party of young men who intended to en- gage in sheep-farming ; but he afterward sup- plied a temporary vacancy among the professors of the University of the Pacific, returning to Massachusetts in 1862, In 1866-67, he served for a time in the statistical department of the U.S. Sanitary commission. In April, 1868, he began work at the Harvard observatory, becoming as- sistant in 1869, and Phillips professor of astron- omy in 1887. He was married, Jan. 1, 1873, to Emma, daughter of Robert and Ferdinande Emilie (Hecker) Wesselhoeft of Jena, Germany, afterward of Brattleboro, Vt. He was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and is the author of : Outlines of As- tronomy (1874), and of contributions to the Pro- ceediugs and Memoirs of the American Academy and to tlie Annals of tlie Observatory. SEARLE, George Mary, astronomer and clergyman, was born in Loudon, England, June 27, 1839 ; son of Thomas and Anne (Noble) IX. — 19 Searle. His father, who was an American, a direct descendant of Robert Searle who lived in Dorchester in 1662, brought the family to this country in 1840. George was graduated at Har- vard A.B., 1857, A.M., 1860, and in 1857 was ap- pointed computer on the Nautical Almanac and w^as assistant at the Dudley observatory at Albany, N. Y., 1858-59, during which time he discovered the asteroid Pandora, the first found by regular search in America. He served under Dr. B. A. Gould on the U.S. coast survey, 1859- 62, and was assistant professor of mathematics at the U.S. Naval academy, 1862-64. Mr. Searle had been a member of the Unitarian Congrega- tional church, but in 1859 he joined the Protestant Episcopal communion, and on Aug. 15, 1862, he was received into the Roman Catholic church. He became an assistant at the Harvard obser- vatory in 1866, but resigned in 1868 to join the Paulist community in New York, in which he was ordained priest. March 25, 1871. In 1S89 he removed to the Paulist house connected with the Catholic university in Washington, D.C., and that year took charge of the observatory con- nected with the university, and was professor of mathematics in the Catholic universitj*, 1895- 97. He received the degree of Ph. D. from the Catholic university at Washington, 1896. He is the author of the Elements of Geometry {1877) and Plain Facts for Fair Minds (1895). SEARLE, James, delegate, w-as born in New York city about 1730. He received a commer- cial training in the oifice of his brother, John Searle, in Madeira ; was admitted as a member of the firm and returned to America in 1763, having married, in 1762, Nancy, daughter of Patrick Smith of Waterford, England. He established a mercantile house in Philadelphia in 1763 ; signed the non-importation agreement of Oct. 25, 1765 ; was made a manager of the United States lottery by congress in 1776, and served as a dele- gate to the Continental congress, 1778-80, and COAIORESS HALU , •"':"'>' "^ ''C? Philadelphia , PA. « .' " ^ 1774-1783 * ^-.rV . 7- %s^-' as a member of the naval board from Aug. 19 to Sept. 28, 1778, when he resigned on finding that he could not work in harmony with the board. He was chairman of the commercial committee SEARS SEARS and a member of tlie committee on foreign affairs. In 1780 he was sent to Holland and France, to negotiate a loan for the state of Penn- sylvania, but failing in the negotiation he re- turned home in 178.2. He removed to New York in 1784, as agent for his brother's Madeira house, and in 1785 was married, secondly, to Isabella, daughter of George West of Monmoutii city, N.J., and again took up his residence in Pliiladel- phia. He was a member of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, and a trustee of tiie University of the State of Pennsylvania, 1779-81. He died in Philadflphin. Pa.. Aug. 7, 1797. SEARS, Barnas, educator, was born in Sandis- field, Mass., Nov. 19, 1802; son of Paul and Rachel (Granger) Sears ; grandson of Paul and Elizabeth (Slawter) Sears, and a descendant of Richard Sears, Yarmouth, Mass., 1633, ^larble- head, 1637. His parents were Baptists, and he was graduated at Brown university with the highest honors, A.B., 1825, A.M., 1828. He then at- tended the Newton Theological Institution, 1825- 28 ; and wa.s married to Elizabeth Griggs, daughter of Timothy and Elizabeth (Griggs) Corey of Brookline, Mass. He was pastor of the First Baptist church, Hartford, Conn., 1827-29; resident licentiate at Andover, 1830 ; professor of languages, Madison university, 1831-33 ; student in the universities at Halle, Leipsic and Berlin, 1833-35 ; president of the Newton Theo- logical Institution, 1836-47 ; successor to Horace NEWTDN THEQLCGICAL 5[Ml«ABY.NEWIDN CENTRE/1AS5. Mann as secretary and general agent of the b>^^^ risen duty, 1841-46, " ' '' ' and took part in the war with Mexico, be- ing engaged in the siege of Vera Cruz ; the battle of Cerro Gordo ; skirmish of Amazoque : capture of San Antonio ; bat- of Molino del Rey, and in the as- sault and capture of the City of Mexico. He was brevetted captain, Aug. 20, 1847, for gal- lant and meritorious conduct at Contreras and Churubusco, and major. Sept. 13, 1847, for Ue-tiyut^ (^>€^yurtt^ tie gallantry at Chapultepec. He was on garrison, duty, 1848-55; was promoted captain, Jan. 26, 1849, and major of 1st cavalry, March 8, 1855, and was sent to Fort Leavenworth, Kan., where he was engaged in quelling the Kansas border disturbances, 1855-56 ; in the Cheyenne expedi- tion of 1857 ; the Utah expedition, 1857-58 ; was transferred to Fort Rile}', Kan., in 1858. and was in command of the Keowa and Camanche ex- pedition of 1860. He was promoted lieutenant- colonel of 2d cavalry, Mai-ch 16, 1861 ; colonel of 1st cavalry, April 25, 1861 ; and was transferred to the 4th cavalry, Aug. 3, 1861. He served in the defences of Washington, D.C., as acting-inspector- general of the department ; was commissioned brigadier-general, U.S. volunteers, Aug. 31, 1861, and commanded a brigade of infantry, on guard duty at Poolsville, Md. He commanded tlie 2d division of General Sumner's 2d corps in the Peninsular campaign, being engaged at the siege of Yorktown, the battle of Fair Oaks ; and when McClellan transferred his base to the James Sedgwick took position to defend the supply trains, being hotly engaged part of the time ; and on June 30, when McCall fell back, Sedg- wick supported him, and drove the enemy from the field, being wounded in the action. He was promoted major-general of volunteers, July 4, 1862. His corps did not reach Bull Run in time for the general engagement, but aided in covering Pope's retreat. At Antietam, after Jackson had driven Hooker, Sedgwick pushed Hood back beyond the line, turned the Confederate left, and held the key of the field, until Gen. John G. Walker charged his flank, and in a fiercely con- tested combat, drove him from his position. Sedg- wick being severely wounded. After sick leave of three months, Sedgwick joined the army on Dec. 22, 1862, immediately after the disastrous as- sault on Fredericksburg, and took command of the 9th corps, but was transferred to the com- mand of the 6th corps, Feb. 5, 1863. When Hooker marclied around Lee's flank to Chancel- lorsville, he left Sedgwick with the 1st, 3d and 6th corps to conceal the real movement. Sedgwick crossed the Rappahannock, April 30, and May 1, having sent the 1st and 3d corps to reinforce Hooker, was left with the 6th corps below Fred- ericksburg. At about midnight May 2. lie re- ceived orders to attack the enemy on his front. He marched twelve miles, in a dark wood, op- posed by an enemy, reached Fredericksburg at daybreak, prepared for the attack, and at 11 a.m. had possession of the heights. Sedgwick pur- sued the enemy three miles to Salem church, and there being met by a fresh and superior force, was lield in check. The following day Lee brought the body of his army against Sedgwick, and compelled him to relinquish Marye's Heights SEDGWICK SEDGWICK and Fredericksburg, and on tlie evening of May 4. in accordance with his orders. Sedgwick fell back, closely pursued, crossed the river, and joined Hooker. Seiigwick arrived at Gettysburg during the second day, July 2, 1863. after a forced march from Jlanchester, and took position in the rear of the left flank. During the battle he worked into the line at the rigiit of Sykes, and after tlie battle pursued Lee with the 1st and 6th corps, but had no engagement. On Nov. 7, 186:j. after Lee reached the Rajipaliannock, Sedg- wick was sent forward with the 3th and 6th corps to force the enemy across the river. He made a brilliant attack, captured the Confederate works and took many prisoners. When Grant marched around Lee's right flank, crossed the Rapidan, and started for Richmond, he was attacked on May 5, at the Wilderness, and when Warren's corps was attacked on the morning of May 6, Sedgwick joined him on the right, there enabling him to maintain his position in spite of a spirited charge. On May 7 the enemy remained behind intrenched lines, and Grant moved one corps at a time to Spottsylvania, where General Sedgwick met his death while directing the arrangement of his lines and artillery. His body was buried at Cornwall Hollow. Conn., and a bronze statue of him was erected at West Point, N.Y. He was killed by a Confederate sharpshooter at Spottsyl- vania. May 9. 1864. SEDGWICK, Susan Anne Livingston Ridley, autlior. was born May '^4, 1788 ; daugliter of Mat- thew and Catharine (Livingston) Ridley ; grand- daughter of Gov. William and Susanna (French) Livingston, and a descendant of Nicholas Ridley, the martyr. She was married, Nov. 28, 1808. to Theodore Sedgwick (1780-1839) Cq.v.), and is the author of : Morals of Pleasure (1829); The Young Emigrants (1830); Allen Prescott (3 vols., 188.5); Alicia, or Town or Country (1844), and Walter Thornley (1859). Siie died in Stockbridge, Mass., .Ian. 20. 1^07. SEDGWICK, Theodore, statesman, was born in Hartford, Conn., in May, 1746; son of Ben- jamin and Ann (Thompson) Sedgwick; and a descendant of M.ij.-Gen. Robert Sedgwick, who immigrated to America in 1636, and who was given by Cromwell the supreme command of the Islaml of Jamaica in 10.56, the year of his death. Theoilore Sedgwick entered Yale college but was not graduated ; studied theology ; in 1766 was admitted to the bar ; and practised in Great Bar- rington and Sheflield, Mass. Upon the outbreak of the Revolutionary war, he joined the patriot cause, serving as aid to Gen. John Thomas in the expedition to Canada of 1776. He was a repre- .sentative in tlie state legislature several terms ; an.l a delegate from Massachusetts in the Con- tinental congress, 1785-88. He was a member of the state convention that ratified the constitu- tion of the United States in 1789 ; was a Fetleral representative in the 1st, 2d, 3d and 4th con- gresses, 1789-97 ; a member of the U.S. senate, 1797-99, serving as president pro tern, in 1797 ; and w^as again a representative in the 6th con- gress, 1799-1801, serving as speaker of the house. He was appointed judge of tlie supreme court of Massachusetts in 1802, wliich office he held until his death. He was married three times : first, to Eliza, daughter of the elder Jeremiah Mason ; secondly, to Pamela, daughter of Brig. -Gen. Josepli Dvvight ; thirdly, to Penelope, daughter of Charles Russell. He wiis a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred upon him by Yale in 1772, and that of LL.D. by the College of Nassau (afterward Princeton), New Jersey, in 1799. He died in Boston, Mass., Jan. 24, 1813. SEDQWICK, Theodore, lawyer, was born in Sheffield, Mass., Dec. 9, 1780 ; eldest son of Theo- dore (1746-1813) (q.v.), and Pamela (Dwight) Sedgwick. He was graduated from Yale in 1798 ; studied law with his father ; was married, Nov. 28, 1808, to Susan Anne Livingston Ridley : and practised law in Albany. N.Y., 1801-21. He re- moved to Stockbridge, Mass., and engaged in farming. He was a representative in the state legislature, 1824, 1825. and 1827, introducing and carrying through a bill for the construction of a railroad from Boston to Albany. He was the un- successful Democratic candidate for lieutenant- governor of the state for several successive years and was president of the county agricultural society. He is the author of : Hints to My Counti-ymen ( 1 820) ; Public and Private Economy, Illustrated by Observations made in Europe in 1836-37 (3 vols., 1838), and Addresses to the Berk- shire Agricultural Association (1823 and 1830). He died in Pittsfield. Mass., Nov. 7, 1839. SEDQWICK, Theodore, autiior, was born in Albany, N.Y., Jan. 27, 1811 ; son of Theodore (1780-1839) (q.v.) and Susan (Ridley) (q.v.) Sedgwick. He was graduated from Columbia college in 1829, and was admitted to tlie bar in 1833. He was appointed attache to U.S. Ambas- sador Edward Livingston, 1833-34. He was married, Sept. 28, 1835, to Sarah Morgan Ash- burner, daughter of Luke Ashburner, formerly of Bombay, and Sarah (Morgan). He practised law in New York city, 1834-50; declined the appointment of U.S. minister to Tiie Hague tend- ered him by President Buchanan, in 1857, and also the assistant secretaryship of state ; was U.S. attorney for the southern di.strict of New York, 1858-59 ; president of the New York Crystal Palace association, 18.52-.59 : and a trustee of the N.Y. College of Physicians and Surgeons. 1842- 59. He is the author of : Memoir of William SEDGWICK SEELY Livingston (1833); Wliat is Monopoly? (1835' • Statement re New York Court of Chancery ^1838); Thoughts on the Annexation of Texas (1844); . Treatise on the Measure of Damages (1847); The American Citizen (1847); and Treatise on the Rales which Govern the Interpretation and Ap- plication of Statutory and Constitutional Law (1857, 2a ed., 1874). He died in Stockbridge, Mass., Dec. 9, 1859. SEDGWICK, Willlaiti Thompson, biologist, was born in West Hartlord, Conn., Dec. 29, 1855 ; son of William and Anne (Thompson) Sedg- wick ; grandson of Timothy and Lucy (Sedg- wick) Sedgwick and of Asahel and Ruth (Whit- man) Thompson, and a direct descendant of Robert Sedgwick of Charleston. Mass., born in Woburn, England, 1611. arrived in Boston, 1636or 37, major- general under Cromwell in charge of forces in Ja- maica ; died in Jamaica, W.I., 1656. He attended private and public schools, especially the Hart- ford, Conn., public high school; was graduated from Yale, Ph.B., 1877, and was a student at the Yale Medical school, 1877-78. He was an instruc- tor in physiological chemistry at Yale, 1878-79 ; a fellow instructor and associate in biology at Johns Hopkins university, 1879-80 ; 1880-81, and 1881-83, respectively ; assistant professor of bio- logy at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1883-85 ; associate professor, 1885-1891, and profes- sor from 1891. He was married, Dec. 29, 1881, to Mary Katrine, daughter of Richard and Parnell (Scranton) Rice of New Haven, Conn. He served as biologist to the state board of health of Massachusetts, 1888-96, doing important work in the analysis of milk and water and in epi- demiology, especially that of typhoid fever, and acquiring a reputation as an authority on epi- demiology and on the purification of water and sewage ; was curator of the Lowell Institute, Boston, from 1897 ; chairman of the board of pauper institutions trustees, city of Boston, 1897-99 ; and acting institution's registrar, 1898- 99 : vice-president, Boston Society of Municipal Officers, 1898-1900 ; president, American Society of Bacteriologists, 1899 and 1900; president, Bos- ton Civil Service Reform association, 1900 ; presi- dent, American Society of Naturalists, 1901 ; presi- dent. Massachusetts Civil Service Reform associa- tion, 1901 ; president, Johns Hopkins University Alumni association, 1903 ; member of the advisory board of the Hygienic Laboratory for the Pubic Health and Marine Hospital Service of the United States, 1902-1904. He received the degree of Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins in 1881. He was appointed a trustee of Simmons Female college, Boston. 1899. He was joint author with E. B. Wilson of Gen- eral BioloQy, American Science series (1886) ; assistant editor, witli Mrs. Rogers, of the '' Life and Letters of William Barton Rogers " (2 vols., 1896) ; author of the Principles of Sanitary Science and the Public Health (1902). He also published numerous ?nonographs on biology, epidemiology and bacteriology. SEE, Thomas Jefferson Jackson, astrono- mer and matiiematician, was born near Mont- gomery City, Mo., Feb. 19, 1866; son of Noah and Mary Anne (Sailor) See ; grandson of Michael and Katherine (Baker) See, and of James and Sabina (Cobb) Sailor, and adecendantof afamily of Germanic origin, which settled first in New York about 1730. Some of the descendants who afterwards settled in Virginia served in the war of the Revolution, and Adam See, brother of Michael See, was a senator at Richmond during the war of 1812. Thomas J. J. See was graduated from the University of Missouri, A.B., LL.B., S.B., 1889, and from the University of Berlin, A.M., Ph.D., 1892. He was in charge of the observatory of the University of Missouri, 1887-89 ; traveled exten- sively in Italy, Egypt, Greece. Germany and England, 1890-92, and was a volunteer observer in the Royal observatory, Berlin, 1891. He or- ganized and had charge of the department of as- tronomy, and aided in the organization of the Yerkes observatory. University of Chicago, 1893-96 ; was astronomer of the Lowell observa- tory, located at the City of Mexico, and at Flag- staff, Ariz., in charge of the survey of south- ern heavens, 1896-98 ; lecturer before the Lowell Institute, Boston, 1899 ; in the latter year was ap- pointed by President McKinley, professor of mathematics, U.S.N. , and in December, 1899, as- sumed charge of the 26-inch telescope of the U.S. naval observatory. While at Flagstaff, Ariz., Professor See examined nearly 200,000 fixed stars in the zone between 15 and 65 degrees south declination, which led to the discovery of about 600 new double stars and to the remeasure- ment of some 1,400 double stars previously rec- ognized by Sir John Herschel and other ob- servers. He computed about 45 orbits of double stars, and became an authority on stellar as- tronomy. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Astronomical society ; a member of the Astrono- mische Gesellschaft ; the Deutsche Mathematiker- Vereinigung ; the Societe Mathematique de France ; and the more important American learned societies. He is the author of : Die EtitwicJcelung der Doppelstern Sysfeme (Berlin, 1898) ; Researches on the Evolution of the Stellar Systeins (vol. I, 1896) ; also double star catalogues, and about 150 contributions on as- tronomical subjects to technical journals and magazines. SEELY, Henry B., naval oflScer, was born at Seneca Falls, N.Y., July 7, 1838. He was gradu- ated from the U.S. Naval academy in 1857 ; served on the Minnesota, East India squadron. SEELY SEELYE 1857-59 ; was warranted passed inidslupman, June 25, 1860; promoted master, Oct. 24, 1860, and served on the Iroquois, European station, 1800-61 ; promoted lieutenant, and cruised on tlie Keystone State in tlie West Indies, 1861 ; served on tlie Sumter, South Atlantic blockading squad- ron, 1861-62 ; and on the Saranac, Pacific squad- ron, 1863-65. He was appointed lieutenant- commander, Feb. 21, 1864; commanded the Bienville. West Indies, in 1866 ; the Gncrriere and Pawnee, 1867-69; the Kansas, Paraguay river. 1869, and Rendezvous, Boston, 1873. He was promoted commander, Aug. 24, 1873 ; served as light-liouse inspector, 1873-76; was engaged in torpedo instruction, 1878 and commanded the .Aj'ajc, European and South Atlantic squadrons, 1881-84. He was captain of the League Island navy-yard. Pliiladelphia, 1884-88, being pro- moted captain, Dec. 13, 1886 ; commanded the receiving ship St. Louis, 1880-87 ; was command- ant of the navy yard. League Island, 1888-91 ; commanded the U.S.S. Lancaster, I^laich, 1891, to June, 1892, when he was retired on account of incapacity resulting from long and faitli- ful service. He died at the League Island navy yard, Pliiladelphia. Pa., May 23. 1001. SEELY, Henry Martyn, educator, was born in South Onondaga, N.Y., Oct. 2, 1828; son of Joseph Owen and Susanna (Stearns) Seely ; grandson of Gideon, Jr., and Esther (Owen) Seely, and of George and Hannah (Bailey) Stearns, and a descendant, in the eighth generation, of Robert Seely, who came to America in 1630, was a pioneer and surveyor, resided successively at Watertown and Weathersfield, N.Y., New Haven, Conn., Huntington. L.I., Stamford, Conn., and New York city, and died in New Yoik, Oct. 14, 1667. He was graduated from Yale, Ph.B., 1856, A.M., 1860, and from the Berkshire Medical institution. M.D., 1857 ; was professor of chemis- try at the latter institution, 1857-62 ; professor of chemistry and toxicology at the medical depart- ment of tlie University of Vermont, 1860-67. and was elected professor of chemistry and natural history at Middlebury college, Vt., in 1861. He was twice married ; first, Sept. 1, 1858, to Adelaide E., daughter of Lewis and Desiah (Halbert) Ham- blin of Perryville, N.Y.; and secondly, June 11, 1867, to Sarah T., daughter of Amos and Susanna (Barnaby) Matthews of New Haven, Vt. He was the unsuccessful candidate for governor of Ver- mont on the Prohibition ticket in 18% and 1888 ; secretary of the state board of agriculture, 1875-78. and edited three volumes of reports ; a member of the American Clit-mical society ; the Geological Society of America ; the Vermont Botanical club ; the Biological society of Wash- ington. D.C.. and various medical, social and po- litical organizations of his adopted state. J^c^^^ //: SEELYE, Julius Hawley, educator, was born in Bethel, Conn., Sept. 14, 1824 ; son of Seth and Abigail (Taylor) Seelye ; grandson of Nathan and Hannah (Hawley) Seelye and of Thomas and Elizabeth (Benedict) Taylor, and a descen- dant of Capt. Robert Seelye, who came with Winthrop in 1030, and of John Tay- lor, one of the first settlers in Windsor, Conn., 1639. He was graduated at Am- herst college, Mass., 1849 ; at Auburn The- ological seminary, 1852. and studied at Halle, Germany, 1852-53. He was or- dained and installed by the classis of Schnectady, Aug. 10, 1853, pastor of the First Reformed Dutch church in Schnectady, N.Y., and served, 1853-58. He was married. Oct. 23, 1854, to Elizabeth Till- man, daughter of the Rev. Dr. William James of Albany, N.Y. He was professor of moral philosophy and metaphysics at Amherst, 1858- 75 ; president of the college, 1877-90, and pas- tor of the college church, 1877-92. In 1874 he was elected an Independent representative from Massachusetts in the 44th congress, 1875-77, where he supported the principles of the Repub- lican party, although opposing the electoral commission and the declaration of the election of Rutherford B. Hayes to the Presidency. He was chairman of the commission to revise the creed at the National Council, 1880-83 ; member of its Provisional committee, 1883-86 ; member of a committee to revise the tax laws of Massa- chusetts ; president, American Home Missionary society, 1885-92 : corporate member of the A.B. C. for F. M., 1886-95 ; trustee of Amherst college, 1876-95; trustee, Clarke institution, Nortliaiiip- ton, and of Mt. Holyoke college, 1872-95, and visitor at Andover Theological seminary, 1874- 92. While president of Amherst college, he or- ganized its self-government system, all matters of deportment being settled by the students themselves in the college senate. He received the degree D.D. from Union college, Schenectady, N.Y., 1862, and the degree of LL.D. from Colum- bia college, N.Y., 1876 and 1887. His published works include : A Translation of Schu-egler's Histonj of Philosophy (1856) ; TJie Way, the Truth, and the Life ; Lectures to Educated Hin- doos (1873) ; Christian Missions (1875) ; Inaugu- ral Address, Iirladnns of Learning and Religion (1877); L. r. Hickok's " Moral Science " (rev. SEELYE SEGUIN ed., 1880) and " Empirical Psychology " (rev. ed., 1882) ; three baccalaureate sermons : Orowtli through Obedience (1883), The Source of Light (1889), and Onr Father's Kingdom (1890) ; Ditti/, a Book for Schools (1891) ; Citizenship, a Book for Classes in Government and iaw (1894). He died in Amherst, Mass., May 12, 1895. SEELYE, Laurens Clark, educator, was born in Bethel, Conn., Sept. 20, 1837 ; son of Seth and Abigail (Taylor) Seeyle . He was graduated at Union college, Schenectady, N.Y., 1857; was a student at Andover Theological seminary, 1858- 59, and at Berlin and Heidelberg universities, 1860-62. He was licensed to preach by the Cleveland presbytery, June, 1869. He was mar- ried, Nov. 17, 1863, to Henrietta Sheldon, daugh- ter of Lyman and Harriet (Slieldon) Chapin of Albany, N.Y, On Jan. 20, 1863, he became pastor of the North Congregational church, Springfield, Mass., which position he held until July 1, 1865, when he resigned to become pro- fessor of English literature and rhetoric at Am- herst college and held the chair, 1865-73. He SMITH COLLEGE.. was elected president of Smith college in 1873. He received tlie degrees D.D. from Union col- lege in 1875, and LL.D. from Amherst in 1894. He is the author of : The Ambiguity of Celtic Literature (Putnam's, Oct., 1870) ; Our Celtic In- heritance (Putnam's, May, 1870) ; Tlie Ancient Fenians (Scribner's, 1871) ; Need of a Collegiate Education for Women (address before American Institute of Instruction, 1873) ; Tlie Ideal of a Woman's college (inaugural address, 1875) ; Tlie Higher Education of Women ; its Perils and its Benefits (American Institute of Instruction, 1888). SEQHERS, Charles John, R.C. archbishop, was born at Ghent, Belgium, Dec. 26, 1839. He made his theological studies at Ghent and in the American college, Louvain, and was ordained at Mechlin, Belgium, May 30, 1863, by Cardinal Engelbert Stercks. He was sent to the diocese of Vancouver's Island, B.C., to labor among the Indians, and was the first priest to preach to the Indians in Alaska ; was made administrator of the diocese in 1871 ; was elected bishop in 1873, and was consecrated bishop of Vancouver's Island at Victoria, June 29, 1873, by Archbishop F. N. Blanchet. He was made titular bishop of '•Emisa"and coadjutor to the Arclibishop of Oregon city, Dec. 10, 1878, and planted missions in Washington, Idalio and Montana, 1879-80. He was consecrated archbishop of Oregon city, Dec. 20, 1880, but wishing to continue his work among the Indians, visited Rome in 1883 and ob- tained the Pope's permission to resign the Arch- bishopric, which he did Dec, 3, 1884, and accepted reappointment as bishop of Vancouver's Island, retaining, however, the title of archbishop. He attended the third plenary council at Baltimore, Md., in 1884, and after his return to Victoria, B.C. in 1885, renewed his mission work among the Alaska Indians in July, 1886, assisted by two Jesuit i^riests, and a servant and guide named Fuller. His first mission was established at the station of the Alaska trading company, at the head of Stewart's river, where he left the priests, and with Fuller and a few Indians made liis way to Muklakayet, and thence to Nulata on the Yukon river, where he was shot and killed by Fuller. His body was carried by two Indian guides and temporarily buried at Fort St. Michael, July 6, 1887, and on Sept. 11, 1888 was disinterred and carried by the U.S. S. Tlietis to Victoria and placed under the altar of St. An- drew's Catliedral, Victoria. He died at Nulato, Alaska. Nov. 28. 1886. SEQUIN, Edouard, physician, was born in Clamecy, France, Jan. 20, 1812 ; son and grand- son of prominent physicians. He studied at the Colleges of Auxerre and St. Louis, and took courses in medicine and surgery under Jean Gas- pard Itard. From this time he made the study of idiocy his specialty, and his experiments on an idiot boy in 1837 were so encouraging that in 1839 he established the first school for the train- ing of idiots. In 1844 his work was investigated by a commission from the Paris Academy of Sciences, and reported to be of positive useful- ness. He came to the United States in 1848, and worked in idiot schools, following his methods in South Boston, Barre, Mass., and Albany ; was practising physician in Portsmouth, Ohio, 1851- 54, and was connected with the Idiot Asylum of Syracuse, N.Y., 1854-57, when he became active in establishing other schools of the kind in Conn- ecticut, Ohio and Pennsylvania. He revisited France, 1858-59, and made his home in New York city in 1863. In 1806 he carried on special exper- imental work in thermography and thermometry, whicli resulted later in the invention of the physiological tliermometer. He was commis- sioned by the United States to the World's fair in Vienna, 1873 ; was president of the American Association of Medical Officers of Institutions for Idiots, and a member of other medical societies. SEGUIN SEIP He is the author of numerous medioal books, most of tliein relatiiij:: to l\is specialty ami several of them bein;,' in the French language. He died in N.-vv York city. Oct. 28, ISSO. SEOUIN, Edward Constant, neurologist, was borninParis, France, in 1813 ; son of Dr. Edouard Seguin (q.v.). He was graduated at Columbia, M.D., 18G4, and while a studerit there served in the volunteer army as medical cadet, 1802-64 ; was assistant-surgeon at Little Rock, Ark., 1864- 6.). and active assistant-surgeon, U.S.A., in New Mexico, 1864 and 1868-69. He spent the winter of 1869-70 in Paris, studying nervous diseases under Brown-Sequard, Cliarcot, and other specialists. He was lecturer on diseases of the nervous system at Columbia college, 1868-73; adjunct professor of diseases of the mind and nervous sj-stem, 1873-87 ; founded a clinic for nervous diseases in 1873, and was one of the founders of the American Neurological association and its president. 1877. He was elected to membership in several European medical societies, and is the author of numerous monographs on nervous dis- ea.ses. In his will he bequeatiied a bronze medal- lion of Cliarcot, given him by the French patliol- ogist himself, and a photograph of Dr. Brown- Sequard. to the New York Academy of Medicine, as well as his library, including many valuable monographs and pamphlets. His collection of instruments and appliances for the study of the nervous system he gave to the Pathological Laboratory of the College of Physicians and Sur- geons. He died in New Y^ork city, Feb. 19, 1898, SEIDENBUSH, Rupert, R.C. bishop, was born at Munich, Bavaria, Oct. 13, 1853. He studied theology in Bavaria previous to coming to the United States, 1851. He was received into the order of St. Benedict at St. Vincent's Abbey, Pa., 1852; was ordained, 1853; was visitor to Greensburg, Ligonier and Heyman's, Westmore- land county, 18.5.'}-55 ; was stationed at St. Mary's, Elk county. Pa., 18.55-57, and at Newark, N.J., where he built tlie church, 1857-62 ; was prior of St. Vincenfs abbey, 1862-66. and was blessed abbot of St. Louis (near St. John's), Minn., May 30, 1867, by Bisiiop G. A. Carrell of Covington ; resigned as abbot, May 4, 1875 ; was consecrated bishop of " Halia", t.p.i., and vicar apo.stolic of North Minnesota, May 30, 1875, at St. Cloud, Minn., by Bishop Hei.ss of LaCrosse, assisted by Bi.shops Dwenger and Fink. He resigned, Oct. 19, 18.S-8, but kept his titular see of " Halia." He ilifd at Richmond, Va., June 3, 1895. 5EIDL, Anton, musical director, was born at Budapest. Hungary, May 6, 18.50. As early as 1857 he was able to reproduce on tiie piano, melodies which he bad heard but once, and in 1865 he began the study of harmony and counterpoint at the National Music Academy of Hungary. He was a student at the Budupest Normal si;hool, the gymnasium, and tlie uni- versity, successively for thirteen j'ears, and dur- ing tins period appeared several times in concerts. Altliough for a time the priesthood seriously occupied his thouglits, liis musical inclinations finally outweighed this ambition, and he studied music at tiie Conservatory of Leipsic, 1870-72, and tlien under Hans Richter, at Budapest, through whose influence he became secretary to Wagner, residing in the latter's houseiioUl at Bayreuth, 1872-78. He was then sent by Wagner to Vienna, as stage-director of the Royal opera- house. He became conductor of the Leipsic opera-house in 1879 : introduced for the first time the entire " Nibelungen Trilogy " at the Victoria theatre, Berlin, in 1881 ; was engaged to conduct Wagner's ring dramas at Her Majesty's theatre, London, in 1882, and joined the traveling com- pany of Angelo Neumann, as conductor, in 1883- 84, touring nearly all of the great Euroj)ean cities. In 1885 he became conductor of the Bremen opera-house ; and during this same year, upon the death of Dr. Leopold Damrosch, he was in- vited to take the conductor's chair at the Metro- politan opera-house in New Y''ork. wjiere Iiis wife, Fraulein Krauss, wns already well known as a soprano soloist. In 1890, Mr. Seidl was elected leader of the New York Philharmonic society as successor to Theodore Thomas. Later he was also chosen leader of the permanent orchestra of New York city, $100,000 having been subscribed for its maintenance. Under the management of Abbey, Shoefel and Grau, he conducted the Wag- ner operas during the seasons of 1895-97. In the summer of 1897 the ninety-third performance of " Parsifal" was conducted by him at Bayreuth, and in the winter of the same year a series of Sunday-night concerts was given under his leadershij) at the Metropolitan opera-house, and another series at the Waldorf-Astoria, New Y'ork city. Although by birth Hungarian, Seidl was closely identified with Germany and the United States, and a short time before his death refused a call to the royal opera in Berlin, preferring to remain in America. Seidl's magnificent collec- tion of Wagner's music was bequeathed to the Richard Wagner Museum at Weimar, Germany. He died in New Y\)rk city, March 28. 1898. SEIP, Theodore Lorenzo, educator, was born in Easton, Pa., June 25, 1842 ; son of Reuben Lamb and Sarah Ann Seip : grandson of ]\Iichael and Catharine (Kreidler) Seij) and of William Henry and Margaret (Spinner) Hemsing and a descendant of Edward Seip. He was graduated from Pennsylv.ania college at Gettj'sburg, A.B., 1864, A.M., 1867; from the Lutheran Theological seminary of Philadelphia, 1807 ; was academic principal of Muhlenburg college, Allentown, SEISS SELDEN Pa. ; adjunct professor of Greek there, 1867-72 ; professor of Latin. 1872-80, and professor of Greek, 1880-86. and in 1886 became president of Muhlenburg college. He was married, June 28, 1877, to Rebecca, daughter of Solomon and Ann (Saeger)Keckof AUentown, Pa. lie received the degree D.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1886. He was president of the Evangelical Lutheran Ministerium of Pennsylvania and ad- jacent states, the oldest synod in America, 1895- 98, and a member of the college and university council of the state of Pennsylvania from its establishment by law in 1895. He contributed to Lutheran periodicals and published the History of the College Association of Pennsylvania and various addresses. SEISS, Joseph Augustus, theologian, was born near Graceham, Frederick county, Md., March 18, 1823 ; son of John and Eliza (Scliuler) Seiss ; grandson of Godfrey and Maria (Kramer) Seiss and great-grandson of John George Sueiss, who was born in Lower Alsatia, 1718, nine years a grenadier in the French Army, emigrated to Pensylvania in 1750, married Miss Dock, and was one of the early Moravian settlers at Graceham. Joseph Augustus was a student at Pennsylvania college, 1839-40, and studied theology under pri- vate instruction. He was married in December, 1812, to Elizabeth, daughter of Michael and Eliza (Eichelberger) Barintz of Baltimore, Md. He entered the Lutheran ministry in Virginia, 1842 ; was pastor in that state and in Maryland, 1842- 58 : of St. John's English Lutheran church, Phila- OLD LUTHERAN CHURCH -PHILA.PA.-iaOO delphia, 1858-74; and of the Church of Holy Communion, Philadelphia, from its beginning in 1874. He received the honorary degrees : A.M., 1845, D.D., 1859, LL.D., 1874, L.H.D., 1892. from Pennsylvania college. He was co-editor of the Lutheran, Philadelphia, 1860-61 ; the Lutheran and Missionary, 1868-73, and its editor, 1874-86 ; and editor of the F^ophetic Times, 1863-75. He traveled in Europe and the Orient, 1864-65. His published writings include : Popular Lectures on the Epistle to the Hebrews (1846) ; Truth Made Plain (1870); The Javelin (1871); Parable of the Ten Virgins (1873); Holy Types (1875); Lectures oji the Gospels (2 vols., 1876); Life After Death (1878); Voices from Babylon (1879); Blossoms of Faith (1880) ; Lectures on the Apocalypse (3 vols., 1881); The Golden Altar (1882) ; Baptist System Examined (1883); Luther and the Reformation (1883); Tlie Last Times (1883); A Miracle in Stone (1884); TJie Gospels in the Stars (1885); Popular Lectures on the Epistles (2 vols., 1885); Uriel (1886) ; Lectures on the Gospels and Epistles of the Minor Festivals (1893); Beacon Lights (1899); Dost TJiou Believe? (1900); Lenten and Passiontide Sermonettes (1901); The Christ and His Church (1902). He also contributed articles to the Evangelical Review, Gettysburg, Pa. SELDEN, Henry Rogers, jurist, was born in Lyme, Conn., Oct. 14, 1805; son of Calvin and Phoebe (Ely) Selden. He attended the common schools in Lyme, Conn. ; removed to Rochester, N.Y., in 1825, where his brother Samuel Lee Selden (q.v.) was a lawyer; and began the prac- tice of law in Clarkson, N.Y., in 1830. He was married, Sept. 25, 1834, to Laura, daughter of Abel and Laura (Smith) Baldwin of Clarkson, N.Y. He became interested in telegraphy, and with his brother introduced and organized the first lines of telegraphs, and in 1851 became president of the New York and Mississippi Valley telegraph company. He was reporter of the New York court of appeals, 1851-54 ; lieutenant-gover- nor of New York with John A. King, 1857-59, and in 1859 resumed the practice of law in Rochester, N.Y. He was a delegate to the Republican national convention at Chicago, May 16, 1860, where he supported the candidacy of William H. Seward ; was appointed judge of the court of appeals of New York to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of his brother, Samuel Lee Selden, in July, 1862, and was re-elected for a full term, but resigned in 1864. He received the degree LL.D. from Yale in 1857. He prepared : Reports of the New York Court of Appeals, 1S51- 5J^ (6 vols., 1853-60). He died in Rochester, N.Y., Sept. 18, 1885. SELDEN, Samuel Lee, jurist, was born in Lyme, Conn., Oct. 12, 1800; son of Calvin and Phoebe (Ely) Selden ; grandson of Ezra and Elizabeth (Rogers) Selden and of Elijah and Hepzibah (Lee) Ely, and a descendant of Thomas Selden, who settled in Hartford.^ Conn., in 1639. He attended the public schools in Lyme, and an academy in Colchester, Conn. ; removed to Roch- ester, N.Y., and studied law under Addison Gardiner with whom he practised, 1825-31. He was married, July 27, 1831, to Susan, daughter of Levi and Mehitabel (Hand) Ward of Genesee county, N.Y, He was justice of the peace ; first SELFRIUGE SELFRIDGE judge of the court of common pleas of Monroe county. 1831-33; clerk of tiie eightli cliancery circuit for several years; judge of tiie supreme court of New York. 1847-55, being nominated and electeearid at tiie bar of either court. He resigne. SELFRIDOE, Thomas Oliver, naval officer, was born in B..stun. Mass.. April 24, 1804; son of Thomas Oliver and Su>an G. (Condy) Selfridge ; grandson of Eduard and Hannah (Miles) Self- ridge. He was appointed to the navy as mid- shipman, Jan. 1, 1818; commissioned lieutenant, March 3, 1827; was attached to the Natchez of tlie E.ast India squadron, 1830 ; to the Dehnvare of the Mediterranean squadron in 1834, and to the Carolina in 1837. He was promoted commander, April 11, 1844, and served on the Columbus, East India s«iuadron, 1845-46; Pacific squadron during the Mexican war, 1846-47 ; commanded the sloop Dale in the capture of ^lazatlan and Guaymasin 1847. and having been badly wounded in the latter engagement, was invalided home in June, 1848. He was subsequently appointed to the Boston navy yard, where he remained until 1861, when he commanded the steam frigate ]\Iississippi of the gulf squadron for a few months. He was pro- moted captain, Sept. 14,1855; commodore, July 16, 1862 ; was stationed in the Pacific and at the Mare Island, Cal.,navy yard. 1861-65 ; was retired Viy law. April 24, 18C6. and commissioned rear- admiral. July 25, 1806. After his retirement he made his home at Georgetown, S.C. He was president of the examining board, 1869-70, and a member of the board, 1870-71, and lighthouse inspector at Boston, 1870. He was married to Louisa Gary, daughter of John Soley, and of their sons, Thomas O. Selfridge, Jr. (q.v.), was alsf> a rear-admiral, U.S.N. , and James R. Self- ridge became a commander in the U.S.N. Rear- Admiral Thomas O. Selfridge, Sr., died at "Waverly, Mass., Oct. 16, 1902, probably the oldest living officer of the rank in any navy of the world. He was burifd at Forest Hills cemetery. SELFRIDGE, Thomas Oliver, Jr., naval officer, w;ls lM)ni in Cliarlestown, Mass., Feb. 6, 1836; .v>n of Thomas Oliver (q.v.) and Louisa Gary (.Soley) Selfridge. He was graduated at the head of his cla.ss after a three years' course at the U.S. Naval academy in 1854 ; was ad- vanced to passfd midshipman, 1856 ; took part in the destruction of the Norfolk navy yard and in the bombardment and capture of the Hatteras forts, and was commi.ssioned lieutenant, Feb. 15, ff^f^. 1860. He was on board the Cumberland, when she was sunk by the Merrhiinc : was placed in command of the Monitor, Captain Worden being wounded, and commanded the Allifjator in its disastrous voyage down the Potomac. He was promoted lieutenant- commander, Juh' 16, 1862 ; assigned to the Mississippi squadron, and commanded the gunboat Cairo, wliich was blown up by a torpedo boat in the Yazoo river back of the defences of Vicksburg. Comman- der Selfridge being obliged to swim for his life. He had command of a siege battery in the cap- ture of Vicksburg, and while commanding the gunboat Cone^toga , his vessel was sunk by collision with a Con- federate ram. At Blair's Landing, April 12, 1864, with the Osage, he drove off the Confederate cav- alry. He commanded the gunboat Huron during the two bombardments of Fort Fisher : led one of the assaulting columns of sailors against that fort, and also took part in the bombardment of Fort Anderson and in the capture of Wilmington. He was married, Aug. 29, 1865, to Ellen, daugh- ter of George N. and Lucy Sliepley. After the civil war he commanded tlie Nipsic ; was pro- moted commander, Dec. 31, 1869. and with four vessels had charge of surveys for the oceanic canal across the Isthmus of Darien, 1869-73 ; and was a member of the international congress at Paris in 1876, convened to discuss the subject of the canal. He commanded the Enterprise. North Atlantic station, 1877-80 ; was promoted cap- tain, Feb. 24, 1881 ; was in charge of the torpedo station at Newport, R.I., 1882-85; commanded the Omaha of the Asiatic squadron. 1885-87, when some natives of Japan were killed liy a shell at target practice, and for alleged careless- ness in the affair Captain Selfridge was court- martialed at Washington in 1888, but was ac- quitted. He was in charge of the Boston navy yard, 1890-93 ; was promoted commodore, 1894, and rear-admiral. 1896; and was commander-in- chief of tlie European squadron, 1895-98. He was retired from .service by age limit, Feb. 6. 1898, and made iiis home in Washington, D.C. He was an honorary member of the Royal Geo- graphical society of Belgium, Chevalier of the L«'gion of Honor, France, and the recipient of a gold medal from the Emperor of Russia in honor of his coronation. SELIGMAN SELLERS SELIGMAN, Edwin Robert Anderson, educa- tor, was born in New York city, April 2.j, 16G1 ; son of Joseph and Babette Seligman. He was prepared for college at Columbia grammar school; was graduated from Columbia, A.B., 1879, A.M., 1882, LL.B., 1884, Ph.D., 1885, and studied at the Berlin. Heidelberg, Geneva and Paris uni- versities, 1878-82. He was married, April 4, 1881, to Caroline, daugliter of Julius and Sophia (Walker) Beer of New York. He was prize lecturer at Columbia, 1885 ; adjunct professor of political economy, 1888-91, and in 1891 was elected professor of political economy and finance. He was president of the American Economic as- sociation ; corresponding member, Russian Im- perial Academy of Sciences ; president. Tene- ment House Building Co., New York city ; sec- retary of the committee of fifteen; co-editor of the Political Science Quarterly. 1886, and editor of the Series in Historv, Economics and Public Law of Columbia, 1890. He is the author of : Raihvay Tariffs (1887) ; Mediceval Guilds of England (1887); Finance Statistics of American {Joinmonivealth (1889) ; Tlie Shifting and Inci- dence of Taxation (3d ed., 1899) ; Progressive Taxation in Theory and Practice (1894) ; Essays in Taxation (3 ed., 1900) ; The Economic Inter- pretation of Hintory (1902) . He founded a school of young financiers with the object of reviving neglected scientific subjects. SELIGMAN, Jesse, banker. Avas born in Baiersd )rf, Bavaria, in 1821. In 1841 he came to the United States, where he was a pedler in the suburbs of New York, afterward joining his brother Joseph, who had already established a small general store at Selma, Ala. In 1848 he removed to Watertown, N.Y., and soon after to New York city, where he opened a wholesale clothing house. Influenced by the discovery of gold in California, he invested his capital in merchandize and became proprietor of a store in Commerical street, San Francisco, 1850, soon becoming prosperous. While there he was act- ively connected with civil administration and was a member of the first vigilance committee, organized in the early fifties to maintain order. In 1854 he was married to Henrietta Hellman, at Munich, Bavaria. In 1857 he again joined his brothers in New York, engaging with them in the wholesale and importing clothing business. In 1865 the brothers organized the banking-house of J. & W. Seligman & Co.. and he was the mem- ber upon whom devolved the business of placing the U.S. bonds in Europe, a policy which se- cured for government bonds a ready market and ultimately made the Seligmans one of the great- est banking families in the world. Upon the death of Joseph Seligman, Jesse took his place at the head of the New York house. He was vice-president of the Union League club, founder and president of the Hebrew orphan asylum, director in the New York Associa- tion for Improving the Condition of the Poor, a trustee of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and of the American Museum of Natural History, and patron of several philanthropic institutions. His fortune was rated at $20,000,000 to $30,000,000. He died in Coronado Beach, Cal., April 23, 1894. SELLERS, Coleman, consulting engineer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 28, 1827; son of Coleman and Sophonisba (Peale) Sellers ; grand- son of Nathan and Elizabeth (Coleman) Sellers, and of Charles Willson and Rachel (Brewer) Peale, and a descendant of Samuel Sellers, who settled in Upper Darby township, in 1682. He attended the academy of Anthony Bolmar, at Westchester, Pa. , 1841-46 ; he filled the posi- tions of draughtsman and superintendent with the Globe Rolling-mill company, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1846-49 ; was engaged with his brother in locomotive building, 1849-51, and employed as foreman for Niles and Co., Cincinnati, 1851-56. He was married, Oct. 8, 1851, to Cornelia, daugli- ter of Horace and Sarah Hewes (Whipple) Wells of Cincinnati, and was chief engineer and sub- sequently a member of the firm of William Sellers and Co., Philadelphia, 1856-87. He was president of Franklin Institute, 1870-75, and subsequently professor of mechanics and member of the board of managers ; professor of engineer- ing practice in the Stevens Institute of Technol- ogy, Hoboken, N.J., from 1886; served as a member of the Niagara international commission, 1890-91, and consulting engineer from 1890 of the Cataract Construction Co. In 1903 he was chief engineer of the Niagara Falls Power company. His inventions include many important improve- ments in machine tools, hydraulic machinery, shafting for transmitting power, mechanical construction of large dynamos for Niagara Falls, etc., etc. He was president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1884 ; of the Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art ; of the Pennsylvania Society for the Pre- vention of Cruelty to Animals ; of the Photo- graphic society of Philadelphia ; vice-presi- dent of the American Philosophical society, and a member of other learned societies in America and Europe. He was American corre- spondent of the British Journal of Photography, 1861-63 ; and one of the Seybert committee ap- pointed by the University of Pennsylvania to ex- amine the claims of spiritualism in 1884. He re- ceived the order of St. Olaf from the King of Sweden in 1877, the degree of D.E. from the Stevens Institute of Technology in 1888, and the degree of D.Sc. from the University of Pennsyl- vania in 1899. SELLERS SEMMES SELLERS, Williain, mechanical engineer.was I. .rii in Upi>er Darby. P.i.. Sept. 19. lf^24 ; son of John ami Elizabeth (Poole) Sellers ; grandson of JoiinanJ Mary (Coleman) Sellers, and of William iuid Sarah (Sharpless) Poole, and a descendant of Samuel Sellers, who, with his brother George from Belpre, Derbyshire, England, arrived in Philadelphia in 16S2. George died unmarried. The marriage of Samuel Sellers is the first re- C(»riled ill the Darliy Meeting of Friends, 6tli month. 16S4. to Anna Gibbons, daughter of Henry Gib- bons and Ellen, iiis wife, all of Derbyshire, Eng- lanssession of William Sellers, who was educated at a private school and was ap- prenticed to the machinist's trade with his uncle, J. Morton Poole, for nearly seven years. In 1845 he took charge of the large machine shop of Fairbanks. Bancroft & Co., in Providence, R.I. lu 1S4M he commenced the manufacture of machinists' tools and mill gearing. He was mar- ried, April 19, 1849. to Mary, daughter of Ziba and Eliza (Megear) Ferris, of Wilmington, Del. Mary Ferris Sellers died, Dec. 1, 1S70. In August. 1873. he married Amelie daughter of Daniel F. and Charlotte (Behr) Haasz of Philadelphia. Pa. On the death of Mr. Bancroft, ISjS, the firm of Bancroft & Sellers became William Sellers & Co., and in 1886 the corporation of William Sellers & Co., Incorporated, was established with William Sellers, president and engineer. In 1864 he was elected a member of the American Pliilosopiiical society and president of the Franklin Institute, and in tlie same year his paper giving tiie first formula ever offered for screw threads and nuts, wa-s read before the Institute, and the formula then offered afterward became the standard for the United States. The angle and the trun- cated form of tliread therein proposed, were adopted by the International Congress for L'Uni- fication des Filetages et des Jauges held at Zurich in October, 1900. In 18GG he was elected a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania. In 1868 he was api»ointed a member of the first Fairmount Park commission. In 1868 the Edgemoor Iron Com- pany w;is organized in the state of Delaware, of which lie was elected president, and in the same year he was elected a director of the Phila- delphia. Wilmington & Baltimore R.R. Co., reor- ganized as the Philadelpliia, Baltimore & Wash- ingUjn R.R. Co.. VMi. In 1873, he waselecced one of the two vice-presidents of the Centennial Board of Finance created by act of congress, for the business management of the Centennial exhibi- tion of 1876. He was president of the William lUitclier Steel Works, reorganized it as Midvale Steel Co., 1873-87, and continued as its largest etockliolder. In 1873 he was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, and in 1875 was appointed the corresponding member of the Societe d'Encouragement pour LTndustrie National in Paris. His firm's exliibit of machinists tools at the Exposition Universelle at Paris in 1867 received a gold medal ; at the Centennial exhibition in 1876 in Philadelphia, tlie judges reported: "This collection of Ma- chine Tools is without a parallel in the historj' of exhibitions, either for extent, or money value, or for originality and mechanical perfec- tion ; " and at tiie Weltausstellung in Vienna in 1873, the Grand Diploma of Honor and five gold medals were conferred upon the firm. At the Paris exposition in 1889, the firm received the highest award, the Grand Prix, together with several medals, and at the close of the ex- position, the names of three coUaborateurs were requested, to whom, as individuals, diplomas were sent ; and W^illiam Sellers, in addition, was made Clievalier de la Legion d'llonneur. SELLSTEDT, Lars Gustaf, artist, was born in Sundsvall, Sweden, April 30. 1819 ; son of Eric and Eva (Thoren) Sellstedt. He attended schools in Sundsvall and Hernosand, Sweden ; visited as a sailor, Africa, South America, the West Indies, and all the countries of Europe, and sailed to the United States on the barque Prudent of New York as a cabin boy in 1834. He served on a (J.S. man-of-war, 1837-40, and entered upon tlie study of art, particularly portrait-painting, in Buffalo, N.Y.. in 1842, earning money to pay his living expenses and tuition by occasional trips on Lake Erie vessels. He was married, June 11. 18r)6, to Caroline, daughter of Dr. William Knowles and Mary (Gay) Scott of Buffalo, N.Y. He was president of the Fine Arts academy of Buffalo, 1876-77 ; was made an associate of the National Academy of Design in 1871, and an Academician in 1874. His portrait subjects include : Solomon G. Haven (1856); George W. Clinton (1862); Mil- lard Fillmore (1869) ; himself (1871) : Sherman S. Rogers (1873); William G. Fargo (1874); Isaac Verplanck (1874); Benjamin Fitch (1883). and Grover Cleveland (1884). He also painted m.irine and genre pictures. In Marcii, 1903. he was a resident of Buffalo, N.Y. SEMMES, Alexander Aldebaran, naval officer, was born in Washington, D.C., June 8. 1825. He was warranted midshipman in the U.S. navy, Oct. 22, 1841 ; was attached to the ColnvtbvSy Mediterranean squadron, 1841-43. and the Vin- ceiDies, East India .squadron, 1845-46 ; was gradu- ated at the naval scliool. Annapolis, Md. ; axlvanced to passed midshipman, Aug. 10, 1847 ; stationed at the naval observatory, Washington, D.C., 1849-50 and 1854; served on the Congress of the Brazil squadron, 1851-52 ; on the coast survey in SEMMES SEMPLE 1853; was promoted master, Aug. 11, 1855, and lieutenant, Sept. 15, 1855 ; was attached to the MassacJiiisetts of the Pacific squadron, 1855-57, and in November, 1856, commanded a force of saliors and marines in a successful attack upon an encampment of Alaskan Indians in Puget Sound. He served on the Poif/ia^ax, East India squadron, 1859-60 : and the Rhode Island, Atlan- tic coast blockade, 1861 ; commanded tlie Wam- sutta, South Atlantic blockading squadron, 1862- 63, and engaged Confederate forts and batteries on the coasts of Georgia and Florida, besides capturing several blockade runners. He com- manded the Tahonia, East Gulf blockading squadron, 1863-64, attacking the Confederate batteries of Tampa. Fla., in April and October, 1863, and later destroying an English blockade- running steamer and the warehouse containing her cargo at Bayport, Fla. As commander of the monitor Lehigh, South Atlantic blockading squadron, 1864-65, he took part in the bombard- ment of Fort Pringle, July 7-10, 1864, and in the various attacks on the forts and Charleston harbor, 1864-65. He engaged the Hewlett house batteries on James river, 1865, and was present at the evacuation of Richmond. He was pro- moted commander, July 25, 1866 ; served on ordnance duty in Piiiladelphia, 1866-68 ; com- manded the Portsmouth, South Atlantic squadron, 1869-71 ; the navy yard at Pensacola, Fla., 1872- 74, and was promoted captain, Aug. 24, 1873. He commanded the Alaska on the European station, 1875-76 ; was president of the naval board of inspection in 1880 ; commanded the navy yard at Washington, D.C., 1881-85, and was promoted commodore, March 10, 1882. He died in Hamil- ton, Va., Sept. 22, 1885. SEMMES, Raphael, naval officer, was born in Cliarles county, Md., Sept. 27, 1809. He was warranted midshipman in the U.S. navy in 1826 ; engaged in preparatory study, 1826-32 ; made his first cruise, 1832-34, and was admitted to the bar in 1834. In 1837»he was promoted lieutenant, and upon the outbreak of the war with Mexico he was promoted flag-lieutenant under Commodore Conner of the Gulf squadron, and commanded a shore battery at the siege of Vera Cruz. He com- manded the U.S. brig Somers, of the Mexican blockading squadron, and during a severe gale the brig foundered, with great loss of life. He was lighthouse inspector on the gulf ; was pro- moted commander in 1855. and was secretary of the lighthouse board at Washington, 1858-61. He resigned his commission. Feb. 15, 1861, and joined the Confederate service, being appointed by President Davis to secure skilled mechanics for the manufacture of ordnance for the Confed- erate army. He made a tour of New York, Con- necticut and Massachusetts, examining the work- shops, hiring men, collecting military stores and shipping great quantities of powder to the south. He was commissioned commander in the Con- federate States navy, and had charge of the lighthouse bureau. He fitted out the steamer Sumter at New Orleans, the first vessel of the Confederate navy ; captured eighteen U.S. mer- chantmen and was finallj' blockaded at the port of Gibraltar by tlie U.S. vessels Tuscarora and Kearsarge. He thereupon sold the Sumter and went to England. He was promoted captain, and in August, 1862, completed and assumed com- mand of the new steamer Alabama at the Azores, and while at sea captured over sixty U.S. mer- chantmen. On Jan. 8, 1863, he sunk the U.S. steamer Hatteras after a fifteen-minute fight off Mobile. On June 14, 1864. while waiting in the port of Cherbourg. France, for permission to go into dock for repairs, the U.S. steamer Kearsarge entered the port, for the purpose of taking on board the prisoners landed from the Alabama. This proceeding was objected to by Captain Semmes, on the ground that the Kearsarge was adding to her crew in a neutral port. The French authorities conceded this objection, and the Kearsarge did not anchor. On June 19, 1864, the Alabavia attacked the Kearsarge off Cherbourg, and after a fight of one hour the Alabama struck her colors, and sunk forty minutes later. In 1864 Captain Semmes was promoted rear-admiral, and was ordered to guard the water approaches to Richmond. He surrendered with General Johnston's army at Durliam, N.C., May 1, 1865, and returned to Mobile, where he oiiened a law- office. He was arrested by order of Secretary Welles, and was confined until the third of the President's amnesty proclamations released him. He was elected judge of the probate court of Mobile county, but was forbidden by President Johnson to take the bench. He edited a daily newspaper in Mobile : was professor in the Louisiana Military institute, and later resumed his law practice. He is the author of ; Service Afloat and Ashore during the Mexican War (1851) ; Tlie Campaign of General Scott in the Valley of Mexico (1852); The Cruise of the Alabama and Sumter and Memoirs of Service Afloat during the War u-ith the States (1869) . He died in Mobile, Ala.. Aug..30, 1877. SEMPLE, James, senator, was born in Green county, Ky., Jan. 5, 1798. He was graduated at the law school in Louisville, Ky., and began prac- tice in Clinton county, removing to Edwardsville, 111., in 1827, where he continued to practise. He was a representative in the Illinois legislature, 1828-33 ; was speaker four years : brigadier-general of militia during the Black Hawk war, and was attorney-general of Illinois, 1833. He was charge d'affaires at New Granada with headquarters at SEMPLE SENEY Bogata. Oct. 14, 1S3: to April 1, 1842; was a judge of the supreme court of Illinois in 1S43-43 : was apiK>ini«-il by Guv. Tliuinus Ford to the U.S. senate to fill tlie vacjincy caused hy tiie death of Senator Samuel McRol)erts, March 27, 1^43, and .served to the end of McRobertss term, March 3, 1S47. declining further public office. In the senate he favored the extreme boundary line for Oregon, 'A° 40 . He invented a steam car- riage, and also wrote a history of Mexico, which was never publislied. He died at Elsah Landing, 111.. Dpc. eo. TSGG. SE.VIPLE, Robert Baylor, clergyman, was bniii at Rosp :^Iount. King and Queen county, Va.. Jan. 20. 1709 ; tlie youngest son of John and Eliz;ibeth (Walker) Semple. John Semple em- igrated from Scotland and settled in Virginia, where he practised law and where he died about 1770. Robert B;iylor Semple was educated b}^ liis mother and in the academy conducted by the Rev. Peter Nelson, an Episcopal clergyman, and was made assistant in the academy in 1785. after which he tutored in a private family and studied law. In December, 17b9, he was received in the Baptist church, being ordained, Sept. 20, 1790 ; and served as pastor of the Baptist church at Bruington, Va., 1790-1831. He was married, March 1, 1793. to Ann, daughter of Col. Thomas Loury of Caroline county, Va.; established and conducted a school at Mordington, King and Queen county, with the aid of Jiis wife, mean- while making frequent preaching tours in lower Virginia. He was a trustee of Columbian college, Washington, D.C., 1821-31 ; financial agent, 1827- 31, and president of the board of trustees, 1827- 31. He declined the presidency of Transylvania imiversity in 180.5. He was an active member of the Virginia Baptist Missionary society and of the Colonization society, and was president of the Baptist Triennial convention, 1820-31, He re- ceived the honorary degree A.M. from Brown university in 1814, and declined the degree D.D. from Brown in 1824, and from the College of William and Mary in 1826. He is the author of a Catechism for the Use of Children (1809); Histortf of Virginia Bojitists (1810); Memoir of Elder Struughun, and Letters to Alexander Camp- bell. He died at Mordington, near Bruington, Va.. D'-c. 25. 1<^31. SENEY, George Ebbert, representative, was born in Uniontown, Fayette County, Pa., May 29, 1832 : son of Joshua and Ann (Ebbert) Seney ; grandson of Joshua and Frances (Nicholson) Seney and of George and Sarali (Wood) Ebbert ; and groat-grandson of Col. John Seney, and of Comrao lore James Nicholson, the former in the army, the latter in the navy, in the Revolution- ary war. In November, 1S,32. liis parents re- moved to Tiffin, Ohio, He was educated at Nor- walk seminary, Ohio, and was admitted to the bar in 1853. He was a candidate ior presidential elector on the Buchanan and Breckinridge ticket in 1856 : and was elected judge of the court of common pleas of the third judicial di.strict in 1857. In July, 1862, he enlisted in the 101st Ohio regiment ; was promoted 1st lieutenant, and served as quartermaster of the regiment. He was a delegate to the Democratic national con- vention of 1876 ; was married in 1879 to Anna, daughterof Joseph and Rebecca (Hedgas) Walker of Tiffin, and was a Democratic representative from the fifth district of Ohio in the 48th-51st congresses. 1883-91. He continued the practice of law at Tiffin, but took no active part in poli- tics after 1891. SENEY, George Ingraham, philanthropist, was born in Astoria. L.I., May 12, 1826 ; son of the Rev. Robert Seney. and grandson of Joshua and Frances (Nicholson) Seney. He attended Wes- leyan university. Middletown, Conn., 1842-43 ; was graduated from the University of the City of New York in 1846, and engaged in the banking business in New York city, becoming president of the Metropolitan bank in 1877, and holding the office till 1884, when the bank suspended payment and he lost a large fortune. He was interested in several railroad ventures, including tlie construc- tion of the " Nickel-Plate " road. He was married in 1849 to Phoebe A., daughter of Samuel Mosier. He was a trustee of Wesleyan university, 1871- 93 : manager of the missionary society of the M.E. church, and a delegate to the general conference in 1880. He contributed largely to charitable and educational institutions, includ- ing §410,000 to the Methodist General Hospital, Brooklyn, N.Y.; $100,000 to the Long Island Historical society ; $250,000 to Emory college and Wesleyan Female college, Macon. Ga., and $100,000 to benevolent objects in Brooklyn. He founded the Seney scholarships at Wesleyan uni- versity, and the Seney hospital, Brooklyn. N.Y. with an endowment of $500,000. The degree of A.M. was conferred on him by Wesleyan in 1866. He died in New York city, April 7, 1893. SENEY, Joshua, delegate, was born in Queen Anne county. Md., March 4, 1756 : son of Col. John (an officer in the Patriot army during the Revo- lutionary war) and Ruth (Benton) Seney. He became a prominent lawyer and a distinguished judge in Baltimore. At the outbreak of the Revolutionary war he joined the patriot cause, was a member of the last Continental congress, 1787-88, and of the 1st and 2d congresses under the constitution of the United States and was elected to the 3d congress May 1. 1792. but resigned before the 2d congress adjourned and was suc- ceeded by William Hindman, who took his seat before Jan. 30, 1793, completed his term in the 2d SERGEANT SERGEANT congress and filled his entire term in the 3d con- gress. Seney was a presidential elector at large from Maryland, voting for Washington in 1793. He was married May 1, 1790, to Frances, daughter of Com. James Nicholson, a distinguished officer in the Revolutionary navy. He died Oct. 20, 1798. SERGEANT, John, representative, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 5, 1779; son of Jona- than Dickinson Sergeant (q.v.) and Margaret (Spencer) Sergeant. Prepared at the schools of the University of Pennsylvania, he was graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1795, A.M., 1798 ; tried mercantile life, and then read law under Jared IngersoU, being admitted to the bar in December, 1799. In 1800 he was appointed de- puty attorney-general for Philadelphia and Ches- ter counties. President Jefferson appointed him commissioner of bankruptcy for Pennsylvania in 1801. In 1806 he declined appointment as city recorder. He was married, June 23, 1813, to Mar- garetta Watmough. He represented his district in the state legislature, 1808-10, and in the 14th- 17th, 20th, and 25th-27th congresses, 1815-23, 1827-29 and 1837-41. He was a trustee of the College of New Jersey, 1821-1826. He advocated and voted for the Missouri compromise ; was presi- dent of the Pennsylvania board of canal commis- sioners in 1825, was an envoy to the Panama con- gresses in 1826 ; president of the state constitu- tional convention in 1830 ; Whig candidate for Vice-President of the United States on the ticket with Henry Clay for President in 1832 ; president of the convention of 1838 to remodel the consti- tution of Pennsylvania ; declined the appoint- ment of U.S. minister to England in 1841, and was appointed by Seci'etary Macy to determine as to the o.vnersliip of Pea Patch Island, claimed by New Jersey and decided as the property of the United States and Delaware. He received the iionorar}' degree of LL.D. from Union college in 1822, from Dickinson in 1826, and Harvard in 1844. He publisl'.ed : Speec/t on the Missouri Question (1820) ; Speech on Bill to Establish Uni- form System of Banking (1822) ; Oration in Com- memoration of Hiomas Jefferson and John Adams (1826) ; Address before Citizens of Philadelphia (1828) ; Observations on Design and Effects of Punishment (1828) ; Address Delivered at Request of the Apprentices Library Company (1832); Ad- dress before the Alumni Association of Nassau Hall (1833) ; Address of Board of Managers of the Preston Retreat (183G) ; Speech on Judicial Tenure (1838) ; Lecture before the Mercantile Library Company {18S9.) He died in Philadel- phia, Pa.. Nov. 25, 1852. SERGEANT, Jonathan Dickinson, delegate, was born in Newark, N.J., in 1746 ; son of Jona- than (treasurer of the College of New Jersey, 1750-77) and Abigail (Dickinson) Sergeant; IX. — 20 grandson of Jonathan Sergeant and of the Rev. Jonathan and Joanna (Melyn) Dickinson, and a descendant of Jonathan Sergeant who settled in Branford, Conn., about 1644, and in Newark, N.J., in 1667. He removed with his parents in 1758 to Princeton, N.J., where he prepared for college ; was graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1762 ; read law under Richard Stock- ton, and opened a law office. In June, 1774, he was secretary of the meeting of the people of New Jersey in convention at New Brunswick, to resolve on resistance to Great Britain ; and in November, 1774, after the Cohansey Tea Party, where suit was threatened against the members of that band of patriots, Sergeant was retained by the defendants. He was secretary of the Princeton committee of correspondence which on April 24, 1775, five days after Concord battle, called for a Provincial congress to deliberate on means of self protection. Sergeant was chosen secretary of this congress when it assembled in May, and resigned the office to become provincial treasurer. He received the formal thanks of the congress in October for his " constant and steady attendance to the public cause at these times of general calamity." He was twice married : first, March 14, 1775, to Margaret (1759-1787), daughter of the Rev. Elihu and Joanna (Eatton) Spencer of Trenton, and granddaughter of John and Joanna Eatton of Shrewsbury, N.J. ; and secondly, Dec. 20, 1788, to Elizabeth, daugliter of David (q.v.) and Eleanor (Colston) Rittenhouse. Being elected in February, 1776, to the Continental con- gress, he served until June, when he resigned voluntarily, deeming his services most needed in his own state and in the obscurer Piovincial con- gress at home. During the summer of 1776 he served on various committees, the most important being that which drew a constitution for New Jersey on the deposition of the royal governor. In November, 1776, he felt that he could again accept election to the Continental congress, and he served with much inconvenience and personal sacrifice until July, 1777, when he %vas appointed attorney-general of Pennsylvania. When the British took possession of Princeton in Decem- ber, 1776, they burned his new house to the ground. He was a member of the court-martial that tried Gen. Arthur St. Clair and other officers held responsible for the evacuation of Ticonderoga in 1788. He removed his law office to Philadelphia, 1780, and was one of the counsel for the state in the Wyoming Land controversy with Connecti- cut in 1782. In the yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia in 1793, he distributed money, clothing and food and was active in carrying out sanitary measures, up to the time he fell a victim to the fever. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 8, 1793. SERGEANT SERRELL SERGEANT, Thomas, jurist, was born in Pliilaaolpliia. Pa.. J:iii. 14, 1782; son of Jonathan Dickinson aiul Mar;,'are.t (Spencer) Sergeant. He w;is gratiuated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., IT'JS. with his twin brother Henry, A M., 18JI : entered tlie law office of Jared IngersoU, and catne to tlie bar in 180'3. He practised in Philadelpliia ; was married, Sept. 14, 1812, to S irah. daugliter of Richard and Sarah (Franklin) B:iche, and granddaiigliter of Benjamin Frank- lin. He was a representative in the state legisla- ture, 1812-14; associate-justice of the district court of the city, 1814-16 ; secretary of the state, 1S17-18 : attorney-general, 1819-20 ; postmaster of Piiiladelphia, 1828-32 ; associate- justice of the supreme c >urt of the state, 1834—16 ; resumed the practice of law in 1847 ; was provost of the Law Academy of Piiiladelphia. 1844:-55, and a trustee of tlie University of Pennsylvania. 1842-54. He was president of the Pennsylvania Historical society ; a member of the American Philosophical society, an 1 the founder of the State Law Library at Harrisburg, Pa. Besides being a frequent contributor to the press, he was the author of : Treatise upon the Law of Pennsylvania relative to the Proceedings by Foreign Attachment (1811); R ' pi rt of Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court of Pemusylvania, with William Rawle, Jr. (17 vols., 1814-29); Constitutional Law (1822); Sketch of the Xational Judiciary Powers, Exercised in the United States Prior to the Adoption of the Present Federal Constitution (1824), and View of the Land Laics of Pennsylvania (1838). He died in Philadelphia. Pa.. May 8. 1860. SERRELL, Edward Wellman, soldier and civil engineer, was born abroad, a citizen of the United States by birthright, Nov. 5, 1826 ; son of William and Anne (Boorn) Serrell of New York city ; grandson of William, and great-grandson of Peter Serrell and Anne Footner, his wife, and a descend- ant of John Serrell who served under Howard of Effingham at the defeat of the Spanish Armada (Queen Elizabeth's '^ ' reign). The family were French Hugue- v^ nots, and served in the navy, from the -' ^ time of Elizabeth un- t^^crrC/ir J^i<^<^- til the breaking outof the American Revo- lution. He was edu- cated at home, and then attended the academy of the General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen, and was graduated from Leggett and Guillaur- deau's collegiate school in 1841, entering his father's civil engineering office. In 1846-47 he was assistant engineer to the commissioners of the Erie railroad, and in 1848 commanded one of tlie exploring parties for the Panama railway, under the orders of Colonel Hughes, Chief of Topographical Engineers, U.S.A.. receiving great credit for his manner of ma'.iiug the surveys. He was married, April 6, 1848. to Jane, daughter of the Rev. Jesse and .Sophi.i Pound, wh> died, Aug. 30, 1896. In 18.j0 he built the bridge across the Niagara river at Queenstown. which was then the longest single sp.in in the world, and in 1852 he built the bridge over the upper part of the harbor of St. John, N.B. He took charge of the Hoosac tunnel in 1854; the following year planned th© bridge across the river Avon, the longest span in England, and was chief engineer of the first rail- road from the Mississippi to the Missouri river. He projected fortifications for the protection of the city of Washington. D.C., in 1861 ; recruited a volunteer artillery regiment in New Jersey, and organized the first battalion of volunteer engin- eers ever mustered into the U..S. service. He was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of engineers and accompanied Gen. T. W. Sherman's ex- pedition to Port Royal. His command was sub- sequently increased to three battalions by act of congress, and he was promoted colonel. He built the works at Wales's Cut ; in front of Fort Pulaski; on Morris island, and on Folly island. At Port Royal he built a gun-boat in five days, which cruised with a battery of six guns and made a successful ex])edition up the inland sounds. After the reduction of Fort Pulaski he rebuilt it, making many improvements in its construction. He was assistant engineer of the Department of the South, and subsequently was chief engi- neer of the 10th army corps, and of the De- partment of the South. During the siege of Charleston, he fi^ constructed on ^V Morris island a marsh battery . 7 ~£tZLif^Q;;^" j?^< 7900 yards dis- ' "^"^ -=^~- tant from the a;?'^ city on a plat- form of pine logs bolted to getheronwhic a fort of 13,000 Tuc 'o.vamp a/^icel* . sand bags weighing 800 tons was built anrf pronounced a masterpiece of engineering skill. Behind this, he placed an 8-inch Parrott rifle gun christened by the soldiers the "Swamp Angel." which, after discharging 36 shells of Greek fire into the city with disastrous effect, was ruined, bursting from its own fire. When the 10th corps was ordered to join the SERVISS SETON Army of the James in Virginia, Serrell went with it, and had charge of the right of the defenses at Bermuda Hundred, directed the siege of Fort Harrison, rebuilt Fort Powhatan and built Fort Pocahontas. He was offered promotion, but de- clined it, preferring to remain in the engineer department. He accompanied General Butler to New York ; was made chief of staff and of en- gineers, and was detailed upon special scientific duty. During the civil war he devised ingenious methods for removing river obstructions and for transporting heavy and light artillery tliat wei'e of great practical use, but his greatest mechanical achievement was making counterbalanced found- ations for batteries in marshy places. He was brevetted brigadier-general, U.S.A., which com- mission had not been vacated in 1903. General Serrell said that the best work he did for the country during the civil war was in constituting a new arm of the service, volunteer engineers, never before a part of any arnl3^ After the war he returned to his civil engineering and built, among other things, the bridge over the Con- necticut river at Middletown, where he laid the foundations in open caissons in deep water ; the Lyman viaduct ; the Rapello viaduct, and the elevated railways in Brooklyn. He was married a second time, Sept. 6, 1900, to Marion Seaton, born in Charleston, S.C, daughter of Orville Augustus, Sr. (compiler of Bibliotheca Americana) and Ann Eliza Roorbach of New York. He projected (1902-03) an Isthmian canal from a magnificent harbor on the Atlantic to another on the Pacific ocean, over a geometrical straight line from sea to sea, less than thirty miles long, and nearer to New York than either the Panama or Nicaragua route and with a capacity for business six times as great as both the Panama and Nicaragua routes combined, it being at sea level and without locks. He estimated the cost would be less than either of the other proposed routes and the time con- sumed in building only three years. His many useful inventions include sand boxes for locomo- tives, long wire for telegraphs and bridges, and test boxes for underground telegraph wires. SERVISS, Garrett Putman, author, was born in Sharon Springs, N.Y., March 24, 1851 ; son of Garrett Putman and Katharine (Shelp) Serviss ; grandson of John C. and Anna (Putman) Serviss and of Henry and Lydia (Parkes) Shelp, and a descendant of Cliristian Serviss of Montgomery county, N.Y. He was graduated from Cornell university, B.S., 1872, and from Columbia Law school, LL.B., 1874; was a reporter and corre- spondent for the New York Tribune, 1874-76, and associated with the New York Sun as reporter, 1876 ; assistant-editor, 1877-82, and night-editor, 1882-92. After 1892 he engaged in lecturing on travel, history and astronomy. He was married, June 19, 1875, to Eleanore, daughter of King D., and Julia A. (Birchard) Betts of Ithaca, N.Y. He is the author of : Astronomy loith an Opera G/ass (1888); The Conquest of Mars (1898); The Moon Metal (1900); Pleasures of the Telescope (1901); Other Worlds (1902), and contributions on astronomy to leading publications. SESSIONS, Walter Looniis, representative, was born in Brandon, Vt., in 1824. He received a common sciiool education and became a prac- tising lawyer in Jamestown, N.Y., serving as a county oflficial for several years, as a member of the state assembly, 1853-54, and later as a school commissioner. He was a member of the state senate in 1859 and again in 1865 ; and a Repub- lican representative fi'om the thirty-fourth New York district in the 42d and 43d congresses. 1871- 75, and in the 49th congress, 1885-87, serving as a member of the committee on Indian affairs. In 1893 he was a state commissioner to the World's Columbian exposition at Chicago. He died in Panama, N.Y., Mav 27, 1896. SESSUMS, Davis, fourth bishop of Louisiana, and 157th in the succession of the American episcopate, was born in Houston, Texas, July 7. 1858 ; son of Alexander and Mary (Runnels) Sessums. He was graduated from the University of the South, Sewanee, Tenn., A.B., A.M., 1878; ordered deacon, 1882, and ordained priest later in the same year. He was curate of Grace church, Galveston, Tex., 1883 ; assistant rector and rector of Calvary church, Memphis, Tenn., 1883-87, and rector of Christ church. New Orleans, La., 1887- 91. He was married, Dec. 18, 1890, to Alice C, daughter of the Rt.-Rev. John Nicholas (q.v.) and Lottie (Barber) Galleher of New Orleans, La. He was consecrated bishop of Louis- iana, June 24, 1891, by Bishops Quin- tard, Tuttle, Garrett, assisted by Bishops Galleher, Thompson and Watson. He served as assistant to Bishop Galleher until the latter's death, when he succeeded him as bishop of Louisiana, Dec. 7, 1891. Bishop Sessums received the honorary de- gree of D.D. from the University of the South in 1891. SETON, Elizabeth Ann, philanthropist, was born in New York city, Aug. 28, 1774 ; daughter of Dr. Richard and Catherine (Charlton) Baylej-. She was liberally educated under the direction of her father, and on Jan. 25, 1794, was married to William Seton, wliose father, William Seton, was a member of a noble Scotch family, and came to New York in 1758, and engaged in iron man- ufacturing in Ringwood, N.J. She accompanied her husband to Italy, hoping that he might re- cover his health, but he died at Pisa, Dec. 27, 1803. She became a convert to the Roman SETON SETTLE Catholic faith in 1805, having previously been an Episcopalian and interested in religious works and charities. In order to support and educate her five children, she received as boarders several boys who attended a private school in New York city, but tlie business proved unsuccessful and she was about to become instructress in a convent in Canada, when she was invited by the Rev. William Vul.MUine Dubourg, president of St. Mary's college, Baltimore, Md., to open a school for girls in that city. She directed this school with a single assistant, 1808-09, and in 1809, with $8,000 which had been given to Dr. Dubourg for charitable piu-poses, she carried out a long- cherislied plan and founded a new sisterhood for service among orplians and poor cliildren. She secured a farm at Emmittsburg. Md., and with three companions began tlie work. She was soon joined by six others and the congregation became known as " Sisters of Charity." Slie adopted the constitution and rules of the Daughters of Charity, founded by St. Vincent de Paul in France, with some modifications, in 1811, and with the per- mission of Archbishop Carroll became motlier- superior. serving as such until her death. They suffered many hardships during the first winter, but the school connected with the community soon provided them a comfortable income. In 1814 three sisters were sent to conduct an orphan asylum in Philadelphia. Pa., and three more in 1817 took charge of another in New York city, and in 1821 there were twenty communities of Sisters of Charity doing work among the poor in several states. Tlie community was also incor- porated as a Religious Order by the legislature of Maryland in 1817. Her daughter, Catherine, 1800-91, became a sister in the Order of Mercy shortly after her mother's death, and devoted herself to work among the poor, and to the criminal classes in New York city. See : Memoirs of Mrs. S., tvritten by Herself : A Fragment of Real History (1817); '• Life of Mrs. Seton, Found- ress and First Superior of the Sisters of Charity in the United States," by the Rev. Charles I. White. D.D. (1872); " Vie de Madame Elizabeth Seton." by Madame de Barberey (1868), and •' Memoirs, Letters, and Journal of Elizabeth Seton," by Monsignor Robert Seton (2 vols., 1869). She died at Emmittsburg. Md., Jan. 24, 1821. SETON, Robert, clergyman, was born in Pi.sa, Italy, Aug. 2h, 18.39 ; son of William and Emily (Prime) Seton ; grandson of William and Elizabeth Ann ( Bayley) Seton and of Nathaniel and Cornelia (Sands) Prime, and a descendant of William and Rebecca (Curzon) Seton. He attended Mount St. Mary's college, was ordained priest in 1865, and was graduated from the Ecclesiastical Acad- emy of Rome, 18G7. He became private cliam- berlain to Pope Pius IX. in 1866, being the first American to receive that honor. He was made prothonotary apostolic in 1867 ; returned to the United States ; was chaplain to the convent and academy of St. Elizabeth at Convent, N.J., 1867- 76, and in 1876 became rector of St. Joseph's church at Jersey City. He was made dean of all the Monsignori in the United States, attended the fourth plenary council at Baltimore, Md., in 1884, lectured on Cliristian archaeology in the Catholic University of America, and at Seton Hall college, South Orange, N.J. ; was elected a mem- ber of the New York Historical society, and on Oct. 5, 1881, of the New England Historic-Geneal- ogical society. He received the degrees of D.D. and LL.B. from Roman university in 1867. and that of LLD. from the University of Notre Dame, Indiana, in 1803. He is the author of : Memoir, Letters and Journal of Elizabeth Seton (2 vols., 1869); Essays on Various Subjects Chiefly Roman (1882); The Dignity of Labor (1893); An Old Family (1899); Setori of Parbroath in Scotland and America, -prmted privately (1890); and con- tributions to periodicals, principally Roman Catholic. SETON, William, author, was born in New York city, Jan. 28, 1835 ; son of William and Emily (Prime) Seton. He attended Mount St. Mary's college, Emmittsburg, Md. ; was a captain in the 4th New York volunteers in the civil war, and was twice wounded in the battle of Antie- tam, which incapacitated liim for further service. He was married in New York in 1884, to Sarah Redwood, daughter of Isaac and Sarah (Redwood) Parrish of Philadelphia, Pa. He devoted himself to literarj' work after the war, contributed to current literature and is the author of : Romance of the Charter Oak (1870); The Pride of Lexing- ton: A Tale of the American Revolution (1871); The Pioneer, a poem (1874): Rachels Fate and Other Tales (1882); TJie Poor Millionaire, a Tale of New York Life (1884); Tlie Shamrock Gone West (1834); 3Ioida, a Tale of the Tyrol (1884), and A Glimpse of Organic Life. SETTLE, Thomas, jurist, was born in Rock- ingham county, N.C. , March 9, 1789 ; son of David and Rhoda (MuUins) Settle ; grandson of Josiah Settle, and a descendant of John Settle, who lived in England. He received a good educa- tion ; was married in 1820 to Henrietta, daugh- ter of Azariah, and sister of the Hon. Cal- vin Graves ; was admitted to the bar in 1812 ; was a member of the North Carolina house of commons, from Rockingham, 1816-17 ; a Demo- cratic representative from North Carolina in the 15th congress, 1817-19, and in 1818 declined re- election to the 16th congress. He was returned to the commons in 1826, and was speaker of the house, 1827-28, when he cast the vote preventing the passage of the bill opposing the banking SETTLE SEVEltAKCE system of the state. He was judge of the supe- rior court of North Carolina, 1882-52, and a trustee of the University of North Carolina, 1826- 57. He died in Eockingham county, N.C., Aug. 5, 1857. SETTLE, Thomas, jurist, was born in Rock- ingham county, N.C., Jan. 23, 1831 ; son of Thomas Settle (1789-1857). He was graduated at the University of North Carolina, A.B., 1850; studied law with Judge Richmund M. Pearson, and was admitted to the bar in 1854. For a short time he was private secretary to Gov. David S. Reid (q.v.). He was a member of the North Carolina house of commons, 1854-59, and speaker, 1859 ; was presidential elector on the Buchanan and Breckinridge ticket, 1856, and was elected delegate to tlie proposed union convention in February, 1861, but the convention never met, owing to the defeat of the purpose by a popular vote. He married. May 26, 1859, Mary, daughter of Tyre and Margaret (Bynum) Glenn, of Yadkin county, N.C. Although opposed to secession he entered the C. S. army as captain in the 13th North Carolina volunteers, enlisting for twelve months, and on his return to Rockingham county, he was elected solicitor of the fourth judicial circuit. He was a delegate to the Republican convention held in Raleigh, Oct. 12, 1865 ; state senator and speaker of the senate. 1865 ; and judge of the state supreme court, 1868-71. He was appointed envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Peru, Feb. 18, 1871, which position he held but one year, resigning on account of ill-health ; was president of the Republican National conven- tion of 1872 ; was the defeated Republican can- didate for representative from the fifth district of North Carolina in the 43d congress, 1872 ; was again associate justice of the state supreme court, 1872-76, and was the unsuccessful Republican candidate for governor in 1876, Zebulon B. Vance being elected by 10,000 majority, and Settle receiv- ing 5000 more votes than the other candidate on the ticket. He was judge of the U.S. district court for the Northern district of Florida. 1877-88. He died in Greensboro, N.C, Dec. 1, 1888. SETTLE, Thomas, representative, was born in Rockingham county, N.C, IMarch 10, 1865; son of Thomas Settle, q.v. (1831-1888), and Mary (Glenn) Settle. He was educated in the public schools of North Carolina and of Florida, and at Georgetown college, D.C He studied law under his father, Judge Robert P. Dick and Judge Dillard in Greensboro, N.C, and was admitted to the bar in October, 1885. He was elected by the Republican party solicitor for the ninety-fourth judicial district of North Caro- lina, August, 1886 ; was Republican representa- tive from the fifth district of North Carolina in the 53d and 54th congresses, 1893-97, and was a defeated candidate for re-election in 1896. He was married, Nov. 18, 1897, to Eliza Augusta, daughter of William and Florence (Wright) Pot- ter of Wilmington, N.C. SEUTER, De Witt Clinton, governor of Ten- nessee, was born in McMinn county, Tenn., March 26, 1834 ; son of the Rev. William T. and Nancy (White) Seuter, and grandson of the Rev. George White of Virginia. He was educated for the law but did not enter its practice, as he was elected by the Whig party to represent his county in the state legislature in 1857, 1859 and 1861, serving, 1858-63. He was married to Har- riet, daughter of Gen. P. ^M. Seuter of Granger county in 1859. He was one of the Union men of Eastern Tennessee imprisoned by the Confed- erate government and released on parole in 1865, his offence being disloyalty in attending as a delegate the Union conventions at Knoxville and at Greenville. He was a state senator, 1865-69, and speaker of tlie senate, 1867-69 ; took an active part in the campaign for Grant and Colfax in 1868, being an elector on the ticket, and as pres- ident of the senate became (Feb. 25, 1869) gov- ernor of Tennessee to complete the unexpired term of William G. Brown- low, who resigned in 1869 to take his seat in the U.S. sen- ate. Governor Seuter was re-elected in August, 1869, by the Democrats, his elec- tion being due to his having adopted a more liberal civil policy than that carried out by his predecessor. He was instrumental in having the state debt, incurred during the civil war, recognized, a new constitution adopted for the state government, and the Ku Klux disturbances abated. His term as governor expired, Oct. 10, 1871. He was pres- ident of the Cincinnati, Cumberland Gulf and Charleston railroad, 1865-66. He died near Mor- ristown, Tenn., in June, 1898. SEVERANCE, Luther, diplomatist, was born in Montague, Mass., Oct. 29, 1797 ; son of Elihu and Tryphena (Gunn) Severance ; grandson of Moses and Joanna (French) Severance, and a descendant of John and Abigail (Kimball) Sever- ance, who came from Ipswich, England, to New England in 1634, settling first in Boston, and in 1638 in Salisbury, Mass. His parents removed to Cazenovia, N.Y., in 1799, and he learned the printer's trade in Peterboro, N.Y., 1813-18. He worked in the ofiice of the Aurora, Philadelphia, 1819-20 ; in Washington, D.C, 1821-24, where he wrote editorials for the National Intelligencer, and in 1825 founded the Kennebec Journal at Augusta, Maine, in partnership with Russel Eaton, of which paper he was a proprietor and editor until 1850. He was married, Oct. 12, 1827, to Anna, SEVEKEXS SEVIER daughter of Theophilus Hamlin ; represented Augusta in the state legislature 1830, 1839-40, 1842 and 1847 ; was a state senator, 1835-36, and a Whig representative in the 28th and 29th con- gresses. 1843-47. He was vice-president of the Whig national convention, which met at Phila- delphia. June 7. 1848, and was appointed U.S. minister to the Sandwich Islands bj- President Taylor, serving. 1849-53. See " Memoir of Luther Siiverance " by James G. Blaine (1850). He died in Auf^Msta. Main.-. Jan. 5, is:,."). SEVERENS, Henry Franklin, jurist, was boru in Rockingham. Vt.. M.ay 11, 1835; son of Franklin an.l Elizabeth (Pulsipher) Severens; grandson of Isaac and Abigail (Dean) Severens and of Samuel and Sarah (Weaver) Pulsipher, and a descendant through the first Severens, who came from England in 1636, and settled in An- dover. Massachusetts Bay Colony, and of Sergeant Hinraan, who defended Charles I. when on trial for his life. He attended Saxton's River seminary ; was graduated from Middlel)ury college, Ver- mont, A.B., 1857; was admitted to the bar in 1859 ; commenced practice in Bellows Falls, Vt. ; removed to Three Rivers, Mich., in 1860, serving as state's attorney of St. Joseph county in 1863- 65. and in the latter year settled in Kalamazoo, Mich. He was married, Dec. 1, 1863, to Sarah Clarissa, daughter of Austin and Agnes (Lee) Whittlesey of Medina, N.Y. He served as U.S. district judge of Western Michigan from May 25, 1886, until his appointment as U.S. circuit judge of the 6tii judicial circuit, March 16, 1900. By virtue of his office he was (1903) one of the judges of the U.S. circuit court of appeals for the 6th circuit. Judge Severens received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of Michigan in 1897, and the same degree from Middlebury college in 1901. SEVIER, Ambrose Hundley, senator, was born in Greene cDecatur, Ala., Sept. 24, 1815. SEWALL, Arthur, shipbuilder and financier, was born in Bath, Maine, Nov. 25, 1835 ; son of William Dunning and Rachel (Trufant) Sewall ; great-grandson of Col. Dummer Sewall of the Revolutionary army and Mary Dunning, his wife ; and six generations from Henry Sewall, who married Jane Dummer, and settled in Newbury, Mass., 1634. His father had established a ship- building firm in 1823, and after receiving a com- mon school education, the son at an early age entered its employ, and in 1854 succeeded with his elder brother to the business, building and managing a fleet of constantly increasing num- bers and proportions. Upon his brother's death the firm style became Arthur Sewall & Co. After launching the Roanoke, the last built and largest wooden ship in the world, Mr. Sewall turned his attention to steel, and in 1894 launched the Dirigo, the first steel sailing ship built in America. He was a firm believer in the future of the American merchant marine and of its importance to the nation, and constantly proved his faith by adding to his fleet. He did not con- fine his activities to the sea, but was largely interested in land transportation. He was di- rector and for nine years president of the Maine Central railway, president of the Eastern railway before its merger in the Boston & Maine, director of the Boston & Maine, New York & New Eng- land, and Mexican Central railroads. He was president of the Bath National bank and identi- fied with many industrial corporations. Mr. Sewall was always a Democrat, was a delegate to the national conventions, 1872, 1876, 1880 and 1884, member of the Democratic national com- mittee, 18S8-96, candidate of his party for U.S. senator, 1893, and in this year declared in favor of the free coinage of silver, and at the Chicago convention of 1896 accepted tlie Democratic nomination for Vice President of the United States. He was married in 1859 to Emma Dun- can Crooker of Bath, also a descendant of Henry Sewall. He died at Small Point, Me., Sept. 5, 1900. SEWALL, David, jurist, was born in York, Maine, Oct. 7, 1735 ; son of Samuel and Sarah Titcomb (Batchelder) Sewall, and grandson of John and Hannah (Fessenden) Sewall. He was graduated from Harvard. A.B., 1755, A.M., 1758, and was admitted to the bar in 1763. He was col- lector of excise for York county, and in 1766 was appointed register for the probate of wills for York county. He was councillor for the Pro- vince of Maine, 1766-77 ; justice of the supreme court of the state of Massachusetts, 1777-81, and judge of the supreme judicial court, 1781-89. He was an elector at large for Massachusetts in 1789, and was judge of the U.S. district court of Maine, 1789-1817. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Bowdoin college in 1812. He was a member of the Massachusetts Historical so- ciety ; a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a trustee of Bowdoin college, 1794-1815. He died in York, Me., Oct. 22, 1825. SEWALL, Frank, educator, was born in Bath, Maine, Sept. 24, 1837 ; son of William Dunning and Rachel Allen (Trufant) Sewall ; grandson of Joseph and Lydia (Marsh) Sewall and of David Trufant, and a descendant, through John and Henry, of Henry Sewall, mayor of Coventry, Eng- land, 1606. whose son Henry immigrated to New England and settled in Newbury, 1634, where lie married Jane Dummer, and had sons, Samuel, John, Stephen. Frank Sewall was graduated from Bowdoin college, A.B., 1858, A.M., 1861; continvied his studies in the universities of Tiibin- SEW ALL SEW ALL gen and Berlin, Germany, and attended lectures at till' SurlK)nne, Paris, France, ISCil-OG. lie was ordained to the New-Church (Swedenborgian) ministry, 180:^; was pastor at Glendale, Oiiio, 1863-64. and was president of L'rbana university, Oliio, 1870-86. Ho was married. Oct. 28, 18G9, to TluHlia Uedelia, daughter of William Wallace and Redelia Ann (Cox) Gilclirist of Staten Island, N.Y. ; was pastor at Glasgow. Scotland, 1886-88, and in Washington. D.C., from 18S9. He re- reived the honorary degree of D.D. from Bowdoin, llXrJ. He is tlie author of: The Christian Hym- nal (1867) : Moody Mike (1869) ; Aiigelo, the Cir- cus Boy (1874) ; The Pillow of Stones (1876) ; TJie Hem of his Garment (1876); The Latin Sjyeakvr ■878) ; Tlie Xeic Metaphysics (1888) ; Tlie Ethics of Scri'ice (1889); Dante and Swedenborg and other Essays in the Nexc Renaissance (1893) ; The Angel of the State (1896) ; Introduction and Xotes to Translation of Kant's Dreams of a Sjnrit Seer ( 1900) . and Swedenborg and Modern Idealism (1902) : and translated : Swedenborg's " The Soul or Ritional Psychology" (1886) , with introduction and ap|>endix ; " The Poems of Giosue Carducci, with Essays on the Hellenic Revival in Italy" (1892). and "The Trophies," sonnets of J. M. de nereellion within its borders. He deprecated foreign intervention as an unfriendly act and projwsed the establishing of conventions to de- termine the rights of neutrals. "When congress determined to close the ports of the seceded states he instructed the U.S. minister at London as to the right of the government to take such a course. His surrender of Mason and Slidell to the British government after their unauthorised ari'est and detention by a U.S. naval officer, brought upon liim the condemnation of the radical wing of the Republican party, but his explanation of his act as consistent with the American doctrine of right of search quieted the opposition. He opposed all efforts of mediation to be conducted by European governments, and by the treaty with Great Brit- ain for the extinction of the African slave trade, lie gained the popular favor of the English peo- ple. His continuous and persistent efforts through able ministers and consuls, strengthened by com- missions of leading citizens competent to present the claims of the government and its ability to put down rebellion, prevented foreign interfer- ence, and when France undertook to gain a foot- bold on the American continent contrary to the spirit of the Monroe doctrine, by establishing Mexico as an empire. Mr. Seward quietly avoided any irritating interference until the civil war had closed, when he forcibly presented the question at issue to the French government and the Mexican empire collapsed. In the summer of 1862, when the war had assumed a condition of uncertainty as to the issue. Secretary Seward held a conference with the governors of the northern states and obtained tlieir co-operation in an extraordinary effort to change the condition; this conference resulted in the call by the Presi- dent for 300,000 additional men. His course in insisting on the rights of the United States to recompeusation from the British government for the destruction wrought upon the high seas by the Alabama nent out from a British port, led to the Geneva award of $15,500,000 as damages. On April 13, 1865, while an invalid from the effect of being thrown from his carriage, he was murder- ously assaulted by one of the conspirators against President and cabinet, and his son. Frederick W. (q.v.), was desperately wounded in defend- ing him. Secretary Seward's recovery was slow and his suffering intense. His wife died in W^ashington, June 21, 1865, aged 59 years. He was retained by President Johnson as the head of his cabinet, and by sustaining the reconstruction policy of the President, he carried out the avowed intention of President Lincoln, but displeased the radical wing of the Republican party and was subjected to much unfriendly criticism. He concluded with Russia an arrangement for the purchase of Alaska, which was accomplished by treaty, March 30, 1867, and an area of 580.000 square miles of Russian territory on the American continent passed by purchase for the sum of $7,200,000 to the United States. In 188-i Alaska was organized as a district with executive officers appointed by the President, but without legisla- tive institutions. Secretary Seward also nego- tiated for the purchase of the Danish West India Islands and the Bay of Samana, and made a treaty with tiie republic of Colombia. S.A., to secure to the United States control of the Isthmus of Panama, but an unfriendly senate prevented the purchases and consummation of the treaty. He supported the President in the efforts of the opposition to impeach and remove him from office in 1868, and favored the election of General Grant to the Presidency the same year. Upon the in- auguration of President Grant, March 4. 1869, Mr. Seward turned over the portfolio of state held by him for eight years to Elihu B. Wash- burn and returned to Auburn, N.Y., where he- prepared for an extended journey across the con- tinent and along the Pacific coast. He visited California, Oregon, AVashington, British Colum- bia, and the newly acquired territory of Alaska, returning home through Mexico, where he was a guest of the government and people. The next year he made his remarkable tour of the world, and was received with the highest honors by the governments of Asia, northern Africa and Europe, his record as a statesman making him welcome at foreign courts and giving him rare opportu- SEWARD SEWELL nities to study the governments, politically and commercially, and the social and ethnological characteristics of the peoples. After reaching his home at Auburn, Oct. 9, 1871, he gave his time to preparing a narrative of his travels and a history of his life and times. He received the honorary degree LL.D. from Yale in 1854, from Union in 1858, and from the University of North Carolina in 1867. The citizens of New York city erected a bronze statue by Randolph Rogers in Madison square, and in 1888 the citizens of Au- burn erected another by Walter G. Robinson in the public square of that city. His more notable speeches include : Prospects of the United States, Syracuse, N.Y., July 4, 1831 ; Eulogy on La- fayette, Auburn, N.Y., July 16, 1834 ; Elementsof Empire in America, Union college, N.Y., 1843; Freedom of the Press, in libel suit Cooper vs. Greeley, 1845 ; Eulogy on Daniel O'ConneU, New York city, 1847 ; Fugitive Slaves, defence of John Van Zandt, 1847 ; Eulogy on John Quincy Adams, Albany, N.Y., 1848 ; TJie Higher Laiv, U.S. senate, March 11, 1850; The Compromise Bill. U.S. senate, July 2, 1850 ; Tlie Homestead Law. U.S. senate, February, 1851 ; Freedom in Europe, U.S. senate, March, 1853 ; The Destiny of America, Columbus, Ohio, 1853 ; Tlie True Basis of American Independence, New York city, 1853 ; The Phys- ical, Moral and Intellectual Development of the American People, Yale College, 1854 ; Tlie Irre- pressible Conflict, Rochester, N.Y., 1858 ; State of the Union, U.S. senate, Jan. 12, 1861. George E. Baker prepared an edition of " Seward's Works with his Earlier Speeches and Addresses, and a Memoir" (3 vols., 1853; Vol. IV., 1862; Vol. v., 1863 ; Vol. VI., with later speeches and diplomatic correspondence, 1888) . His diplomatic correspondence was published in full by order of congress. Charles Francis Adams published " Address on the Life, Character and Services of Seward" (1873), and Frederic Bancroft, " Life of William H. Seward-" (2 vols., 1900), Mr. Seward is the author of : Notes on New YorJc ; Introduc- tion to "Natural History of New York" (1842- 54); Defence of William Freeman (1846); Oration on Death of John Quincy Adams (1848); Life and Public Services of John Quincy Ada^ns (1849); Speeches on Admission of California (1850); Seward's Travels Around the World, edited by Olive Risley Seward (1873); and Autobiography, which first extended to 1834 (1871). This was brought down to 1846 in a memoir by Frederick W. Seward, with selections from his letters (1877), and two volumes were added (1890). He died in Auburn, N.Y., Oct. 10, 1872. SEWARD, William Henry, soldier, was born in Auburn, N.Y., June 18, 1889 ; son of William Henry and Frances A. (Miller) Seward (q.v.). He was educated in his native city and became a banker in 1861, in which business he was still en- gaged in 1903. He was married, June 27, 1862, to Janet M. , daughter of Margaret and Robert Wat- son of Auburn, N.Y. He entered the U.S. army as lieutenant-colonel, 138th N.Y. volunteers ; was promoted colonel, 9th N.Y. heavy artillery ; was sent on a special diplomatic mission to Louisiana in 1863 ; took part in the battles of Petersburg, Cold Harbor and Opequan, and was wounded at the battle of Monocacy. He was commissioned brigadier-general, Sept. 13, 1864 : and command- ed a brigade at Martinsburg, Va., until June 1, 1865, when he resigned his commission and re- turned to Auburn. He was elected president of the city hospital. Auburn, N.Y., a member of the Loyal Legion, president of the state electoral col- lege, 1886 ; president of the Cayuga county his- torical society, and vice-president of Wells col- lege. SEWELL, William Joyce, senator, was born in Castlebar, Ireland, Dec. 6, 1835. His parents both died when he was a child and he came to the United States in 1851. where he found em- ployment in a shipping office and made several voyages in the mer- chant marine service. He went to Chicago where he engaged in business, and abouti 1860 returned to' Camden, N.J., and joined the 5th New Jersey volunteers as captain in 1861, He was promoted lieu- tenant-colonel in July, and colonel in October, 1862, com- manded his regiment in the Army of the Potomac at Fred- erickburg in Revere's brigade, Sickles's division, Stoneman's corps, andatChancellorvilleinMott's brigade. Berry's division, Sickles's corps, succeed- ing to the command of the brigade when Mott was wounded. Colonel Sewell was wounded at Gettys- burg, while in command of his regiment in Bur- ling's brigade, Humphrey's division, Sickles's corps. He was with his regiment in McAllister's brigade, Mott's division, Hancock's corps, in Grant's cam- paign against Richmond, and in September, 1864, was made colonel of the 38th New Jersey volun- teers, and was honorably discharged with his regi- ment in the summer of 1865, He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers for Chancellors- ville in 1863, and major-general for services dur ing t!ie civil war, March 13, 1865, He returned to Camden, and was appointed an officer in the Penn- sylvania railroad company in the New Jersey SEYBERT SEYMOUR branch of that road. He was a member of the personal staff of Governor Parker. l!S73 ; state sen- ator, 1873-^1 ; president of the senate, 1876, 1879 and 1880: commanded the 2d brigade. National Guard, State of New Jersey ; and was national commissioner of New Jersey for the World's Co- lumbian exiHisition. 1893. In 1881 he defeated George M. Robeson for U.S. senator and served for the term expiring. March 3, 1887, and was re- elected in 1895, and on Jan. L'3, 1901, his third term to expire. March 3. 1907. He was a delegate to the Republican national conventions of 1876- 1900. inclusive, and was appointed major-general of volunteers by President McKinley in 1898, for service in the war with Spain, but upon tlie unan- imous petition of tlie Republican members of the U.S. senate. President McKinley requested him not to take tlie field. His sons, Lieutenant Robert and Captain William Joyce, were officers in the volunteer army. Senator Sewell was ap- pointed chairman of the committee on engrossed bills and a member of the appropiiations, mili- tary affairs, territories, interoceanic canal and immigration committees. He died at Camden, N.J.. Dec. 27. 1901. SEYBERT, Adam, chemist, was born in Phil- adelpliia. Pa., May 16, 1773. He completed the medical course at the University of Pennsylva- nia in 1793, then studied in Paris, at the Ecole des Mines, and at the Uni%'ersities of London, Edinburgh and Gottingen. After his return to Philadelphia, he engaged in business as chemist and mineralogist. He was a Democratic repve- Bentative from Philadelphia in the 11th, 12th, 13th and l")th congress, 1809-15 and 1815-19. He made several bequests to charitable institutions in Phil- adelphia. He contributed the following note- worthy articles to tl>e Tra7isactio7is of the Ameri- can Philosophical Society, of which organization he was elected a member in 1797 ; " Experiments and Observations on Land and Sea Air" and " On the Atmosphere of Marshes "' (1797) ; and prepared Statistic Annals of the United States (1789- 1818). He died in Paris, France, May 2, 1825. SEYMOUR, Augustus Sherrill, juri.st, was born in Ithaca, N. Y., Nov. 30, 1836. He was grad- uated from Hamilton college, LL.B., 1857, and pratised law in New York city, 1859-65, and in New Berne. N.C., 1865-68. In the latter year he w;is appointed judge of the municipal court of New Berne. He .served in the senate and house of representatives of North Caro- lina, and was a delegate to the constitutional convention of the state in 1871. He was judge of the North Carolina sui)erior court, 1874-82, and of the U.S. district court of eastern North Caro- lina. 1SS2-97. He compiled a Digest of the Laws of Xorth Carolina (I'tilS). He died in New York city, Feb. 19, 1897. SEYMOUR, George Franklin, first bishop of Spriiiglield and 121st in succession in the Ameri- can epi.scopate, was born in New York city, Jan. 5, 1829 ; son of Isaac Newton and Elvira (Belknap) Seymour ; grandson of Jesse (M.D.) and Mary (Watson) Seymour and of Chancey and Margaret (Karskad- den) Belknaj), and a descendant of Seymour, who witli f^^cmfmu^ liis brother emigrated from Wiltshire, Eng- land, to Hartfon Conn., and ultimately settled in New Hart- ford, Conn., about 1640. His father was treasurer of the Delaware and Hud- son Canal company, 1825-69, and enjoyed an annuity of $2000 and office desk room from the company after 1869 up to the time of his death in 1873. George Franklin Seymour at- tended a madam's school, Greenwich village academy, the grammar school of Columbia col- lege and was graduated at Columbia, A.B., 1850 (i-eceiving the general testimonial as head of liis class and delivering the Greek Salutatory), A.M., 1853, and from the General Theological seminary, New York, 1854. He was admitted to the diac- onate in December, 1854, and advanced to the priesthood in September, 1855 ; was rector of Holy Innocents', Annandale, N.Y., 1854-61, and during his rectorship, housed the one hundred communicants, whom he had gathered together, in a beautiful stone church. When fault was found for his extravagance in erecting the church, he caused to be emblazoned in illuminated letters on its western wall : " Tlie palace is not for man but for the Lord God." 1 Chron. xxix. i. He also founded St. Stephen's college as a training .school for the ministry, and was its first rector, 1854-61, and graduated its first class of three in 1861. He resigned in 1861 to become rector of St. Mary's, Mahattanville, N.Y., and at the in- stance of Bishop Horatio Potter was transferred in 1862 to Clirist church, Hudson, N.Y., and in 1863 to St. John's, Brooklyn, N.Y. He assumed the chair of ecclesiastical history in the General Theological seminary, New York city, in October, 1865, and filled both positions until Epiphany, 1867, when he resigned tlie rectorship of St. John's, having conciliated quarreling factions into a peaceful congregation of over five hundred com- municants and paid off tlie entire floating delit of tlie church. lie held his chair, 1865-79, and served as the second dean of the seminary, 1875- SEYMOUR SEYMOUR 79, being successor to the Rev. Dr. John Murray Forbes, the first dean, 1869-72, and immediate predecessor of the Very Rev. Eugene Augustus Hoffman, third dean, 1879-1903. He was chap- lain of the House of Mercy in charge of the Sisters of St. Mary, 1867-79 ; and superintendent of the Society for Promoting Religion and Learn- ing in the State of New Y'ork, for several years. He was unanimously elected in December, 1877, bishop of tlie newly erected diocese of Springfield and his election was apjiroved, but he declined to leave the seminary. He was elected again in May, 1878, and accepted, being consecrated in Trinity church, New Y^ork city, June 11, 1878, by Bishops Potter, Southgate and Odenlieimer, assisted by Bishops Lay, Quintard, Clarkson, Neely, Scarborough and McLaren and Bisliop Harper of Christ church, New England. His jurisdiction was at the time a distinctly mis- sionary region with few churches, and no endow- ments or institutions of any kind. His person- ality soon made itself manifest in new churches, missions and schools, and in July, 1893, he was given an assistant in the person of the Rt. Rev. Charles Reuben Hale (q.v.), who was officially known as Bishop of Cairo, and who died, Dec. 35, 1900. Bishop Seymour was married, July 23, 1869, to Harriet Atwood (Downe) Aymar, a member of the well known family of Wentworth (q.v.) of New Hampshire. He received the lion- oary degree of D.D. from Racine in 1867 ; LL.D. from Columbia in 1878. In 1903, at the general convention held in San Francisco, Bishop Sey- mour welcomed eighteen bishops to whom he had taught ecclesiastical history in the General Theological seminary. He is the author of : Some Considerations ^VJiy the Name of the Protestant Episcopal Church Shoiikl be Changed (1888); What is Modern Romanism? (1885); Amiisemeiits in their Relation to Religion (1890); An Open Letter to Bishop Doane in Reference to the Consecration of Bishop Brooks (1893^; Marriage and Divorce (1893); Sermon at the Consecration of Bishop Gai- lor (1895) ; The Church Idea of the Family (1899); The Teaching of the date Anno Domini used by the \Vliole Civilized World, and lectures, sermons and addresses, besides contributions to period- icals on current topics affecting the ritual or policy of the church. SEYMOUR, Horatio, senator, was born in Litchfield, Conn., May 31, 1778 ; son of Moses and Mary (Marsh) Seymour ; grandson of Moses Sey- mour and a descendant of Richard Seymour, who settled in Hartford in 1635. He was graduated from Yale, A.B., 1797, A.M., 1800 ; taught school at Cheshire, Conn., 1797-98; studied at the Litch- field Law school and under Daniel Chipman, at Middlebury, Vt., in 1799; was admitted to the bar in 1800 ; was postmaster of Middlebury, 1 800- 09 ; a member of the state council, 1809-14 ; state's attorney for Addison county, 1810-13, and 1815-19 ; was elected to the U.S. senate as a Clay Democrat in 1831 ; and was re-elected in 1827 serving till March 4, 1833. He was the unsuc- cessful Whig candidate for governor of Vermont in 1836 ; and was judge of tlie probate court of the state, 1847-56. He was a director of the Vermont state bank, and a trustee of Middlebury college, 1810-55. He was married in 1800 to Lucy, daughter of Jonah Case, of Addison, Vt. The degree of A.M. was conferred on him by Middlebury in 1811, and that of LL.D. by Y^ale in 1847. He died in Middlebury, Vt.. Nov. 21, 1857. SEYMOUR, Horatio, statesman, was born in Pompey Hill, Onondaga county, N.Y., May 31, 1810 ; son of Henry and Mary LedyarJ ', For man) Seymour ; grandson of Maj. Moses and Molly (Marsh) Seymour of Litchfield, Conn., and a descendant of Rich- ard Seymour, the im- migrant, who came from Berry Pomeroy in England, and set- tled in Hartford, Conn., in 1636. His grandfather, Maj. Moses Seymour (1743- 1836), an officer in the Patriot army, was in the battles of Be- mis Heights and Saratoga and was present at the surren- der of Burgoyne. He subsequently acted as assistant quartermaster-general for six years ; served for several years in the Connecticut legis- lature, and was one of the originators of the scheme to sell the Western Reserve and to de- vote the proceeds to the promotion of education, a movement that ended in the establishment of the Connecticut School Fund. His father, Hen- ry Seymour (1780-1837), was a wealthy mer- chant, mayor of Utica, and a member of the state assembly. He was appointed canal com- missioner, and with De Witt Clinton was engag- ed in the construction of the Erie canal. Hora- tio attended Oxford academy and Geneva (now Hobart) college, 1834-35, and was graduated from the American Literary, Scientific and Military academy (now Norwich university) in 1828. He studied law with Greene C. Bronson and Samuel Beardsley at Utica, N.Y., and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1832. He was married, May 31, 1835, to Mary, daughter of John R. and Hetty Bailey (Linn) Bleeker of Albany, and devoted liimself to the management of his large estate. He was military secretary of Gov. William L. SEYMOUR SEYMOUR Marcy, 1833-39; was a Democratic member of the state assembly, 1841-45, and speaker in 1845 ; mayor of Utica, 184'2-43 ; Democratic caiulidate for "governor of the sUite in 1850 ; was a delegate to tlie Democratic national convention held at Baltimore in 1852, and voted for William L. Mar- cy for President. He was elected governor of New York in 1852, defeating Gov. Washington Hunt by a large majority and was defeated in 1S54 by the Whig and Temperance candidate. Myron H. Clark. He was a delegate to the Democratic national con- vention held at Cincinnati in 1856. and voted for James Buchanan for President. Upon Buchanan's elec- tion he was offered a foreign mission, which he declined. He supported the administration in 18G1 and made many speeches in its behalf. He was re-elected governor of the state in 1863, and was conspicuous for his ability in raising troops, and for that service received the per- sonal thanks of President Lincoln. While the state troops were absent in Pennsylvania, the draft riots broke out in New York city, and Governor Seymour was successful in reducing tiie excessive number of men apportioned to New York, but the draft was begun Satur- day. July 11, 1863, and from Sunday till Thurs- day tlie city was at the mercy of the rioters, many lives were lost and millions of dollars worth of property was destroyed. Governor Seymour appearerl at the City Hall, Lssued a proclamation on Sunday, July 12, declaring the city to be in a state of insurrection and ordering all rioters to return to their homes and employment. He made numerous public speeches to the mob and was largely instrumental in subduing the excite- ment. The state legislature passed a resolution, April 16. 18.54. thanking him for having procured a correction of the errors in regard to the draft. He was defeated for governor by Reuben E. Fen- ton in 1864, and in August, 1804, was president of the Democratic national convention held at Chicago, which nominated George B. McClellan for President. He was president of the state con- ' ventions of 1867 and 1868, and was chairman of the Democratic national convention of 1868, that met in Tammany Hall. New York city, and against his earnest protest he received the nom- ination from the convention for Democratic can- didate for the office of FYesident of the United States, with Frank P. Blair, Jr., for Vice-Pres- ident. The Grant and Colfax electors received a popular vote of 3,015,071, and the Seymour and Blair electors 2.709,615. and in 1869, on the meet- ing of the electoral collpge. the Tlepublican ticket received 274 and the Democratic ticket 80 elec- toral votes. He declined a senatorship of New York and tlie nomination for governor in 1869. Having removed to Deerfield, N.Y,, in 1864, he thereafter engaged in farming. He was a com- missioner of state fisheries ; a member of the state survey in 1876 ; presidential elector-at-large from New York on the Tilden and Hendricks ticket in 1876 ; i)resident of the board of commissioners of state survey in l.s78 ; president of the National Dairymen's association and of tlie American Pri- son association, and first president of the Oneida Historical societ3\ The lionorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Norwich university in 1859, and by Union college in 1873. He died at the home of his sister, Julia Seymour Conkling, wife of Roscoe Conkling, former U.S. senator, in Utica, N.Y".. Feb. 12, 1886. SEYMOUR, Mary Harrison (Browne) , author, was born in Oxford, Conn., Sept. 7, 1835 ; daugh- ter of the Rev. Abraham and Lucy Maria (Har- rison) Browne; granddaughter of Abraham and Anna (Hale) Browne and of Simeon and Hannah (Farnum) Harrison. She attended the academies of Brooklyn, N.Y., and Baltimore, Md., and was married, June 20, 1861, to the Rev. Storrs O. Sey- mour of Litclifield, Conn. She contributed many stories to children's magazines and is the author of: Sunshine and Starlight (1869): Ned, Nellie and Amy (1870); Mollies Christmas Stockitig (is:':); Posy Vinton's Picnic (1877); Every Day (1877); Recompense (1881) ; Tlirough the Dark- ness (1893). SEYMOUR, Origen Storrs, jurist, was born in Litchfield, Conn.. Feb. 9, 1804; son of Ozias and grandson of Major Moses Seymour. He was graduated from Y'ale college, A.B.. 1824, A.M., 1827, and was admitted to the bar in 1826. He was clerk of Litchfield county, 1836-44, a repre- sentative in the Connecticut legislature, 1842 and 1849-50 ; being speaker of the house in 1850, and was a Democratic representative in the 32d and 33d congresses, 1851-55. He was judge of the superior court of Connecticut, 1855-63 ; was the imsuccessful candidate of the Democratic party for governor of the state in 1864 ; was elected by the state legislature then controlled by the Republicans, a judge of the state supreme court, and in 1873 he succeeded as chief justice, re- tiring in 1874 having reached the age limit. He was chairman of the commission that settled the boundary between New York and Connecti- cut in 1876 ; was chairman of the commission tliat prepared the state practice act : was an an- nual lecturer at the Yale Law school, 1876-81 ; and was again elected a representative in the state legislature in 1881. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Trinity col- lege in 1866 and by Yale in 1873. He died in Litchfield, Conn., Aug. 12, 1881. SEYMOUR SEYMOUR SEYMOUR, Thomas Day, educator, was born in Hudson, Ohio, April 1, 1848 ; son of Nathan Perkins (q.v.) and Elizabeth (Day) Seymour; grandson of Charles and Catharine (Perkins) Seymour and of the Hon. Thomas and Sarah (Coit) Day, and a descendant of Richard Seymour (who was in Hartford in 1639) ; of Robert Day (one ■of the original proprietors of Hartford, in 1636); of Governor William Bradford, Governor Thomas Dudley of tlie Plymouth colony, of John Haynes (first governor of Connecticut), and of many other notables of early New England. He was graduated from Western Reserve college, A.B., 1870. A.M., 1873 ; studied classical philology at the universities of Berlin and Leipzig, 1870-72, and was professor of Greek in Western Reserve college, 1872-80. He was married, July 2, 1874, to Sarah Melissa, daughter of the Rev. Dr. Henry Law- rence and Clara (Ford) Hitchcock of Hudson, Ohio. He was Hillhouse professor of Greek at Yale from 1880, and senior -officer of the Greek department from 1884. He received the honorary degree of A.B. from Yale in 1870 ; that of LL.D. from Adalbert college, Western Reserve university, 1894, and from Glasgow university, Scotland, 1901, He was made honorary member of the Archaeological Society of Athens (Greece), 1895 ; and associate fel- low of tlie American Academy of Arts and Scien- ces, 1898. He became chairman of the managing committee of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Greece, in 1887, and thus the •official representative of that institution in the United States until 1901 ; and was made vice- president of the American ArcliEeological Institute in 1897. He was co-editor of the " College Sei'ies of Greek Authors " from 1884, and American co- editor of the Classical Review from 1887. He also edited : Selected Odes of Pindar, zvith Notes (1882); Introduction to the La^iguage and Verse of Homer (1885) : " Homer's Iliad," College Series (books I-VI, 1887-90; Homeric Vocabulary (ISSd); ■School Iliad (books I-VI, 1889, new ed., 1900); Introduction and Vocabulary to School Odyssey (8 books, 1897). SEYMOUR, Thomas Henry, governor of Con- necticut, was born in Hartford, Conn., in 1808. He was a cousin of Horatio Seymour. He was graduated at the American Literary, Scientific and Military academy (now Norwich university) 1829 ; was made commanding officer of the Hart- ford Light Guard, 1829, and was admitted to the bar at Hartford in 1833. He was editor of Tlie Jeffersonian, 1837-38 ; judge of probate for the district ; and a representative in the 28th con- gress, 1843-45. He was commissioned major, 9th U.S. regulars, a regiment recruited in New Eng- land, and commanded by Col. T. B. Ransom (q.v.), which left Fort Adams, R.I., for Mexico in May, and landed at Vera Cruz, July, 1847. He IX. — .1 as de- succeeded Colonel Ransom, who was killed at the assault of Chapultepec, Sept. 13, 1847, in com- mand of the regiment, and leading tiie troops to the top of the heights was the first to enter the fort. He was also present at the capture of the City of Mexico. He was the defeated candidate for governor of Connecticut in 1849 ; was elected governor, 1850, 1851-52 and 1853, serving, 1851- 53. He was a Pierce and King presidential elector-at-large from Connecticut in 1852; U.S. minis- ter to Russia, 1853-57, and during the civil war he was leader of the Connecticut Peace Demo- crats, and on account of his sym- pathy with the south his portrait was removed from the state senate, feated for governor in 1803, by William Bucking- ham, his defeat being directly traceable to his opposition to the war measures of the govern- ment. He received the honorary degree of A.M. in 1844, and that of LL.D. in 1855 from Norwich university. He died in Hartford, Conn., Sept. 3, 1868. SEYMOUR, Truman, soldier, was born in Burlington, Vt., Sept. 24, 1824; grandson of Moses and Mary (Marsh) Seymour. He was a student at Norwich university, 1840-42, under Capt. Alden Partridge, U.S.A., and was grad- uated from the U.S. Military academy as brevet 2d lieutenant, and was assigned to the 1st artil- lery, July 1, 1846 ; serving at Fort Pickens, Fla., and in the war with Mexico. He was com- missioned 2d lieutenant, March 3, 1847 ; was brevetted 1st lieutenant, April 18, 1847, for gal- lant and meritorious conduct at Cerro Gordo, and captain, Aug. 20, 1847, for Contreras and Churu- busco. He was present at the capture of the City of Mexico, Sept. 13-14, 1847, and was in garrison at Fort Hamilton, New York, 1848-49, and at Fort Columbus, 1849-50. He was assistant pro- fessor of drawing at the U.S. Military academy, 1850-53 ; in garrison at Fort Moultrie, S.C, 1853- 56 ; was engaged in the Seminole Indian war, 1856-58, and was promoted captain, Nov. 23, 1860. He was on garrison duty at Fort Moultrie, S.C, in 1860. and engaged in the defence of Fort Sumter, 1860-61, being present at its bombard- ment, April 13-14, 1861, and brevetted major, April 14, 1861, for the defence of Fort Sumter. He was transferred to the 5th artillerj-, May 14, 1861 ; was on regimental recruiting service, July 5-Sept. 24, 1861 ; was in charge of camp instruc- tion, Harrisburg, Pa., Sept. 24-Nov. 30, 1861, and was chief of artillery in McCaU's division in the defence of Washington, D.C., in 1862. He was promoted brigaciier-general of U.S. volunteers, April 28, 1862, and commanded a brigade in the department of the Rappahannock, April 28-June SHACKELFORD SlIAFER 10, 1863. He commanded a brigade, Army of the Potomac, ia the Virginia Teuiusular campaign ; corn man Jed a division in the battle of Malvern Hill ; commanded a brigade in the Northern Vir- ginia campaign and in the Maryland campaign. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, Sept. 14, 1862, for gallantry at South Mountain, Md., and colonel, Sept. 17, 1802. for meritorious conduct at Antietam, Md. He was chief of staff of artillery in the department of the South. 1802-64 ; com- manded a division on Folly Island, S.C, July 4, 1863 ; was severely wounded in the assault of Fort Wagner. July 18, 1863 ; was at the battle of Morris Island, and commanded the forces at Hilton Head, S.C, Ft. Pulaski, Ga., and Tybee and St. Helena islands, 1863-64. He commanded the expedition to Olustee, Fla., Feb. 5-lG, 1864; was in command of the District of Florida, Feb- ruary-March, 1864, and commanded a brigade, 6th army corps. Army of the Potomac. May 4-6, 1864. He was captured in the battle of the Wil- derness, May 6, 1864, and was held as prisoner of war till Aug. 9, 1864. He commanded a division, 6th army corps in the operations in the Shenan- doah valley, October-December, 1864 ; and in the Richmond campaign, 1864-65. He was brevetted major-general U.S.V., March 13, 1865, for ability and energy in handling his division, and for gal- lantry and valuable services inaction ; brigadier- general U.S.A., March 13, 1865, for conduct at the capture of Petersburg, and major-general, March 13. 1865. for services in the field during the rebel- lion. He was present at the battle of Sailor's Creek, and at the surrender of General Lee at Appomatto.x, April 9, 1865, and was mustered out of volunteer service, Aug. 24, 1865. He com- manded the troops at Key West, Fla., 1865-66 ; was promoted major of 5th artillery, Aug. 13, 1866; and commanded Fort Warren, Mass., 1869- 70, and Fort Preble, Me., 1870-75. He was re- tired from active service, Nov. 1, 1876, and traveled abroad. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on him by Williams college in 1865. H.' died in Florence, Italy, Oct. 30, 1891. SHACKELFORD, James M., soldier, was born in Lincoln county, Ky., July 7, 1827; son of Edmund and Susan (Thompson) Shackelford, and grandson of Samuel and Charlotte Shackel- ford. He attended an academy at Springfield, Ky. ; served in the %var with Mexico as 1st lieu- tenant, 4th Kentucky volunteers ; was admitted to the bar in 1853, and in September, 1861, was commissioned colonel of the 25th Kentucky Union volunteer regiment, and fought at Fort Donel- son, Feb. 6, 1862, in the first brigade of Lew Wallace's division. Later he was made colonel of the 8th Kentucky cavalry, and was promoted brigadier-general, March 17, 1863. In July, 1863, when Geu. John U. Morgan, the Confederate command of and some that ized by Burnside Ky. He led them raider, crossed the Cumberland river near Burks- ville, he was met by the Union forces, who fol- lowed him, and pressed the pursuit across the Ohio river into Indiana and thence to Ohio, riding through the suburbs of Cincinnati across to Buffington Island. Shackelford had pressed Morgan so hard that there was very little op- portunity to cross, and 700 prisoners were taken. Morgan himself escaped with the 300 men re- maining, and was pursued to Saline- ville, Ohio, where, July 26, 1864, Shackelford cap- tured the whole party of 364 men before they could enter Pennsyl- vania. Later in August, 1863, Shackelford took those regiments had been organ- at Camp Nelson, into East Tennessee, through Williamsburg and Big Creek Gap to Kingston. Burnside then sta- tioned his forces at Knoxville and Shackelford moved on, and took Cumberland Gap, capturing 2500 prisoners under General Frazer. He con- tinued to Virginia, drove all of the Confederates out of the valley and returned to Knoxville where Burnside was concentrating to meet Longstreet. General Shackelford's cavalry was confined in the fort during the three weeks of the siege and then with 4000 cavalry he pursued Longstreet up the valley, fighting a hard battle at Bean's Station. He subsequently made his home in Indiana and was a presidential elector from that state on the Garfield and Arthur ticket in 1880, and on the Harrison and Morton ticket in 1888. President Harrison appointed him judge of the U.S. court in the Indian Territory in 1889, and he served four years on the bench. In 1893 he was appointed attorney for the Choctaw nation. SHAFER, Helen Almira, educator, was born in Newark, N.J., Sept. 23, 1839 ; daughter of the Rev. Archibald S. and Almira (Miller) Shafer ; granddaughter of Isaac and Elizabeth (Turner) Shafer and of Juilge Joseph T. and Elizabeth (Sud- land) Salmon Miller, and a descendant of John, a Revolutionary soldier, and Sarah (Allen) Miller. She moved with her parents to Oberlin, Ohio ; attended private schools, and was graduated from Oberlin college, A.B., 1863. She was an instruc- tor in mathematics, Central high school of St. Louis, Mo., 1865-75 ; professor of matliematics in Wellesley college, Mass., 1877-88. and president of the college from 1888 until her death, when she was succeeded by Mrs. Julia J. Irvine. She received the honorary degree of A.M. from Ober- lin in 1878, and that of LL.D. in 1«93, being the SHAFROTH SHALER second woman in tlie United States to receive the latter degree from an American college. As a memorial, the alumns presented to Wellesley college, Dec. 6, 1902, a portrait of Miss Shafer WELLESLEY COLLEOEl. painted by Kenyon Cox of New York city, and placed in the dining hall of the main building of the college, and established the Shafer Memorial Fund of $'2000, the income of which is to be ex- pended for the department of mathematics. She died at Wellesley college, Mass., Jan. 20, 1894. SHAFROTH, John Franklin, representative, was born in Fayette, Mo., June 9, 1854 ; son of John and Anna Shafroth. He was graduated B.S. from the University of Michigan in 1875 ; was admitted to the Missouri bar in August, 1876, and practised law in Fayette, Mo., until October, 1879, and thereafter in Denver, Col. He married Virginia, daughter of John L. and Eliza Morrison in Fayette, Mo., Oct. 26, 1881. He served as city attorney of Denver, 1887-91, and was a Democratic representative from the first district of Colorado in the 54th. 55th, 56tli, 57th and 58th congresses, 1895-1905. his popularity being evidenced by his re-election to the 55th congress in 1896 by 58,571 majority. SHAFTER, William Ruf us, soldier, was oorn in Galesburg, Mich., Oct, 16, 1835 ; son of Hugh Moris and Eliza (Summer) Shafter ; grandson of William R. and May (Lovell) Shafter, and of Mathias and Sarah (Berrj-) Summer. He attend- ed the public schools of the neighborhood while a boy, working on his father's farm until 1860, and there taught school winters until 1861. In 1861 he entered the Prairie seminary, and on June 28, 1861, he was commissioned 1st lieutenant, 7tli Mi- chigan volunteers, enlisted for three years' service. He took part in the battle of Ball's Blutf, Oct. 22, 1861, and in the Peninsular campaign of 1862. He was honorably discharged, Aug. 22, 1862, and accepted the commission of major, 19th Michigan infantry. He was married, Sept. 11, 1862, to Har- riet, davighter of Paul and Anna (Simons) Grimes of Athens, Mich., who died Jan. 14, 1898. He was mustered as major of the 19th Michigan vol- unteers, Sept. 5, 1862. His service lay in Ken- tucky and Tennessee, and in March, 1863, he was taken prisoner of war at Thompson's Station, Tenn., and was exchanged in the following May. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel of his regi- ment, June 5, 1863 ; was honorably discharged, April 18, 1864, and the following day was com- missioned colonel, 17th U.S. colored infantry. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious ser- vice during the war, and Nov. 2, 1866, he was mustered out of the volunteer service. He en- tered the regular army as lieutenant-colonel, 41st U.S. infantry, Jan. 26, 1867, and on March 2, 1867, was brevetted colonel and presented with a con- gressional medal of honor "for gallant conduct in the battle of Fair Oaks, Va." He was assigned to the 24th U.S. infantry. April 14, 1869, and on March 4, 1879, was promote'l colonel and assigned to the 1st U.S. infantr\'. He was promoted brig- adier-general, Jlay 1, 1874, and was assigned to the Department of Columbia, but was soon trans- ferred to that of California. Upon the outbreak of hostilities with Spain, he was commissioned major-general of volunteers. May 4, 1898, and on accepting the same. May 9, 1898, was given com- mand of the expedition sent to Cuba, June 14, the largest expedition that ever left the United States. He arrived at Daiquiri, June 21, cap- tured Siboney, June 23, Guasimas on the 24th, El Caney and San Juan Hill, July 1, and on July 14, all the troops under General Zoral (the 4th corps of the Spanish army) in the eastern por- tion of Cuba surrendered (a total of about 24,000 men), and General Shafter remained in posses- sion until peace was declared. In October, 1898. he was assigned to the command of the Department of the East, but was soon transferred to the Depart- ment of California and the Columbia, He was retired as brigadier-general, U.S,A,, by operation of law, Oct, 16, 1899, but remained in command of the Department of California and the Colum- bia, under his volunteer commission until June 30, 1901, when he was retired with the rank of major-general by act of congress, Feb, 2, 1901, SHALER, Alexander, soldier, was born at Haddam, Conn., March 19, 1827 ; son of Ira and Jei'usha (Arnold) Shaler ; grandson of James and Olive (Tyler) Shaler and of David and Jerusha (Thomas) Ai'nold, and a descendant, in the sev- enth generation, of Thomas Shaylor. who emi- grated from Stratford-on-Avon, England, to Bos- ton, and with twenty-seven others went from Hartford, Conn., in 1662, and organized the town of Haddam, Conn. He was educated in the acad- emy in his native town, and engaged in business in New York city. He was married, March 31, 1847, to Mary, daughter of James and Agnes (White) McMurray of New York city. In 1845 he enlisted in the 8th regiment, New York militia, " Washington Grays " ; became captain in the 7th regiment, New York militia, March 18, 1850 , was colonel of the 1st regiment, Hudson brigade SHALER SHALLENBERGER New Jersey state inilitfa, 1854-GO. and was elected major of the 7th regiment, N.G.S.N.Y., Dec. 13, 1860, and his regiment marched to the defence of Washington, D.C., in April, 1861, for thirty days' service. He was commissioned lieutenant- colonel, 65th N.Y. volunteers. June 11, 1861, and colonel, July 17, 1863 ; commanded the first bri- gade, Newton's 3d division, Sedgwick's 6th corps. Army of the Potomac, and took part in all the cainiKiigus of that army until captured by the enemy. For his conduct in tlie assault on Marye's Heights, Fredericksburg, Va., May 3, 1863, he was promoted brigadier-general, U.S. volunteers, and subsequently received the con- gressional medal of honor for gallantry in that assault. His corps rear-lied Gettysburg on the second daj' of that battle and his brigade won distinction, July 2-3. He commanded tlie mili- tary prison on Jolinson's Island, Sandusky, Ohio, during the following winter ; was captured with General Seymour and other officers at the battle of the Wilderness, May 6, 1864, and subsequently placed under fire of the Union batteries at Charleston, S.C. After being exchanged, he commantled a brigade in the 19th army corps, at Columbus. Ky. ; was brevetted major-general of volunteers, July 27, 1865 ; commanded the 2d division. 7th corps, at Duval's Bluff, Ark., and was mustered out of the volunteer service, Aug. 24, 1865. He was appointed major-general, 1st division, X.G.S.N.Y., Jan. 23, 1867, and resigned, May 21, 1886. In 1861 lie published a manual of arms for infantry doing duty as light infantry. He was president of the New York fire depart- ment, 1867-70, and fire commissioner, 1870-73, re- organizing the department ; re-organized the fire department of Chicago after the great fire of 1874, serving as consulting engineer to the board of fire and police in the latter city, 1874-75, and was president of the health department of New York city, 188:}-87. He was one of the founders and president of the National Rifle association and an incorporator of the Army and Navy club ; com- mander of the New York Cominandery of tlie Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, 1883-84; president of the Association of Union Ex-Prisoners of War, New York city, 1887- 96. and a member of the Union League club, the G.A.R.. tite New York Historical society, the American Geographical society, the American Museum of Natural History, the Genfral Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen, and the Society for the Preservation of Scenic and Historical Places and Objects. He made his home in later life in Ridgefield. N.J.. where he was president of the board of healtli. of the hoard of education and of the Improvement association ; and was mayor of the borough, 1809-1900. He took an active inter- est in the popular movement for " Good Roads " and in 1890 contributed a series of articles for the press, entitled How to Lay Out, Construct and keep in licpair rnblic Ilighuxiys. SHALER, Nathaniel Southgate, naturalist, was born in Newport, Ky., Feb. 20, 1841 ; son of Nathaniel Burger Shaler. His father, a prominent physician in Kentucky, was graduated from Harvard college, A.B., 1827, M.D., 1829. Na- thaniel Southgate Shaler was graduated from the Lawrence Scientific school, B.S., 1862, having re- ceived private instruction in geology from Prof. Louis Agassiz. He served two years as captain of a Kentucky volunteer Union battery, but in 1864 returned to Harvard as instructor in pale- ontology. He received the degree of S.D. in nat- ural history in 1865, and was given charge of the instruction in geology and zoology in the Law- rence Scientific school. He was university lec- turer at Harvard, 1868-70, and was in Europe, 1866 and 1872, studying physical phenomena, pay- ing special attention to glaciers and volcanoes. He climbed Vesuvius, while in action, and was the fii'st man to look into an active volcano. He was professor of paleontology at Harvard, 1869- 88, and after 1888, of paleontology and geology. He directed the Kentucky geological survey, 1873-80. In 1884 he was given charge of the Atlantic division, U.S. geological survey. He was made professor of geology at Harvard. 1888, and became dean of the Lawrence Scientific school in 1891. Professor Slialer was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, of the Boston Society of Natural History and of the Geological Society of America. He is the author of nian\- magazine articles, of many memoirs and reports, besides a large number of books, among which are : Illustrations of the Eartlis Surface (1881); Fossil Brachiapods of the Ohio Valley (1883); A First Book in Geology (1884); Aspects of the Earth (1889); Nature and Man in America (1891); The Story of Our Continent (1892) ; The Interpretation of Nature (1893) ; The United States of America (2 vols., 1894); Sea and Land (1894); Domesticated Animals ; their Relation to Man (1895) ; Beaches and Tidal Marshes of tlie Atlantic Coast (18QQ) ; American Highicays (IH'dQ); Armada Days (1898) ; Autliors of the Earth's History (1898); Tlie Individxial : Study of Life and Death (1900). SHALLENBERGER, William Shadrach, rep- resentative, was born in Mt. Pleasant. Pa., Nov. 24. 1839 ; son of Abraham and Rachel (Newmyer) Shallenberger ; grandson of Abraham and Eliza- beth (Strickler) Shallenberger and of Peter and Susannah (Rhodes) Newmyer, and a descendant of Ulric Shallenberger, born in Canton Uri, Swit- zerland, in 1694, who emigrated in 1720, locating in Lancaster county. Pa. He attended the public schools, the Mt. Pleasant academy, 1851- SHANAHAN SHANNON 56, and matriculated in the Lewisburg (Bucknell) university, Pa., in the class of 1862, subsequently engaging in mercantile pursuits. He enlisted as 1st sergeant in the 140th Pennsylva.nia regiment of volunteers in August, 1862 ; was commissioned 1st lieutenant, and promoted adjutant of the reg- iment, Sept. 8, 1862, and participated in the battles of Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and the Wilderness. He was mustered out of service in Oc- tober, 1864, on account of disability from wounds received at Gettysburg and Todd's Tavern, and engaged in mercantile business in Rochester. Pa., where he was married, Dec. 1, 1864, to Josephine, daughter of Thomas J. and Mary Ann (Johnson) Power. He was chairman of the Beaver county Republican committee, 1872 and 1874 ; was a Re- publican representative from the twenty-fourth Pennsylvania district in the 4oth, 46th and 47th congresses, 1877-88, and in March, 1897, was ap- pointed second assistant postmaster-general at Washington, D.C. He received the honorary degree of A.M. from Lewisburg university in 1881. SHANAHAN, Jeremiah Francis, R. C. bishop, was born at Silver Lake, Susquelianna county. Penn., July 13, 1834. He attended St. Joseph's college at Choconut, Pa., devoting himself to English and the classics, and was graduated at the Theological Seminary of St. Charles Bor- romeo, Philadelphia, Pa., having specialized in philosophy and theology. He was ordained priest, July 3, 1859, by Bishop Neumann of Phil- adelphia. He was rector of the seminary at Glenn Riddle, Pa., 1859-68, and on March 3, 1868, was appointed first bishop of Harrisburg, being consecrated at Philadelphia, July 12, 1868. by Bishop Wood, assisted by Bishops Elder and Dom- enec. He died at Harrisburg Pa., Sept. 24, 1886. SHANKS, John Peter Clever, soldier, and representative, was born at Martinsburg, Va., June 17, 1826. He practised law in Portland, Ind. ; was a representative in the state legisla- ture in 1854. and in 1861 was appointed an aide on General Fremont's staff, but resigned to take his seat as a Republican representative from Indiana in the 37th congress, serving, 1861-63. He raised and commanded the 7th Indiana cavalry, and was subsequently given command of a brigade of cavalry. He was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers ; was brevetted major-general of volunteers, Feb. 14, 1865, and was mustered out Sept. 22, 1865. He was a Re- publican representative from Indiana in the 40th, 41st, 42d and 43d congresses, 1867-75, and after- ward practised law. He died in Portland, Ind., Jan. 23. 1901. SHANKS, William Franklin Qore, journal- ist, was born in Shelby ville. Ky., April 20, 1837 ; son of Sanders and Maria (Gore) Shanks ; grand- son of William and Mary (White) Shanks and of Charles and Sarah (Walker) Gore, and a des- cendant of Maryland and Kentucky families, among whom was David White, a representative from Kentucky in the 18th congress. He attend- ed school in Louisville and wrote for daily pajjers there prior to the civil war. He was war corre- spondent for the New York Herald, 1861-65. and his success in giving reliable information re- ceived recognition from General Grant. While in the army he served for a time as volunteer aide-de-camp without pay on the staffs of Generals Rousseau and Thomas in various battles. On June 24, 1862, he was married to Mary Rose, daughter of Warnock and Amanda T. (Elston) Lynn of Louisville, K}'. He was on the editorial staff of the New York Herald, 1865-67: of Harper's Weekly. 1867-69 ; ofthe New York Times, 1869-70, and of the Tribune for two years imder Horace Greeley. 1870-80. In 1885 lie organized the Na- tional Press Intelligence company. He edited the New York Daily Star, 1889-91, and in 1891 estab- lished the Daily and Weekly Bond Buyer, of which he was still editor-in-chief in 1903. He is the author of : Personal Recollections of Distin- guished Generals (1865); A Noble Treason (1876); Tlie Ring Master ; and compiler of several finan- cial works in connection with his paper. SHANLEY, John, R. C. bishop, was born in Albion, N.Y., Jan. 4, 1852 ; son of John and Nan- cy (McLean) Shanley, and grandson of John and Mary Shanley. His parents moved to St. Paul, Minn., 1857, where he attended the private school. He was a student at the College of the Propa- ganda, Rome, Italy, 1869-74, and was ordained a priest by Cardinal Patrizzi, May 30, 1874. He re- turned to St. Paul, Minn., and was assistant pas- tor and pastor of the Cathedral of St. Paul, 1874- 89. In 1889 he was appointed bishop of the newly created diocese of Jamestown, since changed to Fargo, and established that year, comprising the entire state of North Dakota, and he was conse- crated, Dec. 27, 1889, at St. Paul's cathedral by Archbishop Ireland, assisted by Titular Arch- bishop Grace and Bishop Marty. He received the degree of D.D. from the College of the Propa- ganda, Rome, in 1874. SHANNON, Richard Cutts, diplomatist, was born in New London, Conn., Feb. 12. 1839; son of Charles Tebbets and Jane Randell (Stan wood) Shannon. He matriculated at Water ville college, Me., in the class of 1862, but left in 1861 before graduating to enlist as a private in the 5th Maine infantry. He was promoted through the ranks of 1st lieutenant, captain and major to brevet lieutenant-colonel. At the close of the war, Waterville college gave him his A.B. degree, dated 1863, and A.M., dated 1866. He was secre- tary of the U.S. legation at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, SHANNON SHANNON S.A.. ISTI-To, and charge d'affaires, 1872. 1873-74. la 1876 he took charge of the Botanical Garden railroad, served and conducted by Americans in Brazil, and later became its president. He was graduated at Cohiml)ia Law scliool. 18S5, and was married. Sept. 19, 1887, to Martha A. Greenough. He was U.S. minister to the Central American States. 1891-93. and a Republican rep- resentative from the thirteenth New York dis- trict in the 54th and 55th congresses, 1895-99. He was an alumni trustee of Colby university and received the degree of LL.D. from that in- stitution in 1893. SH.WNON, Wilson, governor of Ohio and of Kansyis Territory, was born at Mount Olivet, now Belmont county. Ohio, Feb. 24, 1802 ; son of Tliomas Shannon, who was the son of an Irish merchant and was brought to America in 1760. His mother died dur- ing the voyage, and his father, after land- ing in Wihuington, Del., left him in charge of an Episco- pal clergyman and on his return voyage was lost at sea. The or- phan boy on reaching manhood removed to ■ Bradford county, Pa., where lie married a K, ,; Miss Bradford, and about 1800 removed with his famih' to Mt. Olivet, Ohio Territory. In the winter of 1803 he was frozen to death while on a hunting expedition along the Oliio river, leaving a family consisting of his widow and .seven sons and two daughters. Wil- son, tlie ninth child, was a student at Ohio uni- versity, Athens ; studied law at Transylvania university, Ky., and in 1826 began practice in St. Clairsville, Ohio. He was married first to a daughter of E. Ellis, and she, with an infant son, lied soon after. He was married secondly to Sarah, daughter of Samuel Osbon of Cadiz, Ohio, and they had seven cliildren, his daughter Mary Ijeooming the wife of Gen. Tliomas W. Sherman fq.v.). Mr. Shannon was the defeated Demo- ■ratic canilidate for representative from the -iventeenth district of Ohio in the 23d congress, 1832 ; was attorney for Belmont county, 1833-35 ; prosecuting attorney for the state, 1835-38 ; Dem- r>cratic governor of Ohio, 1839-40; was defeated fi>r re-election in 1^^40 by Thomas Corwin, Whig ; was re-elected governor in 1842, and resigned in 1814. to accept the position of U.S. minister to Mexico from President Tyler. He was recalled in 1845, on the eve of the war with Mexico, and on his return to Ohio opened a law office in Cin- cinnati. In 1849 he organized and sent out vari- ous expeditions of gold seekers across the jilains to California. He represented Ohio in the 33d congress, 1853-55, and voted for the Kansas- Nebraska bill as a means for settling the question of slavery in the territories. He was appointed by President Pierce in September, 1855, governor of Kansas Territory, to succeed A. H. Reeder. He found the territory in a state of discord and violence, the contest between the immigrants from the border slave states and those from the eastern free states for possession of the territory being at its height. The legislature and the entire machinery of the territorial government were in the hands of the pro-slavery party which was enforcing the laws through the territorial militia. The free-state party led by Robinson, Lane, Deitzler and others had imported Sharp's rifles to protect their persons and property. On Dec. 6, 1855, Governor Shannon called the terri- torial militia into service to suppress what he termed a "rebellion" in the vicinity of Law- rence. People from Missouri, to the number of 1500 to 2000, responded to the call. The free- state party disclaimed any intention of breaking the law. Dr. Charles Robinson, who had been made commander-in-chief of the free-state forces, with others, visited the governor in camp at Franklin, for the purpose of settling the difficul- ties, and after hearing Dr. Robinson and his aids, Governor Shannon and the thirteen captains con- trolling the territorial militia discontinued ag- gressive measures, and the terms of peace were signed, Dec. 9, 1855, ending the Wakarusa war. John Brown attempted to enlist a party to attack the dispersed "territorial militia" so-called, in the rear, but the chairman of the committee of public safety ordered Brown under arrest. This ended the attempt at insubordination for the time. Governor Shannon, finding the question still unsettled and the territorial government unable to execute the laws, went to Washington for instructions and induced the President to issue the proclamation of Feb. 11, 1856, clothing the Governor of Kansas with authority to call upon the U.S. troops whenever the territorial militia could not secure the peaceful administra- tion of the government. Indictments for high treason were found by a pro-slavery grand jury at the April term, 1856, against the free-state leaders, and the arrest of Dr. Charles Robinson, G. W. Brown. G. W. Smith. G. W. Deitzler and Gains Jenkins followed. The Free State Hotel, the Herald of Freedom office, with its presses, type, fixtures, stock and fine library, were de- stroyed, as was the Free State printing office, and Governor Robinson's residence, including his large library and valuable papers. Many resi- SHARKEY SHARP dences were also entered and pillaged, ostensibly in search of Sharp's rifles. Governor Shannon left for St. Louis about the middle of June, 1856, and Secretary Woodson, an extreme pro-slavery man, assumed the executive duties until Gov. John W. Geary arrived in the territory, Septeni- ter 9, Governor Shannon, in the interim, having resigned. After the restoration of peace. Shan- non removed to Lawrence, where he practised law, and where he died, Aug. 31, 1877. SHARKEY, William Lewis, governor of Mis- sissippi, was born at Mussel Shoals, Tenn., in 1797 ; son of Patrick and (Rhodes) Sharkey; grandson of Robert Sharkey and of Robert Rhodes. His father and grandfather were natives of Ireland, reared in the vi- cinity of Dublin, and came V to Virginia prior to the Rev- olutionary war. His grand- father, Robert Rhodes, was a native of Cologne, Germany. He was taken to Mississippi Territory by his parents in 1803, joined the volunteer army as a substitute for liis uncle, and was engaged in the battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815. He was graduated at Greenville college, Tenn., and wa^ admitted to the bar in 1832. He married a Mrs. Highland {nee Glass). He practised at Warrenton, Mississippi Territory, 1823-25, and in 1825 removed to Vicks- burg. He represented Vicksburg in tlie state leg- islature in 1837, was chief justice of the court of errors and appeals in Mississippi, 1832-50, and presided over the Nashville convention of 1850, wliere lie gave his voice and influence toward the preservation of the union of the states. He became provisional governor of Mississippi by appointment from President Johnson, June 13, 1865, and served until October, 1866, when he was elected U.S. senator and went to "Washington, but was not allowed to take his seat. He died cliihlless. in Washington. D.C., April 29, 1873. SHARON, WilHam, senator, was born in Smitlifield, Ohio, Jan. 9, 1821, of Quaker ances- try. He spent his early life on a farm ; was a student at the University of Ohio, '1842-4-1; studied law under Edwin M. Stanton at Steu- benville, Ohio, and removed to St. Louis, Mo., wiiere he was admitted to the bar. He subse- quently engaged in business as a merchant in CarroUton, 111. ; in 1S49 removed to Sacramento, Cal., and in 1850 to San Francisco, where lie was a dealer in real estate. He removed to Virginia city in 1864, as the manager of the Nevada branch of the Bank of California, in Gold Hill and Virginia city, and made a large fortune out of loans made to mine owners. He was subse- quently made a director of the parent bank. He was a trustee of the Bank of California at the time of the death of its president, William C. Ral- ston, in 1875, and helped to maintain the institu- tion and prevent its bankruptcy by person- ally advancing $5,000,000. He was one of the founders of the Virginia and Truckee rail- road ; assisted W, C. Ralston in building the Palace hotel in San Francisco, Cal., managed that property, 1878-85, and settled upon the widow of Ralston nearly half a million dollars. He was a Republican U.S. senator from Nevada, 1875-81, and at the close of his term resided in San Francisco, Cal., where he died, Nov. 13,1885. SHARP, Daniel, clergyman, was born in Hud- dersfield, England, Dec. 25, 1783. He early joined the Congregational church, but later be- came a Baptist. He was sent to New York city as agent of a business firm in Yorkshire, in 1805, united with the Baptist church, of which Rev. John Williams was pastor, and began his studies for the ministry under the Rev. William Staugh- ton, D.D., of Philadelphia. He was pastor of the Baptist church, Newark, N.J., 1809-12, and of the Charles Street church, Boston, Mass., 1812-53. He was an editor of the American Baptist Magazine for several years ; president of the acting board of tlie General Convention of the Baptist denomination in the United States, 1814 ; first president of the American Baptist Mis- sionary Union, 1814 ; helped to organize the Northern Baptist Education society, 1814 ; was a trustee of Brown university, 1820-38 ; one of the incorporators of Newton Theological institution in 1826 ; trustee of the same, 1826-53 ; president of the board of trustees, 1835-53 ; fellow of Brown university, 1828-53, and member of the board of overseers of Harvard university, 1846-53. He received the honorary degrees, A.M., 1811, and D.D., 1828, from Brown, and D.D., 1843, from Harvard. He published many discourses and sermons, including : TJie Recognition of Friends in Heaven (4 editions). He died near Baltimore, Md., April 23, 1853. SHARP, Jacob, soldier, was boi'n in Kingston, N.Y., in 1835. He was a cadet at the U.S. Military academy, 1850-52, and was graduated from the Chandler School of Science and Arts, Dartmouth college. S.B., 1856. He was commis- sioned 1st lieutenant in the 20th New York militia. May 11, 1861 ; major and lieutenant- colonel, 56th New York volunteers, Sept. 13, 1863 : colonel, 156th New York volunteer infantry, March 28, 1863 ; commanded the 2d brigade, 3d division, 19th armj' corps, 1863-65, and was mustered out of the armj^ and bre vetted brigadier- general, Nov. 6, 1865. He was present at the battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, the Peninsular campaign. Port Hudson, La., the Red River campaign, in the Shenandoah Valley, at Cedar Creek, and at Winchester, where he was severely SHARP SHARPE wounded. He was governor of the northwestern branch of the National Home for Disabled Vol- unteer Soldiers near Milwaukee, Wis., for several years. He died in Detroit. Mich., April 27, 1892. SHARP, Joseph Henry, artist, was born in Bridgeport. Oliio. Sept. 27, 1859 ; son of William Henry and Elizabeth (Raynes) Sharp; grandson of Joseph W. and Prudence Lovejoy (Babcock) Sharp and of Natlianiel M. and Hester (Workman) Iiaynes,and of Protestant Irish, Scotch, and Eng- lish descent. He studied in Antwerp, under Charles Verlat, 1881-82 ; at the Munich academy under Carl Marr, 1886-88, and also with Jean Paul Laurens and Benjamin Constant in Paris, 1895- 96. He was married, June 16, 1892, to Addie Josepiiine. daughter of Silas D. and Lancetta (Harris) Byram of Liberty, Ind. In 1878 he opened a studio in Cincinnati, Ohio, and in 1893 became an instructor in the life painting class of the Cincinnati Art museum. Eleven of his portraits of famous Indians were purchased by the U.S. government in 1900 for the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. He exhibited at tlie Paris exposition, 1900, and was elected a member of the Society of Western Artists. His paintings include: Pueblo Harvest nr Corn Dance (1894), owned by Cincinnati Art Museum ; TJie Chant (1897); TJie Great Sleep (1899), both owned by Mrs. Phoebe Hearst of California ; Mourning Her Brave (1900) ; After Many Years of Warfare (1901). He was awarded a silver medal at Buffalo for Indian portraits. His col- lection of eighty Indian portraits and pictures was purchased in 1902 by Mrs. Phcebe Hearst for the University of California. In June, 1903, he resigned from the Cincinnati academy to de- vote all the time to Indians on various reserva- tions, liaving commissions ahead for five years. SHARP, KatherJne Lucinda, librarian, was born in Elgin, 111., May 21, 1865 ; daughter of John William and Phebe (Thompson) Sharp; granddaughter of John J. and Olive (Hyde) Sharp and of Thomas and (Hoit) Thompson. She graduated at Northwestern university, Evanston, III.. A.B., 1885. Ph.M., 1889, and at the New York State Library school, B.L.S., 1892. She was a teacher at Elgin academy. 111., 1886-88; as- 8i.stant librarian. Scoville institute, Oak Park, 111., 1888-90; organizer of the public library at Wheaton. 111., 1891, and at Xenia, Ohio, 1892; in charge of the comparative library exhibit at the AVorld's Columbian exposition. Cliicago. 111., 1893; director of the department of library science, Armour Institute of Teclmology, Chicago, 1893-97 ; director of the summer school of library science at the University of Wisconsin. 189.5-96 ; lecturer on library economy. University of Chicago, 1896 ; became director of the Bureau of Information, State Library association. 111., in 1896 ; a member of the council of the American Library association in 1895, and was its vice- president, 1895-96, and head librarian and direc- tor of the state library school of the University of Illinois from 1897. SHARPE, George Henry, soldier, was born in Kingston, N.Y.. Feb. 2(5, 1828. He was fitted for college at Albany academy ; was graduated at Rutgers college, A.B., 1847, A.M., 1850, and was a law student at Yale, 1847-49. He was admitted to the bar in 1850 ; served as an attache of the U.S. legation at Vienna, 1851-52 ; practised law in Kingston, N.Y., 1854-61, and in 1861 served as captain in tlie 20th regiment. N.G.S.N.Y., en- listed for three months. On his return he raised the 120th New York volunteers for tliree years' service, and was elected colonel of the regiment in 1862. He served with the Army of the Poto- mac, and on the staffs of Generals Hooker, Meade and Grant, and was the provost-marslial to whom the duty of paroling General Lee and his staff fell, which act seemed for them freedom from arrest for treason. He was brevetted brigadier- general of volunteers in 1865, and major-general in 1866. He went to England, France and Italy on a secret mission for the department of state in 1S67, accomplishing his work with eminent success. He was U.S. marshal for the southern district of New York, 1870-73, and surveyor of customs for New York, 1878-78 and 1879-82. He was a member of the state assembly, 1879-83, and speaker, 1880 and 1881, where his vote decided tlie election for U.S. senator at the time of the Platt- Conkling resignation. He was chairman of the commission for the promotion of trade between the United States and South American states in 1883, but resigned upon Cleveland's accession to- the Presidency. He was U.S. appraiser of cus- toms, 1890-99, resigning in 1899. having reached his seventieth year, and retiring from public life. He died from tlie result of a surgical operation, at the home of his son-in-law, Ira Davenport, in New York city, Jan. 14. 1900. SHARPE, William, delegate, was born in Cecil county, Md., Dec. 13, 1742 ; son of William Sharpe. who emigrated from the north of Ireland, and settled in Cecil county, Md., prior to 1718. He was educated in Maryland, and engaged in the practice of law in Mecklenburg, N.C., in 1763, and was married to a daughter of David Reese, a signer of the Mecklenburg declaration. He removed to Rowan county, was secretary of the Committee of Safety of that county, and repre- sented tiie county in the provincial congresses held at New Berne in April, 1775, and at Hillsboro in August. 1775. and at the constitutional con- vention at Halifax that framed a state constitu- tion. April 13. 1776. He represented the Salisbury district in the council of safety for the state, .si SHARPLES SHARSWOOD "Wilmington, June 5, 1776, served as aide-de- camp, on the staff of Gen. Griflath Rutherford in the Indian troubles, and was appointed by Gov- ernor Caswell in 1777 to negotiate a treaty of peace with the Indians. He was a delegate to the Continental congress, 1779-83, and a member of the general assembly in the house of commons, 1781-82. He practised law in Lincoln county, subsequently in Rowan and afterwards in Iredell county, N.C., where he died in July, 1818. SHARPLES, James, portrait painter, was born in Lancashire, England, about 1751. He was educated in a Jesuit college for the priest- hood, but decided to devote himself to the study of art, especially portraiture, and became a pupil of George Romney . He also gave considerable at- tention to mechanics, for which he had a natural aptitude. At the instigation of Robert Gary, a London merchant, he came to America with his wife, son, and daughter Rolinda, in 1794 for the purpose of executing the portraits of General and Martha Washington. The sittings for these portraits were given at Mount Vernon and in Philadelphia, Pa., the canvases finished in New York city (where Mr. Sharpies made his home), and in 1797 sent to England, which country the artist revisited about this time, returning in 1809 to New York city, where he remained until his death. In addition to his oil paintings, for which he charged $250 each, at the suggestion of Alex- ander Hamilton he also made several pastel origi- nals and reproductions, receiving §15 each for profile, and $20 for full face portraits. A number of these crayons, decidedly inferior to his work in oil, are the property of the National museum of Philadelphia, Pa. His oil portraits, all in Eng- land, include a full face and profile of Washing- ton ; the portrait of Martha Washington, and those of Alexander Hamilton, Joseph Priestley, Chief-Justice Marshall, Robert Fulton, DeWitt Clinton, and Presidents Adams, Jefferson, Mon- roe and Madison. Several of these were left unfinished and were subsequenth' completed by Maclise, as were also the " seven ball-room beau- ties" so called, the Mesdames or Misses, Van Ransalaer, Hamilton, Fulton, Field, Jay and Henry (daughter of Patrick Henry). After the death of Mr. Sharpies, his sons, James and Felix, both artists, remained in America, the latter re- siding and dying in North Carolina. His widow returned to England, where many of the un- finished portraits by Sharpies were sold at auction. The Washington portraits, for a brief time dis- persed after passing out of the hands of the Carys, were finally purchased and retained by one family. They were exhibited in New York city in 1854, and again in the principal galleries of the United States in 1882-83 and 1886-87, but despite the strong claims made for their identity, their authenticity was not absolutely established » and they were allowed to return to England. See : " Memorials of Washington from letters and papers of Robert Gary and James Sharpies," illus- trated with the Sharpies portraits (1887). James Sharpies died in New York city, Feb. 26, 1811. SHARPLESS, Isaac, educator, was born in Chester county. Pa., Dec. 16, 1848 ; son of Aaron and Susanna (Forsythe) Sharpless ; grandson of Isaac and Sarah (Garrett) Sharpless and of James and Ann (Truman) Forsythe, and a descendant of John Sharpless, born 1624, in Cheshire, England, who landed in Chester, Pa., August, 1682. He was graduated at Lawrence Scientific school. Harvard university, 1873, and was married, Aug. 10, 1876, to Lydia Trimble Cope, daughter of Paschall and Amy A. (Bailey) Cope of West- chester, Pa. He was instructor in mathematics at Haverford college, 1875-79 ; professor of math- ematics and astronomy, 1879-85 ; dean of the faculty, 1885-87, and became president of the college in 1887. He received the degree Sc.D. from the University of Penn- sylvania in 1883 and that of LL.D. from Swarthmore col- lege in 1889, and was elected a member of the American Philosophical society in 1884. He is the author of text books on astronomy and geometry, of English Education in "International Educa- tion Series " and of : A Quaker Experiment in Government (2 vols., 1898); Quakers in the Revo- lution (1898), and Two Centuries of Pennsylvania History (1901). A popular edition of A Quaker Experiment in Government was issued in 1902. SHARSWOOD, Qeorge, jurist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 7, 1810; son of George and Hester (Dunn) Sharswood ; grandson of Capt. James and Elizabeth (Brebin) Sharswood, and greaf--grandson of George Sharswood, who sailed from England for Ainerica in the early part of the seventeenth century and settled in New Haven, Conn., where he died. May 1. 1074. Capt. James Sharswood was an officer in the Revolutionary army and became a prominent merchant and citizen of public affairs in Philadelphia, being a representative in the state legislature ; director of the Farmers' and Mechanics' bank, 1807-25, and member of the committee on the yellow fever epidemic of 1793. George Sharswood, senior, died in 1810 before the birth of his son, who was brought up and educated by his grandfather ; was graduated with honors from the University of Pennsylvania, A.B., 1828, A.M., 1831 ; studied law with Joseph Rawle Ingersoll and was ad- mitted to the bar, Sept. 5, 1831. He was a repre- sentative in the state legislature, 1837-38 and 1842-43 ; judge of the district court of Philadel- SIIATTUC SHATTUCK phia, 184.'>-4S; presiding judge of the district court, 184^-67 ; justice of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, 1SG7-78, and chief -justice, 1878-82. He WAS professor of law at tl»e University of Pennsylvania. 1850-.')2 ; professor of the insti- tutes of law. 1852-G8 ; a trustee. 187-,'-83 ; presi- dent of the law academy of Pliihvlelpliia, 1836-38 ; its vice president, 1838-")."), and provost. 1855-83. His Legal Ethics is reril 21, 184S ; daughter of Obil and Martha Maria (Conant) Sliattuck, and grand- daughter of Simeon and Betsey(Goldsmith)Conant. Her mother died. June 15. 1852. and after her fath- er's death, July 4, 1849, the family removed to the home of her grandparents at South Acton, Mass., where Corinna's girlhood was spent. She attend- ed the public schools ; taught in Maynard, Mass., for three years, and was graduated from Fram- ingham Normal school, 1873. She went as a missionary to Aintab, Turkey' in Asia, in the fall of 1873, under the auspices of the A.B.C.F.M., remaining there until 1876, and spent tlie winters of 1876-78 in school and evangelistic work in Oorfa and in Kessab. With Miss Proctor of Aintab seminary she opened a school for girls at Adana in 1878 ; and in 1879 returned to the United States for the benefit of her health, remaining until 1883 in Colorado Springs. Col., where slie assisted in the library of Colorado college. She was re- appointed as a missionary in 1883 ; served as principal of a girls' college at Marash until 1892. when she resigned to engage in similar work at Oorfa, where, on Dec. 28 and 29, 1895. several thousand of the Armenian Christian population were massacred. Miss Shattuck. who, without an American or European companion, sustained alone this dreadful ordeal, took immediate charge of the relief work for the orphan children, and organized with remarkable efficiency the labor of the survivors, widows and orphans, providing for the education of the children. She was chosen to superintend the distribution of charitable gifts by the Society of Friends of Armenia and by other outside helpers, the work rapidly assuming very large proportions. In 1900 she re-visited the United States, returning after a few months to superintend her educational institutions in Oorfa. SHATTUCK, George Cheyne, physician, was born in Tenipleton. Mass., July 17. 1783; son of Dr. Benjamin and Lucy (Brirron) Shattuck. and grandson of Stephen and Elizabeth (Robbins) Shattuck and of Jonathan and Rachel (Harvard) Barron. He was graduated at Dartmouth. A.B., 1803, A.M., 1806, M.B., 1806. and at the University SHATTUCK SHAW of Pennsylvania, M.D., 1807. He began practice in Boston, was consulting physician of Boston, 1833-54, president of the Massacliusetts Medical society, 1836-39, and President of the American States society, 1845-51. He gave about $12,000 to Dartmouth ; founded Dartmouth observatory, forbidding its bearing his name ; contributed generously to tlie Harvard library, and gave $5,500 towards building tlie Boston Athenaeum. He was twice married : first, Oct. 3, 1811, to Elisa Cheever (1790-1828), daughter of Caleb and Eleanor (Cheever) Davis, and secondly, Aug. 17, 1835, to Amelia H. , daughter of Abraham Bigelow. Dr. Sliattuck was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and received the honorary degrees : A.M., Harvard, 1807, M.D., Dartmouth, 1812, Bowdoin, 1851, and LL.D., Dart- moutli, 1853. He died in Boston, March 18, 1854. SHATTUCK, George Cheyne. educator, was born in Boston, Mass., July 22, 1813; son of George Cheyne Shattuck (q.v.) and Elisa Cheever (Davis) Shattuck. He was graduated at Har- vard, A.B., 1831, A.M., 1834, M.D., 1835, and later studied at Leipzig and Paris for three j-ears, re- turning to Boston in 1838 to enter into the prac- tice of medicine with his father. He was mar- ried on April 9, 1840, to A. H. Brune of Balti- more, Md. He was Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes's successor as visiting physician at the Massachu- setts general hospital, 1849-85 ; was professor of clinical medicine at Harvard, 1855-59 ; Hersey professor of theory and practice of physic, 1859- 74, and dean of the Harvard medical school, 1864-69. He was also instructor in medicine at Trinity college, 1852-82, and professor of anatomy and physiology, 1852-82, and was also dean of the Massachusetts medical society, 1872-74. He founded the Church of the Advent, Boston, in 1845, established St. Paul's school, Concord, N.H., in 1856, and was a lay delegate to the gen- eral conventions of the Protestant Episcopal church for nearly fifty years. He died in Boston, Mass., March 22, 1893. SHATTUCK, Harriette (Robinson), author, was born in Lowell, Mass., Dec. 4, 1850 ; daughter of William Stevens and Harriet (Hanson) Robin- son (q.v.). She attended the public schools of Concord and Maiden, Mass., and private schools in Boston and Concord ; was assistant to the clerk of the Massachusetts house of representa- tives several years, and assistant clerk in 1872, the latter position never having been held by any other woman. She was married, June 11, 1878, to Sidney Doane Shattuck of Maiden, mer- chant. She is the author of: Tl^e Story of Dante's Divine Comedy (1887) : Little Folk East and West {\%^1); Tlie Woman's Manual of Par- liamentary Law (1891), and Shattuck's Advanced Rules of Parliamentary Law (1895). Ahti'us- SHAW, Albert, journalist, was born in Shan- don, Butler county, Ohio, July 23, 1857 ; son of Dr. Grifiin and Susan (Fisher) Shaw. He was graduated from Iowa college in 1879 ; took a post- graduate course in constitutional history and economic science there, 1879-81, and a course in history and political science at Johns Hop- kins university, 1881- 84, receiving a degree of Ph.D. in 1884. Meanwhile he had become an owner of the Grinnell Herald in 1879, and he was connected with the Minneapolis Daily Tribune as an edito- rial writer, 1883-88 and 1889-90. He studied in Europe, 1888-89, and in 1891 he established and be- came editor of the American Review of Revietvs. He was married, Sept. 5, 1893, to Elizabeth Leon- ard Bacon of Reading, Pa. He lectured on mu- nicipal government at Cornell, Johns Hopkins, Michigan and other universities, and declined the professorship of international law and political institutions at Cornell in 1890. He was a charter member of the American Economic association and the American Historical association, and a fellow of the American Statistical society ; a member of the American Antiquarian society, and a fellow of the New York Academy of Political Science. He is the author of : Icaria : a Chapter in the History of Communisn (1884); Local Gov- ernment in Illinois (1883); Co-operation in the Northwest (1888); Municipal Government in Great Britain (1895); Municipal Governinent in Conti- nental Europe (1895); Iowa in American Com- monwealth Series (1903) ; besides many articles on subjects connected witli political science, econo- mics and municipal governments. SHAW, Henry, philanthropist, was born in SheiSeld, England, July 24, 1800 ; son of Joseph Shaw, who was born in Leicester, and became an iron manufacturer in Sheffield. Henry Shaw was educated at Thorne, and later at Mill Hill, a nonconformist school near London. In 1819 he moved with his parents to Canada and went to New Orleans and hence to St. Louis, wliere he engaged in the cutlery business. In 1840 he re- tired, worth $250,000. He then traveled in Eu- rope, and after visiting the Chatsworth gardens, decided to lay out a similar garden on his own estate in St. Louis, to be opened to the public. With the help of Dr. George Engelmann (q.v.) the plan was accomplished by 1859. Later he SHAW SHAW presented this garden to the city and generously endowed it. It at first comprised about GO acres, including a " Floretum."a " Friticetuni," and an "Arboretum." In 1870 he gave 190 additional acres contiguous to the garden to the city for a public park to be maintained by municipal appro- priation. By still further gifts of land the park cotnpriseil, in 1902. 207 acres. In 1885 he endowed a school of botany as a department of Washington university, St. Louis, by donating real estate, yielding an annual income of over $5,000, and placed it in relation with Missouri Botanical Gar- den and Arboretum, for the perpetual use of the School of Botany. He died in St. Louis, Mo., Aug. 25. 1889. SHAW, Henry Wheeler (Josh Billings), humorist, was born in Lanesborough, Mass., April 21, 1818 ; son of Hem-y, and grandson of Samuel Shaw (q.v.). He received a public school educa- tion and intended to enter Hamilton college, Clinton, N.Y., in 1832, but went west instead, leading a varied and active life for several years. He was proprietor of a country store, farmer, cattle-driver, coal-operator, steam-boat captain on the Ohio river, teacher, real-estate agent, and owner of a steam-boat running between Charles- town and Galliopolis. On a visit to his father in 1845, he married a Miss Bradford of Lanesborough, seventh in direct descent from William Bradford, the emigrant. In 1858, in order to educate his two daughters, he settled at Pouglikeepsie, N.Y., where he became a successful auctioneer. He was persuaded by the editor of the local paper to contribute a series of humorous articles which appeared every week for six months, but at- tracted little attention. He then decided to fol- low the peculiar phonetic method of spelling em- ployed by Charles F. Browne (Artemus Ward), rewrote his "Essay on tlie Mule "'in 18(50. and sent it to the Neiv York Era. As a result it went the rounds of the press. The essay was signed "Josh Billings."' The New York Weekly immedi- ately secured liim as a contributor and he con- tinued with that paper up to the time of his death. In 1803 he began his career as a lecturer, often giving eiglity lectures in a single season. Of his publications, the most popular was his Farmer's AUminax (1870). which reached a sale of 90.000 copies the first year, 117,000 the second, and 100.000 the third. He is the author of : Josh Billinfja. His Sni/ings (1866); Josh Billings on Ice (1875); Every Body's Friend (1876); Josh Billings' Complete Works (\\o\., 1878); Josh Billings' Spice- Box (\m\). Francis S. Smith, his publisher, wrote and published his " Life " (1883). The simple mon- ument raised to his memory in lanesborough cemetery bears, at his request, his pseudonym " Josh Billings." He died in Monterev, Cal., Oct. 14, 1885. SHAW, John, naval officer, was born at Mount Mellick, Queen's county, Ireland, in 1773; son of John and Elizabeth (Barton) Shaw. He came to the United States in 1790, and located in Phila- delphia, Pa., where he shipped before the mast on tiie merciiant ship Samson, making voyages to China. 1791-97, and serving as first oflfieer on the last trip. He was master of a brig in the West India trade. 1797-98 ; was appointed lieu- tenant in the U.S. navy, Aug. 3, 1798 ; cruised in the Montezuma in the West Indies, August, 1798 to October, 1799. and was given command of the schooner Enterprise in December, 1799, in which he cruised, giving chase and capturing the Seine, the Citoyenne. the Aigle, tlie Giiada- loupienne, the Flambeau, and three other French privateers, and was commended by President Adams for his service. He commanded the George Washington in the Mediterranean in 1801, and a merchant vessel on a voyage to Canton, China. 1803-04 ; was promoted commander, May 22, 1804, and commanded the John Adams on a voyage to Tripoli in 1805, which port he reached after peace had been concluded. He superin- tended the building of gunboats at New Orleans, La., was one of the government witnesses against Aaron Burr in 1807, and was promoted captain, Aug. 27, 1807. He commanded the navy yard at Norfolk, Va., 1808-10; directed the erection of defences for New Orleans, La., in 1811, and com- manded the U.S. naval force in the capture of Mobile, Ala., in 1813. He commanded the U.S. squadron blockaded bj- tlie British on the Tliames river near New London, Conn., in 1814; served under Commander Bainbridge in the Mediter- ranean in 1815, and as commander of the Medi- terranean station on the flagship Constellation, 1816-17. He subsequently commanded the navy yards at Boston, Mass., and Charleston, S.C. He was married to Elizabeth Palmer, member of a Quaker family of Pliiladelphia, Pa., and secondly in 1820, to Mary, daughter of Ebenezer and Jlary (Trumbull) Breed of Charlestown, Mass. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 17, 1823.' SHAW, Lemuel, jurist, was born in Barns- table. Mass., Jan. 9, 1781 ; son of the Rev. Oakes and Susannah (Haywood) Shaw ; grandson of the Rev. John Shaw (Harvard, A.B., 1729). His father was pastor of the West parish, Barns- table, 1760-1807, and from him Lemuel Shaw received his early education. He subsequently attended a preparatory school atBraintree. Mass.; was graduated from Harvard college, A.B., 1800, A.^L, 1803, and served as usher in the South Reading (Franklin) school, 1801, and also as as- sistant editor of the Boston Gazette. Having studied law in Boston and Amherst. Mass., he was admitted to the bar of Hillsborough county, N.II.. in September, 1804, and that of Plymouth SHAW SHAW ■county, Mass., in the following October, com- mencing practice in Boston. He was a member of the state legislature, 1811-15 and 1819 ; a dele- gate to tlie state constitutional convention, 1820 ; a state senator, 1831-23 and 1828-29, and in Septem- ber, 1830, succeeded Isaac Parker (q.v.), as chief justice of the state supreme court, resigning, Aug. 31, 1860. He made an extensive European tour in 1853. He vvas twice married : first, in 1818, to Elizabeth, daughter of Josiah Knapp of Boston, Mass. ; and secondly, in August, 1837, to Hope, daughter of Dr. Samuel Savage of Barnstable, Mass.. Of his children, Lemuel, Jr. (1829-1884), Harvard, A.B., 1849, LL.B.. 1852, was a lawyer in Boston, and served as a trustee of the Boston Public library and of the Boston Athengeum. Judge Shaw received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Harvard in 1S31, of which college he was an overseer, 1831-53, and a fellow, 1834-61, and from Brown in 1850. He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; a member of the Massachusetts and New England Histor- ical societies and of various local clubs, and a trustee of the Boston Library and Humane socie- ties. He translated from the French the " Civil and Military Transactions of Bonaparte " (about 1803-04), unpublislied. His addresses include : Discourse before the Humane Society of Massa- chusetts (1811), and a Fourth of July Oration (1815). His judicial decisions compose nearly fifty volumes. He died in Boston, March 30, 1861. SHAW, Leslie Mortier, cabinet officer, was born in Morristown, near Morrisville, Vt., Nov. 2, 1848 ; son of Boardman and Lovisa (Spaulding) Shaw, and grandson of Benoni andHanna (Whit- ney) Shaw. He was brought up on his father's farm with few opportunities for attendance at school except the short winter term in his own district. In 1869 he went west and worked his way through Cornell college, Iowa, by selling books and fruit trees and working on farms. He was graduated with the class of 1874, and re- ceived the M.S. degree. He studied at Iowa Col- lege of Law, was admitted to the bar in 1876, and practised in Denison. He was married, Dec. 7, 1877, to Alice, daughter of James and Jane (Hamilton) Crawshaw of Clinton county, Iowa. He engaged in banking and was the president of the Bank of Denison and the Bank of Manilla. He founded the Denison Academy and Normal school and financially aided a school at Indianola. He was elected, as a Republican, governor of Iowa, Nov. 2, 1897, with six tickets in the field, receiving 234, .501 votes, a majority of all the votes cast, and was re-elected in 1899 by an increased vote. In 1900, on the death of U.S. Senator John H. Gear, he unhesitatingly appointed Represen- tative DoUiver to the vacant seat although it cost iim the hopes he had long cherished to hold tlie office himself. On Dec. 25, 1901, he accepted the cabinet position of Secretary of the Treasury offered him by President Roosevelt as successor to Lyman Gage, resigned, and assumed the office Feb. 1, 1902. He was permanent chairman of the International monetary convention at Indian- apolis, Jan. 25, 1898 ; a prominent lay delegate to the general conferences of the Methodist church in 1884, 1888 and 1892, and a trustee of Cornell college, elected in 1890. He received the degree of LL.D. from Simpson college, Iowa, in 1898, and from Cornell college in 1899. SHAW, Robert Gould, soldier, was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 10, 1837; son of Francis George and Sarah Blake (Sturgis) Shaw. He studied abroad, 1853-56, matriculated at Harvard in 1856, leaving in 1859 to enter business in New York city. He enlisted as a private in the 7th regiment, N.G.S.N.Y., April 19, 1861. for thirty days' service, and went with his regiment to Washington. He was commissioned 3d lieuten- ant, 2nd Massachusetts volunteers. May 28, 1861, fouglit at Winchester, Ya., March 11, 1863, was promoted 1st lieutenant, July 8, served at Cedar Mountain, Va., July 9, and was promoted captain, .^ug. 10, 1863. While with his command on the march to Chancellorsville, he received a personal appointment, April 17, 1863, from Governor An- drew, to command the 54th Massachusetts volun- teers, the first colored regiment to be sent to war by any free state. In making the selection, Gov- ernor Andrew said that he realized what a deli- cate task he was undertaking, and lie tried to select as officers, true, representative men, who were gentlemen as well as soldiers, and for this reason he made Colonel Shaw his first appointee. Colonel Sliaw marched through Boston, May 28, 1863, accompanied his regiment to South Caro- lina, and in a skirmish on James Island, S.C., they behaved so valiantly, that Colonel Shaw had them brigaded with white troops, and begged I Robert could shaw that they might be allowed to make the danger- ous assault on Fort Wagner, after the explosion SHAYS SHEA of the mine. The cliarge was nobly made, and Colonel Shaw was killed, riding at tlie head of liis troops. His body was buried in a trench with his colored soldiersand in a sliort wliile the waters had waslied out the trench and carried the bodies out to sea. A portrait of him hangs in Memorial Hall at Harvard and a bas-relief designed and execute accepted tlie chair of systematic theoloj?y there. In 1887 he received tlie degree of D.l). from Lawrence university. He is the autlior of: A Hhtonj of Chriatian Doctrine (2 vols.. MSii). and a Ilistori/ of the Christian Cliurch (-) vols.. is<)4». SHELDO.N, James, jurist, was born in Buffalo, N.Y.. Sept. 6. 1817 ; sou of James and Sylvia (Alexander) Sheldon, and grandson of tlie Rev. Caleb Alexander (Yale, 1777). He was educated at Drew's school. Buffalo ; Fredonia academy, and Hol)art college in the class of 1841, but did not graduate. He was admitted to the bar in 1843, and practised law in Buffalo. He was married, April 4, 1854, to Sarah Elizabetli, daughter of Daniel and Grace Billings (Palmer) Carew of Stonington, Conn., and they had nine children, his eldest son, James Sheldon, Jr., becoming a lawyer in New York city. He was supervisor of the eleventh ward of Buffalo, N.Y"., 1845-47; city attorney of Buffalo, 1847-50 ; county judge, 1846-61 : U.S. commissioner. 1861-87 ; judge of the superior court of New York, 1871-85, and cliief justice. 1878-85. He was a founder and president of the Buffalo Historical society and a founder and liberal patron of the Buffalo public library. It was due to his enei'gy and persistence that Ni- agara Falls was made a .state reservation, and on the occasion of its opening to tiie i)ublic he made the presentation speech. On the death of Asso- ciate Justice Nathan Cifford of tiie U.S. supreme court President Garfield selected Judge Sheldon to fill the vacancy, but the President died before he could present tlie name to the senate. He is the author of : Sheldon's Rejiorts (1880) . He died in Buffalo. N.Y.. May 1. 1887. SHELDON, Lionel Allen, soldier, was born at Worcester. Otsego county. N.Y., Aug. 30, 1831 ; son of Allen and Anna Maria (Des Les Dernier) Sheldon ; grandson of William and Abagail(Udal) Sheldon, and of Moses Frederic and Mercy (Free- man) Des Les Dernier, and great-grand.son of Benjamin and Hannah (Allen) Sheldon, and of Dr. Louis and (Bohun) Des Les Dernier, and a descendant of William Sheldon who emi- grated from Yorkshire, England, and settled in Billerica. Mass., in 1646. Dr. Louis, emigrated from Paris, France, to Halifax, N.S., in 1770, and during the American Revolution, endeavored to have Nova Scotia join the colonies, and he was driven from the country and his immense prop- erty confi.scated. His son Moses Frederic Des Les Dernier, participated in Arnold's raid on Quebec ; was wounded in a skirmish, and dis- charged from the service. Allen Sheldon re- moved to Ohio with his faniily in 1835. Lionel attended Oberlin college, read law at Elyria, and attended the Fowler Law college at Poughkeepsie, N.Y. In 1853 he began practice at Elyria ; was probate judge, 1850-58. and was a delegate to the Republican national convention in Philadelphia in 1856. He became brigadier-general of the Ohio state militia in 1858, and on Aug. 20, 1861, was commissioned captain, 2d Ohio cavalry. He was i)romoted major, 3d battalion, Sept. 1, 1801, and on Sept. 7, was commissioned lieutenant- colonel, 42d Ohio infantrj', James A. Garfield, colonel. On Dec. 17, 1861, Sheldon, after com- manding the regiment at Middle Creek, Ky., Jan. 10. 1862, was ordered to Louisville. Ky., and pro- moted colonel. His regiment was attaciied to the 7th division under Gen. George W. ^lorgan, and fought at Cumberland Gap, June 17-18, 1862, forcing the Confederates to evacuate the Gap. On September 14, he covered the retreat of Mor- gan's army, which after reaching the Ohio river, was .sent to West Virginia, and then in Novem- ber, 1862, to Memphis. Tenn.. where Colonel Slieldon was given command of tlie 1st brigade, 9th division (Morgan) 13tli corps. He opened the battle of Chickasaw Bluffs, Dec. 28, 1802, and continued in the front line until Jan. 1, 1863, his brigade being the last to leave tlie field after the reorganization, Sheldon commanded the 1st brigade, 2d division (Peter J. Osterhaus), 13th corps under George W. Morgan. On Jan, 11, 1863, Sheldon's brigade began the attack on Ar- kansas Post and the charge carried the fort. At Young's Point, Slieldon commanded the second brigade, 9th division, under McClernand. At the beginning of the Vicksburg campaign, his brigade was the first to cross the Mississippi river, and led the advance at the battle of Port Gibson, May 1, 1803, where he was wounded. He also participated in the battles of Cliamiiion Hills, and Big Black River, and in the siege of Vicksburg, May-July. 1863. After the surrender of Vicks- burg, the 13th corps was sent to the Department of the Gulf, held Walker in check for six weeks at Plaqueminoda ; retired to Shreveport ; was sent to Baton Rouge and placed in command of the district. He joined General Canby at the mouth of the Red River, May 16, 1864, and upon the return of Banks led an expeditionary force into Louisiana, Arkansas and Mississippi, was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, and mustered out of the service, Nov. 1, 1864. He began the practice of law in New Orleans, La., in March, 1865, and was a Republican representative, from the 2d Loui.siana district, in the 41st, 42d, 43d congresses. 1869-75, serving on the committees on commerce and ways and means. He was appointed attorney, before the court of Alabama SHELDON SHELLEY claims in 1875, and tried before that court all the cases that were on the Gulf coast. He was an elector on the Hayes and Wheeler ticket in 1877, and in the same year was appointed a commis- sioner to revise and reorganize the customs service on the Gulf coast. In 1879 he returned to Oliio, was a delegate to tlie Republican national con- vention in Chicago, in 1880, and was one of the four men wlio proposed the nomination of Gar- field, after ivards taking an active part in the presidential campaign. He was governor of New Mexico, 1881-85, was appointed receiver of the Texas and Pacific railroad by the U.S. circuit court of New Orleans in 1885, sold the road in 1887, and removed to Pasadena, Cal. He was a delegate at large from California to the Republi- can national convention in St. Louis, 1896. He was married to Maiy Greene, daughter of Thomp- son and Mary (Greene) Miles of Elyria, Ohio. SHELDON, Walter Lorenzo, ethicist, was born in West Rutland, Vt., Sept. 5, 1858 ; son of Preston and Cornelia (Hatch) Sheldon. He at- tended the public schools and was graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1880 ; continued his studies in the universities of Leipzig and Berlin, 1880-82, and in 1886 settled in St. Louis, Mo., where he became associated with various educational efforts, as lecturer of the Ethical Society of St. Louis, and founded the Self Culture Hall association, an institute for wage-earners, in 1888, of which he officiated as director from its organization. He was married. May 18, 1893, to Anna, daughter of Cliarles Hartshorne of Phil- adelphia, Pa. He is the author of : An Ethical Movement, lectures (1896); Story of the Bible (1899); An Ethical Sunday School (1900); Tlie Old Testament Bible Stories for the Young (1903), and contributions to tlie International Journal of Ethics, and the Chicago Journal of Sociology. SHELLABARQER, Samuel, representative, was born in Clark county, Oliip, Dec. 10, 1817 ; maternal grandson of Thomas McCurdy of Belfast, Ireland, and (Adams) McCurdy of Amboy, N.J., and a descendant of Rudolph Schallenberger, one of the thirty-three founders of the Svviss League against Austria on Nov. 8, 1307, and joint owner of Schallenberg mountain. He was graduated at Miami university, Ohio, A.B., 1841, A.M., 1814; adopted the legal pro- fession and practised in Springfield, Ohio, 1846- 60. He was a representative in the fiftieth Ohio legislature, 1853-54 ; represented the eighth Oliio district in the 37th congress, 1861-63 ; the seventh district in the 39th, 40th and 43d congresses, 1865- 69 and 1871-73, and served on special committees, on civil service, New Orleans riots, and assassina- tion of President Lincoln, and as chairman of the committee on the provost-marshal's bureau and on commerce. He was a delegate to the Philadelphia Loyalists' convention, 1866 ; U.S. minister to Portugal, 1869-71, and a civil service commissioner, 1874-75, by appointment of Presi- dent Grant. He became a law partner of Jere- miah Wilson in 1875, and tlie firm practised in Washington, D.C., 1875-96, being attorneys for tlie Union Pacific railroad. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. for Miami in 1891. He died in Washington, D.C., Aug. 6, 1896. SHELLEY, Charles Miller, representative, was born in Sullivan county, Tenn., Dec. 38, 1833 ; son of William and Margaret F. (Etten) Slielley ; grandson of Nathan Shelley, and of Henry and Margaret Etten. His father removed to Selma, Ala., in 1836. His brother, Gen. Nathan George Shelley, was attorney-general of Texas and brigadier-general of the Texan volunteers in the Confederate States army, 1801-65. Charles Miller Shelley received a limited education and learned the trade of architect and builder, a busi- ness in whicli his father was engaged in Selma. In February, 1861, he enlisted in the Confederate provisional army as lieutenant, serving first at Fort Morgan and in the defence of Mobile ; re- ceived promotion to captain in the 5tli Alabama, 1861 ; to colonel of the 30th Alabama in 1862, and took part in the first battle of Bull Run, the battles of Fayewell, Port Gibson, Baker's Creek, the siege of Vicksburg, the battles of Rocky Face- Ridge, Resaca, Marietta, Atlanta, Jonesboro, and all the battles in the Georgian campaign, Franklin, Tenn., Nashville and nu- merous otiier engagements and skirmishes. He was promoted brigader-general, Sept. 17, 1864, and surrendered. May 3, 1865, in command of a brigade of Alabama infantry. He was married, June 15, 1865, to Kathleen, daughter of Gen. Felix Grundy and Elizabeth J. (Hogan) Mc- Connell of Talladega, Ala. General Shelley was Democratic representative from the fourth Ala- bama district composed of the counties of Dallas Hale, Lowndes, Perry and Wilcox in the 45th and 46th congresses, 1877-81. He was a candidate for re-election and received a certificate of election to the 47th congress but was unseated, July 20, 1883. The seat was declared vacant and he was chosen to it, Nov. 7, 1883. He received a certi- ficate of election to the 48th congress, but Geo. H. Craig, Republican, successfully contested the seat and was seated Jan. 9, 1885. SHELLEY, Harry Rowe, musician, was born in New Haven, Conn., June 8, 1858 ; son of Rus- sell T. and Mary Ellen (Rowe), and a descendant of Shelleys of England. He began the study of music at an early age, and became organist of Center church. New Haven, Conn., in 1873. He continued his studies at Yale under Professor Stoeckel : in Brooklyn, N. Y., under Dudley Buck. 1877 ; then under Anton Dvorak, and subsequently SHELTON SHEPARD in Paris and London. He returned to the United States; was organist of Pilgrim and Plymouth churches. Brooklyn. 1S81-97, and in the latter year \v;is ai)jH>inted organist of the Fifth Avenue Baptist church, New York city. He was married, .Vpril -21. 1HS4, to Carolyn, daughter of Joiin W. and Mary Jane (Warner) Lake of New Haven, Conn. His compositions include many popular songs ; orchestral music ; two sacred cantatas and organ music. He also compiled and edited several volumes of anthems and selections for the organ ; Ronwo and Juliet, a lyric music dranja (in.iO): Santa Chiitft. a lyrical intermezzo, an.l a Si/nip'ioin/ in E major (UfOO). 5H ELTON, Charles Eldred, educator, was horn in Mount Pleasant, Iowa, June 16, 1859; son of Orville Clarkson and Lucy (Carnifex) Shelton. He was graduated from the Iowa Wesleyau university, A.B., 1879, A.M., ISSl, and was admitteil to the bar in 1S80. He was married, Oct. -28, 18S0. to Julia Woodward of Mount Pleas- ant. Iowa. He was in Brazil in the educational missionary work undertaken by Bishop William Taylor (q.v.), 1880-82. He was principal of the public schools at Agency and De Witt, Iowa, professor in the Normal schools at Clinton and Shenandoah, Iowa, and Lincoln, Neb., and super- intendent of schools in Burlington, Iowa, 1893- 99. and in 1899 became president of Simpson college. Indianola, Ind. He received the degree of LL.D. from the Iowa Wesleyan university in 1902. SHELTON, William, educator, was born in Smitli County, Tenn., July 4, 1824; son of James and Nancy (Marshall) Shelton ; grandson of David Shelton, of Mecklenburg county, N.C., and of William Jefferson Marshall, of Virginia, and a descendant of the Sheltons and Marshalls, who came from England to Virginia in the early set- tlement of the colony. He was graduated from the University of Na.shville, Tenn., "in 1843, and from the Hamilton Theological seminary in 1846. He was married, Aug. 7, 1849. to Virginia, daugh- ter of David and Catherine (Bowen) Campbell, of Lebanon, Tenn. He was pastor of the Baptist churcli in Clarksville, Tenn., 1846-50 ; professor of Greek and theology in Union university, Mur- freesboro, Tenn., 1850-55, and pastor of the Baptist church at Murfreesboro, Tenn., 1851-55. He was president of the Brownsville Female col- lege and pastor of the Baptist church at Browns- ville. 18.5.5-66, and president of West Tennessee college. Jackson, Tenn.. 186.5-69. In 1873 he be- came financial agent and ])rofessor-elect of moral and intellectual philosophy in the University of Na.shville. He was the first president of the Southwestern Baptist university, 1876-78 ; presi- dent of Ewing college. 111., 187^-83 : of Los Angeles college, Cal., 1883-96, and in 1896 he became president of Stanford Female college, Ky. He received the degree of D.D. from Baylor univer- sity in 1860 and that of LL.D. from Ewing college in 1880. He had two sons, the Rev. William Shelton, Jr., and Henry Campbell Slielton, and one daughter, Mrs. Nannie Shelton Saufley, of Stanford. Ky. SHELTON, William Henry, artist and author, was born at Allen's Hill, Ontario county, N.Y., Sept. 4, 1840 ; son of Joseph Carlos and Mary Colt (Taft) Shelton ; grandson of Seldon and Julia Ann (Welton) Shelton, and of Jesse and Abigail (Peck) Taft, and a descendant of Daniel Slielton, whoemigrated from England in 1686 and engaged in the mercantile business in Stratford, Conn. He attended Canandaigua academy, and in 1861 he joined Reynold's battery, 1st N.Y. artil- lery regiment, serving with the Army of the Potomac from Cedar Mountain to the Wilderness, where he was wounded and captured. In 1871 he opened a studio in New York city, and after 1890 devoted his time chiefly to magazine writing. He is the author of : A Man Without a Memory and Other Stories (1895). and The Last Three Soldiers (1897). SHEPARD, Edwin Malcolm, naval officer, was born in New Y'ork, Sept. 16, 1843 ; son of Elisha H. Shepard. He entered the U.S. Naval academy, Annapolis, Md., Nov. 25, 1859, and waa ordered into active service, May, 1861, serving on the sloop Vincennes at the passes of the Missis- sippi river, 1861-62. He was promoted ensign, Nov. 25, 1862, serving on the sloop Mississippi, 1862-63, until her destruction ; and on the gun- boat Essex in the siege of Port Hudson, May- July 8, 1863 ; was promoted lieutenant, Feb. 24, 1864 ; served on the Massachicsetts at the capture of the privateer Florida, Oct. 7, 1864, and on the moniter Mahopac, at the siege of Charleston, S.C, 1865; was promoted commander, May 9, 1878, and captain, May 15, 1893. He was made lighthouse inspector of the 3d district, April 18, 1898 ; was promoted rear-admiral in 1901, and was made commandant of the U.S. naval station, Port Royal, S.C. He was retired June 13, 1902, and made his home in Washington, D.C. SHEPARD, Isaac Fitzgerald, soldier, was born in South Natick, ^Mass., July 7, 1816; son of Major Calvin Shepard of Ashland. Mass. ; and a de- scendant of the Rev. Thomas Shepard of Cam- bridge. He was graduated at Harvard in 1842 (A.B., 1850, A.M., 1851); was principal of a gram- mar school in Boston, 1844-57, editor of the Daily Bee, 1846-48, and a representative in the Massa- chusetts legislature, 1859-60. He removed to Missouri in 1861, served as adjutant-general on the staff of Gen. T. W. Sweeney with the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the expedition to Sjiring- field, Mo., and as senior aide-de-camp on the staff SHEPHERD SHEPHERD of General Lyon in the battles of Dug Sprinp^s and at AVilson's Creek, where he was wounded. He also served as aide-de-camp to Maj. S. D. Sturgis ; was transferred to the 19th Missouri volunteers as lieutenant-colonel ; commanded the provost guard at St. Louis, Mo., and was pro- moted colonel of the 3d Missouri volunteers, with which his old regiment consolidated Jan. 18, 1863. In the movement of the 13th army corps under General Sherman against Vieksburg, Dec. ■2, 1862, he was in the 2d brigade, 4th division, Gen. F. D. Steele. He also fought at Arkansas Port, Jan. 11, 1863, took part in the expeditions to Deer Creek and Black Bayou, Miss. ; was placed in command of the 1st Mississippi regi- ment of colored troops in the Mississippi valley, May 28. 1S63, reported to Grant, who assigned him to McPherson's corps with headquarters at Haines Blulf, Miss.; was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, Oct. 27, 1863, and was honorably mustered out July 4, 1864. He was editor of the Missouri Democrat, St. Louis, 1868-69, served as •adjutant-general of the state and as chairman of tlie Republican state committee, 1870-71, and as U.S. consul to Swatow and Hankow, China, 1874- 86. He edited the Missouri State Atlas, 1871-72, and is the author of : Pebbles from Castalia poems (1840); Poetry of Feeling (1844); Scenes and Songs of Social Life (1846), and Household Tales (1861). He died at Bellingham, Mass., Aug. 25, 1889. SHEPHERD, Alexander Robey, governor of the District of Columbia, was born in Washington, D.C., Jan. 31, 1835 ; son of Alexander and Susan (Robey) Shepherd. He early engaged in business, following the trade of a carpenter and subse- quently that of a plumber ; enlisted in the Wash- ington volunteers, 1861, and was a member of the National Rifles in 1863. He was elected presi- dent of the city council in 1861, in which capacity he became tlie active advocatepf public improve- ments. He was married, Jan. 30, 1863, to Mary Gi'ier, daughter of Col. William Probyand Susan Bradford (Griei') Young. He Was chairman of the Citizens' Reform association, which secured legislation establishing territorial government in the District of Columbia in 1871 ; was appointed vice-president of the board of public works and governor of the territory by President Grant in 1871, holding that position until 1874, when con- gress abolished district government. During his administration, in order to check the movement to change the national capital to some other loca- tion, he began the work of improvement upon a gigantic scale, his ground plan being based upon that of the French engineer, L'Enfant. His ex- travagant measures, which transformed the city of Washington, brought about charges of corrup- tion, which were not sustained by investigation. He was nominated one of the three commissioners of the District of Columbia by President Grant in 1874, but refused confirmation by the senate, and in 1880 removed to Batopilas, where he de- veloped a mining company, of which he served as vice-president and general manager, acquiring an immense fortune. He visited Washington, D.C., in 1887, where he was given a public recep- tion and granted the freedom of the municipality, and made a second visit in 1895. He died in Batopilas, Mexico, Sept. 12. 1902. SHEPHERD, Henry Elliott, educator, was born in Fayetteville, N.C, Jan. 17, 1844; son of Jesse George and Kate (Dobbin) Shepherd ; grandson of Jesse B. and Kate (Elliott) Shep- herd, and of John Moore and Margaret (McQueen) Dobbin, and a descendant of Hugh Dobbin, of Ireland ; George Elliott, of Dumfries, Scotland ; Donald McQueen of Greenock, Scotland, and John Shepherd, of Wales. He was educated at the University of Virginia, 1860-61 ; served in the Confederate army, 1861-65, and was severely wounded at Gettysburg. He was married, June 25, 1867, to Kate, daughter of Elijah P. and Lydia (McGregor) Goodridge. of Norfolk, Ya. He was professor of rhetoric and history, Baltimore City college, 1868-75 ; superintendent of public schools in Baltimore, 1875-83, and in October, 1882, became president of the College of Cliarles- ton, S.C, and also had the chair of history and of the English language and literature. He resigned from the presidency in 1897, and was succeeded by Harrison Randolph (q.v.). He was professor of English in the Sauveur Summer College of Languages, Burlington, Vt., in 1887-92; became a member of the American Historical association in 1888, and of the Modern Language Association of America in 1885. He was an associate editor of the " Historical Dictionary of the English Lan- guage," publishing at Oxford, Eng. (1903). He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of North Carolina in 1883, and is the author of : A History of the English Language (1874); a series of English grammars (1881-83); a historical reader (1881), and many essays on his- tory, education and literature. SHEPHERD, William, soldier, representative, was born in Westfield, Mass., Nov. 20, 1737 ; son of Deacon John and Elizabeth (Noble) Shepherd. He enlisted in the army about 1754, and served under General Amherst in the French and Indian war, receiving the commissions of lieutenant in 1758 and captain in 1759. In April, 1775, he joined the patriot troops at Cambridge ; was com- missioned lieutenant in Col. Timothy Danielson's regiment, and was advanced to the rank of colo- nel in December, 1776. He took part in the re- treat from Long Island in 1777 ; was commis- sioned a general under Lafayette in 1780, and SHEPLEY SHERBUNE serred until the end of the war. He was ordered out to put down Shays's insurrection in 1786, and commanded the troops at thcSpriiigfudd arsenal. He was a presidential elector in 1789 and 1792 ; a member of the executive council of Massachu- setts. 1792-96 ; a representative in the Otli, 0th and 7th congresses, 1797-1802, and was appointed a state commissioner to treat with the Penobscot Jndians and a U.S. commissioner to treat with the Six Nations. He was married to Sarah, daughter of Moses and Sarah (Root) Dewey, of Westfield. He died at Westfield, Nov. 16, 1817. SHEPLEY, Ether, senator, was born in Groton, Mass., Nov. 2,1789; son of Jolm and ^lary (Gibson) Therlow Shcple. and a grandson of Jolin and Abigail (Green) Sheple. He was fitted for college at Groton academy ; and grad- uated at Dartmouth. A.B., 1811, A.M., 1814. He was admitted to the bar in 1814, engaged in practice at Saco, Maine, in July, 1814, and was married June 10, 1816, to Anne, daughter of George and Anne (Harback) Foster of Hanover, N.H. He represented Saco in the Massachusetts legislature in 1819, where he advocated the sep- aration of the district of Maine from Massa- chusetts ; was a delegate to the first Maine con- stitutional convention in 1820. and was appointed U.S. district attorney for the district court of Maine, serving 1821-32. He was elected to the U.S. senate from Maine as a Democrat serving 1833-36, wlien lie supported the administration of President Jackson. He resigned in 1836 and re- moved to Portland, Me. ; was a justice of the State supreme court, 1836-48 ; and chief justice, 1848-55. He was an overseer of Bowdoin college, 1821-29, and a trustee of that institution, 1829- 66 ; received the degree LL.D. from Waterville (now Colby) college in 1842, and from Dartmouth college in 1845. He publislied The Revised Sta- tutes of Maine (1857) ; Speech in Congress on the Removal of the Deposits (1857), and liis decisions while on the supreme court filled twenty-six volumes of reports. He died in Portland, Me., Jan. 15, 1877. SHEPLEY, George Foster, soldier, was born in Saco. Maine. Jan. 1, 1819 ; son of Judge Ether and Anne (Foster) Shepley. He was graduated at Darmouth college, A.B., 1837 ; fitted for the profession of law under his father and at the Dane law school, Harvard, and was admitted to the bar in 1840. He was married July 24, 1844, to Lucy Anne Hayes of Bangor, Maine. He practised law in Bangor, 1840-78 ; was U.S. attorney for the district of Maine, 1848-49 and 1853-61 ; a delegate at large to the Democratic national convention of 1860, entered tlie U.S. volunteer army as colonel, 12th Maine infantry, in 1S61 ; and accompanied Gen. Benjamin F. Butler to New Orleans, La., where he acted as commander of a brigade at Ship Island and com- manded the 3d brigade at the capture of New Orleans. He served as military commandant and acting mayor of New Orleans until June 2. 18C2, as military governor of Louisiana from tli:it date until 1864 and was promoted brigadier-gen- eral of volunteers, July, 1862. He was transferred to (he militaiy district of Eastern Virginia as commandant in 1864, served as chief on the staff of Gen. Godfrey Weitzel and temporarily commanded the 25th army corps. He became military governor of Richmond, Va., April 3, 1865, resigned from the army to take effect July 1, 1865 ; resumed practice in Portland, and was U.S. judge for the 1st judicial circuit of Maine, 1869-78. He received the degree LL.D. from Dartmouth in 1878. His decisions are em- bodied in the '• Reports " of Jabez S. Holmes (1877). He died in Portland, Me., July 30, 1878. SHEPPARD, John Levi, representative, was born at Bluffton, Ala., April 13, 1854; son of John Levi and Amanda (Morris) Sheppard ; and a descendant of tlie Sheppards of the Carolinas. About 1859 his mother removed to Morris county, Texas, wliere he attended the public schools. He was married, Dec. 18, 1873, to Alice, daughter of Richard Benson Blake and Nancy (Peters) Eddins of Monterey, Caddo Parish, La. He began the practice of law in Daingerfield, Texas, 1879 ; served as district attorney of the fifth judicial district, 1882-88, and as district judge of the same district, 1886-96. In 1896 he retired from the bench and again took up the practice of law. He was temporary chairman of the Democratic state convention, 1892 ; was delegate to the Bimetallic convention at Chicago, 1893, where the first important movements for free silver originated, and was delegate to the Democratic national convention at Chicago, 1896, and was later Texas member of tlie presidential notifica- tion committee at New York, August, 1896. He was Democratic representative from the 4th Texas district to the 56tli and 57th congresses, 1899-1902, and served on the committee on Pacific railroads. Upon his death, his son, Morris Shep- pard, was elected to complete his term and was re-elected to the 58th congress in November, 1902. Representative John Levi Slieppard died in Texarkana, Texas, Oct. 11. 1902. SHERBUNE, John Samuel, jurist, was born in Portsmouth, N.H., in 1757 ; son of John and Elizabeth (Moffat) Sherbune. He" was grad- uated at Dartmouth, A.B., 1776, A.M., 1779 ; was unsuccessful as a mercliant, and became a volun- teer aid to Gen. William Wliipple in 1778. He rose to the rank of brigade major of staff and lost his leg in the skirmish at Butt Hill, R.I., Aug. 29, 1778. He studied law under John Pick- ering of Portsmouth and engaged in practice SHERIDAN SHERIDAN tliere. He was married in October, 1791, to Submit, daughter of tlie Hon. George Boyd of Portsmouth. N.H. He represented Portsmouth in the New Hampshire legislature, 1790-93, serv- ing part of the time as speaker, was elected a representative from New Hampshire to the 3d and 4th congresses, serving 1793-97, and was U.S. district attorney for New Hampshire, 1789- 92, 1801-04, and U.S. judge for the district of New Hampshire, 1804-30, succeeding Judge Pick- ering, who was removed through hisagencj'. He received the lionorary degree A.B. from Harvard, 1776. He died in Portsmouth, N.H., Aug. 2, 1830. SHERIDAN, Michael Vincent, soldier, was born in Somerset, Ohio, Jlay 24, 1840 ; son of John and Mary (Miner) Sheridan. He attended St. Joseph's college, Somerset, was volunteer aide to his brother. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, at the battles of Perry ville, Ky., and Stone River, Tenn., Oct. 1862— Jan. 1863, and entered the Federal army, as 1st lieutenant, 2nd Missouri volun- teers, Sept. 7, 1863. He was promoted captain and aide-de-camp to his brother. May 18, 1864, and took part in the battles of Chickamauga, Ga. ; Missionary Ridge and in Gi-ant's campaign against Richmond ; the Shenandoah campaign and the Appomattox campaign, and was present at the surrender of General Lee, April 9, 1865. He was brevetted major, March 13, 1865 ; was appointed 2d lieutenant in the U.S. cavalry, Feb. 23, 1866, and captain, 7th cavalry, July 28, 1866 ; a7id honorably mustered out of volunteer service. Aug. 1, 1866. He took part in the Indian campaigns in the west, 1868-69, was brevetted lieutenant-colonel and served as aide-de-camp to Lieutenant-General Sheridan, 1870-78 ; was mili- tary secretary to General Sheridan, 1878-88, was promoted major and assistant adjutant-general, June 7, 1883, and colonel and aide-de-camp, June- August, 1888. He was adjutant-general, depart- ment of the Platte, 1889-93 ; was promoted lieut- enant-colonel and assistant adjutant-general, July 9, 1892 ; served in the department of Dakota, 1893-97 and as colonel and assistant adjutant-gen- eral, department of Missouri, 1897-98. Upon the outbreak of the Spanisli-American war, he was stationed at Camp Thomas, Ga., as adjutant-gen- eral, April-July, 1898 ; was promoted brigadier- general of volunteers. May 27, 1898 ; served as chief of staff to General Brooke in the Porto Rico expedition, July-August, 1898 ; was chief of staff and in charge of civil affairs under General Brooke, August-December, 1898. He commanded the department of the Lakes, with headquarters at Chicago, 111., 1898-99; was adjutant-general of the department, of the Lakes, 1898-1900 ; ad- jutant-general the department of the East, 1900- 02, and was retired from the U.S. army with the rank of brigadier-general, April 15, 1902. S^ SHERIDAN, Philip Henry, soldier, was born in Albany, N.Y.. March 6, 1831 ; son of John and Mary (Miner) Sheridan, grandson of John and Mary (McCabe) Sheridan, and of Patrick and Rosalia (Sheridan) Miner. His parents, natives of county Cavan, Ire- land, emigrated to America in 1830 and settled first in Al- bany, N.Y., and then in Somerset, Ohio. He attended the pub- lic schools and ob- tained employment ^ in one of the village vi ; /^^ stores in 1845. He |^; ^ ^." was graduated from ^^ "^ -^ the U.S. Military '\ :t* academy, and brev- ' ;.;; etted 2d lieutenant, /fX^ I ^^ / July 1, 1853, and //, J)r:J/fUu!duct^ served on frontier and garrison duty in Kentucky, Texas, California and Oregon. He was promoted 2d lieutenant, 4th infantry, Nov. 22, 1854; 1st lieutenant, March 1, 1861, and captain, 13th infantry, May 14, 1861. He was president of the board for auditing claims at St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 18-Dec. 26, 1861 ; was chief quartermaster and commissary of the army of Southwest Missouri, 1861-62 ; served in the Mississippi campaign, April-September, 1862, as quartermaster of Major-Gen. Halleck's head- quarters during the advance to Corinth, Miss., April-May, 1862 ; was commissioned colonel, 2d Michigan cavalry volunteers. May 25, 1862, and commanded a brigade on the raid to Booneville, Miss., May 28, 1862, taking part in the skirmishes at Booneville, Blackland, Donaldson Cross-Roads and Baldwin, and in the battle of Booneville, July 1, 1862. He was promoted brigadier-general U.S.V., July 1, 1862, and commanded the 11th division, 3d army corps. Army of the Ohio, in the advance to Kentucky, October-November, 1862, and in the battle of Perryville, Oct. 8, 1862, and the relief of Nashville, Tenn., October-Nov- ember, 1862. He commanded the 3d division, right wing of the Army of the Cumberland in the Tennessee campaign, 1862-63 ; was promoted major-general U.S.V., Dec. 31, 1862, and engaged in the pursuit of the Confederates under Van Dorn to Columbia and Franklin ; captured a train and many prisoners at Eagleville. in March, 1863 ; commanded the advance on TuUahoma, June-July, 1863 ; took part in the capture of Winchester, Tenn., June-July, 1863; crossed the Cumberland mountains and the Tennessee river, and commanded the 3d division, 20th army corps, under General McCook in the battle of Chickamauga, Ga., Sept. 19-20, 1863. He com- SHERIDAN SHERIDAN manded the 2d division, 4th corps, of the anny under General Grant in the Cliattanooga cam- paign, Nov. 'Ji?-27. 1:^03. where he led liis division from Ordiaril Knob up Missionary Ridge, and drove the Confederate force from tlie summit, and down the other side. He was in occupation of East Tennessee, 1863-64 ; and transferred to Virginia and given command of tlie entire cavalry corps of the Army of the Potomac, April 4, 1864. He commanded the cavalry in Grants cam|)aign against Richmond, taking part in the battle of the Wihlerness ; the combat at Todd's Tavern ; capture of Spt:)ttsylvania Court House and in the raid to Haxall's Landing. May 9-24. 1864, when he cut the Virginia Central and Richmond and Fredericksburg railroads, returning to Chat- field Station, May 25, 1864. He commanded the cavalry corps in the advance to Cold Harbor, and took part in the actions of Hanovertown and Tolo- potomy Creek. May 27, 1864 ; tlie battle of Hawes' Siiop. May 28, 1864 ; the action of Meladequin Creek. May 30, 1864, and the battle of Cold Har- bj^^**«.wmmittee that fixed the time for the resumption of sjv^cie payments. He supported the candidacy of Rutherford B. Hayes, for President, in 18.56, and made a notable speech at Marietta, Oiiio. After the election he was a member of the " visiting committee " sent to Louisiana to watch the counting of votes and on the inauguration of President Hayes, March 4, 1877, he was appointed secretary of the treasury. He secured the sale of $200,000,000 worth of 4 per cent, bonds of whicli $15,000,000 was used for refunding pur- poses. In less than six montiis he was able to dispose of 4 per cent, bonds at par, and in July, 1878, lie resumed specie payments with a balance of $140,000,000 m gold. He was a candidate for nomination for the presidency in 1880, and in 1881 was returned to the senate, being re-elected in 1887, and serving as chairman of the committee on foreign relations and as a member of the com- mittee on expenditure of public money. He was president of the senate pro tempore, 1885-87, and was a candidate for the nomination for the presidency in 1884, and in 1888. He resigned his seat in the senate in 1897 to become secretary of state under President McKinley, but his health failed and after a short term of service he re- signed, April 23, 1898, and retired to private life, being succeeded by William R. Day, assistant secretary of state. He is the author of : Selected Speeches and Reports on Finance and Taxation, 1859-78 (1879), and Memoirs (2 vols., 1896). H& died in Washington, D.C., Oct. 22, 1900. SHERMAN, Roger, signer, was born in Newton, Mass., Ajiril 19, 1721; son of William and Mehetabel (Wellington) Sherman ; grandson of Joseph and Elizabeth (W^inship) Sherman and of Benjamin and Elizabeth Wellington ^ and great-grandson of Capt. John and Martha (Palmer) Sherman (or Shear- man ) , who emigrated from Dedham, Essex county, England, and settled in Watertown, Mass. , about 1634. Roger's parents re- moved to Stoughton, which is now Canton, Mass., in 1723, and he worked on the farm and learned the shoemaker's trade from his father. He gained a fair knowledge in various branches of science by studying while at work, doubt- less being assisted by the Rev. Samuel Dun- bar, pastor of the church at Stoughton. His father died in 1741, leaving him the sole sup- port of his mother and the younger children, and in 1743 they removed to New Milford, Conn., where he followed his trade and con- ducted a store with his brothers. He was ap- SHERMAN SHERMAN pointed by the general assembly, surveyor of lands for the county of New Haven, in 1745, and of Litchfield county in 1752. In 1752, when the New England colonies were flooded with irre- deemable currency, he issued a pamphlet in which he pointed out the dangers attending this issue of paper money, and subsequently, when a member of the Constitutional convention, he moved the clause that •• no state can make any- thing but gold and silver a legal tender." He was also employed in survej'ing laud for private individuals in New Milford. He became one of the largest investors in real estate in the town ; filled various town offices and was admitted to the Litchfield county bar, in February, 1754. He was married, Nov. 17, 1749, to Elizabeth, daugh- ter of Deacon Joseph Hartwell of Stoughton, and secondly. May 12, 1763, at Danvers, to Rebecca, daughter of Benjamin Prescott of Salem, Mass. He represented New Milford in the general as- sembly in 1755 and 1758-61, was justice of the peace, 1755-59, and a justice of the quorum and of the court of common pleas, 1759-61. He re- moved to New Haven, Conn., in June, 1761, from whence he was a representative in the legislature, 1764-66, a member of the senate, 1766-85, justice of the peace and of the quorum, and judge of the superior court, 1766-89. His activity as a patriot began with the efforts of the crown to enforce the Stamp Act. He was a member of the com- mittee to consider the claims of the settlers near the Susquehanna river in 1774, was a delegate from Connecticut to the Continental congress, 1774-81, and 1783-84, serving on the most im- portant committees, including that of June 11, 1776, to draft the Declaration of Independence, of which he was a signer, that of June 12, 1776, to prepare the Articles of Confederation, that of the Connecticut council of safety, 1777-79 and 1782, and that of the convention of 1787 that reported the Connecticut compromise. In the controversy that arose in the Continental con- gress regarding the rights of states to vote irre- spective of population, Mr. Sherman proposed that the vote should be taken once in proportion to population and once by states, and that every measure should have a majority voting both ways. This principle, eleven years afterward, Mr. Sherman, then a member of the Constitu- tional convention, presented to that body, and it was framed into the Federal constitution, and was known as the Connecticut compromise. It was not until he had made several speeches in its favor that he gained any attention when a long and bitter debate followed and it was finally re- ferred to a committee of which he was made a member. After the adoption of the compromise, he moved the provision that no amendment be made that would deprive any state of its equal vote without its consent. It is agreed by all his- torians that this compromise, for which Mr. Sherman is solely responsible, saved the constitu- tional convention from breaking up without ac- complishing anything and made possible a union of the states and a national government. Roger Sherman was the only delegate in the Continental congress who signed all four of the great state papers which were signed by all the delegates of all the colonies, namely : the Declaration of 1774, the Articles of Confederation, the Declaration of Independence, and the Federal Constitution. He revised the statute laws of Connecticut with Judge Richard Law in 1783. He was chosen the first mayor of New Haven in 1784, to prevent a Tory from being chosen, and the legislature then provided that the mayor sliould hold his office during the pleasure of the general assembly and under this act, Mr. Sherman remained mayor un- til his death. He was a delegate from Connecti- cut to the Constitutional convention at Philadel- phia in May, 1787. He was also active in the state convention in procuring the ratification of the constitution, and wrote a series of papers on that subject which materially influenced the pub- lic mind in its favor, signed " A Citizen of New Haven." He was a representative in the 1st con- gress, 1789-91, where he favored an address in- troduced by the Quakers against the slave trade. He was elected to the U.S. senate to fill the va- cancy caused by the resignation of William S. Johnson and served from Oct. 24, 1791, until his death. He was treasurer of Yale college, 1765- 76, and received the honorary degree A.M. from that college in 1768. He furnished the astrono- mical calculations for a series of Almanacs, pub- lished in New York and New England, which bore his name. He died in New Haven, Conn., July 23, 1793. SHERMAN, Thomas West, soldier, was born in Newport, R. I., March 26, 1813 ; son of Elijah and Martha (West) Sherman. He was graduated from the U.S. Military academy in 1836 and was commissioned 2d lieutenant, 3d infantry, serving in the Florida war and in the Cherokee Nation, 1836-42. He was promoted 1st lieutenant, March 14, 1838 ; was on recruiting and garrison service, 1842-46 ; was promoted captain, May 28, 1846 ; served in the Mexican war, commanding a bat- ery at Buena Vista, Feb. 22-23, 1847, and was brevetted major, Feb. 28, 1847, for conduct there. He was on frontier duty in Minnesota, Kansas and Dakota, 1853-61, and was married in 1865 to Mary, daughter of Gov. Wilson Shannon of Law- rence, Kan. Upon the outbreak of the civil war he was given command of a battery of U.S. ar- tillery and a battalion of Pennsylvania volun- teers ; was promoted major, April, 27, 1861, and detailed on guard duty on the Philadelphia and SHERMAN SHERMAN Baltimore railroad, and the Delaware canal, dur- ing the roop'iiiiig of coinmuiiicatioiis throuj^h Baltimore', May 10-12, 1801. lie was pronioted lieuleii:iiit-cu)loni>l. ")th artillery. May 14, 1861, and hrig.i'lier-geiieral, U.S. volunteers. May 17, 1801, and served as chief of light artillery in the de- fence of Washington, D.C., May-June, 1861. He w;us on recruiling duty in Pennsylvania, June- July, 1801 ; organized the expedition to seize Bull's Bay, S.C., and Fernandina, Fla.. for the use of tlie U.S. blockading fleet ; coniTuanded the laud forces of tlie Department of the Soutli from Oct., 1861, to March 31. 1862, wlien he was relieved by Gen. David Hunter. .He was on leave of absence. June-August, 1862. commanded the 2d division, I9th army corps. Department of the Gulf, in the operations above New Orleans, Dec. 14. ls62-May, 1863, and in tlie siege of Port Hud- son. May 23-June 8, 1863, and while leading the ass;iult. May 27, 1863, was sliot in his right leg, which was subsequently amputated at New Or- leans. He was promoted colonel of the 3d ar- tillery, June 1. 1863, and commanded a reserve brigade of artillery. Department of the Gulf, at Forts Jackson and St. Philip, La., March-!May, 1864. He was brevetted brigadier-general, U.S.A., 3Iarch 13. 1S6.1, for services at Port Hudson, and major-general, U.S.V.. and brevet major-general, U.S.A., March 13, 1865, '"for services during the rebellion." He was in command of the defences of New Orleans, June 16-Feb. 11, 1865; of the soutiiern division of Louisiana, Feb. 11-July 23, 1865. and of the eastern district of Louisiana, 1865-<56. He commanded the 3d artillery with headquarters at Ft. Adams, R.I., 1866-70 ; was mustered out of volunteer service, April 30, 1866, and was retired from active service with the rank of major-general, Dec. 31, 1870. He died in Newport. R.L, March 16, 1879. SHERMAN, William Tecumseh, soldier, was born in Lancaster, Ohio, Feb. 8, 1820 ; son of Charles Robert and Mary (Hoyt) Sherman, grand- son of Taylor and Elizabeth (Stoddard) Sherman, and a descendant of Edmond Sherman who emi- grate<^i from Dedliam, Essex county, England, and settled in Boston prior to 16-36. William was adopted by Thomas Ewing, on the death of his father in 1820, attended school at Lancaster, O., until 18.36; was gra'-3. in New York, Pennsylvania, and Canada. He studied under William Mason, Ed- ward Heimburger and Pychowski in the United States and in Europe, 1871-76, with Kullak and Deppe in Berlin, with Richter and Grieg in Leip- zig, and with Liszt in Weimar. He studied organ, musical theory and composition at Stutt- gart, where he become organist in the English church, and later in the English chapel at Berlin. After performing with marked success Beetho- ven's " Emperor Concert " with full orchestra in Berlin, he toured somewhat in Germany, refused various musical offers of the highest standard in Germany and elsewhere and returned to the United States in 1876. He played then with Thomas's orchestra at New Y'ork and at the Phil- adelphia Centennial Exhibition, next with tiie Harvard Musical Association orchestra of Boston and later became director of Sherwood Music School, Chicago. He was married in 1882 to Estelle Florence, daughter of Robert R. and Anna (Elliott) Abrams, of Bro%vnsville, Pa. He was examiner at the conservator}' of Toronto, Canada, and director of the piano department of the Chautauqua New York assembly (Institution). He helped to found the American College of Mu- sicians, and became a member of numerous mu- sical organizations, composer of piano music, editor of various works for the piano, and the autiior of : Music Study and Interpretive Tech- nique (1903). SHIELDS, Charles Woodruff, educator, was born in New Alljany, Ind., April 4, 1825 ; son of James Read and Hannah (Woodruff) Shields, and grandson of Patrick Henry Shields (q.v.). He was graduated at the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1844, A.M., 1847, and at the Princeton Theolo- gical seminary in 1848, was licensed to preach by the presbytery of New Brunswick, N.J. , in 1848, and was ordained by the presbytery of Long Is- land, Nov. 8, 1849. He was pastor of the church at Hempstead, Long Island, N.Y., 1849-50, of the Second Presbyterian church at Philadelphia, Pa., 1850-65 ; was professor of the harmony of science and revealed religion in the College of New Jersey, Princeton, 1866-1903 (serving also as professor of history, 1869-82). and was made j)rofessor emeritus in 1903. He believed in the establishment of an American Catholic church through the organiza- tion of the Congregational, Presbyterian and Episcopal polities as taken from the New Testa- ment, and used his influence to secure the use of the Presbyterian prayer-book of 1661, for churches that requue a liturgy. He was ordained priest in the Protestant Episcopal church, Dec. 13, 1898. He was twice married : first, Nov. 23, 1848, to Charlotte Elizabeth, daughter of Peter Bain of Albany, N.Y". ; and secondly, April 2, 1861, to Elizabeth, daughter of John K. Kane, of Phila- delphia, Pa. He received the lionorary degree of D.D. from the College of New Jersey in 1861, and that of LL.D. from Columbian university, D.C., in 1878. He is the author of : Tlie Book of Common Prayer as amended by the Presbyteridii Divines (1864); an appendix entitled: Liturgia Expurgata (1864) ; Religion and Science in Rela- tion to Philosophy (1875) ; PJiilosophia Ultima (2 vols., 1877 and 1889) ; TJie Order of the Sciences (1882); Essays on Christian Unity ; The Organic Ajfmity of Presbytery and Episcopacy, essay; The Christian Denominations and the Historic Epis- copate, essay (1892) ; Tlie Presbyterian Book of Common Prayer (1893) ; llie United Churches of the United States, essay (1896) ; The Reformer of Geneva (1898), and The Scientific Evidences of Re- vealed Religion (1900). His complete works were subsequentl}' included in six octavo volumes. SHIELDS, James, soldier, was born in Dun- gannon, county Tyrone, Ireland, in 1810. He immigrated to the United States in 1826. and began the practice of law in Kaskaskia, 111., in 1832. He was a representative in the state legis- lature, in 1836 ; state auditor, in 1839 ; judge of the supreme court of Illinois, 1843-45, and was commissioner of the general land office, 1845-46. He was appointed brigadier-general in the U.S. A'olunteer army. July 1. 1846, and commanded Illinois volunteers under Generals Taylor, Wool, and Scott. He was brevetted major-general for services at Cerro Gordo, where he was severely wounded ; commanded a brigade in the opera- tions against the City of Mexico, and was again wounded at Chapultepec. He was mustered out of the volunteer service. July 20, 1848 ; was ter- ritorial governor of Oregon, 1848-49, and U.S. senator from Illinois, 1849-55. He removed to Minnesota Territory, in 1855, and upon the adop- tion of the state constitution, Oct. 13, 1857, he was elected with Henry M. Rice as U.S. senator, drawing the short term and serving from May 12, 1858 to March 3, 1859. He removed to California, and engaged in mining until 1861, when he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, Aug. 19, 1861. Upon the death of Frederick W. Lander (q.v.), March 2, 1862. General Sliields was ap- pointed to tiie command of his division, having been ordered to the valley from Washington, and SHIELDS SHINN he took command, March 7, 1863. He served under Banks and Fremont, in the Shenandoah valley ; engaged Ashby's cavalry in front of Winchester, March 23, 1863 ; commanded the Federal forces at Kernstown, at the opening of the battle, March 23, 1863, where he was severely wounded, and the command devolved on Gen. Nathan Kimball. On recovering from his wounds, he resumed command of his division and was de- feated by Gen. Thomas J. Jackson, at Port Re- public, June 9, 1863 ; withdrew to Front Royal, where he arrived on the 16th and then reported to General McClellan at Harrison's Landing, July 2. 1863, just as the Army of the Potomac had been ordered to evacuate the Peninsula and join Pope's army at Manassas. He resigned his com- mission, March 38, 1863, and returned to Cali- fornia. He removed to CarroUton, Mo. ; practised law and was a representative in the state legis- lature in 1874 and 1879. He died in Ottumwa, Iowa. June 1, 1879. SHIELDS, Patrick Henry, jurist, was born in Pittsylvania county, Va., May 16, 1773; son of James and Elizabeth (Graham) Shields ; grandson of Thomas and Anne (Bayard) Shields, and a de- scendant of Archibald Shields, who settled in Maryland in 1735. He attended Hampden Sid- ney college ; studied law at William and Mary college, and was married, Dec. 6, 1798, to Mary, daughter of the Rev. Clement Nance, and his wife Mary, of eastern Virginia. He practised law in Lexington, Ky., 1801-05, and later in Har- rison county, Indiana Territory'. He was ap- pointed judge of Harrison county in 1808, and held several other judicial positions in the state ; served in the Indian wars in the northwestern territory under William Henry Harrison and was especially prominent as a mounted rifleman at the battle of Tippecanoe, in 1811. He was a dele- gate to the first state constitutional convention, held at Corydon, Ind., in 1816. -He died in New Albany, Ind., June 6, 1848. SHILLABER, Benjamin Penhallow, humorist, was born at Portsmouth. N.H., July 13, 1814; son of William and Sarah Leonard (Sawyer) Shillaber, and grandson of Jonathan and Eunice (Cutts) Sawyer. He attended the common schools and Phillips academy at Exeter, N.H.; served an apprenticeship in a printer's office at Dover, N.H., 1839-30, and was employed in several offices in Boston, Mass., 1833-37, and in Demerara, British Guiana, 1837-39. He was married. May 85, 1838, to Ann Tappan de Rochemont, and worked on the Boston Pout as an assistant editor, 1840-50. He wrote under the pen name of " Mrs. Partington," and about 1847 began a series of stories dealing with her experiences, which made him famous as a humorist. In 1850 he established the Carpet Bag, a humorous publication, and had as his asso- ^^if^^LticM^ ciate editor Charles G. Halpine, " Miles O'Reilly," Charles F. Browne, " Artemus Ward," being a contributor. The paper was short-lived. In 1853 Mr. Shillaber resumed his position with the Bos- ton Post, working on it, 1853-56, and on the Satur- day Evening Gazette, 1856-66. In 1854 a New York publisher of- ered him $3000 and a generous royalty for a collection of his humorous writings, which were brought out in an illustrated volume as "The Life and Sayings of Mrs. Partington," and when the publishers handed him a check for $3000 they notified him that 30,000 copies had been ordered before publication. The success of his books and lectures enabled him to retire from newspaper work in 1866, and he made his liome and workshop in Chelsea, Mass. Besides J7ie Life and Saijings of Mrs. Partington (1853), he is the author of : Mrs. Partington's Carpet Bag of Fun (n.d.); Rhymes With Reason and Without (1855); Knitting Work (1857); Partingtonian Patch-work (1873); Lines in Pleasant Places (1875); Ike and His Friends (1875); Cruises with Captain Bob (1881); Tlie Double-runner Club (1883), and Wide-Swathe verses, (1882). He died in Chelsea, Mass., Nov. 25. 1890. SHINN, Charles Howard, author, was born in Austin, Texas, April 39, 1853 ; son of James and Lucy Ellen (Clark) Shinn ; grandson of John and Mary (Lucas) Shinn, and of Abraham and Mili- cent (Washburn) Clark, and a descendant of John Shinn, one of the proprietaries of New Jer- sey colony, and on the mother's side of Mary Chilton, of the Mayfloiver. He was brought up on a farm ; attended the public schools ; was a student at the Universitj' of California, and was a post-graduate student at Johns Hopkins uni- versity, 1883-84, taking also the A.B. degree there. He was editor of the San Francisco Bid- letin, and special contributor to the New York Post, Times, Tribune, Outlook, etc., after 1879. He taught school, 1874-79, and was business man- ager of the Overland Monthly. 1884-89. He was married, July 31, 1888, to Julia Charlotte, daugh- ter of Asher and Sarah (Worth) Tyler, of Oak- land, Cal. He was inspector of the California Agricultural Experiment stations under the aus- pices of the University of California, 1890-1902, resigning to become as pecial agent of the U.S. bureau of forestry. In October, 1902, the secre- SHINN SHIPP tary of the interior appointed him head forest ranger in the Sierra Reserve, Cal. He was col- laborator for California of the U.S. division of forestry, 1899-1900 ; in 1898 became a collaborator of Bailey's '• Cyclopfedia of American Horticul- ture" (4 vols. ,1900-1902). and is the author of: Pacific Rural Handbook (1879); Load Laws of Mining Districts (1884): Mining Camps (1885); Cooperation on tlie Pacific Coast (1888); Stor7j of a Mine (1897); Intensive Horticulture in Califor- nia (1901): Recent Outdoor Literature (1902); also of many reports and pamphlets published by the Agricultural department of the University of California (1890-1902), and numerous magazine articles. SHINN, George Wolfe, clergyman, was born in Philadelphia. Pa., Dec. 14, 1839 ; son of William Hooton and Sarah (Wolfe) Shinn ; grandson of Isaac and Martha (Jones) Shinn. and of George and Keturah (King) Wolfe. He attended city schools, the Virginia Theological seminary and the Divinity School of the Protestant Episcopal church in Philadelphia, where he was graduated, 1863. He was ordained deacon in 1863 and priest in 1864 ; was assistant at St. Paul's ; rector of the Church of Our Saviour, Philadelphia ; of Trinity church, Shamokin, Pa.; of St. Paul's, Lock Haven. Pa., 1SC7 ; of St. Luke's, Troy, N.Y.; head master of St. Paul's school, Troy, N.Y., 1871, and in 1875 became rector of Grace church, Newton, Mass. He was for many years editor of the Teachers' Assistant and of Whittaker's Series of Sunday-school Leaflets. He was married, Sept. 3, 1863, to Elizabeth, daughter of John and Rachel (Dougherty) Mills, of Philadelphia, Pa. He be- came prominently connected with the Actors Church Alliance in 1900, and was elected a chap- lain of the organization and an honorary vice- president, and in 1902 became president of the Bos- ton Chapter alliance. He organized the Ministers' union of Newton. 1896, of which he was the presi- dent in 1903. He was a member of the Newton school board for twelve years. He received the honorary degree of D.D. from William and Mary college in 1883. His published books include : Manual of Instruction upon the Collects, Epistles and Gospels for tlie Christian Year (1874); Man- ual of the Prayer Book (1875); Manual of Church History (1876); Stories for the Happy Days of Chrvitnias Time (1879) ; Kings Hand-Book of Notable Episcopal Cliurches ; various magazine articles, and two widely-circulated sermons, Tlie Stage as a Teacher and The Tlieatre as a Place of Amusement, vrith other pamphlets relating to the relationship of clinrrh and stage. SHIPMAN, Nathaniel, jurist, was bom in Southbury, Conn.. Aug. 22, 1828 ; son of the Rev. Thomas Leffingwell and Mary (Deming)Shipman ; grandson of Nathaniel and Abigail (Coit) Ship- man, and of David and Abigail (Champion) Dem- ing, and a descendant of Henry Champion, of Saybrook and Lyme. Conn., who emigrated from England and settled in Saybrook as early as 1047. He received his preparatory education in Norwich and in Plainfield, Conn.; was graduated from Yale college, A. B., 1848 ; A.M., 1851 ; studied law ; was admitted to the bar in 1850, and began prac- tice in Hartford, Conn., where he was married. May 25, 1859, to Mary Caroline, daughter of David F. and Anne (Seymour) Robinson, of Hartford. Conn. He was judge of the U.S. district court of Connecticut, 1873-92, and of the second circuit of the U.S. circuit court, 1892-1902, resigning in the latter year on account of failing health. Judge Shipman received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Yale in 1884, and in 1889 became a lecturer in the university on jurisdiction of and procedure in the L'niteil States courts. SHIPMAN, William Davis, jurist, was bora in Chester, Conn., Dec. 29, 1818. He worked on a farm, 1832-41 ; taught school at Springfield, N.J., 1841-42; studied law at Haddam, Conn.; was admitted to the bar in 1850, and practised in Hartford, Conn. ; was elected judge of the probate court in 1852 ; a representative in the state legisla- tui-e in 1853, and was appointed U.S. district at- torney for Connecticut in July, 1853, being re- elected in 1856 for the term expiring in 1859. He was U.S. district judge of Connecticut. 18G0-73 ; and removed to New York in 1873, where he re- sumed his law practice until 1895. He was pro- fessor of jurisprudence at Trinity college. Conn., 1871-74, and received from that institution the honorarj' degree of A.M. in 1858, and that of LL.D. in 1871. He died in Astoria, L.I., N.Y., Sept. 24, 1898. SHIPP, Albert Micajah, educator, was born in Stokes county, N.C., Jan. 15, 1819. He was grad- uated from the University of Nortli Carolina. A.B., 1840, A.M., 1845. In 1841 he was made a member of the South Carolina conference of the Methodist Episcopal chui-ch, and was successively pastor at Charleston, Columbia, Sumter and Cheraw, S.C.,and at Fayette ville. N.C. He was president of the Greensboro Female college. Greensboro, N.C, 1848-50 ; professor of history in the University of North Carolina, 1849-.59. and professor of French there, 1850-53. He declined the chair of English literature in Wofford college. Spartanburg, S.C, in 1853, and was its president. 1859-72. The endowment fund of the college was decreased by the losses of the civil war, but Pres- ident Shipp made vigorous efforts in 1863 and 1869 to recover and increase it. In 1866 Wofford college was endowed with a chair of history and Biblical literature, and later with a school of divinity, which was put in charge of President Shipp. He was professor of exegetical theology SHIPP SHIPPEN in the Biblical department of Vanderbilt uni- versity, at Nashville, Tenn., 1875-85, and suc- ceeded Dr. Thomas O. Summers as dean and vice- chancellor of the university in 1882. He was a delegate to the general conferences of the Metho- dist Episcopal church, 1850-86, and the originator of Biblical professorships in Methodist colleges. He received the degree of D.D. from Randolph- Macon college in 1839, and that of LL.D. from the University of North Carolina in 1883. At the request of the conference of South Carolina he wrote History of Methodism in South Carolina (1883). He died at Cheraw, S.C, July 27, 1887. SHIPP, Barnard, author, was born near Natchez, Miss., April 30,1813; son of William Shipp ; grandson of Richard and Sallie (Turner) Shipp, and of Joseph and Winifred (O'Brien) Barnard, and great-grandson of John and Sallie (Johnson) Shipp. His maternal grandfather emigrated from London, England, and settled in the Natchez district, where he purchased a plantation known as the " Elysian Fields." His father moved from Kentucky to Mississippi in 1803 ; became a successful merchant at Natchez ; and resided at Newcastle, Del., 1813-17. Barnard Shipp attended Capt. Alden Partridge's military academy at Norwich, Vt. (afterward Norwich university), until 1837, when he went to Lexing- ton, Ky., and attended the school for boys under the Rev. Benjamin O. Peers. In 1833 he returned to Natchez, and in 1830 removed to Harrisburg, Ky. He attended Yale for a short time, and finally settled in Natchez. He traveled exten- sively in Europe, 1854-57. He began writing verses for the newspapers in 1828, and in 1848 published a small volume called Fame and Other Poems. He is also the author of : The Progress of Freedom (1850); De Soto and Florida, 1513-6S (1881) ; The Indians and Antiquities of America (1897), and a translation of Richelefs French ver- sion of " Garcilasso's Conquest of Florida " from the original Spanish, SHIPP, Scott, educator, was born at Warren- ton, Va., Aug. 2. 1839 ; son of John and Lucy Blackwell (Scott) Shipp ; grandson of Edmund Shipp. and of Charles Robert and Lucinda (Staunton) Scott. He was educated at Warren Green academy, Va.; at Westminster college, Fulton, Mo., and at the Virginia Military insti- tute, where he was graduated in 1859. He was married, Aug. 19, 1869, to Anne Alexander, daughter of Arthur Alexander and Maria (Scott) Morson, of Richmond, Va. He was subsequently assistant professor of mathematics, 1859-60, and of Latin. 1860-61, at the Virginia Military insti- tute ; lieutenant, captain, major and lieutenant- colonel, C.S.A.; and was ordered in 1862 by Con- federate secretary of war to report as comman- dant of cadets at the Virginia Military institute. He commanded cadets at the battle of New Mar- ket, where he was wounded, and after the war he was admitted to the bar. He was reappointed to the Virginia Military college ; declined the presi- dency of the Agricultural and Mechanical col- lege ; was made a member of the board of visitors of the U.S. Military academy, 1890, and president of the board of visitors of the U.S. Naval acad- emy, 1894, He received the degree of Litt.D., 1888, and that of LL.D. in 1890 from Washington and Lee university, Va. SHIPPEN, Edward, merchant, was born in Boston, Mass., July 9, 1703 ; son of Joseph and Abigail (Gross) Shippen ; grandson of Edward and Elizabeth (Lybrand) Shippen, and of Thomas Gross. His paternal grandfather came from Yorkshire, England, to Boston, Mass., in 1668; engaged in mercantile pursuits ; joined the Quakers, sharing in their persecutions, and re- moved to Philadelphia, Pa., in 1693, where he filled several local offices, serving as first mayor of that city, 1701-03. Edward attended the com- mon schools of Boston, engaged in business in partnership with James Logan, and subsequently established the firm of Shippen and Lawrence, fur traders. He was married to Sarah Plumley. He was mayor of Boston, 1744-45, and became judge of the court of common pleas in 1745. He settled at Lancaster, Pa. ; was prothonotary, 1753-88 ; served as paymaster of supplies for the army in Pennsylvania under the crown, for several years ; was chief burgess of Lancaster, and county judge of the province of Pennsyl- vania, He was president of the committee or- ganized to correspond with the Philadelphia com- mittee in 1776, constituted to obtain information regarding the sentiment of the people of Penn- sylvania on British encroachment. He was one of the founders of the College of New Jersey in 1746, and a trustee, 1748-67 ; a founder of the Pennsylvania hospital and the American Philo- sophical society, and financially aided the Phil- adelphia academy, which became the University of Pennsylvania. He died in Lancaster, Pa., Sept. 35, 1781. SHIPPEN, Edward, jurist, was born in Phil- adelphia, Pa., Feb. 16, 1739; son of Edward, merchant (q.v.), and Sarah (Plumley) Shippen. He received a liberal education, studied law imder Tench Francis in Philadelphia, 1746-48, and afterward at the Middle Temple, London, England, and was admitted to the Philadelphia bar in 1748, He was judge of the admiralty for the province of Pennsylvania, 1753-65 ; one of the committee appointed to check the uprising of the Paxton brothers in 1755. and was prothonotary of the supreme court of the state, 1762-78. He served in the provincial council of Pennsylvania, 1770-75, and by its order, his loyalty being doubted SniPPEN SHIRAS he was forMa len ail}- coinnmnicatiou with tlie British during tlie Revolutioniir.v war and allow- ed to depart only a specified distance from his home. He was judge of the higli court of ap- peals of Pennsylvania, 1784-89; justice for the dock ward and of tlie court of quarter sessions of Pliiladelpliia in 178."j : justice of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, 1701-90, and its chief justice, 179'J-lsOG. He married Peggy Francis of Pliiladelphia, and their daughter Margaret (17G0- 1^04) hecame tlie second wife of Benedict Arnold. He received the degree LL.D. from the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, in 1790, and was a trustee of that institution. 1791-1806. He was a member of the American Philosophical society, 17GS, and is tlie author of the first law reports of Pennsyl- vani 1. He died in Pliiladelpliia, April 16, 1806. SHIPPEN, William, delegate, was born in Philadelpliia. Pa., Oct. 1, 1712; son of Joseph and Abigail (Gross) Shippen. He was educated in Europe, and prepared himself for the medical professi(m, settling in practice in his native city, wliere he was particularly successful. He was married, Sept. 19. 183.5. to Susannah, daughter of Joseph and Katherine (Noble) Harrison of Philadelphia, and made his home at Germantown, Pa., being one of the largest landowners in the district. He was a founder of the Philadelphia academy, now the University of Pennsylvania, and one of its trustees, 1749-79. He was also in- strumental in establisliing the Pennsylvania ho.spital, serving as its physician, 17.5.3-78, and was one of the founders of tlie First Presbyterian cliurcli in Philadelphia in 1742, and a member for seventy years. He was a member of the Junto, and became vice-president of the American Pliilo- sophical society in 1768. He was a delegate to the Continental congress from Pennsylvania, serving 1778-80. He died in Germantown, Pa., N(.v. 4. 1801. SHIPPEN, William, physician, was born in Philadelphia, Pa.. Dec. 21, 1730 ; son of Dr. Wil- liam (q.v.) and Susannah (Harrison) Shippen. He was graduated at the College of New Jersey, A.B,, 1754, A.M., 1757 ; began the study of medi- cine under his father, 1754-58 ; continued under Drs. John and 'Williara Hunter, and Dr. Mc- Kenzie in London, and was graduated at the University of Edinburgh, M.D., 1761. He was married about 1762, to Alice, daughter of Tliomas and Hannah (Leedwell) Lee of Virginia. Upon liis return to Philadelphia in 1762, he delivered a series of anatomical lectures to twelve students, and engaged in practice. He helped to organize the first medical school in America connected with the College of Philadelphia, and was pro- fessor of anatomy and surgery tliere. 1765-1780. He entered the Continental arm}' as head surgeon of the Flying Camp, July 15, 1776 ; was elected by congress, " director-general of all the military hospitals" April 11, 1777, and I'esigned Jan. 3, 1781, having been accused, tried and acquitted before a military court for dishonest conduct. He succeeded liis fatlier as physician to tlie Pennsyl- vania hospital, serving 1778-79 and 1791-1802 ; occupied the chair of anatomy, surgery and mid- wifery in the Medical Department of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, 1780-90, and of anatomy, 1791-1806. He was an honorary member of the Massachusetts Medical society, a member of the American Philosophical society, and its curator and secretary-, and a trustee of the College of New Jersey, 1765-96. He has been called the father of medical science in the United States. He died in Germantown, Pa., July 11, 1808. SHIRAS, George, Jr., jurist, was born at Pitts- burg, Pa., Jan. 26, 1832 ; son of George and Eliza (Herron) Shiras ; grandson of George and Han- nah (Perry) Sliiras and of Francis and Elizvbeth (Blaine) Herron. He matriculated at Ohio uni- versity, Athens, Ohio; was graduated from Yale in 1853, and at- tended the Yale Law school, 1854. He was admitted to the bar in 1856, and practised law in Pittsburg, tak- ing high standing in the legal profession. He was married, Dec. 31, 1857, to Lillie E., daughter of Robert and Charlotte (Ham- bright) Kennedy of Pittsburg, Pa. In 1881, when a deadlock occurred in the Pennsylvania legislature over the election of a U.S. senator, it was decided by a ma- jority of two to elect Mr. Sliiras, but the vote was reconsidered and John J. Mitchell was elected in- stead. On July 19, 1892, he was appointed by Pres- ident Harrison, an associate justice of the U.S. supreme court to succeed Joseph P. Bradley, de- ceased, and he took the oath of oflSce, Oct. 10, 1892. On Feb. 18, 1903, he resigned from the supreme bench, his resignation taking effect Feb. 24, when William R. Day (q.v.) was ap- pointed his successor. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him b}' Yale in 1883. SHIRAS, Oliver Perry, jurist, was born in Pittsburg, Pa., Oct. 22, 1833; .sou of George and Eliza (Herron) Shiras; grandson of George and Hannah (Perry) Shiras and of Francis and Eliza- beth (Blaine) Herron. He was graduated from Ohio university, Athens, Ohio, A.B., 18.53, A.M., 18.50, and from Yale Law school, LL.B., 1856, removing to Dubuque, Iowa, where he was ad- -ov^,e- ovCt,^TPoj Ir SHIRLAW SHORT mitted to the bar in August, 1856. He was mar- ried, Feb. 26, 1857, to Elizabeth, daughter of Katharine and Elizabeth (Tabb) Mitchell of Springfield, Ohio. He served as aid and judge advocate on Maj.-Gen. F. J. Herron's staff, in Missouri. Arkansas and Louisiana, 1862-64 ; re- sumed the practice of law in Dubuque, and was appointed U.S. judge of the northern district of Iowa, Aug. 4, 1882. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Yale in 1886. Judge Shiras is the author of : Equity Practice in Circuit Courts of the United States. SHIRLAW, Walter, artist, was born in Paisley, Scotland, Aug. 6, 1838. He came to the United States in 1840 ; became a bank-note en- graver, and in 1861 exhibited at the National Academy. In 1868 he became a member of the Cliicago Academy of Design. He studied with noted artists in Munich, 1870-77, his specialty being genre pictures, although later he was known as a decorator and illustrator. He was one of the founders and the first president of the Society of American Artists ; a teacher of com- position at the Art Students' League, N.Y. ; was made an associate of the National Academy, 1887, and an Academician, 1888. His paintings include: The Toning of the Bell (1874); Sheep- Shearingin the Bavarian Highlands (1876), which won honorable mention at the Paris Exhibition, 1878 ; Good Morning (1876) ; Indian Girl and Venj Old (1880); Gossip (1884); and Jealousy (1S8G). SHOEMAKER, Michael Myers, author, was born in Covington. Ky., June 26. 18-53; son of Robert Myers and Mary Colegate (Steiner) Shoe- maker ; grandson of Maj. Robert and Catherine (Myers) Shoemaker and of Capt. Henry and Rachel (Murray) Steiner, and a descendant of Lieut. Thomas " Schumacher" who landed in 1710, and of Capt. Hanyoost Herkimer who lanJed 1718. He attended the public schools ; matriculated at Cornell university in the class of 1874, leaving at the end of his second year, and immediately began a life of travel for the pur- pose of studying the different nationalities of the world. He is the autlior of : Eastivard to the Land of Mor7iing {XSd'S) ; Kingdom of the IMiite Woman (1894) : Sealed Provinces of the Tsar (1895); Island of the Southern Seas {1891:) ; Quaint Corners of Ancient Empires. (ISdQ); Palccces and Prisons of Mary, Queen of Scots (1901); and Tlie Great Siberian Railway, SHORT, Charles, educator, was born in Haver- hill, Mass.,^ May 28. 1821 ; son of Charles and Rebecca (George) Short and grandson of Joseph Short, of Newburyport, Mass. He attended Phillips academy, Andover, was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1846. A.M., 1849. and completed a post graduate course there in 1847. He was prin- cipal of the Classical public s'^hool at Roxbury Mass., and of a private classical school in Phil- adelphia, Pa., 1847-03. He was president and professor of mental and moral philosophy in Kenyon college, Ohio, 1863-67, and professor of Latin in Columbia college. New York cit}-, 1868- 86. He served as a member of the American committee on the I'evision of the New Testament and was made secretary of the committee. He was a member of the principal learned societies in the United States and received the degree LL.D. from Kenj'on college in 1868. A tablet was erected to his memory in St. Thomas's church, New York city. He contributed to periodical literature, edited and revised Scliinitz and Zumpt's " Advanced Latin Exercises " (1860) ; Mitchell's new " Ancient Geography " ana with Charlton T. Lewis, Andrew S. Freund's "Latin Lexicon '' (1876). He made translations from the German for Herzog's " Real Encyclopaedia " (1860), and is the autlior of an essay " On the Order of Words in Attic-Greek Prose " prefixed to Yonge's English-Greek Lexicon (1870) and one of the authors of " Harper's Latin Lexicon." He died in New York city, Dec. 24, 1886. SHORT, Charles Wilkins, botanist, was born in Woodford county, Ky.. Oct. 6, 1794; son of Maj. Peyton and Maria (Symmes) Sliort, and grandson of the Hon. John Cleves and Anna (Tuthill) Symmes. He was graduated at Tran- sylvania university, A.B., 1810, A.M., 1813, and at the University of Pennsylvania, M.D. , in 1815. He engaged in practice in Woodford county, 1815-25 ; was professor of materia medica and medical botany in Transylvania university, 1825- 37 ; and active in establishing the medical school of the University of Louisville in 1838, where he was a professor, 1838-49. He made a botanical collection, which he left in his will to the Smith- sonian Institution, and it was afterward trans- ferred to the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. He was an associate editor of the Transylvania Journal of Medicine, 1828-39, and the author of: Plants of Kentucky with Dr. Robert Peter and Henry A. Griswold. He died in Louisville. Ky.. ^March 7, 1863. SHORT, John Thomas, historian, was born at Gallon, Ohio. May 1, 1850. He was graduated from the Ohio Wesleyan university. A.B., 1868, A.M., 1871 ; Drew Theological seminary, B.D., 1871, and the Ohio State university. Ph.D., 1883. He entered the Cincinnati conference. 1872 ; was manned to Ella Critchfield of Columbus, Ohio, Oct. 29, 1872 ; was pastor in Ohio at Davidson Chapel, Dayton, 1872 ; Mt. Auburn. (Mncinnati. 1873 ; and Avondale. 1874 ; studied in Leipzig, Germany, 1875. and received the degrees of A.M. and Ph.D. from the University there in 1880. He was professor of history and English literature SHORT SHOUP at the Ohio Wesley;in university, 1876-77 ; adjunct professor of history ami phiiosopliy in the Ohio State university, 1870-8'3,ana professor of Englisli and liistory in tlie Ohio State university, 1881-83. He was a member of several historical societies in Europe and America. He prepared the article on " Oliio " for the Encyclopedia Britannica (1881); edited McClintock's " Lectureson :\Iethod- ology " (187-2) and is tlie author of : Tltc Last Glad- iatorial Show (1871); Symbolism of the Pnxhri:- tian Cross (1875); Xortk Americans of Antiquity (1880): Ohio: a Sketch of Industrial Progress and Historical Reference Lists for the Students in Ohio University (1882). He died at Columbus, Oliio. Nov. 11. 1SS3. SHORT, William, diplomatist, was born in Si)ring Garden, Suny county. Va.. Sept. 30, 17.>9; son of Col. AVilliam and Elizabeth (Skip- with) Short; grandson of William Sliort, of Surry county, and a descendant of William Short, an early emigrant to Virginia. He was graduated at the College of William and Mary, 1779 ; served as a member of the governor's council, 1783, and went to France with Jefferson in 1784, as secre- tary of legation. He was appointed by President Washington charge d'affaires, S'pt. 20. \1'<9 ; was commissioned April 20, 1790 ; transferred to The Hague as U.S. minister resident, Jan. 16, 1794. and to Madrid as commissioner plenipotentiary, Dec. 19, 1792, with William Carmichael, charge d'affaires at Madrid, to adjust the boundary lines of Florida and Mississippi, the question of navi- gation on the Mississippi river and other com- merce questions. He became U.S. minister res- ident at Madrid and sole commissioner, May 28, 1794. Carmichael having returned to the United States, and he concluded the several treaties wliich were signed, Oct. 27, 1795. He visited Paris in November, 1795, and then returned to tl>e United States. His state pai>ers were valuable contributions to the history of the relations be- tween Spain and the United States. Hisbi'other, Peyton Short, was a Kentucky state senator, 1792- 96. William Short never married, and he died in Pliiladelphia. Pa.. Dec. 5, 1849. SHORTER, John Gill, governor of Alabama, was born in Monticello, Ga., April 23, 1818; son of Dr. Reuben Clarke and Mary (Gill) Shorter. His grandfather was a native of Virginia. He was gradu- ated at the University of Georgia, A.B., 1837, A.M., 1840; removed to Irwinton, Barbour county, Ala., witli lis parents, where lie studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1838. He settled in practice in Eufaula, Ala., and was api)ointed solicitor of the judicial circuit in 1842. He was married Jan. 4, 1843, to Mary J., daughter of Dr. Cullen and Jane (Lamon) Battle of Eufaula ; was a state senator, 1845-47 ; a state representative from Barbour county in the Alabama legislature in 1851, and was appointed judge of the circuit court of the state by Governor Collier in 1851, to fill tlie vacancy caused by the resignation of Judge Goldthwaite. He was elected for a term of si.x; years in 1852, and re-elected in 1858, serving until 1801, when he was sent as commissioner from Alabama to Georgia to urge the legislature of that state to co-operate in the movement for secession ; was a delegate from Alabama in the provisional congress of the Con- federate States at Montgomery, 1861, and was elected governor of Alabama in the same year, defeating T. H. Watts of Montgomery. He served as governor until the close of his official term, Januaiy, 1804. wlien he resumed his law practice. He died in Eufaula. Ala., May 29. 1872. SHOUP, Francis Asbury, soldier, was born in Laurel, Ind., ]\Iarcli 22, 1834 ; son of George and Jaue (Con well) Shoup ; grandson of Joel and Virginia (Grove) Shoup and of James and Mary (King) Con well. He was graduated from the U.S. Military academj- in 1855, and promoted brevet 2d lieutenant of artillery, and was commissioned od lieutenant, Dec. 16, 1855. He served in gar- rison at Key West, Fla., 1855-56, and at Fort Moultrie, S.C, 1856; engaged in Florida hostil- ities against the Seminole Indians, 1856-88 ; again in garrison at Fort Moultrie, 1858 ; on leave of absence, 1858-60, and resigned. 1860. He studied law and practised in Indianapolis, Ind., and St. Augustine, Fla., then joined the Confedeiate States army and rose to the rank of brigadier- general in 1862. He commanded the 3d brigade in Smith's division, Pemberton's corps, in the defence of Vicksburg, and was chief of artilleiy to Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in the Dalton cam- paign and the defence of Atlanta. He was pro- fessor of applied mathematics at the University of Mississippi, 1800-08. and later was professor of mathematics at tlie University of the South at Sewanee, Tenn. lie took orders in the Protestant Episcopal church in 186S ; was first chaplain of the University of tlie South, 1869-71 ; was rector at Waterford, N.Y., 1875-77 ; Nashville, Tenn., 1877-80; Jackson, Tenn., 1880-81, and New Orleans, La., 1881 to 1883. He was again at the University of the South as professor of metaphy- sics, 1883-96. He was married June 29, 1871, to. Esther Habersham, daughter of the Rt. Rev. Stephen and Charlotte (Barnwell) El well of Soutli Carolina. In 1878 he received the degree of D.D. from the University of the South. He is the author of: Infantry Tactics (1862); Artillenj Division Drill (1804); Elements of Algebra (1874) and Mechanism and Personality (1889). He died at Columbia, Tenn., Sept. 4, 1896. SHOUP SHRADY SHOUP, George Laird, senator, was born at Kittanniug, Pa., June 15, 1836; a descendant of German ancestors, who settled in Pennsylvania and served in the wars of the Revolution and 1812. He was educated in the public schools of Freeport and Slatelick, Pa., engaged in stock- farming near Galesburg, 111., 1852-o9 ; in mining and mercantile pursuits in Colorado, 1859-61 ; joined a conipanj' of Independent Scouts of Col- orado volunteers in 1861 ; served in New Mexico and Colorado, 1862-63 ; rose to the rank of colonel, third Colorado cavalry, September, 1864 ; and was granted leave of absence for thirtj' days in 1864 to attend the state constitutional convention. He established stores at Virginia City, Mont., and at Salmon City, Ida., 1866. He frequently declined the position of territorial delegate in congress ; was a representative in the 8th and 10th sessions of the territorial legislature and was delegate to the Republican national convention of 1880 ; a member of the Republican national committee, 1880-84, and again in 1888 ; U.S. com- missioner for Idaho at the exposition at New Orleans, La., 1884-85; governor of Idaho Ter- ritory, 1889-90 ; the' first governor of the state of Idaho from October, 1890, and a Republican U.S. senator from Dec. 29, 1890, to March 3, 1901. He was defeated for re-election in 1900 by Fred T. Du- bois, Silver Republican, supported by Democrats and Populists. SHOWALTER, Joseph Baltzell, represent- ative, was born near Sniithlield, Pa., Feb. 11, 1851 ; son of Levi and Elizabeth (Baltzell) Sho- walter ; grandson of John and Sarah (Bowers) Sho waiter, and a descendant of Oolrich Showalter, of Germany, who landed in America. 1751, and settled in Lancaster county. Pa., and Rocking- ham county, Va. He was educated in the public schools and at George's Creek academy ; was mar- ried, March 25, 1879, to Ella M., daughter of David McKee ; taught school for six j'ears in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Indiana and Illi- nois ; engaged in the oil business in Butler count}% Pa., where he owned extensive petroleum and natural gas interests ; studied in Long Island College Hospital, Brooklyn ; was graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Balti- more ; practised medicine for several years at Chicora, Pa. ; was a member of the Peimsylvania house of representatives, 1886-88, and was elected to the state senate, 1888-92, where he secured the passage of the medical examiners' bill and other important measures, one of which was his found- ing the home for tlie training in speech of deaf children under school age in Philadelphia, Pa., and was made a trustee in that institution at its organization. He ^.^as a Republican representa- tive from the twenty-fifth Pennsylvania district in the 55th, 56th, and 57th congresses, 1897-1903, and served on the committees on railways and canals, public buildings and grounds, and labor. SHRADY, George Frederick, surgeon and editor, was born in New York city, Jan. 14, 1837 ; son of John and Margaret (Beinhauer) Shrady ; grandson of John and Anna Barbara (Appley) Shrady, and of Frederick and Sophia (Ziess) Beinhauer. His paternal great-grandfather, from Baden-Baden, German}^ settled in New York city in 1735. His grandfathers both took part in the Revolutionary war, and his father served in the war of 1812. He attended private schools and the College of the City of New York, and was graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons (Columbia university), New York city, in 1858, and from the surgical division of the New York hospital, in 1859, commencing practice in New York city. He was married first, Dec. 19, 1860, to Mary, daughter of John and Catharine (Osterhoudt) Lewis, of New York city, who died in 1883 ; and he was married secondly. Dec. 19, 1888, to Hester Ellen, daughter of :\Iartin and Lydia (Elmendorf) Cantine, of Ulster county, N.Y. Dr. Shrady served as acting assistant sur- geon to the U. S. army, Central Park Hospital, New York city, and on the battlefield during the civil war ; edited the American Medical Times, 1860-64, and was editorial founder of the Medical Record, and its editor-in-chief from 1806. He at- tended President Grant in his final illness as con- sulting surgeon ; was consulting surgeon in the case of President Garfield in 1881, and also by cable in the case of Emperor Frederick, of Ger- many, in 1888. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred upon him by Yale, in 1869. He was attending and consulting surgeon in several of the New York hospitals ; a trustee of the Hudson River State Hospital for the Insane, at Pough- keepsie, N.Y. ; a fellow of the American and New- York academies of medicine ; secretary of the New York Pathological society, 1861-79, and its: president in 1883-84 ; president of the Practi- tioners' Society of New York, 1886-87, and of the American Medical Editors' association, 1881. and a member of various national, state, and county societies. He is the author of : Pine Ridge Papers- in the Medical Record (1879), and various papers on subjects relating to his profession, contrib- uted to popular magazines and medical period- icals. He was largely instrumental in his edi- torial work in reconciling merely doctrinal dif- ferences in medical practice and was foremost in advocating freedom of consultations with mem- bers of the different legally recognized schools of medicine. SHRADY, Henry Merwin, sculptor, was born in New York city, Oct. 24. 1871 ; son of Dr. George Frederick (q.v.) and Mary (Lewis) Shrady. He was graduated from Columbia university, A.B., SHREVE SHUBRICK 1894, and at once opened a studio and engaged in sculpture in which he had long been interested. He was married. Nov. 18, 1896, toHarrieEldridge, daughter of Henry Thomas and Julia Ehiiira Grant (Stewart) Moore of New York city. He soon won recognition, at first with small pieces chiefly in bronze, and later with more important works, including a mammoth bison exhibited at the Pan-.Vmeriean exposition, Buffalo, N.Y.,1901, In 1901 he was awarded the contract to erect his Washington statue in Brooklyn, N.Y., an eques- trian work costing $50,000, and on Feb. 5, 1903, his design for the memorial to General Grant to be erected in Washington, D.C., made in compe- tition with twenty-two other sculptors, was adopted by the committee. His designs for the monument represented Grant on horseback ap- parently reviewing troops, the equestrian statue cast in bronze surmounting a pedestal standing in the centre of a marble plaza, the latter being 26'3J feet in length and 69 feet in depth. At either end of the marble platform, a subsidiary array group, also in bronze, is placed, and at each of the four corners, a lifesize bronze lion. SHREVE, Henry Miller, inventor, was born in Burlington county, N.J., Oct. 31, 1785. He re- moved to western Pennsylvania with his parents, and in ISIO became captain of a freight vessel on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. He served in the war of 1812-14, carrying supplies to Fort St. Philip, and under General Jackson at New Or- leans, where he commanded the field piece that repulsed Sir John Keane's division. He was cap- tain of the Enterprise, the first steam vessel to make the run through the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, from New Orleans, La., to Louisville, Ky.. in 1815. He constructed the steamboat Wash- ington in 1816, which was used for the first time in March, 1817. and he made it better fitted for practical use tlian the boat designed by Fulton, an improvement in the fire-box alone saving almost half the fuel. Mr. Fulton and the Living- stons brought infringement suits against Mr. Shreve, which were finally settled in his favor. He was U.S. superintendent of western river im- provements. 1826-40, and succeeded in opening the Red River to navigation with the help of his snag boat HdiopoUs, which he built in 1829. He also invented a steam marine battering-ram for harbor defence in 1829. He died in St. Louis, Mo.. March 6. 1854. SHUBRICK, Edward Rutledge, naval officer, was born at Bull's Island, S.C, in 1794 ; son of Col. Thomas Shubrick, an officer in the Con- tinental army, and brother of Capt. William Branford and Commanders John Templar and Irvine Shubrick (q. v.). He was warranted mid- shipman in the U.S. navy, Jan. 16, 1807 ; was at- tached to the President under Com. John Rod- gers, 1812-15; was commissioned lieutenant, Oct, 9, 1813, and promoted commander, April 24. 1828. He commanded the Vincennes of the West India squadron, 1830-33; was promoted captain, Feb. 9, 1831, and commanded the Columbia of the Brazilian squadron, 1842-44. He died at sea, March 12. 1814. SHUBRICK, Irvine, naval officer, was born on Bull's Island, S.C, in 1798; son of Col. Thomas Shubrick. He was warranted midshipman, May 12, 1814, and was with his brother, Lieut. John T. Shubrick (q. v.), on the President, when cap- tured, Jan. 15, 1815, and carried to Bermuda a prisoner of war. In the Algerian war he was again with his brother in the Guerriere, but did not leave that vessel when his brother assumed com- mand of the Epervier to carry the treaty to the United States. He was attached to the Hornet in the West Indies, 1821-23 ; was commissioned lieu- tenant, Jan. 13, 1825 ; was executive officer of the Potomac on the Pacific station, 1831-34, and was commended for his bravery in leading the landing party, Feb. 6, 1832, in de.stroying the tovi'n of Quallah Battoo, Sumatra, to avenge the plundering of the American ship Friendship in 1831, by Malay pirates. He was promoted com- mander, Sept. 8, 1841, and commanded the Sara- toga in the Brazil station, 1844-47, and was on shore duty as inspector at the U.S. navy yard, Philadelphia, 1848-49. His son, Passed Midship- man Thomas Branford Shubrick (1825-1847), of tlie U.S.S. 3Iississippi, lost his life while point- ing a gun of the naval battery bombarding Vera Cruz, Mexico, March 25, 1847. Commander Shubrick died in Wilmington, Del., April 5, 1849. SHUBRICK, John Templer, naval officer, was born on Bull's Island, S.C, Sept. 12. 1788 ; son of Col. Thomas Shubrick. He attended the private school of the Rev. Thomas Thaciier at Dediiam, Mass., and studied law in the office of Colonel Drayton in Ciiarleston, 1804-06. He was war- ranted mid.shipman in the U.S. navy, June 20, 1806, and served in the Chesajjeake on the Medi- terranean station, 1800-08, witne.ssing the capture of the Leopard. He was attached to tlie Argus, 1808-09 ; served on board the United States and the Viper on the southern Atlantic coast in 1810, and the Siren in 1811, where he performed the duties of 1st lieutenant. He was commissioned lieutenant. May 20, 1812 ; was attached to the frigate Constitution, in her escape from the Brit- isii squadron, July 17-20, 1812 ; commanded the guns on the quarter-deck in the capture of the Guerriere, and took a prominent part in the action and capture of the Java. Dec. 29. 1812. He was attached to the Hornet in January, 1813, where he served as 1st lieutenant, in the capture of the Peacock, Feb. 24, 1813 ; and transferred to the United States, under Commodore Decatur. He SHUBRICK SHUFELDT was married in 1814 to Elizabeth Matilda Lud- low, of New York city. He was executive officer of the President when captured by the British eNGAGEMENT BETWEEN TVt CQNSTITunON AND o New York state militia for thirty-five years : and aided in organizing the 7th New York regiment in whicli he was captain twenty-eight years. He became an associate of the National Academy of Design in 1831. and an Academician in 1832, and received a gold palette for the best miniature portrait in the art exhibi- tion of the New York state fair in 1844. The subjects of his many portraits include : Henry Clay, Judge Storrs. Colonel Wadsworth. Daniel Webster, members of the Trumbull family, and a large head of Napoleon IIL, from life (1838). He died in New York city. May 6, 1884. SHUNK, Francis Rawn, governor of Pennsyl- vania, was born at the Trappe, Montgomery county, Pa., Aug. 7, 178S ; son of John and Elizabeth (Rawn) Sliunk ; grandson of Francis and great-grandson of Caspar Shunck. who immi- grated fiom the palatinate of the Rhine, Germany, about 1715, and of Caspar Rawn, a native of the same palatinate. He was employed on his father's farm from early boy- hood : was largely self-edu- cated, attended a local school in the Trappe and taught school, 1803-12. at the same pursuing a course of study and working at home in the summer. He was clerk to Andrew Porter, surveyor-general of Pennsylvania, at Har- risburg, 1812-14; studied law under Thomas Elder of that city, and served in the defences of Balti- more, Md., in 1814. He was admitted to the bar in 1816; was an assistant and subsequently chief clerk of the state house of representatives. 1822-29; secretary of the board of canal commissioners of Pennsylvania ; and secretary of state under Gov- ernor Porter, 183&-42. He practised law in Pitts- burg, Pa., 1842-44, and was elected Democratic governor of Pennsylvania for two terms, serving from 1845 to July 9, 1848, when he resigned on ac- count of ill health. He was married, Dec. 14, 1820, to Jane, daughter of William Findlay, governor of Pennsylvania, and Agnes Irwin, both of Franklin county, Pa. Their son, William Findlay Shunk, was chief engineer of the elevated roads. New Y'ork and Brooklyn, and author of : "A Prac- tical Treatise on Railway Curves " (1854); "The Field Engineer" (1881), and their grandson. Capt. Francis Rawn Shunk, was graduated from the U.S. Military academy in 1887, and on July 5, 1898, was assigned to the battalion of engineers. Gov- ernor Shunk died in Harrisburg, Pa., July 30, 1848. SHURTLEFF SIBLEY SHURTLEFF, Nathaniel Bradstreet, anti^ quarian, was born in Boston, Mass., June 29, 1810; son of Dr. Benjamin and Sally (Shaw) Shurtleflf ; grandson of Benjamin and Abigail (Atwood) Sliurtleff, and a descendant of William Shurtleff of Plymouth and Marshfield, Mass. He attended the Boston public schools, and the Round Hill school at Northampton, Mass., and was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1831, A.M., 1834, and M.D., 1834. He was demonstrator at Harvard, 1835-36 ; subsequently settled in prac- tice in Boston, succeeding to his father's exten- sive practice after the latter's death in 1847, and was married. July 18, 1836, to Sarah Eliza, daughter of Hiram Smith of Boston. He devoted much time to literary work ; was appointed by the secretary of state to take charge of the print- ing of the " Massachusetts Colony Records" and the " New Plymouth Colony Records," serving, 1853-58, and was mayor of Boston, 1868-70. He was corresponding secretary of the New England Historic Genealogical society in 1850, and its vice-president, 1851-52 ; a member of the Mass- achusetts Historical society ; American Philoso- phical society ; American Antiquarian society ; American Statistical association, and American Academy of Sciences, and an lionorary member of the London Society of Antiquarians, He was a member of the board of overseers of Harvard, 1852-61 and 1863-69, and secretary of the board, 1854-74 ; and received the honoi-ary degree A.M., from Brown and from the University of Illinois in 1834, and that of M.D. in 1843 from Shurtleflf college, Alton, 111,, named in honor of his father, a generous contributor to its support. He edited several numbers of the New England Historical and Genealogical Register, and Records of the Col- ony of Xew Plymouth in Neiv England, with David Pulsifer (11 vols., 1855-61), and is the author of: Epitome of Phrenology (1835); Perpetual Calen- dar for Old and Neio Style (1848); Passengers of the '' 3Iayflou'er" in 1620 (184&); Brief Notice of William Shurtleff of Marshfield (1850); Genealog- ical Memoir of the Family of Elder Tliomas Leavett of Boston (1850); TImnder and Lightning, and Deaths in Marshfield in 1658 and 1666 (1850); Records oftlie Governor of and Company of the 3Iassachitsetts Bay in New England, 162S-16S6 (5 vols., 1853-54); Decimal System for Libraries (1856) , and Memoir of the Inaiigui'ation of the Statue of Franklin (1857). He died in Boston, Mass.. Oct. 17. 1874. SHURTLEFF, Roswell Morse, artist, was born in Rindge, N.H,, June 14, 1838 ; son of Dr. Ashael Dewey and Eliza (Morse) Shurtleflf ; grand- son of Ashael and Sarah (Dewey) Shurtleflf and of Isaac and Myriam (Spoflfovd) Blorse and a de- scendant of William Shurtleflf. who came from Yorkshire, England, to Plymouth, Mass., in 1628, and of Anthony Morse, who immigrated to Mass- achusetts from England in 1635. His paternal grandfather served in the wars of 1S12 and the Revolution. After his father's death in 1840, the family settled in Berlin, Mass., where he attended the common schools. He was graduated from Dartmouth college, B.S., 1857 ; served as clerk in an architect's office at Manchester, N.H., in 1857, and removed to Buffalo, N.Y. , where he worked at lithography, 1858-59. He attended the even- ing classes of the Lowell Institute at Boston, Mass., and was employed during the day at draw- ing on wood by John Andrews, a prominent en- graver. He studied at the National Academy of Design, New York city, 1859, and engaged as an illustrator of periodicals, 1860-61. He enlisted in the 99th New York volunteers, April 16, 1861 ; was promoted lieutenant and adjutant in his company, and was shot and taken prisoner, July 19, 1861, being the first officer in the Union army to meet that misfortune. He was confined in the hospitals and prisons of the Confederate States for eight months, when he was released on parole and resumed magazine illustrating and wood en- graving. He was married, June 14, 1867, to Clara E,, daughter of Joseph B, and Eleanor (Carrier) Halliday of Hartford, Conn. ; opened a studio in New York city in 1870, and began to make oil paintings of animals, later devoting himself to landscape in both water-color and oil. He be- came an associate of the National Academy of Design in 1881, an Academician in 1890, and a member of the Water Color society. His oil paintings include : Tlie Wolf at the Door (1878); A Race for Life, in the Smith College Art gallery (1878); On the Alert (1879); Autumn Gold (1880); Gleams of Sunshine (1881); A Song of Summer Woods (1886) ; and Silent Woods, in the Metropol- itan Art museum (1892); Mid-Day in 3Iid-Sum- 77ier(1899); his water colors, Harvest Time (1881); Basin Barhor , Lake Champlain (1881); The Morn- ing Draught (1881); and A Mountain Pasture (1882); Forest Stream (1886); 3Iountain 3Iists (1895) ; Near the Au Sable Lake (1896) ; and Edge of the Woods (1900). SIBLEY, Henry Hastings, governor of Min- nesota, was born in Detroit, Mich., Feb. 20, 1811; son of Judge Solomon (1769-1846) and Sarah Whipple (Sproat) Sibley ; grandson of Reuben and Ruth (Sibley) Sibley, and of Col. Ebenezer and Catherine (Whipple) Sproat, and a descend- ant of John Sibley, who sailed from England in Winthrop's fleet in 1629, and settled in Salem, Mass. His father, a native of Sutton, Mass., re- moved to Detroit, Mich., in 1797, where he be- came prominent in the early history of the city and state. He studied law in his father's office ; was employed in a mercantile house in Sault Sainte Marie in 1828, and was supply-purchasing SIBLEY SIBLEY -'f./.\ v<^- agent of the American Fur poinpany at Mack- inac, 1829-;^4. and in 1<:34 became a partner with Jieatlquarters at St. Peter's (Mendota), Minn., where he remained. 1834-62, removing in 1863 to St. Paul, Miun. He was married, May 2, 1843, to Sarah Jane, daugh- ter of General James and ^lary (Hume) Steele ; then living at Fort Snelling. He was elected a dele- gate from "Wisconsin Territory to the 30th congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of John H. Tweedy, serving in the 30th. ' '^ 31st. and 32(1 con- 1853. He was influ- ential in the 30th congress in having a part of "Wisconsin and a tract west of the Mississippi laid off as tlie Territory of Minnesota. He represented l)akota county in the territorial legislature. January to March. 1855 ; was a member of the Democratic wing of the first Minnesota constitu- tional conventi(m assembled Juh' 13, 1857, the constitution as framed being adopted by the people. Oct. 13. 1857. and was elected the first gov- ernor of the state, serving from May 24, 18.58, un- til Jan. 2, 1860. He was ordered by the supreme court to issue state bonds to railroads, after his refusal to issue them under direction of the legis- lature unless the railroads would give priority of lien on their property to the state, and he was also requested to market the bonds in New York, which he made an effort to do, but capitalists refused to buy them and they were subsequently repudiated by the state. He was appointed colo- nel of a regiment of volunteers sent up the Min- nesota river to protect the exposed points from the Sioux Indians, and tlie massacre at Acton, Aug. 18, 1862. was followed by the repulse of the Indians at New Ulm. Aug. 19 and 25, the attack on Fort Ridgely, Aug. 20, the bloody affair at Brick Coolie, Sept. 1, and the battle of Wood Lake, Sept. 22, 1862. the last being the decisive battle and effecting the release of about 2.50 white settlers and the capture of 2.000 Indians of both s^-xes. of whom 321 were tried for capital crimes and 303 condemned to die. Of these, 38 were hanged at Mankato, Dec. 26, 1862. He was ap- pointed brigadier-general of volunteers, Sept. 29, 1862. for " gallantry in the field " ; established headquarters at St. Paul, and created a new mili- tary department, embracing Minnesota, Dakota, Iowa, and "Wisconsin, which he fortified with posts and garrisons. He led a second successful expe- dition against the Sioux in Dakota in 186;3, includ- ing the battle of Big Mound, July 24 ; Dead Buf- falo Lake, July 26, and Stony Lake. July 28. He was employed in conducting measures for the defence of the western frontier, 1864-65, and was brevetted major-general of volunteers, Nov. 29, 1865, for efficient and meritorious services. He was relieved from the command of the district of Minnesota in August, 1866 ; was active in settling several Indian treaties, and upon re- entering business life in St. Paul, served as presi- dent of the chamber of commerce, and of sev- eral railroads, banks, and otlier large corporations. He became a member of the Minnesota Historical society, in 1849 ; of the Old Settlers' association of that state in 1858, and of tlie board of visitors to the U.S. Military academy, in 1807. He was also regent of the Universit}' of Minnesota. 1868- 91 : president of the board of Indian commis- sioners, 1875-76, and received the honorary degree LL.D. from the College of New Jersey, in 1888. He contributed to the collections of the Minnesota Historical society, to the Spirit of the Times and to Turf, Field and Farm. He died in St. Paul. Minn., Feb. 18, 1891. SIBLEY, Henry Hopkins, soldier, was born in Nacliitoclies. La., May 25, 1816; grandson of Dr. John and Betsey (Hopkins) Sibley. He was graduated from the U.S. Military academy, and promoted 2d lieutenant, 2d dragoons, July 1, 1838. He took part in the Florida war ; was pro- moted l.st lieutenant, March 8, 1840, and served in the expedition into the Everglades of Florida, Dec. 3-24, 1840. He was adjutant of 2d dragoons at regimental headquarters, 1841-42 and 1842-46, being stationed at Fort Jesup, La., and Fort Washita, Indian Territory ; participated in the military occupation of Texas, 1845-46, and was promoted captain, Feb. 16, 1847. He served through the Mexican war, being engaged in the siege of Vera Cruz, skirmish of Medelin, battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco. Molino del Rev. and the capture of the city of Mexico, and was brevetted major, ^March 25, 1847, for Medelin. He was in garrison in Mississippi in 1848 ; on recruiting service, 1848-50 ; on frontier duty at Forts Graham and Croghan, Texas, 1850-53, and other Texan depots, 1853-55 : en- gaged in quelling the Kansas disturbances, 1855- 57 ; in the Utah expeditions, 1857-60 ; was in gar- rison at Forts Marcj' and Defiance, New Mexico, in 1860, and in the same year engaged in the Navajo exi>edition. He was promoted major and transferred to the 1st dragoons. May 13, 1861, but resigned on that day to enter the Confederate service. As brigadier-general, he was placed in command of the Confederates in New Mexico, July 5, 1861, raised a brigade of 2,000 men in SIBLEY SIBLEY Texas, with which lie marcheil from Fort Bliss in January, 1862, and succeeded in forcing the national troops nndpr Col. E. R. S. Canby from Valverde, N.M., 21, 1862. He took possession of Albuquerque and Santa Fe, but was subsequently driven from Peralta and souglit refuge in Fort Bliss in April, 1862. He completed his service in the Confederate army under Gen, Richard Taylor and Gen. E. K. Smith ; served as a brigadier- general of artillery in the Egyptian army, 1869- 74, where he was active in building coast and river defences, and on his return to the United States, lectured on the working classes of Egypt. He was the inventor of a tent constructed upon the plan of Indian wigwams, for which he received letters-patent, and for the use of which the army made a contract. The terms of the contract, however, were never fulfilled, owing to alleged disloyalty on the part of General Sibley, and his claims, unsettled at tiie time of his death, were unsuccessfully brought forward by his friends in February. 1889. He died at Fredericksburg, Va., Aug. 23. 1886. SIBLEY, Hiram, finajicier, was born in North Adams, Mass., Feb. 6, 1807; son of Benjamin Sibley, a millwright. He attended the public schools, became a shoemaker, and in 1823 re- moved to Lima, N.Y., where he followed his father's trade and subsequently that of a machin- ist and wool carder. He carried on factories for wool carding at Sparta and Mount Morris, N.Y., a machine shop at Mendon, N.Y., and in 1843 was elected sheriff of Monroe county. He estab- lished a bank at Rochester, N.Y., became in- terested financially in the development and introduction of the telegraph, with Ezra Cornell ; was influential in securing an appropriation from congress for this object, and was an organizer and stockholder in the Atlantic Lake and Missis- sippi Valley Telegraph company in 1851, which was consolidated through his efforts with the Western Union, in 1854, and in the New York, Albany, and Buffalo company, which also joined the Western Union, of which he was president, 1851-68. He constructed and financed an over- land line to San Francisco, in 1861, which was purchased by the Western Union Telegraph com- pany in 1864 ; next planned a line to Russia through Alaska via Behring strait and Siberia with P. McD. Collins, and built as far as the Sheena river in Alaska, where he was opposed and delayed by the Russian American Fur Co., until the laying of the Atlantic Cable made his scheme impracticable, after an expenditure of $3,000,000. He was one of the founders of the Southern Michigan and Northern Indiana rail- road of which he was managing director, and in- vested largely in various railroads and mines in Michigan, Illinois, and New York, in real estate, and in the salt works at Saginaw, Mich. He establi-shed a nursery and seed business in Rochester in 1868, which was supplied by the Burr Oaks farm, Illinois, and the Hosvland Island farm, Cayuga county, N.Y. He amassed a for- tune of a least $48,000,000, from which he con- tributed generously to charitable and educational institutions ; founded the Sibley College of Me- chanical Engineering at Cornell university ; gave Sibley Hall to the University of Rochester, and built a church in his native town. He died in Rochester. N.Y., July 12, 1888. SIBLEY, John Langdon, librarian, was born in Union, Maine., Dec. 29, 1804 ; son of Jonathan and Persis (Morse) Sibley ; grandson of Jacob and Anna (George) Sibley and of Obadiah Morse, and a descendant of Richard Sibley of Salem, Mass. He was fitted for college at Phillips aca- demy at Exeter, N.H. ; was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1825, and S.T.B., 1828, and was assistant librarian in the Divinity school, 1825-26. He was ordained to the Congregational ministry at Stow, Mass., May 14, 1829, where he served as pastor of the First church, 1829-33, resigning in the latter year in order to give his entire atten- tion to literary pursuits, and settled in Cam- bridge, Mass. He was editor and publisiier of the American Magazine of Useful and Entertain- ing Knowledge in 1837, which periodical was established by the Bewick company of Boston ; editor of the Triennial and Quinquennial cata- logues of Harvard college, 18o9-85, and of the annual catalogues, 1850-70. In this capacity he made a special feature of the necrology and biography of graduates, first publishing the obit- uary dates in the triennial catalogue of 1845, and sketches of the graduates as complete as his per- sonal research could make them in the catalogue of 1849. He was assistant librarian at Harvard, 1841-55 ; librarian, succeeding Dr. Thaddeus William Harris, 1856-77, and librarian emeritus, 1877-85. During his term of active service he added 123,000 volumes to a library of 41,000 volumes, and an equivalent number of pamphlets, and was influential in securing a permanent fund of $170,000. He was married May 30, 1866, to Charlotte Augusta Langdon Cook, daughter of Samuel Cook, a Boston merchant. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences : of the Massachusetts Historic;al society, to which he left his collection of biographical data of the graduates of Harvard, and between 1862-85 gave Phillips academy at Exeter gifts aggregating $39,000, on the condition that the in- come should be devoted to aiding poor students, in recognition of the financial help which he had received during his attendance at that institu- tion. His portrait hangs on the Cliapel walls at Phillips, Exeter. He received the honorary degree SIBLEY SICKLES A.M. from Bowdoin college in 1856. His publica- tions inchule : Indrx to the Writiyigs of George Washington (KS3T;; History of the Town of Union. Me. (is.jl) ; Lidex to the Works of John Adams (18.j:]) : Xotices of the Triennial and An- nual Cataloguea of Harvard University, icith a JRrprint of the Catalogues of 1G74, lOSJ, and 1700 (lS65).and Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University (3 vols., 1873-85). He Ijecanie blind soon after the issue of the first volume of this work, but after an operation was enabled to proceed. He left the bulk of his property, about $150,000. for continuing tlie series. He .^►'(lin Cambridge. Mass., Dec. 9, 1885. SIBLEY, Joseph Crocker, representative, was born in Friendship, N.Y., Feb. 18, 1850. He attended tlie county schools until 1866, when the death of his father, a physician, obliged him to teach a country school in order to support him- self. He studied medicine and removed to Chicago, but returned to New York and in con- nection with Charles Miller, his brother-in-law, engaged in tiie oil refining business at Franklin, Pa. Most of the lubricating oils used by tlie rail- roads in the country were developed by Miller and .Sibley, who became very wealtiiy. Mr. Sibley was elected by the united Prohibition, Labor, and Democratic parties a representative from the twentieth Pennsylvania district to the 58d and 56th congresses, serving. 1893-95 and 1899-1901 and was re-elected from the twenty-seventh district as a Republican to the 5Tth and 58th congresses, 1901-05. In the Democratic national convention of 1896 he was candidate for Presidential nom- ination, and received a large vote for Vice-Presi- dent. SICARD, Montgomery, naval officer, was born in New Y..rk city. Sept. 30, 1836. He en- tered the navy from Buffalo as acting midship- man, Oct. 1, 1851 ; was advanced mid- shipman, April 15, 1855 ; was commis- sioned master, Nov. 4, 1858 ; promoted lieutenant. May 31, 18G0 ; lieutenant com- mander, July 16, 1862 ; commander, March 2, 1870; cap- tain, Aug. 7, 1881; commodore, July 10, 1894 ; rear-admiral, Aug. 6, 1897, and was retired, Sept. 30, 1898, but remained at the head of the board of promotion until 1899. He saw service on the Potomac and Wabash in the home and Mediterranean squadrons, 1855-59 ; on the iB^ Dacotah, China station, 1860-61 ; with Farragut as executive officer of the Oneida in the capture of Forts Jackson and St. Philip ; at the destruc- tion of the Confederate flotilla ; at the capture of the Chalmette batteries and of New Orleans, 1862. He was twice engaged in the passage of the Vicks- burg batteries ; in the engagement with the Confederate ram Arkansas, 1862 ; was executive officer of the Ticonderoga in pursuit of the Florida and other commerce destroyers ; and commander the Seneca in both attacks on Fort Fisher, in the final capture of the fort, command- ing the left wing of the 2d division in the land assault, Jan. 15, 18G5. He was liead of the depart- ment of gunnery and drawing at the Naval acad- emy, 1865-67 ; was on the Pensacola, Noith Pacific station, 1868-69, and commander of the Saginaw, Pacific station, 1869-71. He was on ordnance duty at the navy yards, Brooklyn, N.Y'., 1870-72, and Washington, D.C., 1872-77", commander of the Swatara, North Atlantic station, 1876-77 ; was on duty in Washington, 1877-79 ; in the Boston navy yard, 1880-81 ; chief of the bureau of ordnance, 1882-90 ; president of the steel inspection board, 1890-91 ; commander of the Miantonomoh, 1891- 93 ; the Brooklyn, N.Y''., navy yard, 1894-97 ; com- mander-in-chief of the North Atlantic squadron, April 20, 1897. He retired in 1898 on sick leave and on partial recovery was made chairman of the board of strategj' in the war with Spain. He in- troduced the steel high-i^ower rifle-cannon and established and directed the naval gun factory at Washington. He died at Westernville, N.Y'., Sept. 14, 1900. SICKLES, Daniel Edgar, soldier, was born in New Y'ork city, Oct. 20, 1825 ; son of George Garrett and Susan (Marsh) Sickles. He attended the University of the City of New Y'ork and en- gaged in business as a printer. He practised law in New Y^'ork city, 1846-53 ; was a representative in the state legislature in 1847 : major of the 12th regiment, N.G.S.N.Y., in 1852 ; corporation at- torney of New York, in 1853, and secretary of legation at London, Eng., 1853-55. He was state senator, 1856-57, and a representative from New York city in the 35th and 36th congresses, 1857- 61. He raised a brigade of U.S. volunteer in- fantry in New Y'ork and was commissioned colonel, June 20, 1861 ; brigadier-general, Sept. 3, 1861, and commanded the 2d brigade, 2d divi- sion, 3d army corps, under Gen. Joseph Hooker, and took part in the battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks and Malvern Hill ; the seven days' battle before Richmond ; the Maryland campaign ; and at Antietam. He succeeded Gen. Joseph Hooker in the command of the 2d division. 3d army corps. Army of the Potomac, and was attached to the centre grand division at the battle of Fred- ericksburg, Va. He was promoted major-general SIGEL SIGEL U.S. v., Nov. 29, 1862, and accepted March 29, 1863 ; commanded tlie 3d army coi'ps, Army of the Potomac, under Gen. Joseph Hooker, in the Chancellorsville campaign and was cut off with Iiis corps from communication with Gen. Hooker, but ordered a bayonet charge and got back into position on tlie right flank. He commanded the 3d army corps. Army of the Potomac, under Gen. George G. Meade in the battle of Gettysburg, Pa., July 1-3, 1863, where on July 2 his force of 10.009 men was overcome by a force of 15,000 un- der General Longstreet, his command was shat- tered, and lie was wounded in the right leg, ne- cessitating amputation. He was sent on a special mission to South America in 1865 ; was appointed colonel of 42d U.S. infantry, July 28, 1866 ; was brevetted brigadier-general, March 2, 1867, for Sirvices at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va., and major-general the same date for services at Get- tysburg, Pa., and also received the congressional medal of honor for " most distinguished gallantry in action at Gettysburg, Pa., July 2, 1863, dis- played on the field, both before and after the loss of his leg, while serving as major-general of volunteers, commanding the 3d army corps." He commanded the military district of the Caro- linas, 1865-67 ; refused the mission to Nether- lands and was honorably mustered out of volun- teer service, Jan. 1. 1869, and was retired from tlie regular army with the rank of major-general, April 14, 1869, for loss of limb. He was U.S. minister to Spain, 1869-73, chairman of the New York civil service commission, 1888-89; shei'iff of New York in 1890 ; a Democratic representative from New York in the 53d and 54th congresses, 1893-97, and on Nov. 8. 1903, he was elected com- mander of the Medal of Honor Legion. SIQEL, Franz, soldier, was born at Sinsheim, Baden, Germany, Nov. 24, 1834. He attended the classical school of Burchsal, and was graduated from the military academy of Carlsruhein 1843. He participated in the revolutionary strug- gle in Baden in 1848, winning military dis- tinction, and in 1849 he was exiled from Germany. He immi- grated to America in 1853, settled in New York city, and for five years was en- gaged in engineering, surveying and school teaching. He removed to St. Louis in 1857, becoming an instructor in the German- American institute in that city, and IX. — 24 in 1860 was a director of the board of education. In April, 1861, he organized the 3d Missouri vol- unteer infantry and a battalion of artillery, and entered the St. Louis ai'senal to aid in its defence. He participated in tlie affair at Camp Jackson, and then, commanding the 2d brigade of IMissoun volunteers, marched to intercept Jackson, and engaged him at Carthage, July 5, 1861. He was outnumbered four to one. and after a sharp en- gagement made a skillful retreat. His next engagement was at Deep Springs, Mo., where he fought under General Lyon. At Wilson's Creek, on Aug. 10, 1861, he marched a portion of his brigade to the rear of the enemy's camp, and made a successful attack, driving the enemy into the woods, but when General Lyon's troops had been repulsed, the enemy brouglit up an over- whelming force and drove him back. He made a good retreat, until, deserted by his cavalry, he was surprised by some Texan rangers, and most of his troops were killed or captured. Witli a mere handful of men he marched to Springfield, where he was joined by Sturgis. He was com- missioned brigadier-general of volunteers, to date from May 17, 1861, and was given command of a division in Fremont's army. General Hunter made him commander of Springfield, and when Halleck assumed command Sigel was sent to Rolla. to prepare two divisions for active service in the field. In General Curtiss's advance Sigel commanded these two divisions, and at the battle of Pea Ridge, March 7, 1862, was second in com- mand. While the battle was in progress he marched with two divisions around to Van Dorn's right flank and rear, thus compelling him to withdraw. He was commissioned major-general of volunteers, March 21, 1862, was tnmsferred to the east, and on June 1 took command of the troops at Harper's Ferry and at Maryland Heights. He followed Jackson on his retreat to Winches- ter, and on June 25, 1863, was given command of the 1st corps, Army of Virginia, under General John Pope. He was engaged at Cedar Mountain, Va., Aug. 9, 1862, and then with his own corps. General Banks's, and a division of the ninth corps, he fought on the Rappahannock, and at daylight on August 29 attacked Jackson near Groveton. Sigel was reinforced by Hooker's and Kearney's divisions and waged a fierce battle, but Jackson, finding shelter behind a railroad em- bankment, stood his ground, and when Pope arrived in the afternoon he assumed general com- mand, and Sigel remained with his corps through the rest of the battle. His corps was transferred to the Army of the Potomac, as the eleventh corps, and when Burnside divided his armj' into grand divisions, Sigel commanded the fourth, or reserve grand division, made up of the 11th and 12th corps, but was obliged by ill-health to SIGMUND SIGSBEE take a leave of absence, and in July, 1863, was assigned to the department of the Lehigh, and iu February, 1864, to tlie department of West Vir- ginia. He was defeated by General Breckinridge at New Market, Va.. May 25, 1864, and being re- lieved by General Hunter, was given command of the reserve division on the Potomac, and with 5000 men lieKl Early's army at Maryland Heights until Gen. Lew Wallace could assemble a force at Monocacy and until the 6th and 19th corps could reach Washington. The authorities were not satisfied with General Sigel's conduct, and he was relieved from his command. He went to Bethle- hem. Pa., and later to Baltimore, Md., where he resigned his commission, May 4, 1805. He en- gaged in journalism. 1865-85 ; removed to New York city in 1867 ; was a member of the U.S. Santo Domingo commission in 1871 ; was collector of internal re%-enue, and later was registrar of the city and county of New York. He was equity clerk in the county clerk's office of New York city, 188.3-86, and U.S. pension agent at New York, 1886-89. He died in New York city, Aug. 21, 1902. SIGMUND, Frederick Lester, educator, was born in Shimersville, Pa., Dec. 8, 1866; son of Albert Miller and Lydia (Leisenring) Sigmund ; grandson of Frederick Christian and Elizabeth (Miller) Sigmund, and of Gideon and Louisa (Shindel) Leisenring. and a descendant of John Conrad Leisenring (born June 29, 1824, in Hild- burg-Hansen, Saxony, Germany; died Aug. 14, 1781 ; buried in the cemetery of the Egypt Lu- theran church, Lehigh county. Pa.). He was graduated from Wittenberg college, Springfield, Ohio, A.B., 1886; A.M., 1889, and from the The- ological seminary of the college, B.D. 1890, being ordained to the ministry of the Evangelical Lu- theran church, Oct. 5, 1890. He was pastor at Camden, Ind., 1890-92, where he was married, April 19. 1892, to Ella V., daugliter of Philip and (Plank) Ray; pastor at Columbus, Ohio, 1892-94 ; Tiffin, Ohio, 1894-99, and Carthage, 111., 1899-1900, and in September of the latter year be- came president and professor of mental and moral philosophy of Carthage college, He was secre- tary of the Miami Evangelical Lutheran synod, 1893-94, and of the board of trustees of Carthage college, 1899-1900. SIQOURNEY, Lydia Huntley, author, was born at Norwich, Conn., Sept. 1,1791; daughter of Ezekiel Huntley, who was of Scotch descent and a soldier in the Revolution. She was educated at Norwich and Hartford ; tauglit school in Hart- fort for five years, and while there began to be known as an author. In 1819 she was married to Charles Sigourney, a man of literary and ar- tistic tastes. In 1840 she visited Europe. Siie is the author of : Moral Pieces in Prose and Verse (1815); Traits of the Aborigines of Avierica (1822) ; Sketch of Connecticut Forty Years Since (1824) ; Letters to Young Ladies (1833); Letters to Mothers (1838) ; Pocahontas (1841) ; Pleasant Memories of Pleasant Laruls (1842) ; Scenes in My Native Land (1844); Voices of Floivers (1845); Weeping Willow (1846); Watei-Drops (1847); Mliisperto a Bride (18VJ): Letters to My Pupils (1850); Olive Leaves (1851); The Faded Hope (1852) ; Past Meridian (1854) ; Lucy Howard's Journal (1857); The Daily Counsellor (1858); Gleanings (1860) ; and The Man of Uz (1862). She died at Hartford, Conn., June 1, 1865. SIGSBEE, Charles Dwigiit, naval officer, was born in Albany, N.Y., Jan. 16, 1845; son of Nicholas and Agnes (Orr) Sigsbee. He attended the Albany academy ; was graduated from the U.S. Naval academy in 1863, and was appointed acting ensign on the Monongahela, Oct. 1, 1863. He was trans- ferred to tlie Brook- lyn and took part in the battle of Mobile Bay, Aug, 5, 1864, and the bombard- ment of Fort Fisher. He served on the Wyoming, in the Asi- atic squadron 1864- 67 ; was commis- sioned master, May 10, 1866, and pro- moted lieutenant, Feb. 21, 1867 ; lieuten- ant commander, March 12, 1868, and served on shore duty at the naval academy, 1869-71, and as navigator to the flag ships Severn and Worcester, of the north Atlantic squadron, 1871-73. He was married in November, 1870, to Eliza Rogers, daughter of Gen. Henry II. Lockwood. He com- manded the steamer Blake in the U.S. coast surve}', 1873-78, and invented many appliances, to simplify deep-sea exploration. He made a deep-sea exploration of the Gulf of Mexico, and was authorized by congress to accept tlie decor.i- tion of the Red Eagle, of Prussia, tendered him by the German Emperor for services rendered to the German navy in superintending the construc- tion of a deep-sea machine of his own invention in 1882. A gold medal was given him by the In- ternational Fisheries exhibition at London. He was chief of the hydrograpliic office at Washing- ton, D.C., 1878-82; was promoted commander. May 11, 1882, and was assigned to duty at tlie naval academy. He commanded the Kearsarge on the European station, 188.5-86 ; was a member of the retiring board at tlie navy department ; was superintendent of seamanship, naval tactics.. ^^^X^/^y^^l^^^^^ SIKES SILL and naval construction at tlie naval academy, and was chief In-drographer of the navy depart- ment, 1898-97. He was commissioned captain, March 21, 1897, and was given command of the battleship Maine, April 10, 1897. On Feb. 15, 1898, while anchored in Havana liarbor, the Maine was blown up by a mine and 258 lives were lost. He took part in the war with Spain as commander witli the auxiliary cruiser St. Paul, called the Harxxtrd, and on May 24, 1898, he cap- tured the Spanisli collier Restormel, and cut off the coal supply for tlie Spanish fleet. He com- manded the battleship Texas. 1898-1900 ; in 1900 was appointed chief officer of naval intelligence, and in May, 1903, he assumed command of the League Island navy j'ard, being succeeded as chief intelligence officer by Commander Seaton Schroeder (q.v. ). He was a member of the naval construction board and of the naval general board, and is the author of : Deep Sea Souuding and Dredging (1880) ; Personal Narrative of the Battleship " Maine " (1899) . SIKES, William Wirt, author, was born in Watertown, N.Y., in 1§36 ; son of Dr. William Eaton and Meroe Sikes. His health not permit- ting regular school attendance, he studied at home, learned the printer's trade in 1850. and Avas subsequently engaged in journalism. He wrote for several newspapers in Utica, N.Y., while fill- ing a position as type-setter ; was connected with the Times and Evening Journal, in Chicago, 111., for several years, and became canal inspector for that state in 1860. He resumed newspaper work in New York city in 1867 ; published and edited City and Country, at Nyack, N.Y., 1868-70, and was married, Dec. 19, 1872, to Olive Logan (q.v.). He was the U.S. consul at Cardiff. Wales, 1876- 83. He contributed verses and stories to leading American periodicals ; figured prominently as an art critic, and was also a student of the social condition of the slums of Chicago, New York, and Paris, and subsequently of the same question in Wales. He is the author of : A Book for the Winter Evening Fireside (1858); One Poor Girl : the Story of Thousands (1869) ; Rambles and Studies in Old South Wales (1881); British Gob- lins: Welsh Fairy Mythology (1880); and Studies of Assassination (1881). He died in London, England, Aug. 19. 1883. SILL, Edward Roland, poet and prose-writer, was born in Windsor, Conn., April 29, 1841 ; son of Dr. Tlieodore (M.D. Yale, 1831) and Elizabeth N. (Rowland) Sill ; grandson of Dr. Elisha Noyes and Chloe (Allyn) Sill ; and a descendant of John Sill, who emigrated from Lyme, England, to Cambridge, Mass., about 1637. Dr. Elisha Sill served in the Revolutionary war ; was town clerk of Windsor. 1803-13, and a member of the general assembly, 1816-17 and 1824. Left an orphan in Vll/M^ 1853. Edward R. Sill removed to the home of his uncle, Elislia Noyes Sill, Jr. (Yale, 1820), in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio ; was fitted for college at Phillips academy, Exeter, N.H., and graduated from Yale, poet of his class, A.B., 1861. At the close of his col- lege career, being in poor health, he made a voyage round Cape Horn to California, with his classmate, Sextus Shearer, and remained in Califor- nia, variously em- ployed, at one time in a post-office, and later in a bank, until 1866, when he returned east to enter the Harvard Divinity school, where he studied theology less than a year. He was married, Feb. 7, 1867, to his cousin, Elizabeth Newberry, daughter of Elisha Noyes, Jr., and Fanny (Newberry) Sill of Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio; removed to Brooklyn, N.Y., where he taught in a boys' school and engaged in journalism, being temporarily connected as critic with the New York Evening Mail ; taught school at Wadsworth, Medina county, Ohio, 1868-69, and was principal of the high school and superintendent of schools at Cuyahoga Falls, 1869-70. He taught Gi'eek, Latin and rhetoric in the high schools at Oakland, Cal., 1871-74, and was professor of the English language and literature in the University of California. 1874- 82, resigning in the latter year and again taking up his residence at Cuyahoga Falls. The rest of his life was devoted to literary pursuits. Many of his prose compositions appeared in the Atlantic Monthly, Tlie Century, Tlie Overland Montldy, the Calif ornian, and the Berkeley Quarterly. His contribution to literature was fragmentary, but vital, and his claim to a permanent place in American poetry rests mainly upon the spon- taneous and inspirational quality of his thought and the delicate finish of his style. He translated Rau's "Mozart" (1868), and is the author of : Field Notes, Tlie Hermitage ajid Later Poems {ISGS); The Venus of Milo and other Poems (printed privately, 1883) ; Poems (1887) : and Hervnone and other Poems (1889). Tlie Prose of Edu-ard Roicland Sill ; ivith an Introduction Comprising Some Familiar Letters was published in 1900, and a memorial tribute by his friends in California contains material selected from his private corre- spondence. His portrait by Keith is in the library of the University of California. He died in Cleveland, Ohio, Feb. 27, 1887. SILL SILLIMAN SILL, John Mahelm Berry, educator, was born at Bhu-k Rock. N.Y., Nov. 23, 1831 ; son of Joseph and Electa (Berry) Sill ; grandson of Giles and Lucy (Gould) Sill and of Col. John M. Berry, and a descendant of John Sill, who came from England and setted in Cambridge, Mass., in 1637. He w!is graduated from tlie :Micliigan State Normal school, \S~A, remaining there as professor of Englisli language and literature, 1854-63. He was married, JIarch 22, 1834, to Sally, daughter of Altram Lovett and Clarissa Gregg (Holly) Beaumont, of Jonesrille. Mich. He was super- intendent of the public schools of Detroit, 1863- 65 and 1875-86; principal of the Detroit Female seminary, 1865-75 ; principal of the Michigan St.-ite Normal school, 1886-1893 ; president of the Michigan State Teacliers' association, 1861-62, and regent of the University of Michigan, 1876-70. He received the honoraiy degree of A.M. from the University of Michigan, 1870, and the degree of Master of Pedagogics from the Michigan State Normal college, 1892. In 1890 he was admitted to the diaconate of the Protestant Episcopal church. He was consul-general and U.S. min- ister resident at Seoul, Korea, under , President Cleveland. 1894-97. He is the author of : Syn- thesis of the English Sentence (1857), and Practi- cal Lessons in English (1880). He died in De- troit. Midi.. April 6. 1901. SILL, Joshua Woodrow, soldier, was born in Chillicothe. Ohio, Dec. 6, 1831 ; son of Joseph and Elizabeth (Woodrow) Sill ; grandson of the Rev. Richard and Eunice (Lee) Sill, and a de- scendant of John Sill, who emigrated from Eng- land with his wife and children in 1637 and .set- tled in Cambridge, Mass. Joshua was graduated from the U.S. Military academy and brevetted 2d lieutenant in the ordnance department, July 1, 1853 : served as an assistant at Watervliet arsenal, New York, 1853-54. and was promoted 2d lieut- enant. May 11, 1854. He was assistant professor of geography, history, and ethics in the U.S. Mili- tary academy, 1854-57 ; was promoted 1st lieut- enant, July 1, 1856 ; served on special duty at the arsenal in Allegheny, Pa., 1857-58, and commanded the ordnance depot at Vancouver, Washington Territory, 1858-59. He was an as- sistant at tlie arsenal at Watervliet, N.Y., and Fort Munroe, Va., 1859-60, commanded the ord- nance depot at Leavenworth, Kan., in 1860, and resigned from the service, Jan. 25, 1861. He was professor and mathematics and civil engineering in the Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute at Brofjklyn, N.Y., in 1861 ; served as assistant adjutant-general of the state of Ohio, April to July, 1861, and participated in the Western Vir- ginia campaign, being engaged in the combat of Rich Mountain on July 11. He was appointed colonel of the 33d Ohio volunteers, Aug. 27, 1861, engaged in the advance on Bowling Green, Ky., and Nashville, Tenn., and in the operations in North Alabama he marched to Hunts ville, Ala., took possession of the railroad from Decatur to Stephenson and captured valuable stores. He w:xs promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, July 16, 1862, and ct)mmanded a division of Mc- Cook's corps in the Army of tiie Ohio in the ad- vance into Kentucky. He engaged Kirliy Sniitli at Lawrenceburg, succeeded in joining his corps at Perryville on Oct. 11, three days after the battle and joined in the pursuit of General Bragg's army. He marched toward Nashville, Tenn., joined the Army of the Cumberland in command of the 1st (late 37th) brigade of Sher- idan's 3d (late 11th) corps, and was killed in the battle of Stone's River, Tenn., while giving the order to charge, Dec. 31, 1^62. SILLIMAN, Augustus Ely, philanthropist, was born at Newport, R.I., April 11, 1807; son of Gold Selleck (1777-1868) and (Ely) Silliman and grandson of Gold Selleck (q.v.) and ^lary (Fish) Noyes Silliman. He became prominent as a New York banker ; was one of the clearing house association committee, 1853-59, and pres- ident of the Merchants' bank of New York, 1857- 68. He was president of the New Y^'ork Mercan- tile Library association and bequeathed 8100,000 to Y^ale to found in memory of his mother a series of University lectures that sliould illustrate the " presence and wisdom of God as manifested in the natural and moral world." He is tlie author of : A Gallop among American Scenes and Mili- tary Adventiires (1843) and translator of Fenelon's " Conversations with M. de Ramsai on the Truth of Religion " and his " Letters on Immortalitj' of the Soul and Freedom of the Will " (1809). He died in Brooklyn. N.Y., May 30, 1884. SILLIMAN, Benjamin, scientist, was born in Nortli Stratford, Conn., Aug. 8, 1779 ; son of Gold Selleck Silliman (q.v.) and Mary Fish (Noyes) Silliman. He was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1796, A.M., 1799; studied law witli Simeon Baldwin. 1798-99 ; was a tutor at Y'ale, 1799-1802, and in 1802 was admitted to the bar, but in that year President Dwight, of Y''ale, proposed that he fit himself in chemistry and natural history and, as soon as he was prepared, that he accept a new chair at Yale. He studied cliemistry with Prof. James Woodhouse at Piiilailelpiiia and in 1804 de- livered his first lectures in chemistr}'. In 1805, he went abroad to stud}- a year at Edinburgh and to buy books and apparatus. On his return, he studied the geology of New Haven, and in 1807 he examined the meteor that fell near Weston, Conn., making a chemical analysis of fragments, this report being the first scientific account of any American meteor. He delivered his first course of public lectures at New Haven in 1808, and in SILLIMAN SILLIMAN 1811, wliile experimenting with the oxy-hydric blow-pipe, he reduced many minerals that pre- viously had been considered elements. He ex- amined one hundred coal mines in the Wyoming Valley in 1830 ; in 1834 delivered lectures in Hartford, Conn., and Lowell, Mass., and later in all the large American cities, delivering the first Lowell Institute lecture in Boston. 1838. He was made professor emeritus at Yale in 1853, but for two years continued his lectures on geology. He was a vigorous opponent of slavery and a sup- porter of Lincoln's administration. He was the first president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and in 1863 was appointed by congi-ess one of the corporate mem- bers of the National Academy of Sciences. He founded and for many years edited the American Journal of Science. The degree of M.D. was con- ferred upon him by Bowdoin in 1818 and that of LL.D. by Middlebury in 182G. He edited "Ele- ments of Chemistry" by AVilliam Henry and "Introduction to Geology " by Robert Blakewell, and wrote Journals of Travels in England, Hol- land and Scotland (1810) ; ^4 Short Tour between Hartford and Quebec (1820) ; Elements of Chem- istry in the Order of lectures given at Yale Col- lege (1831); Consistency of Discoveries of Modern Geology tvith the Sacred History of the Creation and the Deluge (1867) and Narrative of a visit to Europe in 1851 (1853). He was twice married: Sept. 17, 1809, to Harriet, daugliter of Governor Jonathan Trumbull (q.v.), and in 1851 to Mrs. Sarah Isabella Webb, daughter of John McClel- lan of Woodstock, Conn. Harriet Trumbull bore him one son, Benjamin (q.v.), and three daughters, one of whom married Prof. Oliver P. Hubbard (q.v.), and another, Harriet Francis, married Prof. James D. Dana (q.v.). Professor Silliman died in New Haven, Conn., Nov. 24, 1864. SILLIMAN, Benjamin, chemist and naturalist, was born in New Haven, Conn., Dec. 4, 1816; son of Benjamin and Harriett (Trumbull) Silli- man. He was graduated at Yale, A.B., 1837, A.M., 1840, remaining there as assistant in chem- istry, 1837-46, as professor of ai^plied chemistry, 1846-53, and as professor of chemistry, 1853-85. He built himself a private chemical laboratory in 1844, where he performed many valuable ex- periments, and it was at his request that the School of Applied Chemistry was founded in 1846. This was enlarged in 1847 into the Yale Scientific school. He delivered public lectures on agricultural chemistry, the first in the United States, in New Orleans, 1845-46. He was a mem- ber of the New Haven common council, 1845-49, and a trustee of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. In 1849-54, he held the chair of medical chemistry and toxicology in the University of Louisville, Ky. At first, his chief interest was in the chemistry of minerals, but later he de- voted himself to applied science. He made many donations to the Yale mineralogical collections and in 1843 secured the Baron Lederer collection for the college. He was secretary of the American Association of Geologists and Naturalists ; con- gress named him as an original member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1863, and at the World's Fair in New York, 1853, he had charge of the minei'alogical and geological departments. He received the degree of M.D. from the Univer- sity of South Carolina in 1849, and that of LL.D. from Jefferson Medical college in Philadelphia in 1884. He was editor of the American Journal of Science (1845-1885) and v-ilii Charles R. Good- rich, he edited World of Science, Art and Indus- try (1853) and Progress of Science and Mechanism (1854). Besides about a iiundred scientific papers published in periodicals, he wrote First PtHnciples of Chemistry (1846) ; Principles of Physics {XmS) and American Contributions to Chemistry (1775). He died in New Haven. Jan. 14, 1885. SILLIMAN, Benjamin Douglas, lawyer, was born at Newport, R.I., Sept. 14. 1805 ; son of Gold Selleck (1777-1868), and (Ely) Silliman. He was graduated from Yale, A.B., 1824, A.M., 1827 ; studied law with James Kent and his son William Kent, and in 1829 was admitted to tlie bar, practising in New York city and residing in Brooklyn. In 1838 he was elected to the assem- bly, in 1839 was a member of the Harrisburg convention that nominated Harrison and Tyler, and in 1843 was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for state house of representatives. He was a staunch supporter of Lincoln's administration and in 1865-66 was the first U.S. district attorney for the Eastern District of New York. He was a member of the commission to revise the state constitution and as chairman of one committee and member of several others he played an im- portant part. He was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for the attorney-generalship of New York in 1873, and in 1876 was a member of the Republican national convention at Cincinnati which nominated Hayes and Wheeler. He re- ceived the degree of LL.D. from Columbia, 1873, and from Yale, 1874. He was pi-esident of the Brooklyn Club for more than twenty years, pres- ident of the Yale Alumni Association of Long Island and president of the New England Society in the City of Brooklyn. He was a director of the Long Island Historical society, a trustee of Greenwood cemetery, a manager of the House of Refuge for Juvenile Delinquents in New York, and a vice-president of tlie Bar Association of New York which he was instrumental in insti- tuting in 1869 and of which William 31 Evurts was the first president, 1870-79. He died at his home in Brooklyn, Jan. 24, 1801. SILLIMAN SLMKINS SILLIMAN, Gold Selleck, soldier, was born in FairfieM, t'oiiii.. May 7. 17o.3; son of Jmlge Ehen- ezer Silliiuan. ami a ilesceiulaiit of Daniel Silliinan, wlio ininiif,'rate(.l from Ilollaiul and settled in Fairfield. Conn., about 1G:30. He was graduated at Yale, A.B.. 175'3. A.M., 1755, and was appointed attorney for the crown in Fairfield county. In 1775. he was colonel of a local cavalry regiment, became brigadier-general, and defended tlie south- west frontier of Connecticut from the ravages of the Tories from Westcliester county, N.Y., sup- ported by Howe in New York. He fought in the battles of Long Island and White Plains and on Maj' 1, 1799, lie was surprised and captured in his own house by a party of Tories, was paroled at Flat Bush until 1780 when he was exchanged. His second marriage was in 1775 to Mary (Fish) Noyes. daughter of Rev. Joseph (Harvard, A.B., 172-S, A.M., 1731), and Rebecca (Peabody) Fish and widow of tlie Rev. Jolui Xoyes of New Haven. She bore him two sons. Gold Selleck (1777-1868) and Benjamin (q.v.). He died at Fairfield, Conn.. July 21. 1790. SILLIMAN, Justus Mitchell, miningengineer, was born at New Canaan. Conn.. Jan. 25, 18-12; son of Joseph and Martha (Mitchell) Silliman ; grandson of Joseph and Martha (Leeds) Silliman and of Slierman and Hannah (Fitch) Mitchell, and a descendant of Daniel Silliman of Geneva, Switzerland, who settled in Fairfield, Conn., about 1650. He was educated at the New Canaan academy : served three years in the civil war in the Armies of the Potomac and of the South, and was wounded at Gettysburg. He taught in the Troy academy, Troy, N.Y".. 1865-70; was grad- uated from the Rensselaer Poh'technic institute with the degree of E.M., 1870. and was professor of mining engineering and graphics in Lafaj^ette college, 1870-96. He was married June 29, 1876, to Harriet, daughter of Ezra and Esther (Dana) Boughton of Troy, N.Y. The American Asso- ciation for the Advancementof Science published his examination of the Bessemer Flame with colored glasses, and with the spectroscope. He died in Easton. Pa.. A]n\\ 15. 1896. SILLOWAY, Thomas William, architect, was born at Newbury port, Ma.ss., Aug. 7, 1828; son of Thomas and Susan (Stone) Silloway ; grandson of Daniel and Anna (Lunt) Silloway and of Rob- ert and Mary (Harris) Stone, and a de.scendant of Daniel Mu.ssilloway (1645-1714) who emigrated from Ireland and resided in Newbury, Mass., in 1665, and of William Stone, who liveil in Ipswich, Mass.. 1693 He attended the Brown High and the I^tin school at Newburyport : studied anihi- tecture under Ammi B. Young in Boston. 1849-50. and established himself there as an architect in 1851. Among the principal public structures erected by him. are : the Capitol at Montpelier, Vt., 1857-59 ; the Soldiers' Monument, Cambridge, Mass., designed by Cyrus and Darius Cobb (q-v), 1870; Buchtel college, Akron, Ohio, 1872; God- dard academy, Barre, Vt., and the Jenks Mem- orial library, Conway, N.H., 1901-02. He also erected or remodelled over four hundred churclies during his active business career and supervised the restoring of six of the principal churches in Charleston, S.C, after the earthquake of 1886. He was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church until 1846 when he became a Universalist and had charge of the Universalist church, Atkin- son, N.H., 1854-60; colleague with the Rev. Seb- astian Streeter, Boston, 1860-63 ; was ordained in 1863, and was pastor at AUston, Mass., 1864-67, and an occasional preacher during the next twenty years of his life. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on him by the University of Vermont in 1862. He was principal founder of the architectural department of Claflin university at Orangeburg, S.C. He prepared a revised edi- tion of " Shaw's Civil Architecture" with George M. Harding (1852), and is the author of: Theog- nis, a Lamp in the Cavern of Evil (1856); Text Book of Modern Carpentry (18.58); Warming and Ventilation (1860): Atkinson Memorial (sermons, 1861); The Conference Methodist (1863); Cantica Sacra (1865); Service of the Church of the Re- deemer, Brighton, Mass. (1867) ; Cathedral Towns of England, Ireland and Scotland, with Lee L. Powers (1883), besides manj' biographical and historical articles, lectures, sermons, addresses, and notes on travel to the press ; several dedica- tion hymns, and short poems, among the latter being the Duxbiiry Pilgrims, and the Country Cobbler. SILSBEE, Nathaniel, senator, was born in Essex county, Mass., in 1773; son of Nathaniel Silsbee, a Salem sea captain. He received his education at the local school, became a wealthy merchant in Salem, and was elected to eacli branch of the General Court of Massachusetts several times and for three years was president of the senate. He was a Democratic representa- tive in the 15th and 16th congresses, 1817-21, re- fused to serve a third term ; was a representative in the general court in 1821 ; state senator, 1823- 26, and was elected U.S. senator in 1826, in place of James Lloyd, resigned, and was re-elected in 1829, serving 1826-35. He was a firm supporter of John Quincy Adams's administration. He died in Salem. ]\Iass., July 1, 1850. SIMKINS, Eldred, representative, was born at '^ the Cedar Fields." Edgefield district, S.C, Aug. 29, 1779; son of Capt. Arthur (1742-1809) and Margaret (Smith) Simkins. His father was a representative in the South Carolina legislature ; a member of the provincial congress of South Carolina in 1775 ; an officer in the Continental SIMMONS SIMMONS army ; member of the general assembly of South Carolina, and of the state constitutional conven- tion, and voted against the adoption of the Federal constitution. Eldred Simkins attended the academy at Wellington conducted by Dr, Waddell, and was prepared for the bar at the Litchfield, Conn., Law school, and by Chancellor De Saussure of South Carolina. He was admitted to the bar, May 7, 1805, and established himself in practice at Edgefield Court House in 1806. He was married in 1807 to Eliza Hannah, daughter of Benaja Smitli, and granddaughter of Gen. Elijah Clarke of Georgia, and of their children, John was killed at Battery Wagner in 1863 ; Eliza married Gov. F. W. Pickins (q.v.) ; Susan Ann married Senator Andrew Pickins Butler (q.v.); and Maria Edgeworth married James E, Calhoun. He served repeatedly in the South Carolina legislature ; was lieutenant-governor of the state, 1813-14, and was elected to the 15th congress, Feb. 9, 1818, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of John C. Calhoun (q.v.). He was re-elected to the 16th congress, March 3, 1818, serving 1818-21, and declined re-election. He was a member of the general assembly in 1824, and in 1830 became a law pai'tner with his son-in-law, F. W. Pickins. He died in Edgefield district, S.C, in 1832. SIMMONS, Franklin, sculptor, was born in Webster, Maine, Jan. 11, 1839; son of Loring and Dorothy (Batchelder) Simmons; grandson of John and Sophia (Delano) Simmons, and of Will- iam and Martha (Parker) Batchelder ; great grandson of Samuel Simmons of Rliode Island, a Hevolutionary soldier who served at Valley Forge, took part in some of the most important battles, and was present at Burgoyne's surren- der ; and a descendant from the Rev. Stephen Batchelder, a colonial settler in New Hamp- shire, and from Gov- ernor Winslow of Mass- achusetts. He attended Bates college, Lewis- ton, Me., did some por- trait work in Maine, and spent 1865-C6 in Washington, producing portraits of Grant, Sheridan, Sherman, Farragut, Porter, Se- ward, Meade, Thomas, ROOER WILLIAMS, ^nd many others. In 1868 he established his studio in Rome, where he spent most of his time. He was married to Bar- oness von Jeinsen (born Slocum), of Providence.. R.I., on June 9, 1892. He was knighted by the King of Italy in 1898, and received the honorary degree of A.M. from Bates, 1867 ; Colby, 1885 ; and Bowdoin, 1888. His most notable works include statues of William King and Roger Williams in the National Capitol ; G.A.R. monument of General Grant for the National Capitol ; the equestrian monument of General Logan ; the Longfellow and Soldiers' monuments for Portland, Maine ; O. P. Morton for Indianapolis ; and Governor Pier- pont of Virginia, for Statuary Hall, U.S. Capitol. SIMMONS, Furnifold McLendel, senator, was born in Jones county, N.C., Jan. 20, 1854 ; son of F. G. and Mary M. (Jerman) Simmons ; grand- son of F. G. and Rebecca Simmons, and of Mc- Lendel and Mary Jerman, He was graduated at Trinity college, Durham, N.C., 1873, and was ad- mitted to the bar, 1875. He was Democratic representative from the second district of North Carolina in the 50th congress, 1887-89 ; was col- lector of internal revenue for the fourth district of North Carolina, 1893-96, and was elected U.S. senator in 1901 for the term expiring March 3, 1907. He received the degree of LL.D. from Trinity college, 1901. SIMMONS, George Frederick, abolitionist, was born in Boston, Mass., March 24, 1814. He was graduated at Harvard, A.B., 1832, A.M., 1835, and at the Divinity school, 1838. He was ordained as a Unitarian minister in 1838, and preacjied in Mobile, Ala., until driven out by a mob in 1840, because of his anti-slavery senti- ments. He was installed at a church in Wal- tham, Mass., in 1841, but resigned in 1843 in order to give more time to theological study, and read at the University of Berlin, 1843-45. Returning to the United States he was ordained pastor of a Unitarian church in Springfield, Mass., 1848, but was obliged to resign in 1851 for denouncing, in the pulpit, an assault made upon an anti-slavery agitator by a mob of Springfield men. He was pastor of a church at Albany, N.Y., 1854-55. He is the author of : Who ivas Jesus Christ ? (1839); Two Sermons on the Kind Treatment and Eman- cipation of Slaves (1840) ; A Letter to the So-Called Boston Churches (1846); TJie Trinity (1849); Public Spirit and Mobs (1851); Faith in Christ the Condition of Salvation (1854). He died in Concord, Mass., Sept. 5, 1855. SIMMONS, Henry Clay, educator, was born in Harford, N.Y., Feb. 15, 1845 ; son of Daniel Smith and Elizabeth (Brown) Simmons, and grandson of Noah and Charity (Edmister) Sim- mons. He was graduated from Beloit college, A.B., 1869, A.M., 1871, and from the Chicago Theological seminary in 1872. He was ordained. May 8, 1872, and was pastor of Congregational churches at Fond du Lac, Wis., 1872-74; Mar- shall, Minn., 1874-79, and Walnut Grove, 1879-82. SDDIONS SIMMS He was married, Aug. 11, 1874, to Sarah Peterson, daughter of Jonatlian and Elizabetli Ann (Peter- son) Lange. He was superintendent of home missions in Dakota, 18SG-90. He conceived the idea of establislung Fargo coUege at Fargo, N.D., and was its president. 1894-99. He received the degree D.D. in 1897 from Cliicago Theological seminary. He di.'d in Fargo, N.D., Dec. 20, 1899. SIMMONS, James Fowler, senator, was born in Little Compton. R.I., Sept. 10. 1795; son of Davis Simmons. He spent liis childhood on his father's farm, and attended Mr. Fowler's private school in Newport, removing in 1812 to Provi- dence. He was subsequently employed in various maiuifacturing concerns in Massachusetts and Rhode Island and in 1822 built a mill and began manufacturing in Simmonsville. He vvas a re- presentative of the town of Johnston in the gen- eral assembly, 1827-40, excepting the years 1830 and 1834. serving on a committee sent to Wash- ington in the interests of manufacturing corpora- tions, and also as chairman of a committee sent from Providence in the great financial crisis of 1837. He was U.S. senator from Rhode Island, 1841-47, and lost the next two elections through favoring the liberation of Thomas W. Dorr (q.v), but won the election, 18.57, resigning his seat in August, 1862, and liis term was completed by Samuel G. Arnold of Middletown. He was married, first. Oct. 21, 1820, to Eliza, daughter of Judge Samuel Randall, of Johnston; and secondly, in 183.5. to Sarah Scott, daughter of Simon Wliip- ple. He died at Johnston, R.I., July 19, 1864. SIMMONS, Thomas J., jurist, was born in Crawford county, Ga., June 25, 1837; son of Allan G. and Mary (Cleveland) Simmons ; grand- son of William and Mary Simmons, and of Wil- liam and Rhoda (Archer) Cleveland. He at- tended the common schools ; studied la%v ; was admitted to the bar, 1857, and commenced prac- tice in Macon, Ga. He served through the civil war in the Confederate army, attaining the rank of brigadier general, February, 1865, and parti- cipating in all the battles in which the Army of Northern Virginia was engaged- except the battle of Gettysburg. He was a state senator, 1865, 1871, and 1876. officiating as president of that body, 1876 ; a member of the state constitutional con- vention of 1877, serving as chairman of the finance committee ; was judge of the superior court of Georgia, 1878-^7 ; associate justiceof the supreme court of Georgia, 1887-94, and in the latter year, was appointed chief justice. Judge Simmons was thrice married ; first in November, 1857, to Renin, daughter f>f Thomas Nollis ; she died in November, 1863; secondly in January, 1868, to Lucile Peck, daughter of Reuben Wright ; she died in No- vember 1&S2: thirdly. March 1889. to Mrs. N. R. Ren fro, daughter of Thomas Lancaster. SIMMS, Jeptha Root, liistoriographer, was bom ill Canterliury. Conn., Dec. 31, 1807 ; son of Joseph and Phebe (Fitch); grandson of John and ^larv (Stephens) and great-grandson of John and (Tliroop) Simms. His father wasa hat manu- facturer; his grandfather a tanner and shoemuker. and a soldier in the French and Indian war ; and his great-grandfather, a native of the South of England, was an architect and builder, who im- migrated to America about 1730. From the Fitches who intermarried with the native Indians his Anglo-Saxon was intermingled with the American Indian blood. He was educated at the acadtnny at Plainfield, Conn., and in 1824 the family removed to Plainfield Centre, N. Y. He was married in 1833 to Catharine Lawyer of Schoharie, who died childless in 1898. He studied geology, lectured on the subject and gathered a collection of specimens which in 1SG9 became the property of the state of New York by pur- chase for S5.000. He was an active and corre- sponding member of numerous historical organ- izations in America and Europe. He also devoted several years to historical research and prepared and published : History of Schoharie County and Border Wars of New York (1845); The American Spy, Nathan Hale (1846) ; Tlie Trapjiers of Keio York (1850); TJie Frontiersmen of New York, (2 vols., 1882-83). He died in Fort Plain, N. Y., May 31. 1883. SIMMS Wiliiam Qilmore, autlior, was born in Charleston, S.C., April 17, 1806; son of William Gilmore and Harriet Ann Augusta (Singleton) Simms. His father had emigrated from Ireland shortly after the American Revolution, and his mother came from a well known Virginia family, that had moved to South Caro- lina previous to the Revolution. His mother died before the son was two years old, and his father, leaving him in the care of his maternal grandmother, went West to live. Young Simms was obliged to attend a very primary school, and while a mere boy was ap- prenticed to a druggist. He began writing verse at an early age, and conceiving a dislike for the medical profession, which he had intended to enter, he began the study of law. Upon the death of Col. C. C. Pinckney, Aug. 16, 1825, he wrote a poem in heroic couplet which attracted considerable attention. He was married, Oct. SIMMS SIMON 19, 1826, to Anna Malcolm, daughter of Othnie J. Giles of Charleston, S.C. On April 17, 1827. he was admitted to the bar. Simms's chief in- terest was in literary matters, and he felt that the great need of the Soutliern states and especially of South Carolina, was a literary journal. He ac- cordingly started a paper, The Tablet or Southern Monthly Literary Gazette, Sept. 6, 1828, but he was poorly equipped in both experience and means, and the paper was short-lived. On Jan. 1, 1830, in company with E. S. Duryea, a Charles- ton printer, Simms bought the City Gazette, which he edited and published until June 7, 1832. His wife died tliat same year, and Sirams left Charleston, visiting Massachusetts and New York, the two literary oases of America, starting life- long friendships with Bryant and the other literati of the North. Simms returned to Charleston, but it impressed him as a "city of tombs " and in 1833 he removed to New Haven, Conn. The North was not congenial to Simms's peculiarly Southern nature, and in 1835 he re- turned South, settling in Barnwell, S.C. He was married to Chevillette, daughter of Nash Roach of Barnwell, who bi'ought him as a dowry a large plantation and many negroes. He had been writing romances up to this time, but for the next eight years, he wrote practically none. He became editor-in-chief of the Magnolia or South- ern Monthly in June, 1842, but after struggling along, the magazine was discontinued in June, 184B. In January, 1815, he started the Southern and Western Monthly Magazine, whicli in Jan- uary, 1846, was absorbed by the Southern Lit- erary Messenger, and in March, 1849, he was made editor of the Southern Quarterly Revieio. In the meantime he had been active in politics, and during the nullification excitement of 1833 sided ' witli Jackson rather tlian Calhoun ; but as he saw the abolition sentiment gaining ground in the North, he feared for the welfare of the South where prosperity was so largely dependent on slavery. He represented Barnwell county in the state legislature, 1844-46, and in 1846 lacked only one vote of being elected lieutenant-governor of his state. He was an active secessionist in 1860 and was closely identified with the leaders in his own state, one of his sons serving in the Con- federate States army. In 1863 his wife died, and of the fourteen children that had been born to liim, only six were living, and when, in 1865, he saw Columbia destroyed before tlie invading army and his house marauded, he, the most san- guine of all the Confederates, was forced to acknowledge the cause lost. Then it seemed to him that all pleasure had gone out of life, and though he accomplished some literary work after that time, it was done for much needed money and not for love of the task, and it lacks the artistic beauty of his other works. He is the author of many poems, romances, biographies and histories, the most significant of which are the following : poetry : Monody on General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (1825); Lyrical and Other Poems (1827) ; TJie Vision of Cortes. Cain and Other Poems (1829) ; TJie Tri-Color (1830) ; Ata- lantis (1832) ; Southern Passages and Pictures (1839); Donna Florida (1843) ; Groujjed Thoughts and Scattered Fancies (1845) ; Areytos (1846) ; Charleston and her Satirists (1848) ; Lays of the Palmetto (1848); Sabbath Lyrics (1849) ; TJie City of the Silent (1850). Dramas: Norman Maurice (1851), Michael Bonhum (1852), and Benedict Arnold (1863). Romances : Martin Faber (1833); The Book of My Lady (1833); Guy Rivers (1834); The Yemassee (1835); Tlie Partisan (1835) MelUchampe (1836); Richard Hurdis (1838): Carl Werner (1838); Pelayo (1838); Damsel of Darien (1839); Border Beagles (1840) ; Tlie Kinsman (1841); Confession (1841); Beauchampe (1842); The Prima Donna (1844); Castle Dismal (1845).; Helen Halsey (1845); Count Julian (1845); Wig- wam and Cabin (1846); Katherine Walton (1851); The Golden Christmas ( 1852); As Good as a Comedy (1852); Tlie Sword and Distaff (1852) ; Vasconse- los (1854); Southward Ho (1854) ; Charlemont (1856); Eiitaio (1856); Tlie Cassique of Kiaivha (1859) ; Joscelyn (1867) ; Tlie Cub of the Pan- ther (1869) ; Voltmeir (1869). History and biog- raphy : The History of South Carolina (1840); Life of Francis Marion (1845) ; Life of Captain John Smith (1846) ; The Life of Chevalier Bayard (1847); The Life of Nathanael Greene (1849) ; Tlie Lily and the Totem, or the Huguenots in Florida (1850) ; and South Carolina in the Revolutionary War (1853). In 1865 he published a pamphlet on the destruction of Columbia. S.C, which was in part republished in " The War between the States " by Alexander H. Stephens, vol. II. (1870). He was also a voluminous contributor to maga- zines. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. He died in Charleston, S.C, June 11, 1870. SIMON, Joseph, U. S. senator, was born in Germanj" in 1851. His parents emigrated to the United States in 1852 and settled in Portland, Oregon, in 1857, where he attended the public schools and was admitted to the bar in 1872. He was citj' councilman, 1877-80 ; secretary of the Republican state central committee in 1878 ; chair- man of the committee in 1880, 1884, and 1886 and a delegate to the Republican national convention held at Minneapolis, Minn., in 1892, serving on the national committee for Oregon. He was state senator from Multnomah county, 1880-88, and 1894-98, and was chosen president of the senate at the sessions of 1889, 1891, 1895, 1897. and 1898. He was elected U.S. senator, Oct. 6. 1898, for the vacant term expiring March 8, 1903. He SIMOXDS SIMONTON served as cliairman of the committee of irrir^a- tion and reclaiuiitio!! of arid lands and as a mem- ber of tlie committees on judiciary, pensions, public buildings and grounds, and revolutionary claims. SIMON DS, Frederic VVIIUam, geologist, was born in Charlestusvn, Mass., July 3. 1853; son of Andrew Waite and Ellen R. (Cox) Simonds ; grandson of Warren and Lydia (Waite) Simonds, and of William and Rivchel (Fuller) Cox. He was graduated from Cornell university, B.S., 1875, M.S., 1876; from Syracuse university, Ph.D., 1879 ; and was instructor in geology and palaeon- tology at Cornell, 1875-77. He was married, Aug. vM. 1877, to Norma A. Wood, of Syracuse, N.Y.. and was professor of geology, zoology, and botany at the University of North Carolina, 1877- 81 ; special agent of the 10th census in the de- partment of mining statistics, 1880 ; at the San Jose, Cal., high school, as teacher of science, 1882-83. vice-principal, 1883-84, and principal, 1S84-85; resident graduate, Ithaca, N.Y., 18S6 ; lecturer on economic geology at Cornell uni- versity, 1887 ; professor of geology and biology at the University of Arkansas, 1887-90 ; assist- ant geologist of the Arkansas Geological sur- vey, 1887-93 ; associate professor of geology in the University of Texas, 1890-95, and professor from 1895. He was a member of several scientific organizations and was president of the Texas Academy of Science, 1899-1800. He received the degree of D.Sc. from the University of Arkansas in 1893. His publications include : The Geology of Ithaca, N. Y. and the Vicinity {\mi); TJie Habitat of Rhododendron Catawhiense (1879); Tlie Discovery of Iron Implements in an Ancient Mine in Xortli Carolina ; and Mica Mining in North Carolina (1881 ) ; The Geology of WashinQto7i County. Arkansas (Annual Report of the Geolo- gical Survey of Arkansas for 1888, V. 4); The Geology of Benton County, Arkansas, with T. C. Hopkins (Annual Report of the Geological Sur- Survey of Arkansas for 1891, V. 2); A Record of the Geology of Texas for the Decade ending December 31, JSf^O ; Ferdinand von Roemer, the Father of the Geology of Texas : His Life and Work (1902): The Minerals arid Mineral Locali- ties of Texas (Bulletin of the University of Texas Mineral Survey for Dec. 1902). SIMONDS, Wiinam Edgar, lawyer, was born at Canton. Conn., Nov. 25, 1841 ; son of John and Hypliena Simonds. He was graduated from the Connecticut State Normal school. New Britain, 1860 ; taught school, 1860-62 ; and Aug. 18, 1862, enlisted as a private in the 25th Connecticut volunteers, in which regiment he was advanced to the grade of sergeant major, and at tlie battle of Irish Bend, La.. April 14, 1863, was promoted 2d lieutenant and received a congressional medal for gallantry. He was discharged with his regi- ment on Aug. 26. 1863 ; was graduated from Yale, LL.B., 1866, and prac-tised patent law at Hart- ford. Elected to tlie lower house of Connecticut legislature, he served as a member and house chairman of the joint standing committee on railroads, 1883, and in 1885 as speaker of the house. He was a Republican representative from the first Connecticut district in the 51st congress, 1889-91, being defeated for re-election by a small majority. While in congress lie secured the passage through the house after a vigorous fight of the international copyright bill, for which service the French government made him a che- valier of the Legion of Honor in 1898. He was U.S. commissioner of patents, 1891-93, being at the same time prof>^ssor of the law of patents at Co- lumbian University, Washington, D.C. He was lecturer on patent law at Yale, 1884-93, and re- ceived from Yale the honorary degree of M.A. in 1890. He is the author of : Design Patents (1874); Digest of Patent Causes (1888); Digest of Patent Office Decisions (1880); A Surnmai-y of Patent Laic; and Whither: A Study of Immortality [IQOO). He died in Hartford. Conn., March 14, 1903. SIMONTON, Charles Henry, jurist, was born in Charleston, S.C, July 11, 1829; son of Charles Strong and Elizabeth (Ross) Simonton ; grandson of John and Margaret (Strong) Simonton, and of John and Margaret (Law) Ross (who came from Ireland in 1794); great grandson of Ciiarles and Jeannette (Gaston) Strong, and a descendant of John Gaston who lived before the Revolution. John Simonton came to South Carolina from Pennsylvania in 1770. Charles H. graduated from South Carolina college, Columbia, S.C, A.B., 1849 ; taught school, 1850 ; was admitted to the bar in 1851, and began practice in Charleston, S.C. He was married, April 27, 1852. to Ella, daughter of Thomas W. and Caroline E. (Jame- son) Glover, of Orangeburg, S.C. He was a member of the state legislature, 1858-76, with the exception of the civil war and reconstruc- tion periods, officiating as speaker, 1865-67. He served as captain of the Washington light in- fantry, C.S.A., and as colonel of the 25th South Carolina volunteers, being held as prisoner at Fort Delaware during the last six months of the war ; was U.S. judge of the district of South Carolina, 1886-93, and in the latter year was ap- pointed U.S. judge of the fourth circuit. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by South Carolina college, 1895, and that of D.C.L, by the University of the South, 1895. Judge Simonton is the author of : Lectures on Jurisprudence and Practice in the U.S. Courts (1896); Digest of the Eijuity Decisions, State of S.C. (1857), and The Federal Courts. Organiza tion, Jwrisdiction and Procedure (1898). SIMPSON SIMPSON SIMPSON, Edward, naval officer, was born in New York city, March 3, 1824. He was war- ranted midshipman in the U.S. navy, Feb. 11, 1840, and was graduated from the U.S. Naval academy in 1846. He served during the Mexican war on tlie steamer Vixen; was transferred to the U.S. coast survey, serving 1848-50 ; was act- ing master of the Congress, on the Brazil sta- tion, 1850-53 ; was assistant instructor in naval gunnery at the U.S. Naval academy, 1853-54, and was commissioned master, July 10, 1854 ; and lieutenant, April 18, 1855. He was attached to the sloop Portsmouth, of the East India squadi'on, 1856-58, and took part in the bombardment and capture of the Barrier forts in Canton river, China. He was instructor in naval gunnery and commandant of midshipmen at the U.S. Naval academy, 1858-63 ; was commissioned lieutenant- commander, July 16, 1863, and was given charge of the monitor Passaic, 1863-64, taking part in the attacks on Forts Wagner, Sumter and Moul- trie. He was promoted commander, March 3, 1865, and was fleet captain of the gulf squadron, receiving the surrender of tlie Confederate fleet before Mobile ; was promoted captain, Aug. 15, 1870 ; was detailed on a special mission to Eu- rope, 1870-72 ; had charge of the Newport, R. I., torpedo station, 1873-75 ; was in charge of the naval station at New London, Conn., 1878-80, and ■of the League Island navy yard, 1880-84. He was proiujted commodore, April 20, 1878, and rear-admiral, Feb. 9, 1834, and was retired from active duty by age limit, March 3, 1886. He was president of tlie U.S. Naval institute, 1886-88, and is the author of : Ordnance and Naval Gunnery <1863); The Xaval Mission to Europe (2 vols., 1873), and Report of the Gun Foundry Board (1885). He died in Washington, Dec. 2, 1888. SIMPSON, Jerry, representative, was born in New Brunswick, March 31. 1843; son of Joseph and Paulina Simpson. He attended the public schools in Oneida county, N.Y., whither his family moved, 1846. He became a sailor in 1856 and commanded many large vessels on the Great Lakes until 1879. He served for a time in the 12th Illinois infantry during the civil war ; left the army on account of illness ; was married, Oct. 12. 1870, to Jane, daughter of James and Mary Cape, of Porter county, Ind., and settled in Barber county, Kansas, 1878, where he took up the business of stock-raising on a ranch near Medicine Lodge. He was originally a Repub- lican, then Greenback, and later, Populist ; was twice defeated for the state legislature on an In- dependent ticket and was one of the first to or- ganize the People's party. He was the Populist representative from the 7th Kansas district to the 52nd, 53rd, and 55th congresses, but was de- feated in the election for the 54th congress, serv- ing, 1891-95 and 1897-99. In November, 1898, he was defeated for the 56th congress, by Chester H. Long. SIMPSON, Marcus de Lafayette, soldier, was born in Esperance, N.Y., Aug. 28, 1824; son or William and Lydia (McKonkey) Simpson , grandson of John and Mary (Schenck) Simpson, and grandson of John McKonkey, who owned the ferry on the Delaware River, over which Wash- ington's army crossed the night of Dec. 25-26. 1776. He was graduated from the U.S. Military academy in 1846, and for his service in the Mexi- can war was bre vetted 1st lieutenant and cap- tain, 1847. He was quarter-nuister and commis- sary at various points, 1848-61 ; chief commissary in the department of the Pacific, 1859-61 ; com- missary-general's assistant, 1861-67, and was brevetted colonel, brigadier-general and major- general, March 13, 1865. He was chief commis- sary of subsistence of the division of the Pacific, 1867-73 ; of the division of the Atlantic, 1873-79, and of the division of the Missouri, 1879-88. He was retired with the rank of colonel in 1888. He was married, Sept. 29, 1892, to Clara B., daugli- ter of William H. and Clara (Hyde) Barnum, of" Chicago, 111., and in 1903, was residing at River- side, 111. SIMPSON, Matthew, M. E. bishop, was born in Cadiz, Ohio, June 20, 1811 ; son of James and Sarah (Tingley) Simpson. His father died in 1813, and he lived with his uncle, Matthew Simp- son, until 1827. He attended Madison college, an academy at Uniontown, Pa., 1828-30; was a tutor there in 1830 ; studied medicine. 1830-33, and practiced, 1833-34, but abandoned it for tlie ministry, joining the Pittsburg conference of the M. E. church in 1834. He was a preacher in the St. Clairsville circuit, Ohio, 1834-35 ; at Pitts- burg, Pa., 1835-37, and was vice-president and professor of natural science at Allegheny college, 1837-39. He was the first president of Indiana Asbury (De Pauw) vmiversity, 1839-48, and also served as professor of mental and moral philo- sophy, 1839-48, and professor of mathematics and natural science, 1839-40. He was a member of the general conference of the M. E. church, 1844- 53, and was elected and consecrated bishop in 1852. He was a delegate to the World's Evan- gelical alliance held at Berlin, Germany, in 1857 ; travelled abroad till 1859, when he removed to Evanston, 111., and became president of the Gar- rett Biblical Institute. He delivered a series of addresses before the students of the Yale theo- logical department in 1879, and was president of the general conference in Philadelphia, in 1884. He is the author of : ^4 Hundred Years of Method- ism (1876); Cyclopaedia of Methodism (\S78); Lec- tures on Preach ing (1879), and Sermons (1885) . He died in Philadelphia, Pa., June 18, 1884. SIMPSON SIMS SIMPSON, William Dunlap, governor of Soutli Caruliiui. was l)oni in Laurens district, S.C. Oct 27, 18",'3 ; son of John \V. and Elizabeth (Saterwhite) Simpson, and grandson of Col. Jolin and Mary (Wells) Sitnpson, who immigrated from Belfast, Ireland. He attended the academy at Liiurens, S.C, and was grad- uated from South Carolina college, in 1843. He attended the Harvard Law scliool for one term ; was admitted to the bar in 1816, and practised in I^uirens. He was married in March, 1847, to Jane E., daughter of H. C. Young, of Laurens, S.C, and had eight children, five being sons. He was several times a representative intiie state legisla- ture and state senator, and in 1861 entered the Con- federate army as aide-de-camp to Gen. M. L. Bon- ham. He became major of the 14th South Carolina regiment, and its lieutenant-colonel, and was a representative in the 1st and 2d Confederate con- gresses, 1862-65. He was elected a representative in the 41st U.S. congress, in 1868, but was refused admittance by the Republican house on the ground of being disqualified under the 14th constitutional amendment. He was lieutenant- governor of South Carolina, 1876-79; governor. as successor to Wade Hampton (q.v.), 1879-80, and \vas chief-justice of the state supreme court, 1880-90. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by the South Carolina college. He died in Columbia, S.C, Dec. 27, 1890. SIMS, Charles N., educator, was born in Union county, Ind., May 18, 1835; son of John and Irene (.\llen) Sims; grandson of William and Mary Sims; and of Joseph and Mary Allen, and a descendant of William Sims of Virginia, a Revolutionary soldier. On Aug. 12, 1858, he was married to Eliza A. Foster, of Warren county, Ind. He was graduated at the Indiana Asbury university, A.B., 1859, A.M., 1861, and at Ohio Wesleyan university, A.M., 1860. He was prin- cipal of the Thorntown academy, 1857-59, presi- dent of Valparaiso college, Ind., 1860-62; pastor of Methodist churches at Richmond, Ind., 1862- 63 ; Wabash, Ind., 1864 ; Evansville, Ind., 1865-66, Meridan Street church, Indianapolis, Ind., 1867- 69 and 1893-98 ; Baltimore, Md., 1870-72 ; Newark, N.J., 1873-75; Brooklyn, N.Y., 1876-80. In 1875 he declined the presidency of the Illinois We.sley- an university, Bloomington ; waselected chancel- lor of Syracuse university, 1881, and became also pastor of the First Cliurch at Syracuse, N.Y., in 1898. He wa.s delegate to the Centennial Confer- ence of Methodism in 1884, to the General Confer- ence. 1884 and 1888, and was commissioner to the Onondaga Indians, 1884-85. Indiana Asbury uni- versity conferred upon him tlie degree of D.D. in 1870, and that of LL.D. in 1883. He is the author of the Temperance Problem (1872); Life of T. M. Eddy, D.D. (1877), and Itinerary Time Limit (1879). SIMS, Clifford Stanley, jurist, was l^orn in Dauphin county. Pa., Feb. 17, 1839 ; son of John Clarke and Emiline Marion (Clark) Sims ; grand- son of John and Mary (Neale) Sims ; descendant of Maj. John Ross, and of Surgeon Alexander Ross of the Continental army. He attended the Academy of the Protestant Episcopal church in Piiiladelpliia, Pa., and in 1860 was admitted to the bar. He was acting paymaster in tiie U.S. navy, 1862-64, and in 1864 was appointed lieuten- ant-colonel of the 4tli Arkansas union volunteers, but was taken prisoner before he assumed com- mand. He was married in August. 1865. to Mary Josephine, daughter of Charles Steadman and Mary Caroline (Bowman) Abercrombie of Mem- phis, Tenn. He was a member of the Arkansas constitutional convention, 1867-68 ; was a repre- sentative in the legislature, 1868-69 ; judge-ad- vocate general of the state in 1868, and U.S. consul at Ottawa, 1869-78. He was connected with the Pennsylvania Railroad in financial and legal matters, 1878-94, and lived at Mount Holly, N.J. He was a judge of the New Jersey court of errors and appeals, 1894-96, and a member of the Society of the Cincinnati of the state of New Jersey, being its president for many years until March 3, 1896. He is the autlior of : Origin and Signification of Scottish Surnames (1862); Tlie Institution of the Society of the Cincinn'ati in tlie State of New Jersey (1866); and Noye's ]\Ia.vims of the Laws of England (1870). He died in Tren- ton, N.J., on his way to court, March 3, 1896. SIMS, James Marion, physician, was born in Lancaster district, S.C, Jan. 25, 1813. He was graduated from South Carolina college in 1832, and from the Jefferson Medical college. Pa., in 1835. He established himself in practice in Mont- gomery, Ala., in 1836 ; was married, Dec. 21 , 1836, to Eliza Theresa, daughter of Dr. Bartlett Jones of Lancaster, S.C, and in 1848 founded a private hospital in Montgomery. He removed to New York in 1853 ; founded the Woman's Hospital as- sociation, studied hospital construction in Europe, and on his return secured the adoption of the pavilion system. He was in Paris, on the out- break of the Franco-Prussian war in 1870, and commanded as surgeon-in-chief, a hospital corps composed of Englishmen and Americans. He was a member of the American Medical associa- tion, coiTesponding fellow of the Imperial Aca- demy of Medicine at Brussels, president of the American Medical association, and a member of various other prominent medical societies at liome and abroad. He received the order of Knight of the Legion of Honor from the French SIMS SINGER government, the Order of Leopold from the King of the Belgians, and decorations from the gov- ernments of Spain, Portugal and Italy. The citizens of New Yoi'k city erected a bronze statue to his memory in Bi-yant Park. He died in New York city. Nov. 13, 18So. SIMS, Thetus Willrette, representative, was born in Wa3'ne county, Tenn., April 25, 1852; son of George and Jane Sims. He was brought up on a farm, educated at Savannah college, Tenn.. and was graduated from Cumberland uni- versity, Lebanon, Tenn., LL.B., 1876. He was admitted to the bar, and began practice in Lin- den. Tenn. He married, Dec. 26, 1877, Nannie H. Kittrel, of Maury county, Tenn. He was superintendent of public instruction for Perry county, Tenn., 1882-84; was presidential elector on the Cleveland and Stevenson ticket, 1892, and Democratic representative from the eighth dis- trict of Tennessee in the 55th, 56th, 57tli and 58th congresses, 1897-1905. He served on the com- mittees on war claims and the District of Col- umbia. SIMS, Winfield Sdott, inventor, was born in New York city, April 6, 1844. He was graduated from the high school in Newark, N.J., 1861, and served in the 37th New Jersey regiment, 1861-65. He afterward became interested in apparatus of an electric nature, and invented many devices in electro-magnets. He was constructor of an elec- tric motor, in 1872, weight 45 pounds, battery 20 half-gallon Bunsen cells, capable of propelling at the rate of one mile in fifteen minutes a sixteen- foot boat holding six persons. His submarine torpedo boat propelled by an electric dynamo, its power generated on shore or on ship-board, was the first application of electricity for the propul- sion and explosion of torpedoes. Ten of these boats were purchased for the U.S. government service, their speed rated at ten to eleven and a half miles an hour. He subsequently devised a boat with a 250-pound charge "of dynamite, hav- ing a speed of eighteen miles an hour, and in . vented the Sims dynamite gun, used against th«5 Spanish by the Cubans. Five of these guns, rigged on a swift tug, throw at least sixty projectiles at a torpedo boat while travelling a mile, the projeC' tiles being sufficiently powerful to destroy tho boat with a single shot. Previous to the war with Spain, 1898, Mr. Sims refused to sell his guns to the Spanisli government. SINCLAIR, William, soldier, was born in Ohio, Feb. 8, 1835. He was graduated at the U.S. Military academy in 1857, and was as- signed to the 3rd artillery, being commissioned 2nd lieutenant, July 31, 1858. He performed gar- rison and frontier duty, 1858-61, taking part in suppressing John Brown's raid in Virginia in 1859 ; was promoted 1st lieutenant, April 30, 1861 ; and in March, 1862, joined the Army of the Potomac. He was brevetted captain for gallant and meri- torious services at the siege of Yorktown in April and May, 1862 ; was commissioned colonel U.S.V., June 27, and was given command of the 6th Penn- sylvania reserves, 3rd brigade (Truman Seymour), Si'd division (George A. McCall), 5th corps under Gen. F. J. Porter. During the Seven Days" battle he was at Wliite House, Va. He fought at the second Bull Run, the 3rd division (John F. Rey- nolds) being temporarily attached to McDonald's corps and was engaged at South Mountain, Sept. 14, 1862, and Antietam, Sept. 17, in the 1st brigade (Seymour), 3rd division (Meade), 1st corps under Gen. Joseph Hooker. At Fredericksburg Sinclair commanded Seymour's brigade ; was severely wounded, and was on sick-leave, Dec. 13. 1862, to March 15, 1863. He commanded a brigade in the defences of Washington. D.C., for two months, and on June 6, 1863, resigned his volunteer com- mission to command a battery in the Vicksburg campaign. He joined his battery, July 4, 1863, the day that Pftmberton surrendered; partici- pated in the capture of Jackson, Miss., July 16, 1863, and was acting assistant inspector-general, 13th corps, July 27 to Oct. 12, 1863. He was commissioned lieutenant-colonel U.S.V., Oct. 12, 1863 ; was assistant inspector-general of the 13th corps, pai'ticipating in the Red River expedition ; and on July 22, 1864, was attached to the inspector- general's bureau at Washington. He resigned his volunteer commission, July 3, 1865, and on Sept. 30, was made quartermaster at the U.S. Military academy. He was promoted captain, 3d artillery, Dec. 11, 1865, major, 2d artillery, April 6, 1885, lieutenant-colonel, 5th artillery, June 6, 1896, and colonel, 7th artillery, March 8, 1898. He was retired, with rank of brigadiei'-general, Feb. 8, 1899. SINGER, Isaac Merritt, inventor, was born in Oswego, N. Y., Oct. 27, 1811. He was a machinist and with a few improvements of his own devising, set up a sewing-machine factory in Boston. At that time the American patents for the point-eyed needle and travelling shuttle were held by Howe, who comijelled Singer to withdraw. The latter removed to New York citj", interested a lawyer and capitalist, named Clarke, and opened the fac- tory of the Singer Sewing Machine Company in Centre street. Singer was again enjoined by Howe but arranged a compromise under which he continued manufacturing by paying Howe a royalty for every needle and shuttle used. Sub- sequently he invented the self-adjusting feeder. The importance of this improvement was imme- diately recognized and Howe, in order to sell his machines, was forced to pay Singer an immense royalty for the use of the patent feeder. The Singer company met with great success. The SINGLETON SITGREAVES bu^int'ss was changed to a stock company, and a few shares were given to theliead of eacli dejiart- ment, Singer and Clarke holding an equal number of the majority of all the shares. Disagreements followed and the control of the business was ab- sorbed by Clarke and Mackenzie, the latter a former manager. Upon their demand that Mr. Singer invent a new family sewing-machine within a specified time, he severed his connection witli tlie company and removed to Paris, where he lived for t^everal years. He was married in l^G'), in New York, to Isabella Eugenia Summer- ville. whom he had met in Paris. Of their children, Isabella Blanche married, in 18«8, the Due Decazes, and Winneretta married, first, Prince L«iuis Wilfred de Icey-Montbeliard and secondly. Prince Edmond Jlelchior de Polignac, descendant of the Prime minister of Cliarles X. Isaac Singer's estate, estimated at $30,000,000, was left to his widow and children. He died at his liome in Torquay. England, July 23, 1875. SINQLETON, Esther, author, born in Balti- more. Md.. of Southern and English ancestry. In 1887 slie removed to New York city. In tliat year she became connected with the editorial staff of Appleton's Cyclopaedia of A.merican Biography. Subsequently she wrote articles on music for '" Scribuer"s Cyclopaedia of Music and Musicians" and for the " International Cyclopaedia." After 1891 she wrote man j' articles and literary and musical criticisms for the lead- ing newspapers and reviews. She is the author of : Turrets, Towers and Temples (1898); ^ Guide to the Opera (1899): Great Pictures (1899); The Wonders of Nature (1900); Paris(1900), Romantic Castles and Palaces (1901); Love in Literature and Art ( 1901 ) ; The Furniture of Our Forefathers (2 vols., 1900-1901): Famous Paintings (190r); I^ndon (1902) : Social New York under the Georges, J714-177'J (1902), and French and English Furni- ture ( 1903). She also translated from the Frencli. Albert I^iivignac's " Music Dramas of Richard Wagner " ri89Mi, and " Musical Education " (1903). SINGLETON, Otho R., representative, was born in Jessamine county. Ky., Oct. 14, 1814. He was graduated at St. Joseph college. Bards- town, Ky., and at the Lexington Law school, and l)egan practice in Canton, Miss., in 1838. He was a member of the lower house of the state legislature for two years, and of tiie state senate for six years, and was a Democratic presidential ♦•lector, voting for Pierce and King in 1853. He was a Democratic representative in the 33(1, 35tli and SOth congresses, 1853-55, and 1857-Gl. He resigned his seat in congre.ss. Jan. 12, 1801, with the Mississippi delegation, but his resigna- tion was not accepted, and his seat was declared vacant. March 14, 1861. He was a representative from Mississippi in the 1st and 2d Confederate States congresses, serving from Feb. 22, 1862, to the close of the government, meantime holding a position on General Lee's staff as aide-de-camp. He was again elected a representative from the fourth district of the reconstructed state of Mis- sissippi to the U.S. congress, serving in the 44th, 45th, 40th and 47th congress, 1875-83, and from the fifth district (having removed from Canton to Forest), in the 48th and 49tii con- gresses, 1883-87. He died in Washington, D.C., Jan. 11. 1889. SITGREAVES, Charles, representative, was born in Easton, Pa., April 22, 1803 ; son of Will- iam Sitgreaves 3d (born in Philadelphia, Dec. 23, 1772) and Ursula (BuUman) his wife; grand- son of William Sitgreaves 2d (born Dec. 12, 1729) and Susanna (Deshon) his wife ; great- grandson of William Sitgreaves 1st (born in Eng- land, Feb. 17, 1704). He received a liberal educa- tion ; was admitted to tlie bar at Easton, Aug. 17, 1824. and began practice in Phillipsburg. N.J. He was married to Jane Louisa Depew (1803- 1887). He was major commandant in the state militia, 1828-38 ; member of the state assembly, 1831-33, and of the council, 1834-35, being presi- dent of the latter, 1835. He was a trustee of Lafayette college, Pa., 1843-53. and received the honorary degree A.M. from the College of New Jersey in 1852. He was a member of the upper house of the state legislature, 1853-54 ; a trustee of the State Normal school, 1855-64 ; the first mayor of Phillipsburg, 1861, and a member of the 39tli and 40th congresses, 1865-69. He was presi- dent of the Belvidere-Delaware railroad company, 1850-70, and the finst president of the Phillips- burg bank, 1866-78. He died at Phillipsburg, N.J.. March 16. 1878. SITGREAVES, John, delegate, was born in New Berne, N.C., about 1740. He studied law and began its practice in his native town. He was appointed an officer in the regiment of minutemen of Dobbs county, under Col. Richard Caswell, who defeated the loyalists, under Gen- eral McDonald, at Moore's Creek. Feb. 27, 1776, known as the " Lexington of the South" and for which Colonel Caswell gained promotion to tiie rank of major-general. He was also Governor Caswell's aide-de-camp at the battle of Camden. Aug. 16, 1780. He was a delegate from North Carolina to the Continental congress. 1784-85. being in attendance at Trenton, N.J., from Nov. 1 to Dec. 24, 1784, when the government was transferred to New York city. He was a mem- ber of the house of commons, 1786-89, and U.S. district judge for North Carolina. 1789-1802. He died at Halifax. N.C., March 4, 1802. SITGREAVES, Samuel, representative, was born in Philadelpliia, Pa., March 16. 1764; .son of William (born 1729) and Susanna (Deshon) Sit- SIVITER SKINNER greaves. He had a thorough education in Phil- adelphia and studied law under James Wilson, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. He was admitted to the bar at Philadelphia, Sept. 3, 1783 ; was married Nov. 27, 1783, to Franconia Allibone of Philadelphia, and began the practice of his profession in Easton, 1786. He was a mem- ber of the state constitutional convention, 1789- 90, and a representative in the 4th and 5th con- gresses, 1795-99, and U.S. commissioner to Eng- land under the Jay treaty, 1797-99. He was mar- ried a second time in Philadelphia, June 6, 1796, to Maria Angelina, daughter of Daniel Kemper, of New York city. He founded the Easton Library (now "Carnegie Library"), the Easton Bible Society, Trinity Protestant Episcopal cliurch, was the first town clerk of Easton and its most eminent citizen. He defended Senator Wil- liam Blount, accused of instigating the Creeks and Cherokees to aid the British in conquering Spanish territory in Florida, 1797, and John Fries, of Pennsylvania, prosecuted for treason, 1799. He returned to the practice of his profes- sion at Easton in 1800. He was president of the Easton bank, 181.5-27, and a trustee of Lafayette c, where he was instrumental in securing the reduction of letter postage from three to two cents, and was the author of the bill providing for the special delivery system. He was deputy state superintendent of [luVjlic instruction. 18SG- 92 ; supervisor of teacliers' institutes and training classes. 1893-96. and state superintendent of public instruction from April 7, 1895. He was elected president of the National Educational association in 1896 ; was a life member of the New York State Press association, a trustee of St. Lawrence university, and of the Albany Home School for the Deaf. He received the degrees : A.M from Hamilton, 1889, LL.D. from Colgate, 1895, and Litt.U, from Tufts, 1901. He is the author of : Commercial Advantages of Watertoivn, N.Y. (1876); Neiv York Question Book (1890) ; Arbor Day Manual (1891) ; Manual of Patriotism for the Schools of New York {\mO). SKINNER, Henrietta Channing Dana, author, was born in Cambridge, Mass.. youngest daugliter of Richard Henry, Jr. (q.v.) and Sarah (Watson) Dana. She attended private schools in Boston and Paris ; was a special student at Radcliffe col- lege, Cambridge, for two years, 1886-87 ; and be- gan to contribute articles to Scribner's and other magazines as early as 1878. She was married, June 25, 1892, to Henry Whipple Skinner of Detroit, Mich., where she subsequently made her home. She is tlie author of : Espiritu Santo, a novel (1899) ; Heart and Soul, a novel : (1901), and contributions to the Atlantic Monthly, the Catholic World, and Harper's Magazine. SKINNER, Otis Ainsworth, author, was born in Royalton, Vt., July 3, 1807. He joined the ministry of the Universalist society in 1826, andwas pastor at Baltimore, 1831-36 ; Haverhill, 1836-37; Boston, 1836-46, and New York city, 1846-49. He returned to Boston in 1849, and in 1857 removed to Elgin, 111. He was president of Lombard university, Galesburg, 111., 1857-59; and pastor at Joliet, 111., 1859-61. Lombard con- ferred upon him the honorary degree of D.D., 1858. He edited the Southeast Pioneer. 1831-36 ; the Gos- pel Sun, 1836-37, and the Universalist Miscellany, 1844-49 ; and is the author of : Universalism Illustrated and Defended (1839) ; Miller's Tlieoi-y Exploded (1840) ; Letters on Revivals (1842) ; Prayer Book for Family Worshij) (1843) ; Letters on Moral Duties of Parents (1844) ; Lessons from the Death of ihe Young (1S44); Reply to Hatfield (1847); Death of Daniel Webster (1852). He died in Napierville. 111., Sept. 18, 1861. SKINNER, Richard, governor of Vermont, was born in Litcldield, Conn., May 30, 1778; son of Gen. Timothy Skinner. He attended the Litch- field law school, practised law in Manchester, Vt., 1799; was state's attorney for Bennington county, 1800-13 ; a representative in the 13th con- gress, 1813-15 ; in the state legislature, 1816-18 ; speaker of the house, 1818 ; assistant judge of the supreme court, 1815-16. and declined tiie chief-jus- ticeship in 1817. He was governor of the state, 1820-24, and chief justice of the state supreme court, 1825-29. He was president of the north- SKINNER SLADE eastern branch of the American Educational society and a member of the board of trustees of Middlebury college, 1817-33. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on him by Middlebury in 1817. Pie died in Manchester, Vt., May 23, 1833. SKINNER, Thomas Harvey, educator, was born at Harvey's Neck, Perquimans county, N.C., March 7, 1791 ; son of Joshua and Martha Ann (Blount) Skinner ; and a descendant of Governors Harvey and Eden and from the English Eliza- bethan family of Blounts. His early education was received at Edeuton academy, N.C., and he •entered tlie College of New Jersey, Princeton, in 1807, graduating A.B., 1809, A.M. 1812. He studied law at Edenton and theology at Prince- ton under President Smith and was licensed to preach in December, 1813. He was co-pastor with Dr. Janeway in the Second church, Phila- delphia, 1812-16 ; pastor of the Fifth Presbyterian church, Pliiladelphia, 1816-23, forming the Arch Street church in 1823, and being its pastor until 1833, except for a few months in 1828 when he was called to Boston and tried the cliange. He was Bartlet professor of sacred rhetoric at An- dover Theological seminary, 1833-35 ; was pastor of the Mercer Street church. New York city, 1835-48 ; and professor of sacred rhetoric, pas- toral theology and church government at Union Theological seminary, 1848-71. He was married to Emily Montgomery. The honorary degree of D.D. was confeiTed on liini in 1825, and that of LL.D. in 1855 by Williams college. He is the author of: Religion of the Bible (1839) ; Aids to Preaching and Hearing (1839); Hints to Chris- tians (1841); VineVs Pastoral Theology (1854); Vinet's Homeletics {\Shi); Discussions in TJieology (1868) ; and Tlioughts on Evangelizing the World (1870); besides many sermons, tracts and pam- phlets. He died in New York city, Feb. 1, 1871. SKINNER, Thomas Harvey, clergyman, was Ijorn in Pliiladelphia, Pa., Oct. 6, 1820 ; son of the Rev. Dr. Thomas Harvey (q.v.) andEmily (Mont- gomery) Skinner. He was graduated from the University of the City of New York, A.B., 1840, A.M. 1843 ; attended Andover Theological sem- inary, 1843-43, and was graduated from the Union Theological seminary in 1843. He was ordained by the presbytery of Newark, Dec. 8, 1843, and was married in 1843 to Mary S., daughter of Benjamin Day. He was pastor at. Paterson, N.J., 1843-46 : New York city, 1846-56 ; Honesdale, Pa., 1856-59 ; Stapleton, N.Y., 1859- 68 ; Fort Wayne, Ind.. 1868-71, and at Cincinnati, Ohio, 1871-81. He was professor of theology at McCormick Theological seminary, Chicago, 111., 1881-90, and professor of divinity, 1890-93. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by the College of New Jersey in 1867. and that of LL.D. by Washington and Jefferson college in IX. — 2.5 1891. He was a member of the council of the University of the City of New York, 1839-71 ; and bequeathed $25,000 to Parsons college, Iowa. He died in Chicago, 111., Jan. 4, 1892. SLACK, Elijah, educator, was born in Lower Wakefield, Pa., Nov. 24, 1784. He was gradu- ated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1808 ; A.M., 1811 ; was principal at Trent(jn academy, N.J., 1808-12, and was licensed to preach by the presbytery of New Brunswick, N.J., in 1811. He was vice president and professor of natural philosophy at the College of New Jersey, 1812-17 ; removed to Cincinnati in 1817 ; was superintend- ent of the Literary and Scientific institute there, 1817-19 ; and president of Cincinnati college. 1819- 38. He removed to Brownsvilli'. Tenn., where he conducted a high school, 1837-44, and returned to Cincinnati in 1844. The honorary degree of M.D. was conferred on him by Ohio Medical col- lege and that of LL.D. by the College of New Jersey in 1863. He published : Key to Chemical Nomenclature (Cincinnati 1838); Treatise on Electricity; Incompatihles and Poisons; Dis- course on Agricultural Chemistry (1831). He died in Cincinnati, Ohio, May 39, 1866. SLADE, William, governor of Vermont, was born in Cornwall, Vt., May 9, 1786 ; son of Col. William Slade, a Revolutionary veteran and na- tive of Washington, Conn. He was graduated at Middlebury college, A.B., 1807, A.M., 1810; was admitted to the bar, 1810; began practice in Middle- bury, and was a presidential elector in 1813, voting for Madison. He established a book store at Middlebury and became interested in politics and in historical and literary studies. He established the Columbian Patriot which he edited, 1814-16, and in 1816 was elected secretary of state, holding the position. 1817-35, serving at the same time as judge of the Addison county court and subsequently as state's attorney. He was a clerk in the state department at Wash- ington, 1823-29. In 1829, on Jackson's accession to the Presidency, he lost his office and resumed the practice of law in Middlebury. He was a repre- sentative from Vermont in the 22d-27th con- gresses, 1831-43 ; a reporter of the decisions of the supreme court of Vermont, 1843-44 ; governor of Vermont, 1845-46, and secretary of the national board of popular education, up to the time of his death. He is the author of : Slade' s State Papers (1823); LaiL-s of Vermont (1825); Speech on the Petition for the Abolition of the Slave Trade in the District of Columbia, Dec. 20, 1839. which was suppressed by the house of representatives, and Reports of the Supreme Court of Verviont (1844) He died in Middlebury, Vt., Jan, 18, 1859. SLAFTER SLATER SLAFTER, Edmund Farwell, author, was born at Nurwicli. Vt.. :May M, 181G ; son of Syl- vester and Mary Armstrong (Jolinson) Slafter ; grandson of Jolin ami Elizabeth (Ilovey) Slafter and of Calvin and Mnry (Armstrong) Jolinson, and a descendant of John Slafter tlie immigrant ancestor. lie was a student of Tlietford academy, and was graduated at Dartmouth college in 1840 ; studied at Andover Theological seminary ; was principal of the academy at Topsfield. Mass., 1841-42 ; was admitted to the diaconate of the Protestant Episcopal church in 1844 and ad- vanced to the priesthood in 1845. He was rector of St. Peters. Cambridge, Mass., 1844-46, and rector of St. John's, Jamaica Plains, 184(3-53. In 1849 he was married to Mary Anne, daughter of Charles and Elizabeth (Brown) Hazen, of Bos- ton, Mass. He was a.ssistant minister of St. Paul's Boston, 1853-57, and a superintendent in the American Bible society, resident in Boston until 1877 when he resigned and devoted his time to iiistorical work. He became a member of tlie M;issachusetts Historical society, and a Felkjw of the Royal Historical .society of England, and received the honorary degree of D.D. from Dart- mouth in 1890. He is the author of : The Assas- sination Plot in New York in 1776 and Memorial of John Slafter, icith Genealogical Account of his Descendants (1869) ; The Charter of Xoru-ich, Vernw)it, etc. (1870); Sir William Alexander and American Colonization (1873); The Copper Coin- age of the Earl of Stirling, 1033 (1874); Voyages of the N(n-thmen to America (1877); Voyages of Samnel de Champlain (1883), and History and Causes of the Incorrect Latitudes as Recorded in the Journals of the Early Writers, Navigators and Explorers relating to the Atlantic Coast of North America, 1535-1740 (1882) ; Memoir of John Checkley (1897); memoirs of Samuel de CJtam- jilain. Fitch Edirard Oliver, M.D., Charles W. Tuttle, Rev. William S. Bartlet ; Remarks on the Life of Samuel Eliot, LL.D. ; Remarks on Coat Armor ; Annual Reports as Registrar of the Dio- cese of Massachusetts, and many nionograplis on historical subjects. SLATER, James Harvey, senator, was born in Sangamon county, 111., Dec. 28,1826. He was educated in the public schools, moved to Cali- fornia in 1849 and to Oregon Territory in 1850, where he entered the profession of the law in 1854. He was clerk of the district court for Ben- ton county, 1853-56 ; member of the territorial a.ssembly, 1857-58 ; representative in the first legislative assembly of Oregon, 1859 ; a presiden- tial elector in 1808 ; the representative from Ore- gon in the 42d congress, 1871-73, and U.S. senator, 1879-.«(5. He died at La Grande, Oreg., Jan. 28, 1899. SLATER, John Fox, philanthropist, was born in Slatervilie, li.I., March 4, 1815: son of John (born in Belper, Derbysliire, England, Dec. 25, 1776) and Ruth (Bucklin) Slater, and grandson of William Slater and of John Bucklin. He learned tlie cotton business under his father, an extensive manufacturer, being placed in charge of his fatlier's mills in Jewett City, R.I., in 1831, and subsequently establishing a manufactory of his own in Norwich, Conn., in which he acquired great wealth. He was actively interested in ed- ucational advancement, contributing liberally to the establishment of the Norwich Free academy. In Ai)ril. 18S2, he established the Slater Fund of ^1,000.000 for the education of freedmen in the south, tlie producers of the cotton spun by ma- chines introduced into America by his great uncle, Samuel Slater. His son, William Albert Slater, erected a building to the memory of his father for the Norwich Free academy at a cost of $150,- 000. He died in Norwich, Conn., May 7, 1884. SLATER, Samuel, manufacturer, was born at Holly House farm, near Belper, Derbyshire, Eng- land, June 9, 1768 ; fifth son of AVilliam and Elizabeth (Fox) Slater, His father, a landed proprietor, farmer and timber merchant, died when the son was fourteen years of age. In 1783 Samuel apprenticed himself for a term of six and one half years to Jedediah Strutt of New Mills, Duffield. cotton spinner, " to learn his art." Mr. Strutt was at that time building a large cotton factory /| at Milford and was a partner with Sir Richard Arkwright. The mills contained the most improved machinery, and young Slater became not only a skilful machinist but gained a thorough knowledge of patent-riglits and suits- at-law. His master also instilled in him habite of economy that were never forgotten. After serving his full time witli ]Mr. Strutt he was em- ployed by him in tlie oversight of the mill and in the erection of new works, wliicli latter exper- ience served him well in his subsequent career in America. He was first induced to make his home in the new world by reading the advertise- ment in a Philadelphia paper of a reward of £100 offered by a society for a machine to make cotton i-ollers. To avoid the risk of leaving ICngland as a machinist, at that time prohibited by an act of Parliament, he told no one of his intention, and avoided carrying with him any plans, ])atterns, or written memoranda, excepting his indenture. SLATER SLAUGHTER which he concealed, trusting his memory entirely as to the construction of the machinery in the Arkwright and Strutt mills. He left Derbyshire for London, Sept. 1, 1789, sailing for New York, Sept. 13, and reaching that port after a passage of sixty-six days. He engaged with the New York Manufacturing company, and finding no encouragement for the introduction of improved machinery in New York, he planned to go to Philadelphia, but was induced by Capt. Brown, of the New York and Providence packet line, to correspond with Moses Brown, of Providence, R.I., who was then attempting to operate a spinning-jenny, built by Daniel Anthony and others in 1787. This spinning frame, of thirty- two spindles, had been set up in an old fulling mill at Pawtucket, where Brown undertook to operate it by water power but found the machin- ery too loosely built. This early effort at spin- ning cotton with a Hargreaves jenny determined Moses Brown to obtain tlie services of young Slater, with the hope of securing the Arkwright spinner, then successfully operated in English cotton mills. He took him to Pawtucket and there showed him tlie machinery then in partial operation, which Slater condemned and offered to replace by new machinery with three cards, drawing and roving, and two spinning frames, one for twenty-four, and tlie other for forty-eight spindles, after the Arkwright patent, then un- known in America, and to put it in operation, making its success a condition of receiving any remuneration except one dollar per day. He did the work from memory and almost entirely with his own hands, and at the end of the year 1790 had it in. successful operation. In 1793, Almy, Brown & Slater built a new factory, the first American mill entirely equipped with American built machinery, which they set in motion July 12, and the original seventy-two spindles taken from the old fulling mill, gradually increased as the demand for American spun cotton yarn called for a supply. His success induced capital to in- vestment in cotton spinning, and in 1798 Mr. Slater, with Oziel Wilkinson, Timothy Green, and William Wilkinson, built a second mill on the east side of the Pawtucket river, tlie firm be- ing Samuel Slater & Co. After this mill had been operated for some time, five or six of the hands left and erected for themselves a small mill, and by 1812 more than one hundred fac- tories operating 80,000 spindles, had been started in different parts of the country, each drawing its knowledge of the business from Samuel Slater's mill in Pawtucket. He was the first in America to introduce Sunday-schools among the laborers in factories, and from Pawtucket they were in- troduced into Providence in 1815, by William Jenkins, a clerk with Mr, Slater. At first the schools were designed for general instruction and subsequently biblical instruction was added by religious societies. In 1806 Mr. Slater was joined by his brother John, also an English cotton spin- ner, who had determined to make his home in America, and in 1807 the}' erected at North Smithfield, R.I., a cotton mill, which, under the supervision of John Slater. i)roved very profitable, and the village and mill became known as Slater- ville. In 1812 he erected mills at " Oxford South Gore," (afterward East Webster) Mass., increas- ing their capacity each year, and in 1815-16 he added to the enterprise the manufacture of woolen cloth. He introduced tlie spinning of thread from cotton for domestic use in sewing in 1793. In 1811 he took into partnership Mr. Bela Tiffany, a former clerk, and Slater & Tiffany erected the first cotton mill built on the French river, which led to the establishment of woolen and cotton mills and the incorporation, in 1832, of the town of Webster and the village of East Webster, Mass. Mr. Slater took especial interest in the improvement of roads, and invested largely but not profitably in turnpike stock. In 1822, his attention being directed to the great capabilities of the Amoskeag falls on the Merrimac river, he purchased the property controlling the water- power and founded the manufacturing interests of Manchester, N.H. In the financial revulsion of 1829 he met with heavy pecuniary losses, but by making heroic sacrifices he passed the ordeal with unimpaired credit and added to his property the Providence Steam Mills and the mills at Wilkinsonville, in Sutton, Mass. He was mar- ried soon after arriving in America to Hannah, daughter of Oziel Wilkinson of Pawtucket. She died in 1812, leaving ten children. His second wife, who survived him, was Mrs, Esther Parkin- son of Philadelphia, He died in East Webster, Mass., April 21, 1835. SLAUGHTER, Gabriel, governor of Kentucky, was born in Virginia, in 1767, He moved to Kentucky in childhood, became a farmer, and was a representative from Mercer countj' in the Kentucky legislature, 1799-1800. and senator, 1801-08, He was colonel of a Kentucky regiment at the battle of New Orleans, and won a vote of thanks from the legislature for gallant conduct. General Jackson entertained a high opinion of him as a soldier and pa- triot. He was a man of determined firmness, and in that respect resembled Jackson. On one oc- casion, while acting as president of a court-mar- tial the result of which was not in accordance with General Jackson's views, the court was ordered to reverse its proceedings, but Slaughter aLAUGHTER SLEMMER declined to comply, suyiuj::: tliat he knew his duty and had perfoiiued it. lie was lieutenant-gov- ernor of Kentucky, lyO^-li. antl again in lbl6, on the ticket witii tkH)rge Madison for governor. Madison died Oct. 14, iyi6, and Slaugliter was thereupon c.r officio governor for tlie term of four years ending witii 1819. He died in Mercer county, Ky.. Sept. 10. 1S30. SLAUGHTER, Philip, clergyman, was born in Spriiiglield, Va., Oct. 2G, 1808; son of Capt. Philip .Sl.iughter, of tlie lltii Continental regi- ment. Army of the Revolution. He was tiie cousin of William B mk Slaugliter. who organized the state of Wisconsin. Piiilip was educated private- ly and at the academ_v at Wincliester, Va. ; studied law at the University of Virginia, 1825- 28. and was admitted to the bar. He entered the Episcopal theological seminary, Alexandria. Va., 1833 ; was ordained deacon in Trinity clmrch, Staunton. 1834. and priest in St. Paul's church, Alexandria. 1835. He was rector at Dettingen, Va. ; ofClirist churcii, Georgetown, D.C., 1836- 40 ; of the parishes of Meade and Jolins, 1840-43, and St. Paul's church, Petersburg, Va., 1843-48. On account of ill health he spent 1848-49 in foreign travel. In 1856 he erected a church on his own land in Culpeper county, and officiated tliere without romuneration until the Federal army daslroyed it in 1803. He then preached in liisoA-n lijusa, in camps and liospitals. In 1874 he received the degree of D.D. from William and Mary college. Tlie church convention made him historiographer of the diocese of Virginia. He eJited The Virginia Colonizationist (1850); Tlie Army and Xa vy Messenger ; The Southern Church- man (lS6")),and is the author of: St. Georges Parish History (1847); Man and Woman (1860); Life of Randolph Fairfax (1862); Life of Colonel Joshua Fry (1880); Historic Churches of Vir- ginia {\SS2); Life of Hon. William Green {18SP,); Views from Cedar Mountains (ISSi); The Colonial Church of Virginia (1885); Christianity the Key to t!ie Character and Career of Washington (1883); and an Address to the Minute-Men of Culpzper (1887). He died in Culpeper county, Va.. .Tunf- 12. 1890. SLAYDEN, James Luther, representative, was hoiti in Graves county, Ky., June 1, 1853; son of Thomas A. and Letitia E. Slayden. He was educated in the public schools of Kentucky, and at the Washington and Lee university, Va., 1873-73. He became a cotton merchant, and was a representative in the legislature of Texas in 1892. He declined re-election, and served as a Democratic representative from tlie twelfth dis- trict of Texas in the 55tii, 56lli. 57th and 58tli congresses. 1897-1905. SLEIGHT, Mary Brack, author, was born in New York city ; daugliter of Henry C. and Jane (Keese) Sleight, granddaughter of Henry and Mary (Remsen)Sleight ; and of John D. and Catiia- rine (Kip) Keese, and great-granddaughter of Maj. John Keese, an officer on Wasliington's staff and a charter member of tlie Society of the Cin- cinnati. Her grandfather, Henry Sleight, attained the rank of colonel in the Continental army. On her mother's side she comes of Quaker an- cestrj-^ — tiie Bownes of Flushing and the Keeses of Keesville — and the family was connected by marriage with the families of Wa-ihington Irving and J. Fenimore Cooper. Her fatlier, Henry C. Sleiglit, a soldier in the war of 1812 was a New York publisher ; founder of the first daily news- paper west of Albany — the Rochester Daily Advertiser. His publishing house in New York city was burned in the great fire of 1835. In 1844 he removed with his family to Geneseo, 111., and Miss Sleight was educated in the Geneseo sem- inary. After 1875 she made her home in Sag Harbor, L.I., N.Y. Slie is the author of : Prairie Days (1879); Osego Chronicles (1879); Pulpit and Easel (1885) ; House at Crague (1886); Flagon the Mill (1887); The Knights of Sandy Hollow (1890); An Island Heroine (1898). SLEMMER, Adam Jacoby, soldier, was born in Montgomery county, Pa., in 1828. He was graduated from the U.S. Militarj' academy, in 1850 ; was assigned to the 1st U.S. artillery ; served in tiie Seminole Indian war, 1850-51 ; was commissioned 2d lieutenant. Feb. 22, 1851, and served on frontier and garrison duty, 1851-54. He was promoted 1st lieutenant April 30, 1854 ; was assistant professor of geography, history and ethics at the U.S. Military academy, 1855-56 ; assistant professor of mathematics, 1856-59 ; served in garrison with the 1st artillery, Capt. Abner Doubleday, at Fort Moultrie, S.C, 1859-60 : and was transferred to Barrancas Barracks, Fla., 1800-61, where he coiiimamled Company G, 1st U.S. artillery, the only Federal force to protect the U.S. forts and navy yard in Pensjicola Bay in January, 1861, and on Jan. 10, 1861, he removed his command from Fort Barrancas to Fort Pickens, which he refused to surrender to the SLICER SLIDELL state authorities of Florida and Alabama. He was reinforced and ordered with his company to report at Fort Hamilton, N.Y., and was promoted major of 16th infantry, May 14, 1861. He was engaged in organizing and recruiting his regi- ment at Chicago, 111., July-Aug. 1861 ; was act- ing inspector-general of the department of the Ohio, August-November, 1861, and took part in the expedition from Parkersburg to Roane Court House, Va., in September, 1861. He was engaged in Bueirs operations in Alabama, Mississippi, Kentucky and Tennessee, taking part in the seige of Corinth, the movement to Louisville, Ky.,and in the advance to the relief of Nashville. He was promoted brigadier-general U.S. volunteers Nov. 29, 1863, and commanded a regiment in the Army of the Cumberland, in the Tennessee campaign. He was severe!}' wounded at Stone's river, and was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, Dec. 31, 1862, for gallant services at that battle. He was on sick leave of absence, March-July, 1863 ; and Avas president of the board of examination of sick and wounded officers, at Columbus and Cincinnati, Ohio, 1863-65. He was promoted lieutenant- colonel of 4th infantry, Feb. 8, 1864 ; and was brevetted colonel, and brigadier-general U.S.A. March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the Rebellion. He was on garri- son duty at Fort Schuyler, and at Madison Bar- racks, Sacket Harbor, N.Y., 1865-66 ; was mus- tered out of volunteer service, Aug. 34, 1865, and was a member of the board of examiners of candidates for promotion in the army, 1866. He died at Fort Laramie, Kan., Oct. 7, 1868. SLICER, Thomas Rogers, clergyman, was born in Washington, D.C., April 16, 1847 ; son of the Rev. Henry and Elizabeth (Coleman) Slicer ; grandson of Andrew and Elizabeth Slicer and of George and Susan (LePage) Roberts. He at- tended the Baltimore City college, Baltimore, Md. ; and was a Methodist mijiister in Maryland, Colo- rado, and New York, 1867-76. He was married, April 5, 1871, to Adeline, daughter of Theodore C. and Adeline Herbert, at Beverly, N.J. In 1881 he entered the Unitarian ministry and was pas- tor at Providence, R.I., 1881-90, at Buffalo, N.Y., 1890-97, and of the Church of All Souls, New York city, from 1897. The honorary degree of A.M. was conferred upon him by Dickinson college, Carlisle, Pa., in 1873. He is the author of : Doc- trines of the Unity of God in the First TJiree Cen- turies (1893) ; Tlie Great Affirmations of Religion (1900) ; The Poiuer and Promise of Liberal Faith (1900) ; One World at a Time (1903) ; Shelley— An Appreciation (1903). SLIGHTER, Charles Sumner, mathematician and engineer, was born in St. Paul, Minn., April 16, 1864 ; son of Jacob Baldwin and Catherine (Huber) Slichter; grandson of John and Eliza- beth (Bechtet) Slichter and of John and Fannie Hubcr. He was graduated from Northwestern university, Evanston, 111., A.B., 1885, M.S., 1887; and was at the University of Wisconsin, as in- structor in mathematics, 1886-89 ; assistant pro- fessor of mathematics, 1889-93, and professor of applied mathematics from 1893. He was mar- ried, Dec. 23, 1890, to Mary Louise, daughter of John A. and Maria McKinnon Byrne of Madison, Wis. He served as commissioner and secretary to the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History survey, 1900-03, and was president of the Wis- consin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 1900-03. He carried on special investigations on the motions of ground waters for the Hydrograph- ic division of the U.S. geological survey from 1894 ; and on the reorganization of the hydro- graphic work in 1903, was made consulting en- gineer. With C. A. Van Velzer, he is the joint author of : Advanced Algebra (Parts I. and II., 1888) ; Logarithmic and Trigonometric Tables (1891) ; School Algebra (1893) ; University Al- gebra (1892) ; Manual of Four Place Logarithms (1893) ; and author of : Harmonic Curves of Tliree Frequencies (1898) ; Note of the Pi'essure within the Earth (1898) ; Theoretical Investiga- tions of the Motions of Ground TFo^ers (1899) ; The Mechanics of Slow Motions (1900); Logarithmic Tables for Rapid Commutation (1901) ; A New Method of Determining the Velocities of Under- ground Waters (1902) ; The Motions of Under- ground Waters (1903) ; Recent Criticism of American Scholarship (1903) ; and numerous shorter contributions to technical and scientific papers. SLIDELL, John, statesman, was born in New York city, in 1793. He was graduated from Co- lumbia college in 1810, studied law in New York city and practised in New Orleans, La., 1819-35. He was the unsuccessful candidate for represen- tative in the 21st congress in 1828 ; was U.S. dis- trict attorney for Louisiana, 1829-33, and was defeated for the U.S. senatorship in 1834. He was U.S. minister to Mexico in 1841 ; and a States' rights Democratic representative in the 28th and 29th congresses, 1843-45, resigning in 1845, hav- ing been appointed U.S. minister to Mexico to adjust the difficulties arising from the annexa- tion of Texas to the Union. He was refused rec- ognition by the Mexican government, and re- turned Jan. 26, 1847, He was again defeated for U.S. senator in 1849 ; was appointed U.S. minis- ter to Central America in 1853 ; was elected U.S. senator to fill the vacancy caused by the resig- nation of Pierre Soule, to accept the mission to France, and took his seat Dec. 5, 1853. He was re-elected in 1855, for the term ending March 3, 1861, and retired from the U.S. senate, Feb. 4, 1861, to become Confederate States commissioner SLOAN SLOANE to France. Wiiile oi I'oijmjc he was taken fmiu the British mail steamer Trent, Nov. 8, 1861, by Capt. Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. . in command of tlie San Jacinto, anil brought to the United States and imprisoned in Fort Warren, Boston iiarbor. He was released by order of the President, when the demand for reclamation was made by the British government ; sailed for France Jan. 1, 1862, ami altliough his plea for the recognition of the Confederate States by France was ineffec- tual, he began negotiations for a loan of $ir),000,- 000, pledging the cotton crop of the soutliern states as security. He continued to reside in France until 1865, when he settled in London, Eng.. where he .lied. July 29, 1871. SLO.\N, Samuel, cai)italist, was born in Lis- burn, county Down, Ireland, Dec. 25, 1817 ; son of William and Elizabeth (Simpson) Sloan ; and grandson of William Sloan and of William and Margaret (Johnston) Simpson of Belfast, Ireland. He attended the Columbia College grammar school ; obtained employment as a clerk in 1831, and later engaged as a merchant. He was mar- ried. April 8, 1844. to :\Iargaret. daugliter of Peter Zabriskie and Maria (Van Vechten) Elmendorf of Somerville and New Brunswick, N.J. He was a resident of Brooklyn. N.Y., from 1844 to 1861, was a supervisor of Kings county, N.Y., 1850-51, and Republican state senator, 1858-59. In Dec, 1854, he removed to New York. He entered the railway service as a director of the Hudson River railroad, anil in 1855 lie became its president, holding the otlice till 1805. During his presidency of the llu Isdu River railroad, he served as president of about sixteen small roads. He was commissioner for the Trunk lines, 1865-67, and a director of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western railroad, 1864-05, and its president, 1867-99. In 1S97 he gave $5,000 to Rutgers college, and a like sum to Columbia college and otlier institutions. SLOANE, James Renwick Wilson, educator, was born in Topsham. Vt., May 29, 1823; son of the Rev. William and Mary (McNeice) Sloane, and a descendant of "William Sloane, who came from Ayr, Scotland, aboat 1800. He was grad- uated from Washington and Jefferson college in 1847; was president of Richmond college, Ohio. 1848-50, and of Geneva college, Ohio, 1851- 56. He was licensed by the Reformed Presby- tery of tlie Lakes. Oct. 21, 1852. and ordained by the same. Jan. 13, 1855 ; was graduated from tlie Reformed Presbyterian Theological seminary at Northwood. Ohio, in 1853: was pastor at Rush- sylvania, Ohio, 1854-56; of the Third Reformed church in New York city. 1856-68. ^nd was pro- fessor of systemati<- theology and homih-tics in tiie Reformed Pn'sbyterian Theological seminary at Allegheny city. Pa.. 1868-86. accepting also the pastoral charge of the First Reformed Pres- byterian cliurcii oC that city. He was married first. October, 1849, to Margaret Anna Wylie, daughter of the Rev. James and Mary (Trum- bull) Milliganof Ryegate. Vt. ; secondly, in June, 1857, to Margaret Campbell, daughter of the Rev. Donald Campbell and Jane (Stevenson) McLaren of Geneva, N.Y. ; and thirdly, in January, 1865. to Frances Beard, daughter of William and Mary Matilda (Conn) Svvanwick of Swanwick, 111. He received the degree of D.D from Westmin- ster college in 1869. He died in Allegiieny city. Pa., March 6. 1886. SLOANE, John, representative, was born at York. Pa., in 1779. He removed to Oiiio while it was still a territory; was a representative from Jefferson county in the 2d, 3d, 4th and 6th general assemblies, 1803-06 and 1807-08, and speaker, 1805 and 1806 ; colonel of militia in the war of 1812 ; receiver of public moneys at Canton, Ohio, 1808- 16, and at Wooster, 1816-19, and was a represen- tative from the .sixth district of Ohio in the 16th and 17th and from the twelfth district in the 18th- 20th congresses, serving, 1819-29. He was clerk of the court of common \)\eiis for seven years ; secretary of state, 1841-44, and treasurer of the United States from Nov. 27, 18.50, to April 1, 1853. He died at Wooster, Oliio, IMay 15, 1856. SLOANE, William flilligan, historian, was born in Richmond, Ohio. Nov. 12, 1850; son of James Renwick Wilson Sloane (q.v.), and Mar- garet Anna Wylie (Milligan) Sloane. His first American maternal ancestor, James Milligan. immigrated in 1796. He was graduated from Columbia col- lege, A.B., 1868; A.M., 1871 ; taught in Newell school, Pittsburg. Pa., 1868- 72 ; and studied in Berlin and Leipzig, 1872-76, while he was private secretary, 1873-75, to George Bancroft. U.S. minis- , • ter to Berlin, helping him with Vol. 10 of Jh^ Jy y^ his " History of the ^'^^ -^ KA."). was pres- idential elector from New York in ISGS ; was a Democratic representative from Brooklyn, N.Y., in the 41st and 42d congresses, 186S)-73, and was elected the Democratic representative ac large from New York state to the 48th congress by a majority of 10'.).702 over Howard Carroll, his Re- publican opponent, and served, 1883-85. He was president of the Brooklyn city board of public works, 1876-84, and a member of the East River Bridge commission. He died in Brooklyn, N.Y., April 14. 1894. SLOCUM, WilHam Frederick, educator, was horn at Grafton. Mass.. July 29. 18")! ; son of Will- iam Freilerick and Margaret Tinker Slocum ; grandson of Oliver E. and Polly Slocum, and of Edward and Laura Tinker, and a descendant of ( Governor Bradford of Massachusetts. He was graduated from Amherst, A.B. in 1874 and from Andover Theological seminary, B.D. in 1878. He studied in Germany, 1874-75 ; was ordained Aug. 27. 1878 ; was married, July 29, 1880, to Mary Goodale Montgomery, daughter of William and Sarah (Temple) Montgomery of Wakefield, Mass., and was pastor of the Congregational churches in Amesbury, Mass., 1878-83, and of the 1st church in Baltimore, Md., 1883-88. He was president and professor of psychology and historical philos- ophy in Colorado college, 1888. He received the degree LL.D. from Amherst college, 1893, and from the Nebraska university, 1894. He is the author of numerous articles on sociological and phili)soi>liical subjects. SLUTER, George (Ludwig), clergyman and autlior. was born in Rodenberg, Hesse Cassel, Germany, May 5, 1837 ; son of Frederick Ludwig and Eleonor Dorothy (Krafts) Sluter. His mother was born at Wunstorf, Germany, in 1805, and died in St. Louis, Mo., July 2, 1849. Her family owned and occupied the ancient barony of Both- mer. His fatiier was born in Osnabriick, Ger- many. Oct. 17, 1791, and died in New Orleans, La.. Oct. 12, 1866. The Sluters are descended from an old family of jurists in Westphalia. In June, 1847, Mr. Sinter's parents settled in St. Louis, Mo. He was graduated from Westminster college, Fulton, Mo., in 1860 ; from the Princeton Theological seminary in 1868 ; was licensed by the presbytery of New Brunswick, 1863, and be- came pastor at Rensselaer. 1863-65, and St. Louis, Mo., 18G.5-70. Duluth, Minn., 1870-71; Shelby- ville, Ind., 1871-81, and Arlington, N.J., 1881-94. He was secretary of home missions of the soutli- em synod of Missouri, 1866-70, and during the same years, associate-editor of the Missouri Pres- byterian, and New York correspondent for the Cincinnati Herald and Presbyter, 1880-90. He was secretary of the Presbyterian ^linisters' as- sociation of New York and vicinity, 1886-1901. He was married at Booneville, Mo., March 30, 1870, to Sallie A., daughter of Dr. William F. Collum, of Jeflfersonville, Ind. She died July 2, 1873. He was married again at Shelby ville, Ind., Oct. 2, 1877, to Mary, daughter of James G. Reid of Morristown, Ind. She died June 17, 1894. He is the author of : Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb (1868); Life and Cliaracfer of Josei^h Hamilton (1872); Tlie Value of Religious Litera- ture (1873); Memorial of Mrs. Jane Major (1874); Centennial History of Shelby County (1876); His- tory of Our Beloved Church (1876); A Eulogy of Masonry (1878); Historical and Critical Investi- gations of the Acta Pilati (1879); Illustrated His- torical Atlas of Shelby County, Indiana (1880); The Religion of Politics (1880); Life of Emperor Tiberiiis (1881) ; Family Religion (1883); Walking with God (1884); Hie Six Water Pots, or a Eulogy of Home (1897). SMALL, Albion Woodbury, educator, was born at BuckfieUl, Maine, May 11, 1854; son of Albion Keith Parris and Thankful (Woodbury) Small and grandson of David and Mary (Adams) Small. He was graduated at tiie Portland high school, 1872; at Colby university, 1876, and at the Newton Tlieological institution, 1879. He studied history and philosophy at the University of Berlin, 1879-80, and at the University of Leip- zig, 1880-81. In 1881, while at Leipzig, lie was ap- prised of his election as professor of history at Colby university. He was married, June 20, 1881, to Valeria, daughter of Valentine and Lina (Stoffregeu) von Massow of Berlin. He was pro- fessor of history and political economy at Colbj-, 1881-88 ; reader in history at Johns Hopkins uni- versity, 1888-89 ; president of Colby university. tOuBY uA/ivEBSiTY m ■:^ and in addition to his executive duties, occupied the Babcock chair of intellectual and moral philosophy. 1889-92, and in 1892 was made head of the department of sociology in the University of Chicago. In 1881 he became a member of the Maine Historical society ; in 1889 received the degree of Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins university. In 1895 he became the first editor of the ^mer/ca?i Journal of Sociology. In 1903 he was appointed one of the vice-presidents, and one of the organ- izing committee of three, of the World's Congress SMALL SMALLS of Arts and Sciences of the Louisiana Purchase exposition. He is the author, in collaboration with George E. Vincent, of Introduction to the Study of Society (1894:). His other publications are monographs, the niosfe important of wliich are catalogued in the Decennial Publications of the University of Chicago. SMALL, John Bryan, A.M.E.Z. bishop, was born in St. Joseph's parish, Barbadoes, B.W.L, March 14, 1845 ; son of John Bryan and Kitty Small. He was graduated at St. John Lodge, and at Codrington college, Barbadoes, A.B., S.T.B., and A.M. He visited the -west coast of Africa, 1862-65, held a government clerk- ship in Belize, Hon- duras, 1866, and sub- sequently entered the ministry of the Wesleyan Methodist church. In 1871, while visiting the United States, he y ^—f^ joined the African CJ^'i^^<=cM. Methodist Episcopal ^"^-"^^^^--—...^ Zion church. He was C ^"""^ married, Oct. 23, 1873, to Mary J. Blair of Norwalk, Conn., an ordained minister of the A.M.E.Z. church. He served a number of chai'ges in the New England, North Carolina, and Phila- delphia and Baltimore conferences, and in 1896 was elected bishop of the last named. The foreign mission work' of his church was put under his supervision, and occupied a great deal of his time and attention. He received from Living- ston college, N.C., the honorary degree of D.D. in 1887. Bishop Small is author of : Practical and Exegetical Pulpiteer; Tlie Human Heart Illustrated ; Code on Discipline of the A.M.E. Zion Church; and Predestination; Its Scriptural Import. SMALL, John Humphrey, representative, was born in Washington, N.C., Aug. 29, 1858 ; son of John Humphrey and Sally (Sanderson) Small. He attended Trinity college, N.C., but left in 1876 to teacli school until 1880. He was admitted to the bar in 1881, and was reading clerk of the state senate, and superintendent of schools in Beau- fort county that year. He was solicitor of the inferior court of Beaufort county, 1882-85 : pro- prietor and editor of the Washington (N.C.) Gazette, 1883-86 ; attorney of the board of com- missioners of Beaufort county, 1888-96 ; member of the city council, 1887-90, and for one year during that period, was mayor of Washington. He was chairman of the Democi'atic executive committee of the first congressional district in 1888, and of Beaufort county, 1889-1898 ; and was a Democratic presidential elector from the first con- gressional district of North Carolina in 1897. He was married in 1890 to Isabella C, daughter of Ru- fus W. and Mary L. (Perry) Wharton, of Washing- ton, N.C. He was chairman of the public school committee for several years and represented the first district of Nortli Carolina in the 56th, 57th and 58th congresses, 1899-1905. SMALLEY, George Washburn, journalist, was born in Franklin, Suffolk county, Mass., June 2, 1833 ; son of the Rev. E. and Louisa (Washburn) Smalley. He was graduated from Yale, A.B., 1853, A.M., 1856 ; studied law under George F. Hoar, at Worcester. Mass., 1853-54, and at the Harvard Law school, 1854-55. He practised law in Boston, 1856-61 ; and accom- panied the Federal army under General Fremont, as a correspondent to the New York Tribune. He served as aide to Gen. Joseph Hooker at the battle of Antietam. and in 1863 became a mem- ber of the editorial staff of the Tribune. He was married in 1862 to Phoebe Gamant, adopted daugh- ter of Wendell Phillips of Boston, Mass. He was in Europe during the war between Prussia and Austria in 1866 ; and organized the London branch of the New York Tribune, in 1867. He was in charge of the European correspondence of the Tribune, 1867-95 ; and was special U.S. com- missioner at the Paris exposition of 1878 ; and became American correspondent of the London Times in July, 1895. He is the author of London Letters (1890); Studies of Men (1895). SMALLS, Robert, representative, was born in Beaufort, S.C, April 5, 1839 ; son of Robert and Lydia Smalls. He was a slave until May, 1863, when he procured his freedom, began the rigger's trade in Charleston, and soon drifted into a sea- faring life, sailing about the coasts of South Car- olina and Florida and acquiring a knowledge of the various inlets and harbors which he used to the advantage of the Federal army and navy in 1862-65. In 1861 he entered service on the Con- federate steamboat Planter of Charleston Harbor, and May 13, 1862, while the officers were absent in the city, Smalls, in charge of the crew of eight colored men, ran the vessel down the bay and de- livered her to the Federal authorities. He was pilot of the U.S. monitor Keokuk in the famous attack on Fort Sumter in April, 1863, when she was struck by Confederate balls 96 times. 19 shots passing through her ; she sank next morning off Light House inlet. Smalls, with her commander, Ryan, after a narrow escape, was taken aboard the Ironsides. He w-as pilot of the U.S. navy until July, 1863, when General Gilmore took charge of the department of tfie south and Smalls was taken into the quartermaster's de- partment and made pilot in charge of Light SMALL WOOD SMELTZER House and Stono inlets. On Dec. 1, 180;). when the steamer Fhmtcr, Captain Nickerson, loaded witli supplies for the troops on Morris Island, was coming through Folly Island creek the Con- federates from Secession ville opened Hre upon lier. Captain Nickerson deserted his post, and Smalls, who was on board as pilot, taking her through the creek, assumed command and carried her safely out of reach of the guns. For this act he was promoted to the rank of captain by order of General Gilmore. who had witnessed tiie attack from Morris Island, and placed in command of the Planter, wliich was used as a supply boat along tlie coast until September, 1»66. when she was taken to Baltimore, put out of commission and sold. He was a member of the state constitutional conventions of 1868 and 1895; a member of the South Carolina house of representatives, 1868-70 ; of the state senate, 1870-75. and a Republican representative from South Carolina in the 44th, 45th, 47th, 48th and 49th congresses, 1875-79 and 1881-87. He was a Republican delegate to several Republican na- tional conventions ; was in the South Carolina state militia. 186.5-77, rising from lieutenant-col- onel to major-general, and he organized, 1879, and was captain of tlie Beaufort light infantry. He was appointed collector of the port of Beaufort in 1889 by President Harrison, in 1898 by Presi- dent McKinley, and in 1903 by President Roose- velt. SMALLWOOD, William, governor of Mary- land, was born in Kent county, Md., in 1732 ; son of Bayne and Priscilla (Heberd) Smalhvood. He studied in Kendale and at Eton, England, and on his return to America took part in tlie French and Indian war. He was appointed colonel and given command of the Maryland battalion and joined Lord Stirling's brigade, taking part in the battle of Brooklyn Heights, Aug. 20, 1776. He was stationed at Fort Putnam ; defeated a de- tachment of the British below Fort Washington ; and took part in the battle of White Plains, where he was wounded. He was promoted brigadier- general Oct. 23, 1776, and commanded the first brigade. Maryland line, at Staten Island, N.Y.; took part in the battles of Brandy wine and Ger- mantown, and during the following winter was stationed at Wilmington, Del., wliere he captured a Britisli brig, loaded with provisions. He com- manded liis brigade at Monmouth, Scotcli Pl.-iins and Camden ; was appointed major-general in September, 1780. and succeeded Baron DeKalb to the command of a division. He was elected a delegate to the Continental congress, but did not serve, having been elected to succeed William Paca as governor of tlie .state in November. 1785. He retired to Prince George county. Md.. in 1788. On July 4, 1898, a monument was dedi- cated to his memory at Smalhvood Place, Charles county, Md., by the Maryland Society, Sons of the American Revolution. He died in Prince George county, Md., Feb. 14, 1792. SMEDLEY, William Thomas, artist, was born at Cliester county, Pa., March 6,1858; son of Peter and Amy A. Smedley ; grandson of Peter and Sarah Smedley, and a descendant of Geoige Smetilcy. ^^'l»o came from Derbysliire, England, in 1082, and settled in Cliester county. Pa. His parents were members of the Society of Friends, lie entered a newspaper office in 1873, subse- quently studied engraving in Pliiladelphia and art in the Academy of Fine Arts tliere. He went to New York in 1880 and later to Paris, where he studied with Jean Paul Laurens. In 1880 lie opened a studio in New York city and became an illustrator for standard American periodicals. In 1882 he was engaged by the publishers of '■ Picturesque Canada " to travel through Canada and the northwest and make illustrations for a work published under the auspicesof the Marquis of Lome. He took a trip around the world in 1886. He was married in 1892 to May Rutter, daughter of Edward P. and Emily (Rutter) Dar- ling, of Wilkesbarre, Pa. He exhibited at the Paris Salon in 1888. and was a member of tlie Society of American Artists, of the American Water-color society, and an associate of the National Academy of Design. He became especially well known as an illustrator of books and magazine stories. His paintings include : An Indiscreet Question; A Tlianksgiving Dinner ; A Summer Occupation, and portraits. SMELTZER, Josiah Pearce, educator, was born in Carroll count}-, Md., Sept. 10. 1819; son of George and Sarah (Pearce) Smeltzer, and grandson of Michael and Mary Ann (Hoyer) Smeltzer, and of Josiah and Elizabeth (Steavens) Pearce. He was graduated from Pennsylvania college in 1846 and from the Gettysburg Theo- logical seminary, in 1848, and was pastor at Harper's Ferry and Salem, Va., 1848-61 ; professor of theology at Newbury college, S.C. 1861-65 ; president, 1861-77. and president of Walhalla, S.C Female college. 1877-85. He was twice mar- ried, first Oct. 22. 1848, to Harriet A. Buffington. and secondly June 17, 1851. to Annie E. Eichel- berger of Harper's Ferry. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Erskine college, S.C. He die.l in Charleston. S.C, Oct. 31, 1887. SMILEY, Albert Keith, educator, was born in Vassal borough. Maine. ;Mnrch 17, 1828; son of Daniel and Phoebe (Howlnnd) Smiley ; of Scotch descent on father's side and Puritan on mother's. He was graduated from Haverford college, A.B., 1849, and was married. July 8. 1857, to Eliza Plielps Cornell, daughter of Richard and I^fary Annette Cornell. He was an instructor at Hav- SMILEY SMILLIE erford, 1849-53, and with his twin brother, Alfred H., he established an English and classical acad- emy in Philadelphia, where he remained for four years. He was principal of the Oak Grove sem- inary, Vassalborough, Maine, 1858-60 ; and was superintendent and principal of Friends School, Providence, R.I., 1860-79. He received the de- gree A.M., from Haverford in 1859, and the honorary degree, A.M., from Brown university in 1877. In 1870 he established a summer resort at Lake Mohonk, N.Y., where, from 1883, he held each autumn a conference of prominent friends of the Indian, entertaining for four days two or three hundred persons as his private guests. Also from 1895 he held each spring a similar conference for the promotion of interna- tional arbitration. He was made a member of the board of Indian commissioners in 1879, and was chairman of a commission of three, appointed in 1890, under a law of congress, to select reser- vations for the Mission Indians of Southern Cali- fornia. In 1898 he presented to the city of Red- lands, Cal., a library building and adjoining park costing $60,000. Also, in conjunction with his twin brother in the same town, he developed an estate called Canyon Crest Park, comprising two hundred acres, and commanding fine mountain and valley views, which was thrown ojjen freely to the public. He was made a member of the board of trustees of Brown university in 1875, and was a member of the board of trustees of Bryn Mawr college. Pa., from its foundation, and president of the board of trustees of the New York State Normal school, at New Paltz, N.Y., from its foundation. SMILEY, Elmer Ellsworth, educator, was born in Syracuse, N.Y., Aug. 6, 1862; son of AlpheusandRosetta (Kathan) Smiley ; grandson | of William and Ovanda (Botsford) Smiley and of John B. and Sai'epta (Walker) Kathan and a de- scendant of Deacon William Smiley, of Scotch- Irish descent who settled at Jaffrey, N.H., 1740. He was graduated from Syracuse (N.Y.) university A.B., 1885, and from the Yale Divinity school, D.B., in 1890: was principal of Union school. East Bloomlield, N.Y., 1885-87, and graduate student at Yale, 1890-91. He was married, June 17, 1891, to Edith Constance, daughter of Abram and Samantha (Venton) House, of Lysander, N.Y. He was pastor of Pilgrim church, Vancouver, Wash., 1891-94 ; of the First Congregational church, Cheyenne, Wyo., 1894-98; chaplain of- the Wyoming state legislature, 1896-97, and was elected president of the University of Wj^oming, 1898. He received the degree of D.D., from Syr- acuse university in 1899, and an honorary degree, A.M., from Yale in 1901. SMILIE, John, representative, was born in Ireland in 1742. He settled in Lancaster county. Pa., in 1760. During the Revolution he held both civil and military positions ; and subse- quently he was a representative in the state legislature, and a Democratic representative from Pennsylvania in the 3d, 6th and 12th congresses, 1793-95 and 1799-1813. He died in Washington, D.C., Dec. 30, 1813. SMILLIE, George Henry, landscape artist, was born in New York city, Dec. 29, 1840 ; son of James and Catharine (Van Valkenburgh) Smillie ; grandson of David and Elizabeth (Cumming) Smillie and of Lambert L. and Mary (Paterson) Van Valkenburgh. James Smillie was born in Edinburgh, and Catharine Van Valkenburg was born in Greene Co., N.Y., and was of Dutch de- scent. After serving a short time in a mercan- tile establishment he began the study of drawing under his father, and afterward entered the studio of James M. Hart, landscape painter. On the merits of his Sunny-Brook Farm, he was elected associate of the National Academy of Design in 1864. In 1871 he visited the Yosemite Valley, bringing back many sketches, but he pro- duced few pictures from that locality. From Adirondack studies he painted A Lake in the Woods, which was well received in New York, and afterward exhibited in Memorial Hall of the Centennial Exhibition, 1876. He visited Florida in the winter of 1874, and from that region drew the subject of A Florida Lagoon. A Goat Pas- ture, exhibited in 1879, marked the adoption of a broader and stronger method. He was married, in June, 1881, to Nellie Sheldon, daughter of Samuel J. and Helen M. (Sheldon) Jacobs, of New York, a member of the American Water Color society, and they had three sons. In 1881 he painted Hard Fare and TJie Way to the Beach, and in 1882 On the Merrimac River, wliich was purchased by the president of the Bank of Eng- land, and for which Mr. Smillie was elected an Academician of the National Academy of Design. In 1883 he painted At Marblehead Neck and Au- tumn near the Sea; purchased by Sir Henr}- Irv- ing, the actor. In 1884 he visited Europe for study and observation. Here he painted a number of studies and sketches, few of which were made into pictures, his preference being for American subjects possessing thoroughly Amer ican characteristics. He also painted Light and Shadow Along Shore, property of the Union League club of Philadelphia ; Morning, Maine Coast ; On the Merrimac River, property of the Boston Art club, and 3Iassachusetts Coast, pur- chased by George I. Seney, and Summer Morning on Long Island, bought by R. H. Halsted ; Au- tumn on the Massachusetts Coast and also Long Island Farm Scene, both owned by the Cor- coran Art Gallery. He was an early member of the American Water Color society, for many SMILLIE SMILLIE years took a leading part in its exhibitions and was its treasurer and on its board of control for several years. In 1S85 he received a prize from the American Art association for a hvrge water color, Scpt'-mluT on the Xew England Coast. He w:is recording secretary of tlie National Academy of Desiijn for ten yiars. retiring in 1902. In 1898 he visited Northern Italy, bringing back many sketches from the Italian Lakes, a num- l)er of which formed subjects for his late pic- tures. SMILLIE, James, landscape engraver, was burn in E.linl.ur.-li. .Scotland. Nov. 23, 1807. Tiie son of a silversmith, he was apprenticed to James Johnston, general engraver in Edinburgh, 1819, but before tlie expiration of a year Johnston died. For a short time after that event he was under the instruction of Edward Mitchell, another en- graver of Edinburgh. In 1831 his father emi- grated with his family to Quebec, and there e.s- tablished himself as a manufacturing jeweller, his .son James doing the engraving of all kinds required, and making ambitious efforts to do pictorial engraving. In 1827 Lord Dalhousie, at that time governor-general of Canada, became interested in him, and gave him free passage on a government ship from Quebec to Poi'tsmouth, England. From officers of the English regiments stationed in Quebec lie had letters of introduction to eminent engravers in London. He found, on presenting these, letters, that the fees required for instruction were far in excess of his slender means. He then went to Edinburgh, and for five months was under instruction from Andrew Wilson, an engraver of moderate ability. He returned to Quebec in 1828, visited New York in 1829, and settled there permanently in 1830. In that year he engraved '"Convent Gate. Palestrina, near Rome " after a painting by Robert W. Weir, which at once secured for him favorable notice. He engraved a series of views in New York city, after drawings by Charles Burton (1830-32) and a numljer of plates for the New York Mirror (1832- 36). He was identified very early with the special work of engraving " dies," or vignette pictures, for bank notes. In 1832 he married Catharine, daughter of Lambert aiid Mary (Pat- terson) Van Valkenburgh. He had four sons and three daughters. His eldest son. James D. (q.v.), under his tuition became a skilful engraver. His s^m George H. made a reputation as a landscape painter. His best known engravings are : Gar- den of Eden. Thomas Cole (1831); Departure of the Israelites from Er/t/pt, David Roberts (1845) ; Dream of Arcadia, Thomas Cole (1850) ; Dover Plains, A. R. Durand (1851) ; Ajnerican Har- vesting, J. F. Cropsey (1851) ; Mount Washing- ton, John F. Kensett (1851) ; Voyage of Life, Thomas Cole, four plates, Infancy, Youth, Manhood and Old Age (1853-55) ; Nutting, William Hart (1857) ; Shady Nook, J. W. Casi- lear (1858) ; Sunny Hours, A. D. Shattuck (18.58); Maternal Affection. A. F. Tait (1859) : Remi- niscence of the Catskills, John F. Kensett (1859); Fog on Loon Lake. James M. Hart (18.59) and Tlie Rocky Mountains, after A. Bienstadt (1865). The last named plate (17 x 28) was his crowning work, and is the most important land- scape engraving that has been executed in this country. In May, 1901, a unique collection of proofs from his work, numbering nearly 400 plates and bank note " dies." represented by more than 550 prints, was presented to tlie Print De- partment of the New York public lilirary. by his son, James D. Smillie. He died in Ponghkoepsie, N.Y.. Dec. 5, 1885. SMILLIE, James David, artist, was born in New York city, Jan. 16, 1833 ; son of James (q.v.) and Catliarine (Van Valkenburgh) Smillie. He was educated at private schools, at the academic department of the University of the City of New York and at the schools of the Na- tional Academy of Design. He studied steel engraving with his father ; traveled abroad ; in 1864 took up landscape paint- ing in oil and water- color, and in that year first exhibited at the National Acad- emy of Design. He was elected an asso- ciate in 1865, and an academician in 1870, and was its treas- urer, 1894-99. He was one of the founders of the American Water-Color society in 1866, its treas- urer, 1860-73 and its president, 1873-78. With Le- roy M. Yale, he organized the New York Etching club in 1878 ; was its secretary-treasurer, 1878-79, and president, 1880-83. In 1882 he was elected an " Original Fellow " of the Painter-Etcher so- ciety of London. England. He organized and was given charge of the department of free-hand etching in the schools of the National Academy of Design, under the Baldwin fund. Before he abandoned engraving he had done much " die work " for the bank note companies and for the U.S. government, also book illustrations, notably for an edition of Cooper's novels, after designs by F. O. C. Darley. Later, after abandoning the conventional forms of engraving, he made many " reproductive etchings "' after paintings by Winslow Homer {A Voice from the Cliff) ; Eastman Johnson {A Glass with the Squire) ; F. (2^^e American Association for the A' army corps, Oct. 22. 1898, and was a member of the commission to confer witli the commission from Aguinaldo in January, 1899. He was en- gaged in the battle at Santa Ana, Feb. 5, 1899 ; in the fighting at San Pedro Mecati, Pateros and Taguig, Feb. 15— March 1, 1899, being com- mended for gallantry in dispatches, and was placed in command of the Island of Negros as a sub-district, March 1, 1899. He was promoted brigadier-general, U.S.V., April 29, 1899; was military governor of the Island of Negros, July 24. 1899— April, 1900. and from the latter date of the department of the Vizcayas. SMITH, James Milton, governor of Georgia, was born in Twiggs county, Ga., Oct. 24. 1823. He learned the blacksmith's trade, attended Cul- loden Academy, Munroe county, Ga., and in 1846 was admitted to the Columbus bar, where he settled in practice. He served in the Confed- erate States army as major, 13th Georgia infantry, and was promoted colonel in 1862. He fought in the Army of Northern Virginia, under Lee, and was badly wounded at Cold Harbor. He was a representative from Georgia, in the 2d Confed- erate States congress, from Feb. 22, 1864, to the close of the session. He returned to the practice- of law, and was a representa- tive in the Georgia legisla- "..^ - ture, and speaker of the house. in 1870. He was governor of Georgia, as successor to Rufus B. Bullock, who resigned in November, 1870, having been chosen by special election, or- dered by the legislature, held Dec. 3, 1871, and was re-elected in 1872, serving, 1872-76, and de- clining a renomination, in 1876. He died at Columbus, Ga.. Nov. 25, 1890. SMITH, James Youngs, governor of Rhode Island, was born in Groton, Conn., Sept. 15, 1809; son of Amos D. and Priscella (Mitchell) Smith, and a descendant on his mother's side, of Priscella Mullens. He attended the district school ; was clerk in a country store. 1822-26, and then engaged in the lumber business in Providence, R.I. He wasman-ied, Aug. 13, 1835, to Emily, daughter of Thomas Brown, a cotton manufacturer of Scituate, R.I. He sold his lum- ber business in 1843, and with his brother, Amos D. Smith, engaged in the manufacture of cotton goods in Providence. He was a Republican re- presentative in the general assembly ; member of the school committee ; mayor of Providence, 1855-56, was defeated for governor of Rhode Is- land in 1861 by William Sprague, and was govern- or, 1863-66. He was president of several banks, and a director of the Providence and Worcester and the New York and New England railway com- panies. He died in Providence, R.I., March 26, 1876. SMITH SMITH SMITH, Jane Luella Dowd, author, was born in Sheffield, Mass., June 16, 1847; daughter of Almeron and Emily (Curtiss) Dowd ; grand-daugh- ter of Luther and Mina (Field) Dowd, and of Abijah and Betsey (Stevenson) Curtiss, and a descendant of Henry Doude, Guilford, Conn., lGo9, and of Thomas Curtiss, Wethersfield, Conn., 1633. Five of her ancestors, Thomas Stevenson, Jonathan Curtiss, Ricliard Jacob, Timothy Field, and Ebenezer Dowd, were officers in the Revolu- tionary army. She attended South Egremont (Mass.) academy ; was graduated from the Nor- mal school, at Westfield, Mass., 1866, and from the Temple Grove seminar}', Saratoga Springs, N.Y., 1868, and was the principal of tlie high school in Soutliampton, Mass., 1868; of the academy at South Egremont, 1872-76, and of the high schools at Sheffield, Mass., and Stamford, Conn., 1877-81, and in 1884, respectively. Slie was married, May 18, 1875, to Henry Hadley Smith, M.D., residing in Sheffield until 1886, and thereafter in Hudson, N.Y. She became inter- ested in temperance, Sunday-school, and equal suffrage work, and under the name of Luella D. Smith, wrote many children's stories, for the National Temperance Publication house. She is the author of : Wayside Leaves, verse (1879) ; Wind Flowers (1887) ; Floivers from Foreign Fields (ISdo) ; The Value of the Church (1898); and Thirteen Temperance Theses, and Two Trilogies (1901). SMITH, Jeremiah, governor of New Hamp- shire, was born in Peterborough, N.H., Nov. 29, 1759 ; son of William and Elizabeth (Morison) Smith, and grandson of John and Margaret (Wal- Londonderry, N.H. He en- tered Harvard college in 1777 ; served for two months in the patriot army, imder General Stark, being present at the battle of Bennington, where he was slightly wounded, and afterward completed his soph- omore year, at Harvard, and Jueens (Rutgers) college. New Jersey, in 1780. He was admitted to the bar in 1786, and began practice in Peterborough. He was a representative in the state legislature, 1788-90 ; a delegate to the state constitutional convention, 1791-93, and a representative in the 2d-5th con- gresses, 1791-97, resigning his seat in 1797, his term being completed by Peleg Sprague. He re- moved to Exeter, N.H., in 1797 ; was district at- torney for New Hampshire, 1798-1801 ; judge of probate for Rockingham county, 1800-1801, and in February, 1801, was appointed by President Adams, judge of the U.S. circuit court, but the court was soon after abolished. He served as a justice of the superior court of the state, 1801- was graduated at 03; as chief justice, 1803-09 and 1813-16; as governor of New Hampshire, 1809, and was a presidential elector-at-large for New Hampshire in the same year. He retired from the practice of his profession in 1830, and removed to Dover, N.H., in 1843. He was twice married ; first, March 8, 1797, to Elizabeth, daugliter of Alexander Ross, of Bladensburg, Md., and sec- ondly, Sept. 30, 1831, to Elizabeth, daughter of William Dale, of Dover, N.H. Judge Smith re- ceived the honorary degree of LL.D. from Dart- mouth in 1804, and from Harvard in 1807, and also that of sergeant-at-law, conferred upon him by Judge Story in 1813. He was a trustee and treasurer of Phillips Exeter academy ; president of the Exeter bank for nearly forty years, and a member of the New Hampshire Historical soci- ety. He is the autlior of a eulogy on General Washington (1800) ; a biographical sketch of Judge Caleb Ellis (1816), and of Charles Henry Bell, in Bell's "Bench and Bar of New Hamp- shire," and of various orations, arguments and decisions. His life was written by the Rev. John H. Morison, D.D. (1845). Judge Smith died in Dover, N. H., Sept. 21, 1842. SMITH, John, explorer, was born in Willough- by, Linconshire, Eng.; receiving baptism in the Parish church, Jan. 6, 1579, O.S.; son of George and Alice Smith, tenants of Lord Willoughby. He was apprenticed to a trade in 1595, but ran away and fought under Lord Willoughby in the Netherlands. Later he served under Baron Kesell against the Turks and was given a patent of nobility and a pension by the Prince of Transyl- vania for his valor in defeating the Turks. He was taken prisoner and sent as a slave to Con- stantinople, but finally escaped to Russia. He returned to England after taking part in the Bar- bary war of 1605, and joined the expedition to Virginia under Captains Christopher Newport, Bartholomew Gosnold and John Ratcliffe for the purpose of colonization. The expedition set sail Dec. 15, 1606, arriving at Old Point Comfort, Va., April 20, 1607. Smith was made a councillor of the colony ; accompanied Captain Newport on an expedition to discover the source of the James river, that .set out May 23, 1607, and on their return they found the colony harassed by the Indians, but through the counsels of Smith, the defences were strengthened and food procured. He became the most prominent man in the colony ; fortified Jamestown against the Indians, and made extensive explorations in search of food. While on a voyage up the James he was taken prisoner by the Chief Powhatan and sen- tenced to death, but owing to the intervention of Pocahontas, the chief's daughter, he was set free. On his return to Jamestown he found the colony reduced to forty men. In 1608 Smith engaged in SMITH SMITH extensive explorations and made maps of the Che.siii)eake Bav and the neigliboring country. He vvius chosen president of the council Sept. 10, IGOS. and set to work buiUiing up tiie colony. But the new colonists brought by Captain New- port became discontented, and jealousy arose between Smith and Newport and Rjitcliffe, who conspired to depose him, and their reports to the king of the administration of the colony induced the monarch to make a new charter. Lord Dela- ware was made governor and set sail in May, 1G09. with nine vessels and over five hundred emigrants. The ship Sea Venture carrying the king's commissions was wrecked on tlie Bermudas, and on the arrival of the other ships in August, Smith refused to relinquish his office. Tlie new colonists were composed of the most dissolute characters in England, and it was only by strict enforcement of his authority' that Smith saved the whcde colony from anarchy. On his return to Jamestown from an exploring expedition he fi>und R^itcliffe and Archer in power, and he was compelled to flee to England, arriving in 1609. In 16 U he was sent out on a private venture to New England by some merchants of London, and ex- plored the coast from Penobscot to Cape Cod ; named the country New England and returned to London in six months with a large cargo of codfish. He made several unsuccessful attempts to found a colony in New England; was captured by a French man-of-war, but escaped; was given the title of Admiral of New England, and devoted the last years of his life to recording his adven- tures. He is the author of A True Relation (1608, new edition, 1867); A Map of Virginia (1611i); A D'scription of New England (1616, reprinted, 1792; 1^36 and 1805); Neu- England's Trials (1620, new edition, 1622); Generall Historic of Virginia, New England and the Summer Isles (1624); True TVaveh {\(j''jO); An Accidence for Young Seamen (1626). and Advertisements for the Inexperienced PlantPTS of New England (1631, new ed.. 1865). He died in London, Eng., June 21, 1631, and was buried in tlie clioir of St. Sepulchre church. SMITH, John, senator, was born in Hamilton county, Oiiio, in 1735. He was mainly self-edu- cated, prejtared for the ministry and was the first pastor of the First Baptist church in Columbia, Ohio, in 1790. He was a member of the 1st and 2d territorial legislatures, 1799-1803; and was elected as a Democrat one of the first U.S. senators from the state of Ohio, drawing the long term and serving from April 21, 1803, until his resignation, Feb. 23, 1808. In 1804 he was sent by President Jefferson on a special mission to Louisiana, and was afterward charged with having been connected with the conspiracy of Burr, his personal friend, and Blennerliasset. Although the motion made to expel him from the senate failed by one vote, he immediately resigned liis seat in that body and Return Jona- than Meigs completed his term. See '* Notes on Northwestern Terr i tor j-," by Jacob Burnet (1S47). He died in Hamilton county, Ohio, June 10, 1810. SMITH, John, senator, was born in Mastic, L.I., N.Y., Feb. 12, 1752. He was educated in the best schools, served as a member of the state assembly, 1784-99, was a delegate to the state convention of 1788 whicii ratified the Federal constitution ; a Democratic representative in the 6th, 7th and 8th congresses, 1799-1804; resigning in February, 1804. to take his seat in the U.S. senate, to wiiich he had been chosen to complete tlie term of DeWitt Clinton, who had resigned to become mayor of New York city in 1803, and John Armstrong served as his successor until a meet- ing of the legislature in January, 1804, when he resigned and Smith was elected to complete the term of Clinton. He took his seat Feb. 23, 1804, the term expiring March 3, 1807. and was re- elected in 1807 for a full term expiring March 3, 1813. He supported the administrations of Jefferson and Madison ; was U.S. marshal for tlie district of New York, 1813-16, and major-general of the New Y'ork militia at the time of his death, wliich occurred at Mastic, N.Y''., Aug. 12, 1816. SMITH, John, representative, was born in Barre, Mass., Aug. 12, 1789 ; son of Deacon Sam- uel Smith. The family removed to St. Albaus, Vt., in 1800, and after studying law with his brother- in-law, Roswell Hutcliins, John was admitted to the bar in 1810, and practised in partnership with Benjamin Swift. He was married Sept. 18, 1814, to Maria W. Curtis, of Troy, N.Y''., and they had two sons, John G. (q.v.)and Worthington C. (q.v.). He represented St. Albans in the general assem- bly, 1827-38, and wasspeaker of the house, 1832-33. He was state's attorney for Franklin county, 1827-33, and was a Democratic representative from Vermont in the 26th congress, 1839-41, being defeated for re-election in 1840. In 1845 he became interested in railroad enterprises, and to him is due, with Joseph Clark and Samuel Brainerd, the credit of the building of the Ver- mont and Canada railroad, for which they raised $350,000 on their personal credit. He died in St. Albans, Vt., Nov. 20, 1858. SMITH, John Augustine, physician and edu- cator, was born in Westmoreland county, Va., Aug. 29, 1782 ; son of the Rev. Thomas and Mary (Smith) Smith ; grandson of Gregory and Lucy (Cooke) Smith ; and of John Smith and Mary (Jaquelin) Smith, and a descendant of John Smith, of Warwick, Va., speaker of the House of Burgesses of Virginia in 1658. He was grad- uated from the College of William and Mary in 1800, and began the practice of medicine in New Y'ork city in 1801). He was married in 1809, to SMITH SMITH Letitia Lee, daughter of Richard and Sarah (Poythress) Lee of Vh-ginia ; was lecturer at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and editor of the Medical and Physiological Journal, New York city, 1809-14 ; and president of the College of William and Mary, 1814-20, being the first lay- WILLfAM AMP M>ARY COLLECe man to liolJ that position. Duiing his adminis- tration the subject of removing the college to Richmond, the state capital, was favored and boldly urged by President Smith. He was pres- ident of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1831-34, and thereafter devoted himself to the practice of medicine. He is the author of : In- troductory Discourse before the New York Medi- cal College (1837) ; Functions of the Nervous System (1840) ; Mutations of the Earth (1846) ; Monograph upon the Moral Sense (1847) ; Moral and Physical Science (1853). He died in New York city, Feb. 9, 1865. SMITH, John Bernhardt, entomologist, was born in New York city, Nov. 21, 1858 ; son of German parents, who immigrated to the United States. He attended public schools ; was employed in retail stores, 1871-75 ; subsequently studied law in New York city ; was admitted to the bar in 1879, and began practice, but gradually aban- doned the legal profession for entomological in- terests. He became a member of the Brooklyn Entomological society in 1879 j was associate editor of its Bulletin, 1883-84; editor, 1884-85, and also editor of its successor, Entomologia Americana, 1885-90. He was appointed special agent of the entomological division of the U.S. department of agriculture, 1883, and assistant curator of the department of insects in the U.S. National museum, 1885. He was married, in 1886, to Marie, daughter of Otto Von Meske of Albany. He was called to the chair of entomol- ogy in Rutgers college, New Brunsw-ick, N.J., in 1889, and in the same year was appointed ento- mologist to the New Jersey Agricultural College Experiment Station ; visited the museums of Lon- don, Paris and Berlin in 1891, and served as state entomologist of New Jersey in 1898. The honor- ary degree of Sc.D. was conferred upon him by Rutgers in 1891. He was made a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and served as president of its Entomolo- gical club, 1888, and was also an active, honorary or corresponding member of various other scien- tific societies. He is the author of : Economic Entomology for the Farmer and Fruit-grower (1896), and of numerous papers on insect struc- ture. SMITH, John Blair, educator, was born in Pequea, Pa., June 12, 1756 ; son of the Rev. Robert and Elizabeth (Blair) Smith, and brother of Samuel Stanhope Smith (q.v.). He was grad- uated from the College of New Jerse}', A.B., 1773, A.M., 1776 ; studied theology at Hampden- Sidney college and led a company of students in the defence of Williamsburg. He was tutor at Hampden-Sidney, 1777-79, and succeeded his brother, Samuel Stanhope Smith, as president of the institution in 1779. He was licensed in April, 1778, and ordained Oct. 26, 1779. He was married, in 1780, to Elizabeth, daughter of Col. John Nash of Templeton, Prince Edward count}', Va. He carried the college successfully through the period of the Revolutionary war ; established the theological school, and in 1788 conducted an extensive revival throughout southern and western Virginia. He resigned the presidency of Hampden-Sidney in 1779 and became pastor of the Pine Street Presbyterian church. Philadel- phia, Pa. In 1795 he was elected the first presi- dent of Union college, Schenectady, N.Y., and served till 1799, when he resumed his former charge in Philadelphia. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Hampden-Sidney college in 1795. Of his many sermons. The En- largement of Christ's Kingdom was published in 1797. He died in Philadelpliia, Pa. , Aug. 22. 1799. SMITH, John Butler, governor of New Hamp- shire, was born at Saxton's River, Vt., April 13, 1838 ; son of Ammi and Lydia (Butler) Smith ; grandsonof David and Eleanor (Ceddings) Smith, and of Doctor Elijah and Lydia (Fifield) Butler, and a descendant of Lieut. Thomas Smith, who came from tlie North of Ireland, and was of Scotch ancestry. In 1847 his parents returned to Hillsborough, N.H., where they had formerly re- sided, and he was educated in tlie public schools of Hillsborough and at Francestown academy. Quite early in life he entered upon the manufac- ture of woolen knit underwear and hosiery on his own account, first at Washington and next at Weaie, N.H., but in 1806 built a mill at Hills- boro' Bridge, which developed into generous pro- portions and became the Contoocook Mills com- pany, Mr. Smith being its president and chief owner. He resided in ^lanchester, 1863-80, and in the latter year removed to Hillsborough, where, in 1891, he erected a fine residence. He was mar- ried, Nov. 1, 1883, to Emma E. Lavender, SMITH SMITH daughter of Stephen and Sarah (Millis) Lavender of Boston, Mass., and had three sons. He was Republican presidential elector in 1884 ; a member of the New Hampshire executive coun- cil. 1887-^9 ; chairman of the Republican state committee. 18i)0. and was governor of New Hampshire, 1893-95. SMITH, John Cotton, governor of Connect- icut, was born in Sharon, Conn., Feb. 12, 17G5 ; son of the Rev. Cotton Mather and Temperance (Gale) Worthington Smith, and a descendant of the Rev. Henry Smitii, who emigrated to America in 1636. and settled in Wethersfield, Conn. His father (1731-1806) was a Congrega- tional clergyman in Sharon for fifty years, and chaplain in the patriot army, 1775-76. He was graduated from Yale, A.B., 1783. A.M., 1786 ; practised law in Sharon, 1786-1816, and was married to Margaret Evertsen. He was a repre- sentative in the state legislature, serving as clerk in 1799. and speaker in 1800 ; was a Federalist re- presentative in the 7th-10th congresses, 1801-09 ; chairman of the committee on claims, 1803-06 ; was returned to the state legislature, 1808-09 ; was judge of tlie supreme court of Connecticut in 1810 ; lieutenant-governor of the state, 1810-13, and governor, 1813-18. He was president of the Connecticut Bible society ; of the American Bible society, 1831-45 ; of the A.B.C.F.M., 1826-41 ; a corre- sponding member of the Northern Antiquarian Society of Copen- hagen ; and a member of the Con- necticut Historical society. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him b}' Yale in 1814. He died in Sharon, Feb. 12, 1765. SMITH, John Eugene, soldier, was born at Berne, Switzerland, Aug. 3, 1816 ; son of John Banler Smith, one of Napoleon's officers. His father immigrated to America shortly after the birth of the son, who, after attending school in Philadelphia. Pa., learned the jeweler's trade. He engaged in business in St. Louis, where he was married in 1837, and where his son. Col. A. T. Smith, U.S.A., was born. Later he moved to Galena, 111., and in 1861 was appointed on Gov- ernor Yates's staff, recruiting troops from April to July, He was commissioned colonel, 45th Illi- nois volunteers, and was engaged at Forts Henry and Donelson, serving in the 2d brigaile (W. H. L. Wallace), 1st division (J. A. McClernand) ; and at Shiloh, April 6 and 7, and the siege of Corinth, May 1 and 30, 1862. He was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, Nov. 29, 1862, and participated in the Vicksburg campaign, com- manding the 1st brigade. 3d division, 17th corps. In the action at Port Gibson, May 1, General Smith supported Peter J. Osterhaus (q.v.) when he had been repulsed. He was engaged at Ray- nor. May 12, at Jackson, May 14, at Champion Hill, May 16, and in the siege of Vicksburg, May 19-July 4, 1863. In the battle of Chattanooga, Nov. 23-25, 1863, General Smith commanded the 2d division, 17th army corps, the only division of that corps in Sherman's army. Smith's division was tiie second to cross the Tennessee river, formed in column to the rear and right of Mor- gan L. Smith's division and took possession of the heights that lay in a line with Missionary Ridge. At sunrise the following day, Smith led two brig- ades up the west side of the ridge to support Gen. John M. Corse. In doing this he was obliged to march over open ground in the face of a heavy fire, but succeeded in reaching the par- apet, where he lay until the enemy threatened his right flank. He retreated to a wood, formed a new line of battle, and drove the enemy into his works, and after Sheridan and Wood had made their charge. General Smitli succeeded in capturing the Confederate works. He was given command of the 3d division, 15th corps, under General Logan, and was stationed at Cartersville, Ga., for a short time, but joined Sherman before Atlanta, and took part in the march to the sea and through the Carolinas. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, Jan. 12, 1865, for faithful and efficient services, and for gallantry in action, and was honorably mustered out of the volunteer service, April 30, 1866. He was com- missioned colonel, U.S.A., July 28, 1866, and was brevetted brigadier-general and major-general, U.S.A., March 2, 1867, for gallant and meri- torious services in the siege of Vicksburg and in the action at Savannah, Ga. He was retired be- cause of age. May 19, 1881, and died in Chicago, 111., Jan. 29, 1897. SMITH, John Gregory, governor of Vermont, was born in St. Albans, Vt., July 22, 1818 ; son of John (q.v.) and Maria (Curtis) Smith. He was graduated from the University of Vermont, A.B., 1838, A.M., 1841, and subsequently attended the Yale Law school. He was married in 1842, to Ann Eliza, daughter of Lawrence L. Brainerd of St. Albans, United States senator. He was ad- mitted to the Franklin county bar and became associated with his father in the practice of law and in railroad management, becoming counsel for the Vermont Central and the Vermont and Canadian railroads in 1849, and upon the death of his father, in 1858, succeeding to the position of trustee under the lease of the latter road. In 1865, both railroads having deteriorated, he ad- vanced the system of issuing trust bonds, which emissions continued until 1872, and when the financial panic struck the country, he successfullj- carried the ro.ads through a long and complicated litigation, resulting in a compromise by which SMITH SMITH the Consolidated Railroad of Vermont was formed, of which road he became president in 1873. He was one of the originators of the Northern Pacific railroad, and its president, 1866- 72. He was a Republican member of the state senate, 1858-59 ; a member of the Vermont house of representatives, 1860-62, serving as speaker the last two years, and was governor of Vermont, 1863-65. He frequently de- clined nomination for the United States senate ; was a delegate-at-large to the Re- publican national convention at Chicago, June 3, 1884, and repeatedly president of the Republican state conven- tions. During the administration of Gov. Erastus Fairbanks (q.v.), in 1861, he acted as his confiden- tial counsel and was associated v/ith him in prose- cuting the war and in organizing troops. He re- ceived the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of Vermont in 1871. He was president of the Welden National bank, the People's Trust company and the Franklin County Creamery as- sociation. He gave .$7,000 to the Congregational church of St. Albans for remodeling its edifice, and in 1888 presented the village with a bronze fountain to be placed in the public park. In his will he bequeathed $10,000 to St. Albans for a public library, $5,000 for a soldiers' monument and $3,000 to the Congregational church. He died at St. Albans, Vt., Nov. 6, 1891. SMITH, John Lawrence, chemist, was born in Charleston, S.C, Dec. IT, 1818 ; son of Ben- jamin Smith. He attended Charleston college and the University of Virginia, 1836-38 ; was assistant engineer on the construction of the railroad between Charleston and Cincinnati ; and was graduated from the Medical College of South Carolina in 1840. He studied in Paris, 1840-41, and made a special study of chemistry in Germany and Paris. In 1844 he began practice at Charleston, and was appointed state assayer of the gold received from Georgia and the Carolinas. He made careful investigations of the marble beds of Charleston and vicinity, and of the con- ditions affecting the growth of cotton. In 1846, on the invitation of the Sultan, he went to Turkey to teach cotton culture in Asia Minor, but the scheme proving impracticable, he was appointed mining engineer by the Turkish government and explored the mineral resources of Turkey, dis- covering large chrome ore and coal deposits, and the emery deposits in Asia Minor. He returned to the United States in October, 1850, and com- pleted his inverted microscope, which he had be- gun in Paris. He was professor in the University of New Orleans ; professor of chemistry. Univer- sity of Virginia, 1852-54 ; removed to Louisville,. IX. — 27 Ky., in 1854, and was married to Sarah Julia, daughter of James Guthrie (q.v.). He was pro- fessor of chemistry in the medical department of the University of Louisville, 1854-66 ; was super- intendent and president of the Louisville gas works, and was associated with Dr. Edward R. Squibb in the manufacture of rare pharmaceuti- cal pi'eparations. He was chevalier of the Legion of Honor of France ; received the order of Nichan Iftabar and that of Medjideh from the Turkish government and that of St. Stanislas from the Russian government. He was elected president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1874, and of the American Chemical society in 1877 ; an original member of the National Academy of Sciences ; and was elected corresponding member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1879. He was a U.S. commissioner to the World's Fair in Paris in 1867, and at Vienna in 1873 ; and one of the judges of chemical arts at the Philadelphia Centennial exhibition of 1876. His remarkable collection of meteorites was purchased by Har- vard university for |8,000, which money was transferred by Mrs. Smitli to the National Academy of Sciences to found the Lawrence Smith medal, awarded biennially to the person making the most original investigations of meteors. Professor Smith is the author of numerous reports and scientific papers. He died in Louisville, Ky., Oct. 12, 1883. SMITH, John Walter, governor of Maryland, was born at Snow Hill, Md., Feb. 5, 1845 ; son of John Walter and Charlotte (Whittington) Smith ; grandson of Samuel R. and Charlotte Smith, and of Judge William Whittington. He was educated under private tutors and at Wash- ington academy, Md. He was married, June 2, 1869, to Mary Frances, daughter of David Rich- ardson, of Snow Hill, Md. He was a member of the state senate, 1890-98, being president in 1894; chairman of the state Democratic committee in 1895 ; was elected to the 55th congress in 1898, and in 1899 was elected governor of Maryland for the term expii-ing Jan. 8, 1904. SMITH, Jonathan Bayard, delegate, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 21, 1742 ; sou of Samuel (a prominent merchant) and Mar}- (Harrison) Smith ; grandson of Capt. Thomas and Mary (Corwin) Smith of Boston, and of Joseph and Mary (Vanlevening) Harrison of Philadelphia, and a descendant of Capt. Thomas Smith, Sr., merchant of Boston (1645-1689), whose second wife was Hannah Eliot, daughter of John Eliot, the apostle to the Indians, and whose father, Thomas Smith, died before 1664, and was sup- posed to be of Dutch ancestry. Jonathan B.Smith, was graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1760, A.M.. 1763, and engaged in mercan- SMITH SMITH tile business. He was married in 17C5 to Su- sanna, daughter of Col. Peter Bayard of Phila- delphia, granddaughter of Samuel Bayard of Bohemia manor, Md., and a descendant of Samuel of Amsterdam. She was tlie author of : "A Win- ter in Wasliington " (2 vols., 1827), and " What is Clentility?" (1S30). iMr. Smitli was secretary of the Pliiladelpliia committee of safety, 1775-77 ; a delegate to the Continental congress, 1777-78; prothonotary of tlie court of common pleas, 1777-78, and on Dec. 1, 1776, presided at the meet- ing of the " Real Whigs," held at Philadelphia, that decided on the drafting of men for the Conti- nental army. He was commissioned lieutenant- colonel of a battalion of associators in 1777. and commanded tlie battalion ; was justice of the court of common pleas. 1778-81 ; an auditor of the accounts of tlie Philadelphia troops in 1781 ; pro- tlionotary of the county of Pliiladelphia, 1784-88 ; was an alderman of Philadelphia, 1792-94, and was elected auditor-general of the state in 1794. He was a secretary of the conference to consider the subject of a new Constitution for Pennsyl- v;i:iia, and was a member of the committee to draft an address to the people, which resulted in a convention and a new Constitution. He was a trustee of the College of New Jersey, 1779-1807 ; of the University of the State of Pennsylvania, 1779-91, and of the University of Pennsylvania, 1791-1812. He died in Philadelphia, June 16. 1812. SMITH, Joseph, naval officer, was born in Boston, Mass.. Marcli 30. 1790. He was warranted midshipman. U.S.N. , July 16, 1809; was commis- sioned lieutenant. July 24. 1813, and served as 1st lieutenant of the brig Eagle, taking part in the battle of Lake Champlain, Sept. 11, 1814, where he was severely wounded, and for his services receiv- ing the thanks of congress and a silver medal. He was attached to the frigate Constellation , of the Mediterranean squadron, 1819-22 ; was promoted commander, March 3, 1827, and captain, Feb. 9, 18."n, and commanded the Mediterranean squad- ron, 1843—45, having for his flagship the frigate Cumberland. Ho was chief of the bureau of yards and docks, 1845-69 ; was re- tired Dec. 21, I n \- " w >^ ^^^^ ' P^o 'looted / ^ K.\ 11 \ \\^^^\. rear-admiral on »<' :f4fc^ 'A \ 'Nl.X^ the retired list, / ir> f^\ "\ \- -^^^ July 10, 1862, and was presi- dent of the board for the examina- tion and promo- tion of officers, 1869-71. At the time of his death, he was senior officer in the navy, on the retired list. Ills son, Lieut. Joseph B. Smitli, acting commander of the 0.3 3L00P CU«ei,MlA«0. Congre.ts. at Hampton Roads, Va., March 8, 1862, was killed while that vessel was being driven from her anchorage by the Merriinac, and upon the capture of the Congress the Confederate com- mander sent Lieutenant Smith's sword to Admiral Smith, in Washington, under a flag of truce. Admiral Smith died in Washington, Jan. 17, 1877. SMITH, Joseph, Jr., founder of Mormonism, was born in Sliaron, Vt., Dec. 23, 1805; son of Joseph and Lucy (Mack) Smith ; grandson of Asael and Mary (Duty) Smith, and of Solomon and Lydia (Gates) Mack, and a descendant of Robert and JIary Smith, who emigrated from England, and whose son Samuel was born in Topsfield, Mass., Jan. 26, 1G06, and married Re- becca Curtis. His parents removed from Tun- bridge, Vt., to Royalton and subsequently to Sharon, where he received a most limited educa- tion and worked at times on a farm. The only notewoi-thy fact in his boyhood is his inherited susceptibility to visions, which he was accus- tomed to narrate to his family. This liabit .strengthened his own credulity in the super- natural and prepared the way for the reception of his chief revelation of an angel who disclosed the burial-place of plates of gold, containing "the fulness of the everlasting Gospel" and a history of the former inhabitants of America. This vision was followed by others in which he claimed to receive divine instruction relating to the possession of the mysterious Record. He was married, Jan. 18, 1827. to Emma, daughter of Isaac and Elizabeth Hale of Harmony, Pa. On Sept. 22, 1827, having discovered the gold plates in a hill near Manchester, N.Y., these were de- livered into his keeping. He removed to his wife's home in Pennsylvania, where he com- menced, with the aid of two silver bows, the Urim and Thummim so-called, the translation of the Book of Mormon ; tlie latter word, according to his subsetiuent interpretation, being derived from the Egyptian Mo7i, signifying yo'xl, and the contracti(m of the English 7ho?t, meaning literally mo7-e good. By dictation to his wife, to one Oliver Cowdery, a schoolmaster, and to Christian Whit- mer, a farmer, the translation of the Record was accomplished, the work being first copyrighted, June 11, 1829, and printed early in 1830. The tenets of the creed consisted in belief in the Trinity, in the punishment for personal but not for Adam's transgression, in salvation through the atonement of Christ, by baptism, in the Lord's supper, the calling of preachers by inspiration, in prophecy, revelation, healing, etc., in the Bible and Book of Mormon, the restoration of the ten lost tribes, and the literal restoration of the body. It recognized two orders of priesthood, " Aaronic and Melchezideck," governed by a prophet or president, and the organization of the primitive SMITH SMITH church, composed of twelve apostles, the " seven- ties," bishops, high-priests, deacons, elders and teachers. On May 15, 1829, Smith baptized Oliver Cowdery into the new faith, and was in turn baptized by Cowdery. Members of his own family also became believers, and among his early converts were Brigham and Joseph Young. A church was organized at Fayette, Seneca county, N.Y., April 6, 1830. Smith preached and prac- tised as a faith healer in many places throughout Nevr York state, settling finally in Waterloo. In the following June, Peter Whitmer, Oliver Cow- derj^ and two others founded the city of Zion, Mo., organizing on their way a church at Kirk- land, whither Smith removed with his followers at "Waterloo, and where was built the first temple, called " The Church of Jesus Christ, of Latter Day Saints." Difficulties arose, however, and to escape from his followers, who charged him with fraud and the attempted murder of Grandison Newell, Smith fled to Far West, Mo. In 1838 civil war broke out between the Mormons and Missourians, the former defying the officers of the law. Upon the calling out of the militia, Smith, with several of his associates, was taken prisoner, and the remainder, driven from their homes, took refuge in Hancock county. 111.; sub- sequently obtained a liberal charter from Gov. Thomas Carlin, and founded the city of Nauvoo, Dec. 16, 1840, of which Smith (who had effected his escape in April, 1839) was elected mayor. He was also chosen sole trustee of the Mormon church with unlimited powers ; formed a military organ- ization of 1500 men, making himself lieutenant- general, and established a new temple. On July 12, 1843, Smith is said to have received his Reve- lation on the Eternity of the Marriage Covenant, including Plurality of Wives, which he com- mitted to writing, although much controversy exists as to the degree of his implication in the introduction and tolerance of polygamy. How- ever, a newspaper, denouncing the practice of " spiritual wives" as immoral, was establislied in Nauvoo by Dr. Robert D. Foster and William Law in 1844. After the circulation of one num- ber, the building was torn down by the followers of Smith ; and Foster and Law fled to Carthage, where they obtained a warrant for his arrest. Upon the violent ejection from the city of the official charged with serving the warrant, the militia compelled the Mormons to relinquish their arms, and arrested Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum. A guard was placed over the building where they were imprisoned at Carthage, 111., but on the evening of June 27, 1844, a mob of over 100 men attacked the jail, and Joseph and Hyrum Smith were assassinated. Joseph Smith published : The Book of Mormon (1830); Book of Comviandments, for the Governinent of the Church of Christ (1833) ; Correspondence (1844) ; Views of the Potver and Policy of the Government of the United States (1844), and 77ie Holy Scriptures, translated and corrected by the Spirit of Revela- tion (1867). See : "The Founder of Mormonism " by Isaac W. Riley (1902), wdiich contains an ex- tensive bibliography of Mormoniana. Joseph Smith died in Carthage, 111., June 27, 1844. SMITH, Joseph Lee Kirby , soldier, was born in New York city in 1836 ; son of Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith (q.v.). He was graduated from the U.S. Military academy, and brevetted 2d lieuten- ant of topographical engineers, July 1, 1857, and served as assistant topographical engineer on the Mississippi delta survey at Washington, D.C., 1857-58 ; was promoted 2d lieutenant, Dec. 9, 1857, and was engaged on the Utah expedition of 1858-59, and on the northern lakes survey, 1859-61. He was promoted 1st lieutenant of top- ographical engineers, Aug. 3, 1861, and served on the staff of Generals Patterson and Banks, July-August, 1861. He was brevetted captain, Aug. 25, 1861, for gallant services in the Shenan- doah Valley ; was appointed colonel of 43d Ohio volunteers, Sept. 28, 1861 ; commanded the 2d brigade, 1st division of the Union army, under Gen. John Pope, at the capture of New Madrid, Mo. , March 14, 1862 ; was brevetted major, April 7, 1862, for gallant services at Island No. 10, and was brevetted lieutenant-colonel. May 28, 1862, for gallant services at the siege of Corinth, where he repulsed a sortie. He commanded his regiment in the operations of northern Mississippi under Rosecrans, September-Octo- ber, 1862, taking part in the battles of luka and Corinth, being mortally wounded at the latter, Oct. 3-4, 1862, while "charging front for- ward " with his regiment, to repulse a desperate attack on Battery Robinett. He was brevetted colonel, U.S.A., Oct. 4, 1862, for gallant services at the battle of Corinth, Miss., and died of wounds received at that battle, Oct. 12, 1862. SMITH, Judson, educator and missionary secretary, was born in Middlefield. Hampshire county, Mass., June 28, 1837 ; son of Samuel and Lucina (Metcalf) Smith ; grandson of Matthew and Asenath (Annable) Smith, and of John and Lucina (Root) Metcalf, and a descendant of Mat- thew Smith, of Charlestown, Mass., about 1637. He was graduated at Amherst college, Mass., A.B., 1859; Oberlin Theological seminarj-, Ohio, B.D., 1863 ; was tutor in Oberlin college, in Latin and Greek, in 1862-64, and instructor in mathe- matics and physics in Williston academy, Easthampton, Mass., 1864-66. He was married. Aug. 1, 1865, to Jerusha Augusta, daughter of Seth Andrews and Caroline Augusta (Billings) Bushnell. of Hartford, Ohio. He was ordained to the Congregational ministry in 1866, but as SMITH SMITH sumed no pastoral charge. He was professor of Latin language anil literature at Oberlin col- lege, 1866-70 ; professor of ecclesiastical history in Oberlin Theological seminary, and lecturer on modern history in Oberlin college, 1870-84, and was elected a trustee of Oberlin college in 1891. He was also elected a trustee of Williston semi- nary in 1886, and of Mt. Holyoke college in 1892. He was president of the Oberlin Board of education, 1871-84; lecturer on history at Lake Erie Female college and seminary. Painesville, Ohio, 1879-84 ; editor of the Bibliotheca Sacra, 1882-84. and subsequently associate editor ; cor- responding secretary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions from 1884. He was a delegate to the World's Missionary conference, London, Eng. , 1888 ; visited the mis- sions of the board in Turkey, 1888, and China, 1898 ; was a delegate to the Ecumenical confer- ence on foreign missions. 1900, and chairman of its general committee, and of the committee on programme. He received tlie honorary degree of D.D. from Amherst, in 1877, and is the author of: Lectures in Clinrch History, and the History of Doctrine, from the Beginning of the Christian Era till IGJfS (1881), Lectures in Modern History (1881), and of articles in the North American Rcvieic and in the Bibliotheca Sacra. SMITH, Luther fl., educator, was born in Ogletliorpe county, Ga., Sept. 10, 1826; son of Dr. Iia Ellis and Ella (Penniston) Smith, natives of Virginia. At an early age he removed with his parents to Coweta county, Ga., where he pre- pared for college, and was graduated from Emory college, Ga., 1848. He was married in January, 1849. to Mary Eliza Greenwood, stepdaughter of Bishop James O. Andrew (q.v.). She died in 1859, and in 1866 he was married secondly to Callie B. Lane of Oxford, Ga. He was admitted to the bar and entered into practice, but abandoned the law and was professor at Emory college until 1861. In 1851 he was licensed to preach, and througliout his life was an active minister in the Methodist Episcopal churcli, south. Upon tl)e re- organization of Emory college he was again pro- fessor. 1866-67, and upon the resignation of Presi- dent James R. Thomas (q.v.), was made president of the college, resigning in November, 1871. He was chancellor of the Southern university, Greensl)oro. Ala., from October, 1875, until his deatli, which occurred in Greensboro, May, 1879. SMITH, Lyman Cornelius, manufacturer, banker and capitalist, was born in Torrington, Conn., March 31, 1850 ; son of Lewis Stevens and Eliza .\nn (Hurlbut) Smith; grandson of AVilliam and Rebecca (Bissell) Smith, and a descendant of English ancestors. He was educated in the common and state normal schools ; removed to New York city in 1872, where he managed a live stock commission house ; engaged in the lumber business in Syracuse, N.Y., in 1875, and in the manufacture of breech-loading fire-arms, 1877- 90. He was married Feb. 13, 1878, to Flora Elizabeth, daughter of the Hon. Peter and Eliza- beth (Bates) Burns, of Syracuse. He began the manufacture of typewriters in 1886, and in 1890 organized the Smith Premier Typewriter com- pany, of which he was made president. In 1900 he gave Syracuse university the Lyman Cornelius Smith College of Applied Science, erected at a cost of several hundred thousand dollars, which was equipped second to no college of its kind in the country. In 1903, with his brothers, he organized the L. C. Smith & Bros. Typewriter company. He also became president or treasurer of several other large corporations. He was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor by the Fz'encli government. SMITH, Martin Luther, soldier, was born near Ithaca, N.Y., Sept. 9, 1819; son of Luther Smith, who removed from Maine to Western New Y'ork. He attended the district schools until 1838 ; was graduated from the U.S. Military academy and brevetted 2d lieuten- ant of topographi- cal engineers, 1842 ; served as engineer on surveys in Florida, 1843-45; was commis- sioned 2d lieutenant, Nov. 1, 1843, and was engaged on topo- graphical surveys in Georgia and Texas, 1846-47. He was married about July 28, 1846, to Sarah, daughter of John and v/ y r __;/ Harriet (Cooper) Nis- -^^ ' ^' ^^^^2^^^^%^ bet of Athens, Ga. He took part in the war with Mexico, in the army under Scott, being engaged in making a reconnoissance and map of the Valley of Mexico; was brevetted first lieutenant May 30, 1848, for gallantry at the capture of the City of Mexico, and upon the evacuation of the city he was de- tailed, at the request of the ^lexican government, to establish a system of drainage for the city. He made surveys for the Savannah River im- provement, and for a ship canal across tlie Florida peninsula ; was promoted 1st lieutenant, March 3, 1853, and captain, July 1, 1856 ; was in charge of the coast survej' oflfice at Wasliington, D.C., 1857-59, and resigned April 1, 1861, and was appointed major of engineers in the Con- federate army. He planned the defences of New Orleans and commanded a brigade in its defence. When Farragut's fleet passed the SMITH SMITH forts, he commanded tlie two batteries of the C'halmette that it was hoped would stop the Federal fleet. He was commissioned brigadier- general April 11, 1862, and was ordered to Vicks- burg to assume command and strengthen the de- fences of that place. He arrived May 12, 1862, and found one regiment, one battalion and three batteries complete. On May 18, 1862. tlie advance of Farragut's fleet arrived from Baton Rouge and bombarded the works, firing 20.000 charges of sliot and shell ; but although supported by 5.000 troops on land, the twenty-seven ships of Farra- gut and Porter were unable to effect a landing, and passed under tlie bluff and by the batteries. The Confederate loss was only seven killed and fifteen wounded ; no gun was disabled and no battery injured. General Smith was assigned to the command of tlie 3d military district, depart- ment of Southern Mississippi and East Louisiana, June 26, 1862 ; to the 2d military district, depart- ment of Mississippi and East Louisiana, Oct. 21, 1862, and was promoted major-general, Nov. 4, 1862. He directed the defences of Chickasaw Bayou in command of a division which, on Dec. 31, 1862, consisted of eleven regiments of infantry, six battalions of heavy artillery, one battalion of cavalry, being largely the brigades of Vaughan, Barton and S. D. Lee. The Federal loss was nearly 2,000 killed, wounded and prisoners, and this was said to be the only defeat experienced by General Sherman dviring the war. After the arrival of General Pemberton. Smith's division occupied the northern lines during the second siege. He surrendered with the army at Vicks- burg, July 4, 1863, but at the request of General Grant, remained in charge of Confederate sick and wounded until Aug. 1. He was exchanged about February, 1864, and was assigned to tem- porary duty as chief of the engineer bureau, March 9, 1864; and was promoted chief engineer, Army of Northern Virginia, April 6, 1864. He established the lines on whicli all the battles from the Wilderness to Petersburg were fought. At the battle of the Wilderness he was ordered by General Lee to report to General Longstreet, who had just arrived with the 1st army corps, and planned and executed the flanking movement that turned the Federal extreme left, on the Brock road. On Oct. 19, 1864, he was made chief engi- neer. Army of Tennessee ; and on Jan. 4, 1865, was ordered to duty as chief engineer of the Mili- tary division of the West. He retired to Athens, Ga. , after the war, and was chief engineer of the Alabama and Tennessee railroad, and in 1866 was elected professor of engineering in the Uni- versity of Georgia, the chair having been occu- pied by Charles Phillips until the war closed the university. He had not assumed the duties of his office when he died at Rome, Ga., July 29, 1866. SMITH, Mary Prudence Wells, author, was born in Attica, N.Y., July oO, 1840 ; daughter of Dr. Noah S. and Esther Nims (Coleman) Wells; granddaughter of Capt. William and Prudence (May) Wells and of Capt. Thaddeus and Milli- cent (Newton) Coleman, and a descendant of Thomas Wells (b, Colchester, England, 1620; settled in Hartford, Conn., 1636); and of Thomas Coleman (b. Evesham, England ; settled in Wethersfield, Conn., 1639). She attended the Greenfield, Mass., high school and Sliss Draper's Female seminary, Hartford, Conn.. 1858-59 ; was assistant teacher at the Greenfield higli school ; and assistant in the Franklin Savings institution, being the first woman employed in a savings bank in Massachusetts. She was married, April 14, 1875, to Judge Fayette, son of tlie Rev. Pre- served and Tryphena (Goldsbury) Smith, of Cin- cinnati, Ohio. During Mrs. Smith's twenty-one years' residence in Cincinnati, she was a member of the Women's Art Museum association, started and was for fourteen years president of the Woman's Alliance Branch in the Unitarian church, helping to originate the Post Office Mis- sion ; was one of the seven founders of the Cin- cinnati Women's club, and president of the Home library for poor children in the Associated Charities. In 1896 Judge Smith removed to Greenfield, Mass., where Mrs. Smith resided in 1903. She is the author of the Jollij Good Series, for children (18 vols., 1875-95); Miss Ellis's Mis- sion (1886); Tlie Young Puritans of Old Hadley (1897); The Young Puritans of King Phillip's War (1898); The Young Puritans in Captivity (1899); JVliat Women have done in Literature in the United States since 1649 (1899); The Young and Old Puritans of Hatfield (1900); Four on a Farm (1901), and numerous magazine articles written under the pen name " P. Thorne." SMITH, Matthew Hale, lecturer and author, was born in Portland, Maine, in 1816 ; son of the Rev. Elias Smith (q.v.) and Rachel (Thurber) Smith. He was ordained to the Universalist ministry in 1833 ; became a convert to Unitarian- ism, and was ordained in Maiden, Mass., in 1842, and served as pastor in several churches in Massacliusetts until 1850, when he was admitted to the bar and began practice in New York city. He continued to supply pulpits in various denom- inations, but devoted most of his attention to journalism, contributing a series of articles known as the " Burleigh Letters" to the Boston Journal. He served throughout the civil war as cliaplain of the 12th New York volunteers. He conducted a lecture tour through the principal cities of the United States in 1877, his subjects including: "Old Times and Our Times," "Wit and Humor," " From the Thames to the Tiber." He was married in Boston, Mass., to Mary Adams, SMITH SMITH grand-niece of Presiiloiit John Adams. Of their seven chiKlreii, tiie eldest son. who lulopted his grandniotlurs maiden name, beoame Judge Bur- leigh of Massachusetts ; G. Melville Smith was a Presbyterian minister at Newburyport, Mass., and his daughter Louise, who married Albert C. Squier in 187(5, won a reputation as an artist in New York city, lie was for several years chaplain of the "Old Guard." New York city, and is the autlior of: ["^niirrsalism Examined, lienoiinced, and Exposed {l^i2); Text-book of Universalism (1845); Universitlism Not of God (1847); Sabbath Evenings (1849); Mount Calvary (1866); Sun- shine and Shadow in Xeiv York (1868-69); The Old Colony Railroad (1874); Bulls and Bears of Sew York (1875); Successful Folks (1878). He di«d in Brooklyn, N.Y.. Nov. 7, 1879. SMITH, Melancton, delegate, was born in Jamaica, L.I.. N. Y., in 1724. He engaged in busi- ness in Pongiikeepsie, N.Y., in 1744; was a member of the provincial congress held at New York, May 23, 1775; a secret service commissioner and sheriff of Duchess county, N.Y., in 1777. He removed to New Y''ork city in 1785 ; was a dele- gate to the Continental congress, 1785-88 ; and a member of the state convention that met at Poughkeepsie to ratify the Federal constitution of 1787. He was a member of the state assembly in 1701, and was a sachem of the Tammany siwiely. He supported George Clinton for re- election as governor in 1792. and later served as circuit judge. He died in New Y^^ork city, July 29. 1708. SMITH, Melancton, naval officer, was born in New York city, May 24, 1810 ; son of Melancton and Cornelia Haring (Jones) Smith, and grand- son of Melancton Smith (q.v.) and of Dr. Gar- dener Jones. His father (1780-18 18), an officer in the war of 1813. fought under General Macomb at Plattsburgh on Lake Ciiamplain in August, 1*^14. The son was warranted midshipman in the U.S. navy. March 1, 1826; attended the U.S. naval school at New York, 1830-31 ; was advanced to passed miflshipman, April 28, 1833 ; was com- missioned master in 1836, and served in the "West India squadron, 1837-38. He was commissioned lieutenant, March 8, 1837, and was married in tiie same year to Mary Jackson, daughter of Thomas Jones of Long Island, N. Y. ; she died at Seaford, L.I.,N.Y., April 15, 1885. He served in the Florida war on the steamer Poiiise/f, and in com- manf a fort, 1839-40 ; was commissioned com- mander, Sfpt. 14, 1855, and in 1861, was placed in command of tlie U.S.S. MassacJiuaetts. He took possession of Ship Island, Sept. 17, 1861 ; engaged the C<»J> federate .steamer i-TonVZa, Cai)t. George M. Hollin.s. C.S.N. , off Siiip Island, on Oct. 19, 1861 ; captured the forts at Biloxi, Miss., DfC. 31, 1861 ; returned to Hampton Roads, and joined Admiral Farragut's fleet, Marcli 25, 1862. He took part in the opening of the Lower Mississipi)i and the passage of Forts Jackson and St. Philip and the Chalmette batteries, tlie Mississijjpi being the third vessel in Capt. Bailey's first division. He destroyed the Confederate ram Manassas by running her aground, then pounding her with shot till she blew up. He took part in running the batteries at Vicksburg, Miss., March 14, 1862, in command of the Mississij^pi, and on passing the city his ship ran aground, and after remov- ing his crew he set fire to the ship. He was= promoted cap- tain, July 16,- 1863 ; and was given command of the Mononga- "^ hela on the pas- ^'S'^' /Mississippi. sage from New Orleans to Port Hudson, He com- manded tlie monitor Onondaga in the James river, and in Albemarle Sound in 1864 ; and the steam frigate Wabash in both attacks on Fort Fisher, De- cember, 1864-January, 1865. He was promoted commodore, July 25, 1866; was attached to the equipment and recruiting department, 1866-70 ; was promoted rear-admiral, July 1, 1870; was commandant at the Brooklyn navj- jard, 1870-72 ; was retired. May 24, 1871, and was governor of the Naval Asylum at Philadelphia, 1871-73. He died in Green Bay, Wis., July 19, 1893. SMITH, Meriwether, statesman, was born at Bathurst, Essex county, Va., in 1730. He was twice married ; first, in 1760, to Alice, daughter of Phillip Lee, and of their children, George William (q.v.) became governor of Virginia; and secondly, Sept. 29, 1769, to Elizabeth, daughter of Col. William Daingerfield. He rep- resented Essex county in the House of Bur- gesses in 1770 ; was a member of the Virginia conventions of 1775 and 1776, being associated witli George Mason (q.v.) in the drafting of the bill of rights and the state constitution ; was a signer of the articles of the Westmoreland asso- ciation, Feb. 27, 1776, which was pledged to use no articles of British importation, and of the res- olutions of the Williamsburg association, which met at the old Raleigh Tavern of that city. May 18, 1779. He was also a delegate to the Conti- nental congress, 1778-83, and a member of the Virginia convention, which adopted the constitu- tion of the United States. He died, Jan. 25, 1790. SMITH, Morgan Lewis, soldier, was born in Oswego county, N.Y., March 8, 1832. He re- moved to New Albany, Ind.. in 1843, and joined the U.S. army in 1846, as a private, attaining the SMITH SMITH rank of orderly-sergeant. He resigned from the arm}' and engaged in the steamboat business, but on the outbreak of the civil war, he organized the 8th Missouri volunteer regiment ; was chosen its colonel in July, 1861, and led it in the advance on Fort Henry. He commanded the 5tli brigade. 2d division under Gen. Charles F. Smith, at Fort Donelson, Tenn., com- manded the 1st bri- gade, 3d division, Army of the Tennes- see, at Shiloh, and commanded an ex- pedition to Holly Springs, Miss. He commanded the 2d division, 13th army corps, forming the right wing of the Fed- eral army at Chikasaw Bluffs, Miss., Dec. 27, 1862- Jan. 3, 1863 ; and commanded the 2d division, 15th army corps, Army of the Tennessee under Sher- man, in the Chattanooga campaign, Nov. 23-27, 1863. He was second in command of the 15th army corps, under Logan, and on the death of Mc- Pherson, July 22, 186-1, succeeded to the command tif the corps, Logan having assumed command of the Army of tlie Tennessee. He was detailed on the occupation of Vicksburg, and resigned his commission at the close of the war, after which he served as U.S. consul at Honolulu ; declined the office of governor of the territory of Colorado, and engaged in presenting claims for pension appli- cants to the pension department in Washington, D.C. He died in Jersey City, N.J., Dec. 29, 1874. SMITH, Nathan, pliysician and educator, was born at Rehoboth, Mass., Sept. 30,1762. At an early age he removed with his parents to Chester, Vt., where he attended school ma desultory way, and during the last half of tlie Revolutionary war was engaged in repulsing the Indian raids on the northern frontier. He studied medicine under Dr. Josiah Goodhue of Putney, Vt., 1781-7 ; prac- tised in Cornish, N.H., 1787-89 ; attended med- ical lectures at Harvard medical school, an.d was graduated M.D. in 1790. He resumed prac- tice in Cornish, 1790-96 ; and continued his med- ical studies in London and Edinbuigh in 1796. He went to Dartmouth college in 1798, where he established the chair of anatomy and surgery and occupied it, 1798-1810, and also established the chair of theory and practice of medicine, which he held, 1798-1813, at the same time con- ducting an extensive private practice. He re- moved to New Haven in 1813, where he was pro- fessor of theory aad practice of physic, surgery and obstetrics at Yale, 1813-29, and was largely influential in the establishment of a medical building, library and museum. In 1819 he w;is consulted bj- President William Allen of Bowdoin college, in regard to establishing medical instruc- tion in that state, and on June 27, 1820, he was made professor of theory and practice of medi- cine in Bowdoin, which position he held until 1825. He was also lecturer on medicine and sur- gery at the University of Vermont, 1822-25. He received from Dartmouth the honorary de- gree of A.M. in 1798, and that of M.D. in 1801, and from Harvard that of M.D. in 1811. He was the originator of various methods of surgical operation, invented apparatus for the reduction of fractures, and is the author of : Practical Essays on Typhus Fever (1824) ; and Medical and Surgical Memoirs, edited, with addenda, by his son, Nathan Ryno Smith (1831). He died in New Haven, Conn., July 26, 1829. SMITH, Nathan, senator, was born in Roxbury parish, Woodbury, Conn., Jan. 8, 1770; son of Richard and Annis (Hurd) Smith ; and great- grandson of Capt. Benjamin Hinman. He re- ceived a classical education ; studied at the Litchfield Law school, and began practice in New Haven. Conn, He was a representative in the state legislature for several years ; state's attor- ney for New Haven county ; a delegate to the Hartford convention in 1814 ; U.S. attorney for the district of Connecticut ; a candidate for gov- ernor of Connecticut in 1825, but was defeated by Oliver Wolcott, and was elected U.S. senator in May, 1832, for the term expiring March 3, 1839, took his seat Dec. 2, 1833, and died in office. His funeral took place in the senate chamber at Washington, and was attended by President Andrew Jackson and his cabinet. He was a charter trustee of Trinity college. Conn., 1823- 35, and received the honorary degree of A.M. from Yale college in 1808. He died in Washing- ton D.C, Dec. 6, 1835. SMITH, Nathaniel, statesman and jurist, was born in Judea society, Woodbury, Conn., Jan. 6, 1762 ; son of Richard and Annis (Hurd) Smith ; and brotlier of Nathan Smith (1770-1835). He studied law under Judge Tapping Reeve and was married to Ruth, daughter of the Rev, Noah Benedict. He was a representative in the Con- necticut legislature, 1789-95 ; a Federalist rep- resentative in the 4th and 5th congresses, 1795- 99, declining re-election in 1798 ; a state senator, 1800-05. and judge of the supreme court of Con- necticut. 1806-19. He was one of the foremost men of the Hartford convention of 1814. With Chancellor Kent of New York, he was appointed to establish a new site for Williams college. He received the degree of A.M. from Yale in 1795. He died in Woodbury, Conn., March 9, 1822, SMITH SMITH SMITH, Nora Archibald, autlior, was born in Pliiliulelpliia. I'a.: daugliter of Robert Noali and Helen Elizabeth (Dyer) Smith, and sister of Kate Douglas Wiggin (Mrs. George C. Riggs). Her early chiKthood was passed in Hollis, Maine, and in 1873 she removed with her parents to Santa Biirbara. Cal., where she attended tlie Santa Barbara college, graduating in 1877, and becom- ing especially proficient in Spanisli. She was in charge of a Spanish private school in Magdalena, Sonora. Mexico, 1877-78, where she had no text books and was obliged to provide and translate into Spanish all her lesson-materials ; and was principal of the girls' department of the public schools in Tucson, Ariz., 1878-80. She entered the first class of her sister's training school in San Francisco in 1880, being graduated in 1881 ; was appointed superintendent of tiie Silver Street free kindergartens. 1886 ; assisted in her sister's training school, 188-4-88, and in the latter year, upon her sister's removal to New York city, as- sumed entire charge of the institution, which position she held until 1894, when she again took up her residence in Hollis, Maine, in order to de- vote herself to literary work. She is joint author, with Kate Douglas Wiggin, of : The Story Hour (1891) ; Chiklren's Rights (1893) ; Republic of Childhood (3 vols.) viz: FroebeVs Gifts (1896); FroebeVs Occupations (1896), Kindergarten Prin- ciples and Practice (1897) ; editor, also with her sister, of two volumes of poetry for children, Golden Numbers (1903), Tlie Posy Ring (1903) ; and is the author of : Tlie Children of the Future (1898); Under the Cactus Flag (1899) ; The Kin- dergarten in a Xutshell (1899) ; Tlie Message of Frocbel (1900) ; Three Little Marys (1902). SMITH, Oliver, philanthropist, was born in Hatfield, Mass., Jan. 20, 1766 ; son of Lieut, Samuel and Mary (Morton) Smith ; grandson of Joseph and Canada (Waite) Smith and of Jon- athan Morton ; great-grandson of John Smith (born about 1637; married Mary, daughter of William Partridge, and was slain by Indians in Hatfield Meadow, May 30, 1676), and great2- grandson of Lieut. Samuel Smith, who sailed from Ipswich for New England in 1034 at the age of thirty-two ; lived at Weathersfield, Conn., and later at Hadley, Mass., where he held impor- tant offices in church and state. The father of Canada Waite was Benjamin Waite, renowned for his plucky rescue of his wife and child from Indian captivity in Canada. The child was born there after her mother's capture and was there- fore so named. Oliver Smith was a farmer and stock raiser, and amassed a large fortune (inven- toried at $391, .501. 77). He was a justice of the peace ; served two terms as a representative in the state legislature, and was a member of the constitutional convention of 1830. He left $30,- 000 to be invested for sixty years and at the end of that time to be used to establish an agricul- tural school (with a pattern farm and an experi- ment farm) to be called " Smith's Agricultural school" in Northampton, Mass.; $10,000 for the use of the American Colonization society, which upon the dissolution of that society was added to the " farm fund," and with nearly all the resi- due, or about $360,000, founded the Smith Char- ities, to aid indigent boys, girls and widows. See : " Last Will and Testament of Oliver Smith, Esquire," published in Florence, Mass. (1845). He died in Hatfield. Mass., Dec. 23, 1845. SMITH, Oliver Hampton, senator, was born on Smith's Island near Trenton, N.J., Oct. 23, 1794. He removed to Indiana in 1817, and prac- tised law in Connersville. He was a representa- tive in the state legislature, 1822-24 ; prosecuting attorney for the third judicial district, 1824-25, and was a Jackson Democrat representative in the 20th congress, 1827-29, and was defeated in 1828 for the 21st congress by Ratliflf Boon. He was a Whig U.S. senator, 1837-43, declined the Whig nomination for governor in 1845, and engaged in the railroad business in Indianapolis. He is the author of : Recollections of a Congressional Life (1834) ; and Early Indiana Trials, Sketches and Reminiscences (1857). He died in Indiana- polis, Ind., March 19, 1859. SMITH, Perry, senator, was born in Wood- bury, Conn., May 12, 1783. He studied at the Litchfield Law school and commenced practice at New Milford, Conn., in 1807. He was a repre- sentative in the state legislature, 1822-24 ; judge of the probate court, 1824-35, and again a repre- sentative in the state legislature, 1835-36. He was U.S. senator from Connecticut, elected as a. Democrat, 1837-43. He is the autlior of : Speech on Bank Depositaries (1838). He died in Mil- ford, Conn., June 8, 1852. SMITH, Persifor Frazer, soldier, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., November, 1798; son of Jona- than and Mary Anne (Frazer) Smith ; grandson of Col. Robert, of the Continental army, and Marga- ret (Vaughn) Smith, and of Lieutenant-Colonel Persifor (of the 5th regiment Pennsylvania line and brigadier-general of the Pennsylvania militia) and Mary Worrall (Taylor) Frazer, and a great- grandson of John and Susanna Smith, who came to America in 1720 from the North of Ireland. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1815, A.M., 1818, and established a law practice in New Orleans, La. He was adjutant-general of the state ; served in the Florida war as colonel of Louisiana volunteers and under Gen. Edmund P. Gaines in the cam- paigns of 1836 and 1838. In 1846 he was ap- pointed colonel of an infantry regiment and com- manded a brigade during the war with Mexico. SMITH SMITH He was commissioner of armistice with Mexico in October, 1847 ; commanded the 2d division of the U.S. army ; was military governor of Vera Cruz in May, 1848, and later commanded the departments of California and Texas. He was brevetted major-general of U.S.A. for Monterey in 1849, and brigadier-general for Contreras and Churubusco, Dec. 30, 1856, and served in garrison at Kansas. He died in Fort Leavenworth, Kan., May 17, 1858. SMITH, Preston, soldier, was born in Giles county, Tenn., Dec. 25, 1823. He attended Jack- son college, Columbia, Tenn., and practised law in Columbia, Waynesboro, Tenn., and in Memphis, Tenn. He was appointed colonel of the 154th regiment of Tennessee militia and in 1861 joined the Confederate States army, receiving the com- mission of brigadier-general, Oct. 27, 1863. He succeeded Gen. Bushrod R. Johnson in command of the 1st brigade, 2d division, 1st army corps, Army of the Mississippi, atShiloh. where he was wounded April 6, 1863 ; and commanded a brigade under Gen. P. R. Cleburne in the invasion of Kentucky, taking part in the combat at Rich- mond, Ky., Aug. 80, 1862. He commanded a brigade of Cheatham's division at Chickamauga, where he was mortally wounded during a night attack. He died on the battlefield of Chick- amau-a. Ga.. Sept. 20, 1863. SMITH, Richard, delegate, was born in Bur- lington, N.J., March 22, 1735; brother of John Smith (1732-1771), the provincial councillor of New Jersey and of Samuel Smith (1721-1776), the historian. He carried on an extensive corre- spondence with Dr. Tobias George Smollett pre- vious to the Revolution ; was a delegate to the Continental congress, 1774-76 ; resigning in 1776, owing to enfeebled health and not being in full sympathy with the Patriot cause. His corre- spondence with Smollett was published in the^4^ lantic Monthly one hundred years later. He was taking an extended journey through the south for the benefit of his health, at the time of his death, which occurred at Natchez, Miss., in 1803. SMITH, Robert, first bishop of South Carolina, and 6th in succession in the American episcopate, was born in Norfolk county, Eng., June 25, 1732. He was graduated at Gonville and Caius college, Cambridge University, Eng., A.B., 1753, and be- came a fellow of the university. He was ad- mitted to the diaconate, March 7, 1756, and advanced to the priesthood, Dec. 21, 1756 ; immi- grated to America in 1757 ; was assistant at St. Philip's church, Charleston, S.C., 1757-59; and rector, 1759-80. He gave his sympathies to the patriot cause, entered the Continental army as a private, and on the capture of Charleston in 1780, was banished to Philadelphia. He was rector of St. Paul's parish. Queen Anne county, Md., until 1783, when he returned to Charleston and estab- lished an academy which was chartered in 1785 as the College of Charleston, and rechartered in 1791. He was principal of the college, 1791-97, and in 1794 he graduated the first six bachelors of art, the class of graduates being Nathaniel Bowan, third bishop of South Carolina (q.v.) ; John L. Gervais, valedictorian ; John Callahan ; William Hey ward ; Isaac McPherson and Samuel Thomas. He was elected first bishop of the newly created diocese of South Carolina in 1795. and was consecrated at Christ church, Philadel- phia, Sept. 14, 1795, by Bishops White, Provoost, Madison and Claggett. He was an original member of the Society of the Cincinnati. The honorary degree of D.D., was conferred on him by the University of Pennsylvania in 1786. He died in Charleston, S.C, Oct. 28, 1801. SMITH, Robert, cabinet ofiicer, was born in Lancaster county, Pa., in November, 1757 ; son of John Smith, who emigrated from Strabane, Ire- land, and settled in Baltimore, Md., about 1759, where he engaged as a merchant ; became prom- inent in pre-Revolutionary matters ; was chairman of a committee of merchants, to prohibit the im- portation of foreign goods in 1769 ; was a member of the committee of correspondence in 1774, and of the committee to procure arms and muni- tion from abroad ; was elected a delegate to tlie state constitutional convention of Aug. 5, 1776 ; and was state senator, 1781-91. Robert Smith was graduated from the College of New Jersey, A.B., 1781, A.M., 1784, and volunteered in the Continen- tal army, serving at tlie battle of Brandywine^ He practised law in Baltimore ; was presidential elector in 1789 ; state senator in 1793 ; a delegate to the state legislature, 1796-1800, and a member of the city council of Baltimore, 1798-1801. He was secretaiy of the navy, in President Jefferson's cabinet, 180.1-05 ; U.S. attorney-general in 1805, and secretary of state in President Madison's cabinet, 1809-11. He declined the appointment of chancellor of Maryland, and chief judge of Baltimore in 1806, as he did the embassy to Russia tendered him by President Madison in 1811. He was president of the Maryland branch of the American Bible society in 1813 ; of the Maryland Agricultural society in 1818, and pro- vost of the University of Maryland, 1813-15. He is the author of : Address to the People of the United States (1811). He died in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 26. 1843. SMITH, Robert Bums, governor of Montana, was born in Hickman county. Ky.. Dec. 29, 1854 ; son of Dewitt C. and Eliza (Hughes) Smith ; grandson of Eli and Nancy (Gregory) Smith and of Lewis and Ann Hughes. He attended the academy at Milburn, Ky., until 1876, and in 1877 was admitted to the bar. He was married in SMITH SMITH April, 1878. to Kate, daughter of Edward and Mary (Hess) Crosslaud of Graves county, Ky. He removed to Dillon, Mont., in 1882, and was a member of the constitutional convention in 1883. He ■wa'? U.S. attorney for Montana, 1885-1889 ; city attorney for Helena, Mont., 1890-91, and the un- successful Populist candidate for representative at large from Montana in the 54th congress in 1894. He was elected governor as a Populist by the Democratic and Popu- list vote in 1896, receiving 36,688 votes, to 14, 993 for Alexander C. Botkin nominated by the two wings of the Republican ticket, for the term expiring Jan. 1, 1901. SMITH, Roland Cotton, clergyman, was born in New York city. March 24, 1860 ; son of John Cotton and Harriette (Appleton) Smith ; grand- son of Richard Mather and Mary (Woods) Smith and of James and Sarah (Fuller) Appleton, and a descendant of John Cotton and Samuel Apple- ton. He was graduated at Amherst, AB., 1882, A.M., 1885 and at the Episcopal Theological school, Cambridge, Mass., B.D., 1885; was ad- mitted to the diaconate in 1885 ; advanced to the priesthood in 1886 ; was married, Oct. 13, 1886, to Margaret Sigourney, daughter of William and Margaret (Sigourney) Otis of Boston, Mass.; was rector of St. Peter's, Beverly, Mass., 1885-88; assistant minister at Trinity church, Boston, 1888-93 ; rector of St. John's, Northampton, 1893- 1902, and in 1902 was elected rector of St. John's, Washington, D.C., as successor to Alexander Mackay-Smith, elected bishop coadjutor of Penn- sylvania. SMITH, Roswell, publisher, was bom in Leb- anon, Conn., March 30, 1829 ; son of Asher L. Smith, who, with his brother, Roswell C. Smith, conducted a school in Providence, R.I., and published improved text books which were gen- erally used in schools. Tlie son, Roswell, left his father's farm in 1843, and was clerk in the publisiiing house of Paine and Burgess, 1843-46. He was matriculated at Brown university in 1846, pursued Englisli and scientific courses, and was graduated as of the class of 1852, by special vote. He studied law with Thomas C. Perkins in Hart- ford, Conn., removed to Lafayette, Ind., in 1850, and in 1852 was married to Anna G., the only daughter of Henry Leavitt Ellsworth (q.v.). Miss I>eavitt had dictated the first message sent over the perfected Morse telegraph, " What hath God wrought," suggested by her mother. In 1889, he visited England and there met JosiahG. Holland (q.v.), and on his return, Charles Scrib- ner & Co. were induced Ijy Holland and Smith to found, in 1870, Scribner's Jlont lily a.nd in 1873 the St. NicJioIas, of which two ventures Holland and Smith held a majority of the stock. Mr. Smith assumed the business management, and on the death of Dr. Holland, Mr. Smith became sole pro- prietor of these magazines. He established the publishing house known as the Century company, and changed the name of Scribner's Monthly to The Century. The Century Company published many well known books, as the " Century War Book" and " Life of Abraham Lincoln," and in 1882 Mr. Smith planned to ])ublisli an American revision of the '• Imjjerial Dictionary " and as a result the " Century Dictionary " was commenced in 1889, and completed in 1^94. I\Ir. Smith was prominent in the councils of the Presbyterian church, and became a liberal contributor to its support. He was president of the Congrega- tional club of New York, and was a member of the board of directors of the American Tract so- ciety, lie died in New Y^ork city, April 19, 1892. SMITH, Samuel, soldier, was born in Lan- caster county, Pa., July 27, 1752; son of John and brother of Robert Smith (q.v.). He en- gaged in the mercantile business with his father, and sailed as supercargo of one of his father's ships in 1771, and traveled in Europe. In 1776 he was appointed a captain in Col. William Smallwood's Maryland regiment. He was de- tailed on special duty at Annapolis, to seize Gov- ei'ner Eden (q.v.), suspected of treason ; took part in the battles of Long Island, Harlem, and White Plains and in the retreat through New Jersey ; was promoted major, Dec. 10, 1776 ; lieutenant- colonel in 1777, and served in the 4th Maryland regiment, in the attack on Staten Island and the battle of Brandywine, and commanded Fort Mifflin during the passage of the British fleet up the Delaware river, wliere he withstood a con- tinuous bombardment from Sept. 26 to Nov. 11, 1777, and was severely wounded. He was voted a sword by congress ; was present at Valley Forge ; and took part in the battle of Monmouth. He resigned iiis commission, 1779, and was colonel of militia in Baltimore, 1779-83. He was a port warden of Baltimore, 1783-90 ; a delegate to the state legislature, 1790-92 ; a representative from Maryland in the 3d-7th congresses, 1793-1803 ; U.S. senator, 1803-15 ; acting secretary of the U.S. navy in Jefi'erson's cabinet in 1805, when his brother Robert was transferred from the de- partment of war to the attorney-general's office, and he declined the portfolio of war. He com manded the state militia in the defense of Balti- more during the war of 1812 ; was a represen- tative in the 14th-17th congresses, elected in 1815 to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Nicholas R. Moore, taking liis .seat, Feb. 4, 1816. and serving by successive elections, 1816-C?. He resigned in 1822, having been elected U.S. eena- SMITH SMITH tor in place of William Pinkney, deceased, and took his seat, Dec. 17, 1822 ; completed tlie term, March 3, 1827, and was re-elected for a full term expiring March 3, 1833. He was major-general in the state militia and commanded the troops called out to defend the city of Baltimore against the mob in possession of the city in 1835. He was mayor of Baltimore, 1835-38, and died suddenly in that city, April 22, 1839. SMITH, Samuel Axley, representative, was born in Monroe county, Tenn., June 26, 1822; son of John N. and (Smith) Smith. His father died when he was very young and his early life was spent on a farm, with but limited opportunities for attending school. In 1843 he began to give his education serious attention and at the end of three months became a teacher, alternately teaching and attending school, 1843- 44. He studied law for ten months ; was ad- mitted to the bar in 1845 ; began practice in Charleston, Tenn., and was state's attorney for the third judicial district, 1845-48. He was married in 1846, to Martha E., daughter of John L. and Mary H. McCarty of Calhoun, Tenn. He was a delegate to the Democratic national con- vention at Baltimore, Md., in 1848; was candidate for presidential elector on the Cass and Butler ticket in 1848, and on the Pierce and King ticket in 1852. He was a Democratic representative from Tennessee in the 33d, 34th and 35th con- grosses, 1853-59, and author of the resolution that made Natlianiel P. Banks speaker in 1855, on the 133d ballot. He was appointed by Presi- dent Buchanan, commissioner of the genei'al land office, Jan. 12, 1860, which position he re- signed, Feb. 12, 1860. He joined the Confederate States army in 1861, and died at Ladd Springs, Polk county, Tenn., in January, 1864. SMITH, Samuel Emerson, governor of Maine, was born in HoUis, X.H., March 12. 1788 ; son of Manasseh and Hannah (Emerson) Smith. He was graduated at Harvard in 1808, and received an honorary A.B. degree from Bowdoin in the same year. He settled in Wiscasset, Maine, in 1812, and was a representative in the Massachu- setts general court, 1819-20, and in the Maine legislature, 1820-21, the first year of Maine's statehood. He became chief justice of the cir- cuit court of common pleas in 1821, and when, in 1822, that court was abolished, he was made associate justice of the new court of common pleas, 1822-30. He was elected governor of Maine in 1830, serving, 1831-34 ; was again justice of the court of common pleas, serving, 1835-37, and was a member of the commission to revise the statutes of Maine in 1837. He was married on Sept. 12, 1832, to Louisa Sophia, daugliter of Henry Weld and Esther (Gould) Fuller of Augusta. He died at Wiscasset, March 4, 1860. endix to " Observations Concerning the Scrip- tures Economy of the Trinity" by Jonathan EJwanls. 1880, and was the co-founder of the Aiulover Review and co-editor from 1884-93. He is the joint author of: Progressive Orthodoxy (I8>i6) ; The Divinity of Jesus Christ (1893) ; and autliorof: Three Discourses upon the Beligioiis History of Bouxioin College during the Adminis- tratiom of Presidents MeKeen, Appleton and Allen (1S")S) ; From Lessing to Schleiemioeher, or from Rationalism to Faith (in Boston Lectures, 18.0) ; The Change of the Sabbath to the Lord's Day (in SaUxtth Essays, 1880) ; Statement and Argument in r/ie Andover Defence (1887); Cen- tennial Address on the Religious History of the (Bowdoin) College (1894) ; The Greek Liturgies (in Cliristian Worship, 1897) ; Influence of Jona- than Edu-ards on the Spiritual Life of Neic Eng- land (in Jonathan Edicards, a Retrospect, etc., 1901) : and of other memorial addresses ; also of articles in leading historical and theological pub- lications. SAIYTH, Frederick, governor of New Hamp- shire, was born in Candia, N.H., March 19, 1819 ; son of Stephen and Dorothy (Rowe) Smyth. He worked on his father's farm ; attended Phillips academy. Andover, Mass.; taught school ; in 1839 became clerk in astorein Manchester, N.H., soon being taken into partnership, and in 1849 was elected city clerk. He was mayor of Man- chester, 18.52-54 ; was chairman of a committee to locate and build a liouse of "reformation for juvenile offenders : " a representative in the state legislature, 18.37-58 ; president of the Re- publican state convention, 1859 ; a commissioner to the World's Fair at London. 1861; again mayor of Manchester, 1863, and after the battle of Gettysburg he rendered efficient aid in caring for tlie sick and wounded. He was governor of New Hampshire, 186.5-67. During his adminis- tration he established the financial credit of the state. He was a delegate to the Republican national convention of 1872 ; an honorary com- missioner to the International exposition at Paris, France. 1878. subsequently making an extensive European and Oriental tour, and was a member of the state constitutional convention of 1877. The lionorary degree of .\.M. was conferred upon Governor Smyth by Dartmouth college in 1865. He wri-s trustee and treasurer of the New Hamp- shire Agricultural and Mechanical college; treasurer of the New Hampshire Agricultural society for ten years : a director of the U.S. Agricultural society ; vice-president of the Amer- ican Pomological society ; a corporator of the national asylums for disabled soldiers ; vice-pres ident of the New England Agricultural society, and actively connected with various railroad, telegraph and banking organizations. He is the author of numerous addresses ; a series of letters to the New Hampshire Journal of Agriculture, and correspondence to the Mirror and American descriptive of his travels. Governor Smyth died in Hamilton. Bermuda, April 22, 1899. SMYTH, Newman, clergyman, was born in Brunswick, Maine. June 25, 1843; son of William Sm3'-t)i (q.v.). He was graduated from Bowdoin college, A.B., 1863, A.M., 1866, and from Andover Theological seminary, 1867, where he continued his studies, 1867-68. He was assistant teacher in the Naval Academy at Newpoi't in 1863 ; 1st lieutenant, 16th Maine volunteers, 1864-65, and subsequently quartermaster. He was ordained to the Congregational ministry, Jan. 29, 1868, and appointed pastor of Harrison Street chapel (Pilgrim church), Providence, R.I.; traveled abroad, 1868-69 ; was pastor at Bangor, Maine., 1870-75 ; and was married in 1871, to Anna M., daughter of N. C. and Lucy P. Ayer, of Bangor. He was pastor at Quincy, III., 1876-82, and at New Haven, Conn., from 1882. He received tlie honorary degree of D.D. from the University of New Y'ork in 1881 ; and from Y'ale University in 1895. He is the author of : The Religious Feel- ing, a Study for Faith (1877) ; Old Faiths in Xew Light (1879) ; Tlie Orthodox Theology of To-day (1881) ; TJte Reality of Faith, sermons (1884) ; Tlie Morality of the Old Testament (1886) : Chris- tian Faith and Forms (1887) ; Personal Creeds (1890) ; Christian Ethics (1892); The Place of Death in Evolution (1897) ; Tlirough Science to Faith (1902). SMYTH, William, educator, was born in Pitts- ton, Kennebec county, Maine., Feb. 1, 1797. He was graduated at Bowdoin college, A.B., 1822, A.M., 1825, and matriculated at Andover Theo- logical seminary in the class of 1825, but was not graduated. He was adjunct professor of mathe- matics at Bowdoin, 1825-28 : professor of mathe- matics, 1828-68, and of natural philosophy, 1845- 68. He is the author of: Elements of Algebra (1833) ; Lectures on Modern Histoi^y, edited by Jared Sparks (1849) ; Elementary Algebra for Schools {\8o0) ; Treatise on Algebra (1852); Trig- onometry, Surveying, and Navigation (1855); Elements of Analytical Geometry (1855); and Elements of the Differential and Integral Calcu- lus (1856; 2d ed. 1859). He died in Brunswick, Maine. April 4. 1868. SMYTHE, Clement (Timothy), R.C. bishop, was born in Finiea, county Clare. Ireland, Jan. 24, 1810 ; son of Cornelius and Mary (Malony) Smythe. He was educated in the common schools SMYTHE SNELL in Finlea and at the college of Limerick ; was graduated from Dublin university ; entered a Presentation convent in Youghal, and later the Trappist convent at Mt. Mellerey, Waterford, Ireland, where he founded a college under the control of the monastery. He was ordained priest, May 29, 1841 ; came to the United States in 1819, for the purpose of obtaining relief for the Irish famine, and founded a new monastery of the Trappist order at New Mellerey, Dubuque county, Io%va. He was consecrated at St. Louis, Mo., May 3, 1857, with the title. Bishop of Tlianasis i.p.i. by Archbishop P. R. Kenrick of St. Louis, assisted by Bishops Henni and O'Regan ; was appointed coadjutor to Bishop Loras (q.v.) of Dubuque, Iowa, and succeeded to the see of Dubuque, as bishop. Feb. 20. 1858. He became administrator of the see of Chicago, upon Bishop O'Regan's resignation, May 3, 1858. Dur- ing his episcoijate he established the Society of St. Vincent de Paul throughout the state. He died at Dubuque, Iowa, Sept. 22, 1865. SMYTHE, William Ellsworth, author and journalist, was born in Worcester, Mass., Dec. 24, 1861 ; son of William Augustus Somerset and Abigail (Bailey) Smythe ; grandson of Freeman and Linnette (Leech) Smith and of John and Adah Bailey, and a decendant of Edward Win- slow of the Mayfloiver party. He attended the common schools, and in 1880 engaged in journal- ism. He was married, Dec. 28, 1882, to Harriet, daughter of Erastus Taylor and Roxanna (]McLain) Bridge, of Haverhill, Mass. He removed west in 1888 ; was editor of the Enterprise. Kearney, Neb., 1889-90 ; assistant editor of the Bee, Omaha, Neb., 1890-91 ; established the Irrigation Age in Denver in 1891, and was its editor until 1896 ; founded the National Irrigation congress, 1891, ^nd served as its secretary, 1891-93, and as chair- man, 1893-95. In the latter year he founded the settlement of New Plymouth, Idaho, and in 1897 removed to Standish, Cal., and in 1901 to San Diego, Cal. He lectured extensively on irrigation and western institutions thoughout the United States, and is the author of contributions on kindred subjects to the Century, Atlantic Monthly and the North American Review, and of Tlie Con- quest of Arid Ainerica (1900). He founded the California Constructive league. 1901, and became one of the editors of Out West magazine in July, 1901. He was the Democratic nominee for repre- sentative in congress from the 8th California dis- trict in 1902, but was defeated. SNEED, John Louis Taylor, jurist, was born in Raleigh, N.C., May 12, 1820; son of Maj. Junius and Julia Rowan (Taylor) Sneed. He was educated at the academy at Oxford, N.C.; studied law, was admitted to the Tennessee bar in 1841, and engaged in practice in Memphis, He was a representative in the state legislature, 1845-46 ; served as an officer in the Mexican war, 1846-47, and was married in August, 1848, to Mary Ashe Shepherd, of Hardeman county, Tenn. He was attorney-general of the district of Mem- phis, 1851-54; attorney-general of Tennessee, and supreme court reporter, 1854-59 ; was judge of tlie supreme court, 1870-78, and of the court of arbitration in 1879. He was a presidential elector from the state at large on the Hancock and En- glish ticket in 1880 ; judge of the court of ref- erees, 1883-84 ; president of the Memphis Law school, 1887-93 ; and chancellor of the Uth chan- cery division of Tennessee, 1894-1900, after which he retired to private life at Memphis. He edited " Reports of the Supreme Court of Tennessee," 1854-59. SNELL, Merwln=Marie, orientalist and philos- opher, was born in New Haven. Conn., Aug. 2, 1863 ; son of the Rev. Moses Porter and Mary Cordelia (Hallock) Snell ; grandson of Thomas and Lucretia Colt (Porter) Snell, and of Gerard and Eliza (Allen), Hallock; great-grandson of Dr. Thomas Snell of North Brookfield. Mass., and a descendant of Thomas Snell, wlio came from Wiltshire, England, to West Bridgewater, Mass., in 1665; of Samuel Porter, Hadley, Mass., 1659 ; of Peter Hallock, New Haven, Conn., 1640, and of other early New England settlers. He was in scientific service of the United States government, 1882-89, and took an active part in the first international .congress of Catholic scien- tists, Paris, 1887. He was registrar and lecturer on comparative religion at the Catholic Univer- sity of America, Washington, D.C., 1890-92, lecturer on comparative religion at Howard uni- versity, Washington, D.C., 1893, engaged in pri- vate scientific, lecturing and literary work, 1894- 1900, and in the fall of 1900, became rector of Albertus Magnus university, and professor of philosophy and oriental religions there. He was a member of the Sons of the Revolution and Sons of tlie American Revolution, of tlie Philosophi- cal, Biological, Anthropological and Geographical societies of Washington, and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ; founded with Dr. Harris, Major Powell and others, the Society of Philosophical Inquiry, 1892 ; was in charge of preparations for Oriental representation at Chicago World's Parliament of Religions, and chairman of the scientific section of same, and president of international congress on ways and means of universal religious unity, 1893. He is the author of : Hints on the Study of Sacred Books (1895). and The Foinidatioiis of Human Knowledge (1901); translated Ribot's " Dis- eases of the Will" (1893); prepared college edi- tion of Matthew Arnold's " Sohrab and Rustum," with notes, and critical appartus (1897), trans- SNELLING SNOW lated, edited and adapted Bertillon's "Signaletic Instructions" (ISyC)). and contributed extensively to periodical literature. SNELLINO, Josiah, soldier, w;\s born in Boston, Mass., in ITSJ. He joined the 4th infantry in May, 1S08. a3 lieutenant, and took part in the war with Tecuniseh. being engaged in the battles of Tippecanoe, Nov. 7, 1811, and Browns- town, Aug. 9, 1SI2, being brevetted major for gal- lantry at Brownstown. He became a-ssistant in siKVtor-general. Ajjril 2.j, 1813 ; lieutenant-colonel of 4th ritle-i, Feb. 21, 1814 ; inspector-general with tlie rank of colonel, April 12, 1814; lieuten- ant-colonel of Gth infantry in 181.1, and colonel, June 1, 1819, and took part in the battles of Lundy\s Lane. Ciiippewa. and Fort Erie. He was married to Abigail, daugliter of Colonel Thomas Hunt. When Detroit surrendered. Siielling re- fused to raise a white flag, and while being marched as a prisoner througli Montreal, refused to take off his hat to the monument of Lord Nelson. He was appointed colonel of 5th in- fantry. June 1, 1819. and sent to Montana. He built Fort St. Anthony at the junction of the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers in 1824, and the name of the fort was changed by General Scott, to Fort Snelling. He was principal witness against General Hull, at that ofl!icer's trial for cowardice in 1814. He is the autiior of : Remarks on Gen. William Hull's Memoirs of the Campaign of the Xorthwestern Army (1825). Of his sons, William Joseph became a prominent journalist, and was editor of the Boston Herald, 1843-48, and Henry Hunt edited the Cornwall, N.Y., Re- Jh'ctor. 1871-87 ; the New York Photographic Art Journal, 1851-.53. and the Neio York Photographic and Fine Art Journal. 1854-60. Josiah Snelling died in Wasliiiigton, D.C., Aug. 20, 1828. SNIDER, Denton Jaques, lecturer and author, was born at Mt. Gilead, Ohio, Jan. 9, 1841 ; son of John R. and Catherine (Prather) Snider; grandson of John and Eva Snider, and of Samuel and Sarah Prather. He was graduated from Oberlin college in 1802 ; engaged in teaching for a while and later became a public lecturer. He wa.s married in August, 18G7, to Mary Krug. He is the author of: Commentaries on Literary Bibles (9 vols.. 1877-93); Walk in Hellas (1882); Tlie Freeburgers (1889); World's Fair Studies (1895); Commentaries on FroebeVs Play-Songs (1895): Psychology and the Psychosis (WM); Tlie Will and Its Work (1899): Tlie Psychology of FroebeVs Play-Gifts (1900); The Life of Frederick Froebel (1900j; Social Institutions (1001); The State (1902); Ancient European Philosophy (1903); and in verse: Delphic Days (1878); Agamem- non's Daughter (1885); Prorsus Retrorsus (1890); Homer in Chios (1891); Johnny Appleseed'a Rhymes (1894). SNOW, Francis Huntln^on, educator, was burn in Fitcliburg, i^la.ss., June 29, 1840 ; son of Benjamin and Mary B. (Boulelle) Snow ; grand- son of David (a .soldier in the war of 1812) and RuthB. (Huntington) Boutelle, and a descendant of Ricliard Snow, who settled in Woburn, Mass., 1645, and of Judge Jabez William Huntington (q.v.). He was graduated fi'om Williams col- lege, A.B., 1802, A.M., 1865, and from Andover Theological seminary, 1860, meanwhile acting as principal of tlie Fitchburg high school. 1862-63. He was associated with the University of Kansas from its establishment, holding the chair of mathematics and natural history, 1866-70, and that of natural history, 1870-89, and also acting as pastor in Kanwaka. Kan., 1866-67, and at Wakarusa, Kan., 1866-68. He was acting presi- dent of the faculty of the University, 1889-90, and in the latter year became chancellor and pro- fessor of entomology and organic evolution, posi- tions he still held in 1903. He was married, July 8, 1808. to Jane Appleton, daughter of John Aiken of Andover, Mass., and granddaughter of the Rev. Jesse Appleton (q,v.), president of Bowdoin college, 1809-19. He received the honorary de- gree of Ph.D. from Williams, 1881, and that of LL.D. from the College of New Jersey (Prince- ton university), in 1890. The Snow Hall of Natural History, named in his honor, and ded- icated by the legislature to the University of Kansas, in 1886, contains valuable entomological collections made by Chancellor Snow. His in- vestigations in economic entomology include the discovery of an artificial application of fungus diseases to the destruction of chinch bugs in wheat fields, an experiment which proved of great practical value to the state of Kansas. He was elected a member of the American Ornitho- logical union, and of the New York Entomolog- ical society. SNOW, Lorenzo, Mormon leader, was born in Mantua, Portage county, Ohio, April 3, 1819 ; son of Oliver and Rosetta Leonora (Pettibone) Snow. He was educated in the common schools of Ravenna, Ohio, and was a student at Oberlin college, Ohio, but was not gi'aduated. He be- came a Mormon convert through the influence of Joseph Smith (q.v.), in 1836; was ordained an elder, 1837, and served as a missionary in the United States, 1837-40, and in Great Britain, 1840. Returning to the United States he organ- ized and became captain of the Nauvoo legion, a Mormon military company, in Hancock county, 111., and conducted the Nauvoo school. He wa* active in the presidential campaign of Joseph Smith in 1844, and was a pioneer in the west- ward movement of the Mormons, reaching Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1848. He was ordained one of the twelve apostles, Feb. 12, 1849, and in the SNOW SNYDER same year visited Italy ; was a member of the lower or upper house of the Utah legislature, 1852-82 ; founded and named Brigham City, Utah, 1855 ; visited the Sandwich islands in 18G-i, and traveled in Europe and in Palestine in 1872. He was cliosen president of tlie twelve apostles, April- 1889 ; was president of the Temple from its dedication, May 23, 1893, until 1898. and presi- dent of the ilormon church from the death of Wilford Woodruff, Sept. 13, 1898. He is the author of: The Italian Mission (ISol) °, TJie Only Way to be Sared (1851), translated into several different languages ; Tlie Voice of Joseph (1852) ; The Palestine Tourists, written in collaboration with his sister (1874), and a translation into Italian of the " Book of Mormon." He died in Salt Lake city, Utah, Oct. 10. 1901. SNOW, Marshall Solomon, educator, was born in Hyannis, Mass., Aug. 17, 1842 ; son of the Rev. Solomon Pepper and Maria Jane (Pratt) Snow ; grandson of John and Abiel (Pepper) Snow and of Seth and Lydia (Burt) Pratt, and a descendant of Nicholas Snow and Phineas Pratt, both of whom came from England in the Ann in 1623. He was educated at Phillips Exeter acad- emy and was graduated from Harvard univer- sity, A.B., 1865, A.M., 1868. He was sub-master of the high school at Worcester, Mass., 1865-66, and principal of the high school in Nashville, Tenn., 1866-67. He was married, July 9, 1867, to Ellen Frances, daughter of Asa and Theodate (Page) Jewell of Exeter, N.H. He was professor of Latin and principal of Montgomery Bell acad- emy. University of Nashville, 1867-70 ; and pro- fessor of mathematics in the university, 1867-68. In 1870 lie was called to Washington university, St. Louis, Mo., where he was professor of belles lettres, 1870-74 ; professor of history after 1874, registrar of the college, 1871-77 ; dean after 1877 ; and acting chancellor, 1887-91. He was presi- dent of the Missouri Historical society, 1894-1900; secretary of the standing committee of the Prot- estant Episcopal diocese of Missouri, and a member of various societies. He is the author of : City Government of St. Louis in the fifth series of " Johns Hopkins University Studies" (1887). SNOWDEN, Archibald Loudon, diplomatist, was born in Cumberland county. Pa., Aug. 11, 1837 : son of Dr. Isaac Wayne and Margery (Bynes) Snowden ; grandson of the Rev. Nathan- iel Randolph and Sarah (Gustine) Snowden, and a nephew of James Ross Snowden (q.v.). He was graduated from Jefferson college, in 1857, and studied law in Philadelphia. He became re- gister of the U.S. mint in 1857, and in 1861 was elected lieutenant-colonel of the Pennsylvania volunteers. He was married, Feb. 16, 1864, to Elizabeth Robinson, daughter of Isaac Robinson and Caroline (Elmer) Smith of Philadelphia. He was made chief coiner of the U.S. mint in 1866 ; was postmaster of Pliiladelphia in 1877- 79, and superintend- ent of the mint, 1879-85, and in 1885 was made a com- missioner of Fair- mount Park, Phil- adelphia, Penn., be- ing elected presi- dent of the commis- sion in 1902. He was U.S. minister to Greece, Roumania and Servia, 1889-91 ; U.S. minister to Spain, 1891-93. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Washington and Jefferson college in 1902. SNOWDEN, James Ross, director of the United States mint, was born near Chester, Pa., Dec. 9, 1809 ; son of the Rev. Nathaniel Randolph (Dickinson, 1790) and Sarah (Gustine) Snowden; grandson of Isaac (1732-1809), a Revolutionary soldier, and Mary (Cox) Snowden and of Lemuel and Susannah (Smith) Gustine ; great-grandson of John, Jr., and Ruth (Fitz-Randolph) Snowden, and great-grandson of John Snowden, Sr., who signed the "Concessions" at Burlington, N.J., in 1677, and was judge in Bucks county. Pa., in 1704. He was educated at Dickinson college, and studied law. He was made deputy attorney- general of the state, and was a member of the state house of representatives, 1841-44, serving as speaker the two latter years. He became state treasurer in 1845, and was treasurer of the U.S. mint, 1847-50. He was married, Sept. 13, 1848, to Susan Engle, daughter of Gen. Robert and Sarali (Engle) Patterson, of Philadelphia. He was director of the mint, 1853-61. Besides many pamphlets, he is the author of : Mint Man- ual of Coins in the United States (1860) ; De- scriptions of the Medals of Washington ; of Na- tional and Miscellaneous Medals (1861) ; Tlie Mint at Philadelphia {ISQl) ; Coins of the Bible and its Money Terms (1864). He died in Hulme- ville. Bucks county. Pa., March 21, 1878. SNYDER, Simon, governor of Pennsylvania, was born in Lancaster, Pa., Nov. 5. 1759 ; son of Anthony and Mary Elizabeth (Knippenberg) Snyder. His father, who emigrated from the Palatinate to Pennsylvania in 1758, died in 1774. In 1776 Simon Snyder removed to York. Pa., where lie learned the trade of tanner and currier; attended night school kept by a Friend, and gave his leisure time to self-education. He removed to Selinsgrove in July, 1784, where he conducted a SNYDER SOLEY store, befaine proprietor of a mill and was justice of tlie peace for twelve years. He was a member of the coiiveiitiuii tliat framed the state constitu- tion in 17U0 ; meml)er of the state legislature, 1797-1808, servinj^ as speaker of the house, 180!^- 08. and originated *• the one hundred dollar act" embodying the arbitration principle and provi- ding for trial of causes less than one hundred dollars Iwfore a justice of the peace. He was the defeatetl candidate for governor of Pennsylvania by Thomas McKean in 1805 ; was governor, 1808- ir. andas such zealously supported the war of 18Vi, and w;vs state senator. 1817-19. He was married first in 1790, to Elizabeth Michael, who died Nov. 10, 1794 ; secondly, June 12, 1796, to Catharine, daugliter of Col. Frederick and Cath- arine (Schuyler) Antes, of Northumberland, Pa., who died March 10, 1810 ; and thirdly. Oct. 16, 1814, to Mary Slough Scott, widow, who died in 1823. Simon Snyder died at Selinsgrove, Snyder county (named in his honor). Pa., Nov. 9, 1819. SNYDER, Simon, soldier, was born in Selins- grove. Pa.. Ftb. 9. 1839; son of Henry William and Mary Catharine (Smith) Snyder ; grandson of Simon and Catharine (Antes) Snyder and of Judge Frederick (Pennsylvania Supreme Court) and Catharine Spangler (Leaf) Smith. He re- ceived a liberal education ; enlisted in the Federal army and was appointed 2d lieutenant, 5th in- fantry, April 26, 1861 ; promoted 1st lieutenant, June 25. 1861. and captain, July 1, 1863, serving most of the time as a staff-officer, being aide-de- camp to Generals Couch, Torbert and Merritt, suc- cessively. He was married, Oct. 9, 1869, to Mary Turner, daugliter of Joseph and Martha (Stinson) Wardwell of Clinton, Maine. He was promoted major, Uth infantry, March 10, 1883, 5th infan- try. May 17, 1883 ; lieutenant-colonel, 10th in- fantry, Jan. 2, 1888 ; was brevetted major, Feb. 27, 1890. for gallant services against the Indians at Bear Paw mountain, Montana, Sept. 30, 1877 ; was commissioned colonel, 19th infantry, Sept. 16, 1892 ; brigadier-general U.S. volunteers, May 4, 1898, being assigned to the first corps, Chicka- mauga Park, Ga., and was in command of the U.S. troops at New Orleans, La., May 10 to June, 1898, and of the 2d division, 4th army corps, at Tampa, Fla., from June, 1898. He commanded the 1st brigade, 1st division, 1st army corps, en route to the province of Santa Clara, Cuba, November, 1898. to January, 1899 ; was governor of the province at Sancti Spiritas, Dec. 6, 1898, to Jan. 25, 1899 ; subsequently on special duty at Ponce, Puerto Rico, and mustered out of the volunteer service, May 12, 1899. being ordered to proceed with his regiment to the Philippines. He wa.s on duty at Manila, P.L, Aug. 21, to Sept. 15, 1899, commanding the United States troops and sub-district of Cebu, September, 1899, to April 2, 1900 ; served as acting inspector-general, Department of the Lakes, Chicago, 111., from July 22, 1900, to July 20, 1901 ; was en route to the Philippines to Oct. 10, 1901 ; coninianding the regiment to Dec. 6, 1901 ; in command of 5th sep- arate brigade, division of the Philippines, to May 8, 1902 ; appointed brigadier-general, U.S.A., April 16. 1902, and on May 10, 1902, was retired at his own request after more than 41 years' service. SOLEY, James Russell, naval author, was born in Roxbury, Mass., Oct. 1, 1850. He was graduated from Harvard college, A.B., 1870 ; was assistant professor of English in the U.S. Naval academy, Annapolis, Md., 1871-73, and head of the department of English studies, history and law, 1873-82. He was married, Dec. 1, 1875, to Mary Woolsey Howland. He was professor in the U.S. navy, with the relative rank of lieutenant- commander, 1876-90 ; was appointed assistant-su- perintendent of education at the Paris exposition in 1878, and was also on special dutj' to examine the systems of education in European naval col- leges ; attained the rank of commander in 1883 and was transferred to Washington, D.C., whei-e he collected and arranged the library of the Navy department. In addition to his regular duties he lectured on international law at the Naval War college, Newjwrt, R.I., 1885-89, and before the Lowell Institute, Boston, Mass., on " Amei'ican Naval History" and "European Neutrality during the Civil War " in 1885 and 1888 respectively. He was graduated from Columbian university, LL.B., 1890 ; was admitted to the bar of the District of Columbia ; resigned his commission in the navy in July, 1890, to be- come assistant-secretary of the navy and served until March, 1893, when he commenced the prac- tice of law in New York city, acting as counsel of Venezuela at the Paris arbitration of the Venezuela-British Guiana boundary question, 1899. He edited : " The Autobiography of Com- modore Morris " ; superintended the publication of the naval records of the civil war ; delivered the oration at the unveiling of the Jeannette monument at Annapolis, Md., in 1890, and a eulogy upon Admiral Porter at the memorial services at Tremont Temple. Boston, Mass., in 1891. He is the author of : History of the Naval Academy (1876) ; Foreign Systems of Naval Educa- tion (1880) ; Campaigns of the Navy in the Civil War ; The Blockade and the Cruisers (1883) ; The Rescue of Greeley, with Winfield S. Schley (1885); Tlie Boys of IS 13 (1887) ; Sailor Boys of 1861 (1888) ; Tlie Naval Wars of the United States ; The Life of Admiral Porter ; Maritime Industries of America, and contributions to " Bat- tles and Leaders of the Civil War," and Justin Win- sor's " Narrative and Critical History of America." SOMERS SORIN SOMERS, Richard, naval officer, was born at Somers Point, Great Egg harbor. Cape May county, N. J., in 1T78 ; son of Colonel Somers of the state militia, and judge of the county court. His grandfather emigrated from England about 1730 ^nd settled at Somers Point. Richard entered the U.S. navy as midshipman in 1798, was assigned on the frigate United States under Commodore Barry during the difficulties with France ; was promoted lieutenant, June 2, 1799 ; continued on the United States, and was transferred to the sloop Boston, Captain McNiel. He commanded the schooner Nautilus, of Commodore Preble's Mediterranean squadron during the war with Tripoli ; commanded the division of gun-boats during both the attacks on Tripoli ; was promoted commander, Feb. 16, 1804, and proposed the de- struction of the Tripolitan fleet by means of a fireship exploded in their midst. The ketch In- trepid was fitted out with 100 barrels of powder and 200 loaded shells, arranged with a slow- match, and Somers, with two officers and ten men, volunteered for tlie duty of exploding the ship. The Intrepid in tow of the brig Siren, approached the inner harbor of Tripoli, where she was sighted by the enemy who opened fire upon her. When within 500 yards of the fleet she suddenly blew up before the crew could escape. No damage was done to the enemy, and the cause of the premature explosion was never ascertained. He died near Tripoli, Africa, Sept. 4, 1804. SOMERVILLE, Henderson Middleton, jurist, was born in Madison county, Va., March 23, 1837 ; son of Dr. James and Helen Glassell (Wallace) Somerville ; grandson of James and Mary (Atwell) Somerville and of Michael and Mary (Kelton) Wallace, and a descendant of Dr. Michael Wal- lace, who came from Scotland in 1734 and settled in King George county, Va., at " Elderslie," the ancient seat of the Wallace family. Three of his sons were officers in the American army during the Revolution. Henderson TVI. Somerville was graduated from the University of Alabama, A.B., 1856, A.M., 1859 ; and from the Cumberland (Tenn.) Law school in 1859. He was editor of the Memphis Appeal, 1859-62 ; assistant professor of mathematics and languages at the University of Alabama, 1862-65 ; a member of the state Demo- cratic executive committee. 1872-80 ; founded the law school of the University of Alabama in 1873 ; was a lecturer on constitutional, common and statute law at the University of Alabama, 1873-90 ; a trustee of the state insane hospital ; a member of the State commission of lunacy, 1876-93 ; and was associate-justice of the state supreme court, 1880-90. He was twice married, first in March, 1862, to Cornelia Banks, daughter of Richard and Amanda (Banks) Harris, of Tus- caloosa, Ala. ; and secondly, in August, 1881, to Mrs. Mary (Wyman) Saville, daughter of Justus and Mary (Stokes) Wyman of Montgomery, Ala. He was appointed chairman of the national board of customs appraisers in 1890 ; was a member of the Alabama Historical society and president of the New York Medico-legal society, 1892-93. He was elected a member of the Board of Trustees of the Peabody Education Fund in 1890, and also of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. The honorary degree of LL.D. was con- ferred upon him by Georgetown college, Ky., in 1886 ; by the University of Alabama in 1887, and by the Southwestern university, Tenn., in 1887. SOMMERVILLE, Maxwell, glyptologist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., May 1, 1829. He attended the Central High school, Philadelphia, and accumulated a fortune in the publishing business. He devoted himself to the study of gem archaeology and gathered and arranged one of the most celebrated collections of gems in the world which he exhibited in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York city, and later in the archaeological museum. University of Pennsyl- vania. He established the Indian Hindoo museum and the Buddhist temple in the museum, and was appointed professor of glyptology at ^the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania in 1894. He is the author of : Engraved Gems ; Siam on the Meinain from the Gulf to Ayuthia ; Sands of Sahara (1901) ; and several monographs, including the Triumph of Constantine (1896) ; Jupiter ^giochus (1898) ; Grand Cameo of France (1900) ; Buddhist Tem- ple (1900). SORIN, Edward, educationist, was born in Ahuille, near Laval, France, Feb. 6, 1814. He was graduated from the University of Paris, studied theology at the Seminary of LeMans and was ordained to the Roman Catholic priesthood, June 9, 1838. He entered the order of the Holy Cross in 1839, declined the appointment of Bishop of Bengal and came to the United States in 1842, engaging in missionary work among the Indians of Indiana. He received orders from his superior to establish schools in the west, and removed to Notre Dame, Ind., Nov. 24, 1842, where he began the organization of a school. He found a dilap- idated log cabin which he fitted up as a chapel and dwelling, and with the help of six brothers he began to build a college. In 1844 the college was given a charter as the University of Notre Dame and became the largest Roman Catliolic educa- tional institution in the United States. On April 23, 1879, five of the college buildings were de- stroyed by fire but were soon rebuilt on a larger plan than before. He was appointed superior- general of the Congregation of the Holy Cross in the United States in 1857 and was superior-gen- eral, 1868-93. In 1888 his golden jubilee was cele- brated. He died in Notre Dame, Oct. 31, 1893. SOTHERX SOULE SOTHERN, Edward Askew, actor, was born in Liverpool, Eiiglaiul, April 1, 1826. He was in- structed by a private tutor ; studied surgery in London, and later studied theology for tluee years but abandoned it for the stage. His first appearance was made as Othello at the Theatre Royal, on the Island of Jersey, and for several years he was a nienibor of tlie stock companies touring througli tiie inovinces. He came to the United States in 1Sj3 and made his American debut in BG-S9. In 1892. in con- junction with David Blakely, he organized Sousas band, of wiiicli he became director. He is tlie composer and publisher of many popular marches, orchestral suites, a " Te Deum," songs, waltzes and the liglit operas : El C'apitan ; Bride Elect (libretto and music, 1898) ; Tlie Charlatan, and Chris, or the Wonderful Lamp. He is the author of : The Fifth Strimj, a musical novel (1902). SOUTHARD, Henry, representative, was born on Lon.LC Island. N.Y.. in October, 1749; son of Abraham Southard. His father removed from Plymouth. Mass.. to Baskingridge in 1757, where Henry received an ordinary education ; worked as a day- laborer on a farm, and was eventually able from his earnings to purchase a farm for himself. He served in the Revolutionary war ; was a member of the state legislature for nine years ; a Democratic representative from New Jersey in the 7th. 11th and Uth-lGth congresses, serving. 1801-11 and 1815-1821. In the 16th con- gress he served on a committee with his son, Samuel L. Southard (q. v.), the senator. He died in Baskingridge. N.J.. June 2, 1842. SOUTHARD, Milton Isaiah, representative, was born at Perryton. Licking county. Oliio, Oct. 20. 1836 ; son of Isaiah and Elizabeth (Par- nell) Southard ; grandson of Abraham and Elizabeth (Hull) Southard and of James and Achsah (Stocksdale) Parnell, and a descendant of Thomas Southard, who emigrated from Eng- land and was settled at Hempstead, Long Island, N.Y., in 1657. Abraham Southard removed from New Jersey to Washington county. Pa., where he was sheriflf. and in 1805 removed to Ohio and settled as a farmer in Licking county. Milton I. Southard was graduated from Denison university : was admitted to the bar in 1863 ; com- menced practice in Toledo. Ohio, and in 1866 became a partner with his brother, Frank H. Southard, at Zanesville, Ohio. He was prose- cuting-attorney for Muskingum county, 1867-71, and was a Democratic representative from the thirteenth Ohio district in the 43d, 44th and 45th congresses, 1873-79, serving in the 44th congress as cliairman of the committee on territories and in the 45th congress, of the " select committee on tlie state of the law representing the ascertainment and declaration of the election of President and Vice-President," advocating the amendment sub- stituting electoral votes for presidential electors. He was married, Aug. 10. 1876, to Virginia, daughter of RoVjert Hamilton (q. v.) of Newton, N.J. In 1881 Mr. Southard removed from Zanes- ville to New York city, where he continued the practice of his profession in partnership with Gen. Tlioraas Ewing. He was a member and president of the Ohio society of New York ; a member of the Lawyers" club, the Twilight club and llie Society of Medical Jurisprudence in New York. SOUTHARD, Samuel Lewis, statesman, was born in Baskingridge, N.J., June 9, 1787; son of Henry Southard (q.v.). He was graduated from theCollegeof New Jersey, A.B., 1804. A.M., 1807 ; taught school in New Jersey ; studied law while a tutor in the family of Jolin Taliaferro (q.v.) of Virginia ; was admitted to the Virginia bar, and practised in Trenton, N.J. He served as deputy-attorney for several years ; was admit- ted as counsellor-at-law in 1814 ; elected a mem- ber of the state legislature in 1815, and a week after taking his seat was appointed an associate justice of the supreme court of New Jersej', serv- ing. 1815-21. He was a presidential elector on the Monroe and Tompkins ticket, 1820 ; and was a senator from Feb. 16. 1821, to March 3, 1823, com- pleting tlie term of James J. Wilson (q.v.). He was secretary of the navy in the cabinets of Monroe and Adams, Sept. 16. 1823-March 3. 1829, meanwliile acting as secretary of the treasury, March 7-July 1, 1825, and for a brief time as secretary of war. He was attorney-general of New Jersey, 1829 ; governor of the state. 1832 ; was again U.S. senator from Dec. 2, 1833, to May 31, 1842, when he resigned. During the 27th con- gress he acted as president of the senate j^ro tem- pore. He was a trustee of Nassau Hall. College of New Jersey, and a charter trustee of Princeton Theological seminary, 1822-42, and received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the Unversity of Pennsylvania in 1832. He is the author of : Re- ports of the Supreme Court of Neiv Jersey, 1816-20 (1819-20); Centennial Address (1832); Discourse on William Wirt (1834). He died in Fredericks- burg. Va.. June 26. 1842. SOUTHGATE, Horatio, first missionary bishop of Constantinople, and 47th in succession in the American episcopate, was born in Portland, Maine, Julys, 1812. He was graduated from Bowdoin col- lege, A.B., 1832, A.M., 1835, and from the Andover Theological seminary, in 1835 ; was admitted to the diaconate of the Protestant Episcopal church at Trinity churcli, Boston, July 12, 1835, by Bisliop Griswold, and was sent as a missionary to in- vestigate the openings for mission work in Turkey and Persia, 1836-41. He was ordained priest, in St. Paul's chapel. N.Y'. city, by Bishop Onderdonk, Oct. 3, 1839 ; was appointed a missionary to Con- stantinople, Turkey, in 1840, .serving four years, and was consecrateil bishop of the dominions and dependencies of Turkey in St. Peter's clmrch, Philadelphia, Pa.. Oct. 26. 1844. by Bishops Chase, Whittingham and Elliott, assisted by Bishops Johns and Henshaw. He labored in Turkey, 1844-49, returned to the United States in 1850 SOUTHGATE SPAETH and resigned his office, and in 1851 he organized St. Luke's parish, Portland, Maine. He was rector of the Church of the Advent, Boston, 1852-58 ; and was rector of Zion church, N.Y. city, 1859- 73. He decUned tlie appointments of bishop of California in 1850, and of Hayti in 1870. The honorary degree of S.T.D. was conferred on him by Columbia in 1845, and by Trinity in 1846. He is the author of : Narrative of a Tour through Armenia, Hindostan, Persia and Mesopotamia (2 vols. 1844) ; A Treatise on the Antiquity, Doc- trine, Ministry, and Worshij) of the Anglican Church, in Greek (1849) ; Practical Directions for the Observance of Lent (1850) ; Tlie War in the East (1855) ; Parochial Sei-mons (1859) ; and TJie Cross above the Crescent, a Romance of Constan- tinople (1877) ; Christus Redemptor ; Gone Before ; Manual of Consolation; Many Thoughts About Our Lord. He died in Astoria, N.Y., April 12, 1894. SOUTHGATE, James Haywood, prohibition- ist, was born in Norfolk, Va., July 13, 1859 ; son of James and Delia (Haywood) Southgate ; grand- son of James and Mira Ann Southgate, and of Robert Hill and Susan (Battle) Wynne, and a descendant of John Southgate of England, and, on his mother's side, of the Jeffries family of Scotland. He removed with his parents to North Carolina in 1861 ; attended the academies, and the University of North Carolina, 1876-78 ; en- gaged in banking and insurance business in Durham, N.C., in 1883 ; and was married in 1883 to Kate Southgate, daughter of Bartholomew and Wilhelmena (Haldane) Fuller. She died in 1893. He was president of the Y.M.C.A. of North Carolina ; treasurer of the State Sunday -School association ; a member of the platform commit- tee of the national convention of the Proliibition party, held at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1892, and at Pittsburg, Pa., in 1896, and was the candidate for Vice-President of the United States on the National Prohibition ticket in 1896. SOUTHWICK, George Newell, representative, was born in Albany, N.Y., March 7, 1863 ; son of Henry C. and Margaret J. Southwick. He was graduated at Williams college in 1884 ; began journalism in the same year, and in 1886-88, was official reporter of the legislature, for the Asso- ciated Press. He became editor of the Albany Morning Express in 1888, and in 1889, editor of the Albany . Evening Journal. He canvassed Albany and neighboring counties for Harrison in 1888-93 ; was chairman of the Republican state convention in 1896, and was elected a Republican representative from the twentieth district of New York in the 54th and 55th congresses, 1895- 99, and in the 57th and 58th congresses, 1901-05, and served as a member of the committees on territories, and expenditures of the treasury de- partment. SOUTHWORTH, Emma Dorothy Eliza (Nevitte), novelist, was born in Washington, D.C., Dec. 26, 1819; daughter of Capt. Charles Nevitte. She attended the school of her step- father, Joshua L. Henshaw, and in 1840 she was married to Frederick H. Southworth of Utica, N. Y. She taught school, 1844-49, and contributed stories to the Baltimore Saturday Visitor, the National Era, and other periodicals. When Robert Bonner purchased the Ledger, he paid Mrs. Southworth $5,000 per year, for her contributions. In 1876 she moved from Georgetown, D.C., to Yonkers, N.Y., reciring later to Georgetown. She is the author of over sixty books, many of which were translated into Spanish, French and German. Her best known novels include : Retribution (1849) ; Unknown (1874) ; Nearest and Dearest (1881); An Exile's Bride (1887); The Deserted Wife ; Cruel as the Grave. She died in Wash- ington, D.C., June 29, 1899. SPAETH, (Phillip Friederich) Adolph (Theo- dor), educator and clergyman, was born in Esslingen, Wiirtemberg, Germany. Oct. 29, 1839 ; son of Dr. Ernest Phillip Heinrich and Rose (Boley) Spaeth. He was graduated from the University of Tubingen, A.B., 1861, and in 1868 became a tutor in the Duke of Argyle's family in Scotland. He became pastor of Zion's church, Philadelphia, in 1864, and in 1867 accepted the pastorate of St. Johannes' German Lutheran church, Philadelphia. He was made professor of New Testament exegesis in the Lutheran Theolo- gical Seminary in 1873 ; was president of the General Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America, 1880-88 ; president of the Ministerium of Pennsylvania, 1892-95. and in 1896 was elected president of the General Confer- ence of Lutheran Mother-houses of Deaconesses in the United States. He was twice married ; first, May 8, 1865, to Maria Dorothea, daughter of the Rev. John Duncan, LL.D. of Edinburgh. Scotland, and secondly, Oct. 12, 1880, to Hariett Reynolds, daughter of the Rev. Charles Porterfield Krauth, D.D., LL.D. He received the degree of D.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1875, and that of LL.D. from Muhlenberg College, Penn- sylvania, 1895. He contributed many articles for the Lutheran Encyclopaedia and for a number of religious periodicals ; was one of the editors of the Documentary History of the Ministerium of Penn- sylvania. 1898, and principal editor of the Ger- man " Kirchenbuch " and " Sontagschulbuch " of the general council, and is the author of : Phoebe, the Deaconess (1885) ; Faith and Life as repre- sented by Martin Luther (1887): Liederlust (1887) ; Saatkorner (1893); Biography of Dr. W. J. Mann (1895) ; Commentary on the Gospel of St. John (1896). and Biography of Dr. Charles Porterfield Krauth (1898), SPAIIR SPALDING SPAHR, Charles Barzillal, political economist, was born in Columbus, Ohio, July 20. l«GO ; son of the Rev. Barzillai Nelson, and Elizabeth (Tall- man) Spahr ; grandson of Gideon and Phcebe (Hegler) Spahr. and of George and Jane (Douglas) Tallman. and a descendant of Spahr, who was born in Basle, Switzerland. He was grad- uated from Amherst college, in 1881 ; studied at Leipzig. 1884-85, and became associate editor of the Outlook in 18S6. He was married, July 5, 1892, to Jean Gurney, daughter of Lambert and Mary (Burchard) Fine, of Princeton, N.J. The honor- ary degree of Ph.D. was conferred upon him by the Sciiool of Political Science, Columbia univer- sity. N.Y., in 1880. He is the author of : Present Distribution of Wealth (189G) ; America's Working People (1900). and essays on Tlie Taxation of Latx)r ; Single Tax and Giffeus Case against Bimetallism. SPAIQHT, Richard Dobbs, governor of North Carolina, was born in New Berne, N.C., March 25, 1758 ; sou of Richard (a member of the King's council in 1757. and secretary of North Carolina, 1762) and (Dobbs) Spaight. He was gradu- ated from the Cniversity of Glasgow ; was aide-de- camp to Gen. Richard Caswell, 1778-81 : a repre- sentative in the North Carolina legislature, 1782- 86 and 1792, and a delegate to the Continental congress, 1783-85. He was a member of the U.S. constitutional convention in 1787 ; a member of the Hillsboro, N.C., convention in 1788, and it was tlirough his efforts that North Carolina rati- fied the U.S. constitution, Nov. 21. 1789. He %yas a representative in the state legislature in 1792, and was elected first governor of North Carolina vinder the constitution in 1792. He was a presi- dential elector in 1793, and in 1797 was elected a representative in the 5th congress, to fill the va- cancy caused by the death of Nathan Bryan in 1798, and was re-elected to the 6th congress, serv- ing, 1798-1801. He was state senator, 1801-02. He was a charter trustee of the University of North Carolina, 1789-1802, and president of the board of trustees, 1793-95. He was challenged to a duel by his successor in congress, John Stanley, and was mortally wounded. He died in New Berne. N.C.. Sept. 0. 1802. SPAIGHT, Richard Dobbs, governor of North Carolina, was born in New Berne, N.C., in 1796 ; son of Gov. Richard Dobbs Spaight. He was graduated from the University of North Carolina, A.B., 1815, A.M., 1818 ; and practiced law in New Berne. He was a representative in the state legislature, 1819-20 ; state senator, 1820-22 and 1825-34; a representative in the 18th congress, 1823-35, and was elected governor of the state in 1835, being the last governor that was elected by the legislature. He served till 1837, when he retired to his farm at New Berne and devoted himself to agricultural pursuits. He died in New Benie. N.C., Nov. 2, IS.jO. SPALDING, John Franklin, first bishop of Colorado and 104th in succession in the Amer- ican episcopate, was born in Belgrade, Maine, Aug. 25, 1828 ; son of John and Lydia (Coombs; Spalding, and a descendant of Edward Spalding, who came to New England in 1630, and settled at Braintree, Mass. He was brought up on his father's farm with few educational advantages, and when he reached manhood he prepared him- self for college, paying for his tuition by manual labor on neighboring farms. He was graduated at Bowdoin, A.B., 1853, A.M., 1856, and at the General Theological seminary in 1857. He was admitted to the diaconate by Bishop Burgess at St. Stephen's, Portland, Maine. July 8, 1857, and advanced to the priesthood, at Christ Church, Gar- diner, Maine, July 14, 1858. He was a missionary worker in St. James's parish, Oldtown, Maine, 1857-58 ; rector of St. George's, Lee, Mass., 1858- 60; curate at Grace church. Providence. R.I.* 1860-61 ; acting rector of St. John's. Providence, R.I..1861-62, and rector of St. Paul's, Erie, Pa.. 1862-73. He Avas elected missionary bishop of Colorado, which included the territory of Arizona, New Mexico and Wyoming, at the general con- vention of Oct. 24, 1873, and he was consecrated in St. Paul's, Erie, Pa., Dec. 31. 1873, by Bishop McCoskry, assisted by Bishops Bedell. Talbot, Coxe and Kerfoot. He was successor to the Rt. Rev. George Maxwell Randall (q.v.) and when the diocese of Colorado was organized in 1887, and admitted in October. 1889. St. John's, Denver, was made the Cathedral church, and lie became the first diocesan. He founded St. Luke's hospital, 1881 ; established the College of St. John the Evangelist, with Mathews Hall as the theological school, Wolfe Hall, a school for girls, and Jervis Hall, a school for boys : a home for consump- tives, and over two score new churches with com- fortable rectories. He received the honorary de- gree of D.D. from Trinity college, Conn., in 1874. He is the author of: Modern Infidelity (1862) ; Hymns from the Hymnal (1872); T7ie Cathedral System (1880) ; TTie Higher Education of Women (1886) ; The Church and Its Apostolic Ministry (1887) ; Socialism and Other Arguments (1903). He died while on a visit to his son. the Rev. F. S. Spalding, at Erie. Pa.. March 9. 1902. SPALDING, John Lancaster, R.C. bishop, was born in Lebanon, Ky., June 2. 1840 ; son of Richard and Mary (Lancaster) Spalding ; grand- son of Richard and Henrietta (Hamilton) Spald- ing, and of John and Katherine (Miles) Lan- caster ; nephew of Bishop Spalding, of Baltimore, and a descendant of Leonard Calvert, lieutenant- general and governor of the royal province of Maryland from 1634 to 1647. He attended Mt. St. SPALDING SPALDING Mary's college, Emmittsburg, Md., and the Uni- versity of Louvain, Belgium, and was ordained at Mechlin, Belgium, by Cardinal Engelbert Stercks, Dec. 19, 1863. He returned to Kentuckj% and was assistant to Bishop Spalding at the catlie- dral at Louisville, Ky., in 18G5. He organized and built St. Augustine's church, for Roman Catholic negroes : was its pastor, and was chan- cellor of the diocese and secretary to Bishop La- vialle, 1871-73. He removed to New York city, and was pastor at St. Michael's, 1872-77 ; was cousecreted in New York city, bishop of Peoria, May 1, 1877, by Cardinal McCloskey, assisted by Bisliops Foley and Gibbons. He is the author of : Life of the Most Rev. M. J. Spalding. Archhishop (1872); Essays in Reviews (1876); Religious Mis- sion of the Irish People (1880) ; Lectures and Dis- courses (1882) ; Education and the Higher Life ; Tilings of the Mind; Means and Ends of Educa- tion ; Thoughts and Theories of Life and Educa- tion (1898); America, and other Poems; The Poet's Praise ; Poems ; Opportunitu and other Essays (1900) ; God and the Soul (1902) ; Relig- ion and Agnosticism (1902) ; Socialism and ■other Essays (1902). SPALDING, Martin John, R.C. archbishop, was born in Lebanon, Marion county, Ky., May 23, 1810 ; son of Richard and Henrietta (Hamil- ton) Spalding. He w^as graduated from St. Mary's seminary, in 1826, and studied theology at St. Joseph's seminary, Bardstown, 1826-30, and at the Propaganda, Rome. He was ordained priest, Aug. 13, 1834, by special dispensation, at Rome, Italy, by Cardinal Charles Marcel, and was pastor of the cathedral at Bardstown, Ky. ; professor of philosophy at St. Joseph's seininary ; president of St. Joseph's college, 1838-40 ; and pastor of St. Peter's church, Lexington, Ky., 1840-41. When the see was removed from Bardstown to Louisville in 1841, he returned to Bardstown in order to rec- oncile the Roman Catholic inliabitants to the transfer, but in 1844 he was recalled to Louisville and appointed vicar-general. He administered the affairs of the diocese during the illness of the bisliop coadjutor, Guy Ignatius Chabrat, and in February, 1848, was appointed to the office of coadjutor to succeed Bishop Chabrat, resigned. He was consecrated bishop of "Lengone" at Bardstown, Ky., Sept. 10, 1848, by Bishop Flaget, assisted by Bishops Kenrick and Miles, and suc- ceeded Bishop Flaget, deceased, as bishop of Bardstown. He laid the foundations of a cathedral at Louisville, established several schools, orphan asylums and colleges, including the American college at Louvain ; recalled the Jesuits into the diocese, and during the riots of 1855 in Louisville he was foremost in preventing the spread of the disturbances. On the death of A rciibishop Ken- rick, in June, 1864, lie was transferred to the see IX.— 29 of Baltimore, and installed as archbishop, July 81, 1804. He was appointed administrator of the diocese of Charleston, S.C., in 1865, during the ). Ho temporary absence of Bisliop Lynch (q, was president of the second plen- * <;ATHtt>RAL.- ary council of Baltimore in 1866 ; was pres- Jf^^r^,^:^ ent at the eigh- ^^nWf T teenth centen- ary of the mar-^^^B tyrdoni of St. ^ Peter and St. ' " Paul held at Rome, and a member of the CEcu- menical council of the Vatican. The degree of D.D. wasconfeiTed on him by tlie Urban college of the Propaganda. He was one of the founders of the Catholic Advocate ; was an editor of the U.S. Catholic Magazine, and is the author of : UAiibigne's History of the Reformation Rrvieived (1844, new ed. 1846) ; Sketches of the Early Cath- olic Missions in Kentucky, 1787-1826-27 (1846) ; Lectures on the General Evidences of Christianity (1947, newed., 1866) ; Life, Times and Character oftheRt.Rev. B.J. Flaget {1^2) ; Miscellanea, Comprising Reviews, Lectures and Essays on Historical, Theological and Miscellaneous Sub- jects (1855) and History of the Protestant Refor- mation (2 vols. 1860). He edited, with an intro- dution and notes, Abbe Darras's " General His- tory of the Catholic Church " (4 vols. 1866). He died in Baltimore, Md., Feb. 7, 1872. SPALDING, Rufus Paine, jurist and represen- tative, was born in West Tisbury, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., May 3, 1798. He was gradu- ated at Yale, A.B., 1817, A.M., 1820, and studied law with Zephaniah Swift. He was admitted to the bar in Little Rock, Ark., and in 1821 moved to Portage county, Ohio, where, in 1822, he mar- ried Lucretia, daughter of Zephaniah Swift. He was a Democratic representative from Portage county in the Ohio legislature, 1839-40, and from Summit county, 1841-42, serving as speaker 1841-43. He was judge of the supreme court of Ohio, 1849-52, one of the organizers of the Re- publican party, and was a Republican representa- tive from the eighteenth Ohio district in the 38th, 39th and 40th congresses, 1863-69. He died in Cleveland, Ohio, Aug. 29, 1886. SPALDING, Volney Morgan, educator, was born in East Bloomfield, N.Y., Jan. 29, 1849 ; son of Frederick Austin and Almina (Shaw) Spald- ing ; grandson of Frederick and Elizabeth (Morgan) Spalding, and of Joseph and Hannah (Gillett) Shaw, and a descendant of Edward Spalding, who came from England about 1619, and became a member of the Virginia colony, and some years later joined the Massachusetts SPARKS SPARKS colony. He was graduated from the University of Michigan in 1873 ; was instructor in zoology and botany there, 1876-79 ; assistant professor of botany. 1879-81 ; acting professor. 1881-8G, and was elected professor of botany in 1886. He was twice married ; first, in 1876, to Harriet, daugh- ter of Cephas B. and Jane (Ives) Hubbard, of Battle Creek, Mich., and secondly, in 1896, to Effie Ahnira, daughter of Nathaniel Chester and Chloe(Ratlibun) South worth, of Forestville, N.Y. He was elected a member of various scientific societies and was president of the Michigan Academy of Science and president of the Society for Plant Morphology and Physiology for one year. The degree of PIi.D. was conferred upon iiim by the university of Leipzig, in 1894. He is the autlior of: Guide to the Stud}/ of Common Plants and Introduction to Botany (1895) ; Mon- ograpli on the White Pine, and various papers in botanical and scientific magazines. SPARKS, Jared, educator and historian, was born in Willington, Tolland county, Conn., May 10, 1789: son of and Eleanor (Orcutt) Sparks, and grandson of and Bethiah (Parker) Sparks. He attended the district schools, and taught until 1809. wlien lie studied privately under the Rev. Hubbell Loomis. He attended Pliillips Exeter academy, 1809-11 and was grad- uated from Harvard, A.B., 1815, A.M., 1818; taught school in Bolton, Mass., 1811-12, and at Havre de Grace. Md., to help pay his college ex- penses, and in 1813 he joined the Maryland militia and served against the Britisli at Havre de Grace. H"Mti..n,i^,i ri,.. Harvard Divinity scliool, 1817- .'•; was tutor of mathmetics ;iiid natural philosopliy at Harvard, and acting editor of ■'fji-' tllil SJJi^^H *'*® North American Review, '""1817-19. He was ordained to the Unitarian ministry May 5, 1819; was pastor of a church at Baltimore, Md., 1819-23 ; and chaj :'.it'. house of representatives, Wash- ington, D.C., 1821-23. He edited the Unitarian Miscellany aiid Christian Monitor, a. monthly pe- riodical, 1821-23 ; and on his removal to Boston he edited the North American Review, 1824-31. In 1825, he collected and edited the writings of George Washington, and was the originator and first edi- tor of the American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge, 1830-61. He was McLean pro- fessor of ancient and modern history at Harvard, 1838-49 : succeeded Edward Everett as president of the college, Feb. 1, 1849, and resigned on account of failing health. Feb. 10, 1853. He was twice mar- ried, first Oct. 16, 1832, to Frances Anne, daugh- ter of William Allen, of Hyde Park, N.Y. . and secondly. May 21. 1839. to Mary Crowninshield, daughter of Nathaniel Silsbee (q.v.). He was a member of the American Philosophical society ; tlie Maryland Historical society ; the Pennsyl- vania Historical society and the Vermont His- torical society ; a fellow of the American Acad- emy ; vice-president of the Massachusetts His- torical society ; coi'responding secretary of tlie American Antiquarian society and a correspcnd- ing member of many foreign societies. Tlie honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Dartmouth in 1841, and by Harvard in 1843. His published works include : Letters on the Ministry, Ritual and Doctrines of the Prot- estant Episcopal Church (1820) ; Collection of Essays and Tracts in Tlieology from Various Authors (6 vols. 1823-26); Life of John Ledyard (1828) : The Diplomatic Corresjiondmce of the American Revolution (12 vols., 1829-30); Life of Gouvernevr Morris (3 vols. 1832); Tlie Writings of George Washington (12 vols., 1834-38). and Life of George Washington (1839). The writings of George Washington were collected from the archives of the capitols of the thirteen original states and from the papers of General Washing- ton, preserved at Mt. Vernon. The books weie reissued in French and German. He edited " The Library of American Biography" (10 vols. 1834-38 ; second series, 15 vols., 1844-47) " WorUs of Benjamin Franklin " (10 vols. 1836-40) ; " Re- marks on American History" (1837); •"Addi- tions to William Smyth's Lectures on Modern His- tory " (1841), and " Correspondence of the Amer- ican Revolution, being Letters of Eminent Men to George Washington " (4 vols. 1853). His col- lection of original manuscripts was presented to Harvard college. His name in Class A, Authors and Editors, received three votes for a place in the Hall of Fame for Great Americans, in 1900. He died in Cambridge, Mass.. March 14, 1866. SPARKS, William Andrew Jackson, repre- sentative, was born near New Albany, Ind.,Nov. 19, 1828; son of Baxter and Elizabeth (Gwin) Sparks. His ancestors on both sides were of the early settlers of Virginia from England, and on the paternal side are believed to have been of the colony that founded Jamestown. He removed with his parents to Illinois in 1836. and being soon after left an orphan, worked on a farm and at intervals attended the country schools. Sub- sequently he taught school and was graduated from McKendi'ee college, Lebanon, 111., B.S., 1850 ; studied law with Chief-Justice Sidney Breese (q.v.)., and was admitted to the bar in 1851. He was married, April 16, 1855, at Ed- wardsville. III., to Julia E. Parker. He was receiver of public moneys for the Edwardsville (111.) land-office by appointment of President Pierce, 1853-56 ; was elected for Illinois, in 1856. Democratic presidential elector ; was a member of the house of representatives, in the Illinois SPARKS SPAULDING legislature in 1857-58, and a state senator, 1863- 64 ; a delegate to the Democratic national con- ventions of 1868, 1884 and 1896, and a Demo- cratic representative from the sixteenth Illinois district in the 44th-47th congresses, 1875-83. He was appointed by President Cleveland in March, 1895, commissioner of the general land office, serving for nearly three years, when he resigned. He subsequently retired from active business. In 1903 he was a resident of St. Louis, Mo. SPARKS, Willjam Harris, poet, was born in Greene county, Ga.. Jan. 16, 1800. He was named for William Harris Crawford, the statesman. His maternal grandfather, Col. David Love, of North Carolina, left his home at an early age and lived with the Cherokee Indians for four years. He subsequently served in Colonel Lynch's regi- ment under General Gates until after the battle of Camden, 1780, and died in 1798. William H. Sparks removed at an early age with his parents to a farm in Greene county, Ga. ; attended the common schools, and subsequently the law school in Litchfield, Conn. After being admitted to the bar, be began practice in Greensboro, Ga.; was a member of the state legislature, and in 1830 purchased a sugar plantation in Natchez, Miss. He practised law in New Orleans, La., about 1850-60, and was frequently urged to enter political life, declining among other nominations, that of U.S. senator. He is the author of : Some- body's Darling ; The Dying Year ; The Old Church Bell, and The Memories of Fifty Years (1870 ; 4th ed., 1883). He also contributed to southern publications, and left much work in manuscript. He died in Marietta, Ga., Jan. 13, 1882. SPAULDING, Elbridge Gerry, representative, was born at Summer Hill, N.Y., Feb. 24, 1809; son of Edward Spaulding, and a descendant of Edward Spaulding the 'immigrant, 1630. He studied law in Batavia and Attica, N.Y. ; and practised in Genesee count}*, and in Buffalo, N.Y. He was city clerk of Buffalo in 1836; mayor of the city in 1837, and a represen- tative in the state legislature, and prac- tised with great suc- cess until 18.50, when he engaged in the banking business. He was president of the reorganized Farmers' and Mechanics' national bank ; was state treasurer, 1853, and a Whig representative in the 31st, 36th ^^^ and 37th congresses, 1849-51 and 1859-63, and as chairman of sub-committee charged with the preparation of financial measures, he drafted the legal tender and national currency bank acts, securing their adoption as war measures. • He is the author of : History of the Legal Tender Paper Money used During the Great Rebellion (1869). He died in Buffalo, N.Y., May 5, 1897. SPAULDING, Oliver Lyman, assistant secre- tary of the treasury, was born in Jaffrey, N.H., Aug. 2, 1833 ; son of Lyman and Susan (Mar- shall) Spaulding ; grandson of Phinehas and Sally (Fiske) Spaulding, and a descendant of Edward Spaulding of the Abbey of Spalding, Lincoln- shire, England, who caiiij to America about 1630, and settled in Braintree, Mass. Lyman Spaulding was a farmer, and his son, Oliver, worked on the farm, while receiving his prepara- tory education, and was graduated from Oberlin college, Ohio, in 1855. He subsequently taught school in Ohio and Michigan ; studied law ; was admitted to the bar in 1858, and began practice in St. Johns, Mich. He enlisted in the Union army in July, 1862 ; raised company A for the 23d Michigan infantry, of which he was commis- sioned captain ; served in Kentucky during the winter of 1862 ; was promoted successiveh' major, lieutenant-colonel and colonel, serving witli his regiment, which had been assigned to the 2d brigade, 2d division, 23d corps, army of the Ohio, in the affairs between Lexington and New Market and in the pursuit of John Morgan ; participated in the occupation of East Tennessee by Burn- side ; in the Atlanta campaign ; the battles of Franklin and Nashville ; and in the movements which resulted in the fatal rout of Hood's army. He was transferred with his regiment to North Carolina, where he took part in tlie capture of Forts Anderson and Wilmington, and in the movements resulting in the surrender of John- ston's army : was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, and commanded the 2d brigade until the close of the war, after which he resumed the practice of law in St. Johns. He served as sec- retary of the state of Michigan, 1866-70 ; as mem- ber of the Republican state committee, 1871-78 ; was tendered and declined the appointment of U.S. district judge of the territory of Utah, in 1871 ; was special agent of the U.S. treasury de- partment, 1875-81 ; and a Republican represen- tative from the sixth Michigan district in the 47th congress, 1881-83, being defeated for re- election by a fusion of the Democratic and Green- back parties. He was chairman of the govern- ment commission sent to the Sandwich Islands to investigate the alleged violations of the Hawaiian reciprocity treaty in 1883 ; was again special agent of the U.S. treasury, January- December, 1885, and 1889-90, and was appointed SPEED SPEER assistant secretary of the treasury in July of the latter year, wliich position he still held by suc- cessive reappointments in 1903. He was married, Aug. 12, 18C.2, to Cecilia, daughter of Auditor- General John and Harriett (Coyell) Swegles, of St. Jolins. Mich. Mrs. Spaulding illustrated the gift books; "Easter Tlioughts" and " Grand- mother's Garden." and also "A Lost "Winter."' by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps. General Spaulding was a member of the Loyal Legion and of the Grand Army of the Republic, and was a regent of the University of Michigan, 1859-C4, and presi- dent of the tii-st Congress of American Republics, held in New York in January, 1903. SPEED, James, cabinet officer, was born in JelTer^oii county, Ky., March 11, 1812; son of John and Lucy Gilmer (Fry) Speed ; grandson of Capt. James (of the Revolution) and Mary (Spencer) Speed and of Joshua and Peachy (Walker) Fry, and a descendant of John Speed, the English historian, who was born at Farring- ton. Chesliire county, England, 1852. He was graduated from St. Joseph's college, Bardstown, Ky.. in IS'28 ; was circuit and county courts' clerk : studied law at Transj-lvania university, Lexington, Ky. ; and settled in practice at Louis- ville, Ky., in 1833. He was married, 1841. to Jennie, daughter of John Cochran, wholesale merchant of Louisville, Ky. He was subsequently professor of law at Louisville university, resum- ing the professorship in 1875 ; was elected to the state legislature in 1841 and 1847, and was the defeated Emancipation candidate for the state constitutional convention in 1849. It was largely through his influence that the state legislature pronounced emphatically in favor of the Union, September, 1861. He was an intimate friend of President Lincoln, and upon tlie latter's call for troops at the outbreak of the civil war, helped to organize and was mustering officer of the U.S. volunteers of Kentucky. He was a Union mem- ber of tlie state senate, 1861-63, and in 1864 was appointed by President Lincoln U.S. attorney- general to succeed Edward Bates (q.v.), resign- ing under President Johnson's administration in 1860. He was president of the Loyalist conven- tion at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1866 ; and a delegate to the Republican national convention of 1872 and 1870. He was the guest of the Loyal League of Cincinnati, May 4, 1887, presenting an address on Abraham Lincoln, He died in Jefferson county. Ky., June 2."), 1887. SPEED, John Gilmer, journalist, was born in Jefferson county, Ky., Sept. 21, 1853; son of Philip and Emma (Keats) Speed; grandson of Jolm and Lucy (Gilmer) Speed and of George and Georgiana (Wiley) Keats, and a descendant of John Speed, the Elizabethan historian of Eng- land, also of Joshua Fry, who commanded the Virginia regiment of which Washington was major in the French and Indian war, previous to the Revolution. His mother was a niece of John Keats, the English poet. He was graduated from the Louisville university, Ky., A.M., C.E., in 1869 ; practised civil engineering ; was city en- gineer of Louisville, 1874, and was connected with the United States Transportation bureau at the Pliiladelphia Centennial exposition in 1876. He joined the staff of the New York World in 1877 ; and was its managing editor, 1879-83. He was married, Jan. 12, 1881, to Mary, daughter of Philip and Eloise (Gwathmey) Poindexter of Kentucky. He traveled abroad, 1883-85, and 1885-88 ; was commissioner-general and secretary of the American exhibition in London in 1887. He edited Die American Mazazine, 1888-89 ; Leslie's WeeJdi/, 1896-99. He also edited " Keats' Letters and Poems." He is the autlior of : A Life of Keats, and of A Fall River Licident (1893) ; The Gilmers in America (1898) ; A Dealin Deliver (1890) ; and hundreds of magazine articles. SPEER, Emory, jurist, was born in Culloden, Ga. , Sept. 3, 1848 ; sou of the Rev. Eustace W. and Anne E. Speer. He attended the district schools ; served in the Confederate army as a volunteer in the 5th Kentucky regiment, Lewis brigade, 1864-65, and was graduated from the University of Georgia, A.B., 1869. He subse- quently studied law ; was admitted to the bar in November, 1869, commencing practice in Athens, Ga.: was solicitor-general of Georgia, 1873-76 ; was the unsuccessful Independent Democratic candidate for the 45th congress, and elected from the ninth Geoi'gia district to the 46tli and 47th congresses, 1879-83, serving in the latter con- gress as a member of the ways and means com- mittee. He was United States attorney for the nortliern district of Georgia, 1883-83, and U.S. judge for the southern district of Georgia from February, 1885. He was trustee of the University of Georgia, 1877-85, and president of tlie law de- partment of Mercer university. He delivered an address at the opening of the Cotton States ex- position at Atlanta, Ga., 1895; before the Grant Birthday association at Galena, HI., April 27, 1898; and at the Peace Jubilee in Chicago, 111., in October, 1898. He is the author of : Removal of Causes from State to United States Courts (1888) ; and Lectures on the Constitution of the United States (1897). SPEER, Robert Elliott, author, was born in Huntingdon, Pa., Sept. 10, 1867 ; son of Robert Milton and IMartha Ellen (McMurtrie) Speer ; grandson of Robert and Agnes (Cowen) Speer and of William E. and Margaret (Whittaker) McMurtrie, and a descendant of the Elliotts and McMurtries, early .settlers in Central Pennsyl- vania, and of Lieut. John Speer, a Revolutionary SPEER SPENCE officer. He prepared for college at Phillip's academj", Andover, Mass., 1883-85; was grad- uated from the College of New Jersey in 1889, and was a student at Princeton Theological sem- inary in 1890. He was traveling secretary of the Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Mis- sions, 1889-90 ; and became secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions in 1891. He was married, April 20, 1893, to Emma Doll Bailey, daughter of Charles Lukens and Emma Harriet (Doll) Bailey, of Harrisburg, Pa. He made a tour of visitation of Christian Missions in Persia, India, China, Korea and Japan, 1896-97, and received the honorarj- degree of A.M., from Yale university in 1900. He is the author of: Studies in the Book of Acts (1891) ; Studies in the Gospel of Luke (1893) ; T}ie Man Christ Jesus (1896) ; Missions and Politics in Asia (1898) ; A Memorial of a True Life (1898) ; Remember Jesus Christ (1899) ; The 2Ian Paul (1900) ; Christ and Life (1901) ; The Principles of Jesus (1903) ; Presbyterian Foreign Missions (1901); Missionai-y Principles and Practise (1902). SPEER, William, missionary, was born in New Alexandria, Pa., April 24, 1822 ; son of Dr. James Ramsey and Hattie (Morrow) Speer; grandson of the Rev. William and Sarah (Ram- sey) Speer, and of Paul and Hettie (Guthrie) Morrow, and a descendant of James Speer and Mary Patterson, of Scotch Covenanter stock. who emigrated from the north of Ireland about 1759 ; and of Thomas Morrow, lieutenant in the French and Indian war. In 1845 William Speer's father and family removed to Pittsburg, Pa. He was educated at private schools, Western univer- sity and Jefferson and Kenyon colleges, being graduated at the latter in 1840 ; studied medicine under his father, 1840-43, and theology at the Western Tlieological seminary, Allegheny city. Pa., 1843-46 ; was licensed to preach by the pres- bytery of Ohio, April 21, 1846. and ordained, June 16, 1846. He was married, - May 7, 1846, to Cornelia, daughter of the Hon. Alexander and Mary (Porter) Brackenridge, of Allegheny, Pa. He was sent as a missionary to China by the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions in July, 1846, to take part in establishing its first mission in Canton. His wife and child died from the effects of the climate in 1847, and he himself was obliged to return to the United States on account of failing health in 1850. He was employed by a Board of Education in western Pennsylvania in 1851 ; and was married secondly, April 20, 1852, to Elizabeth Breading, daughter of Maj. John Hoge and Ellen (Blaine) Ewing. of Washington, Pa. In 1852 he went as the first preacher in their own tongue to the Chinese in California, where he established a Chinese school, dispensary and mission house ; organized the first Chinese church in America, November, 1853 ; and edited the Oriental, the first newspaper in Chinese and Eng- lish, 1853-55. His efforts secured a number of important benefits to the Chinese, among them tlie repeal of a legislative act of 1854-55, exclud- ing Chinese from the mines. He rendered at the Hawaiian Islands in 1856 useful service to missionary labor among the Chinese there ; per- formed evangelistic work in the south and in Wisconsin and Minnesota, 1858-65 ; was elected corresponding secretary of tlie Presbyterian Board of Education, Philadelphia, 1865 ; aided in reorganizing and managing it till 1876 ; traveled in Europe, Japan and China, 1876-77 ; and subse- quently performed evangelistic labors in several states. In 1903 he was residing in Washington, Pa. He received the honorary degrees of A.M., and LL.D., from Washington and Jefferson college. Pa., and that of D.D., from Center college, Ky. He is the author of : China and the United States (1870) ; TJie Great Revival of 1800 (1872 ; rev. ed. 1903) ; A Permanent Manual of the Board of Education (1874) ; God's Rule for Christian Giving (1875) ; and several pamphlets on China and the Chinese, magazine and review articles. SPEIGHT, Jesse, U.S. senator, was born in Green county, N.C., Sept. 22, 1795. He was a representative in the legislature in 1822, and was a member of the state senate, 1823-27 ; and a Democratic representative from North Carolina in the 21st-24th congresses. 1829-37. He removed to Plymouth, Miss., and after serving in tlie state house of representatives, was elected a Democratic senator from Mississippi in 1845, as successor to John Henderson and served until his death, when he was succeeded by Jefferson Davis, who took his seat Dec. 6, 1847, by appointment of the gov- ernor, and was subsequently elected to complete the term. Senator Speight died in Plymouth, Miss., May 1, 1847. SPENCE, John Fletclier, educator, was bom in Greenfield, Ohio, Feb. 3, 1828 ; son of Stephen and Matilda Spence ; grandson of William and Martha Spence of Virginia, and a descendant of the Hon. John Spence of Scotland. He was educated in the Ohio Wesleyan university, 1851-54, receiving the degree A.'M., prohonore, 1864, and that of A.B., in cursu, 1894. He was a minister in the Cincinnati conference, 1854-62 ; served as chaplain in the Federal army, 1862-65 ; was transferred to the Holston conference, in Tennessee, and served as president of the Knox- ville Female college, 1865-68. He organized the first M. E. church in Knoxville after the war. He was married, August, 1865, to Elizabeth Elliot, daughter of William and Emily Carey, of Jacks- boro, Tenn. In 1867 he founded the East Ten- nessee Wesleyan college at Athens, Tenn., raising SPENCE SPENCER FK- .y^'V • g:.4- 'Uyl/UC-e^ the funds to pay fur llie building^. In 1874, the college beciune a university by amendment of its charter, and he was appointed by the Holston conference its president. In 1886 the name was changed to that of Grant Memorial university, and after the consoli- dation with the Chat- tanooga university, to the U.S. Grant uni- versity. In 1889 he was elected chancel- lor, a position which he held until 1891. In the nineteen years of his administration over 5000 students were enrolled and over 100 prepared for the ministry. In 1893 he founded and ^ ' became chancellor of the American Uni- versity of Harriman, Harriman, Teun., serving in that position until 1903, when lie resigned. During the ten years of his administration as chancellor and president of the board of regents the institution had phenomenal success. He was a delegate to the general conference of the Meth- odist Episcopal church in 1880-84, and 1888-92. He received the degree of D.D. from Mt. Union college, 1878, and that of LL.D. from Scio college, 1888. SPENCE, John Selby, U.S. senator, was born near Snow Hill, Md.. Feb. 29, 1788. He was a representative in the Maryland legislature, and a Democratic representative in the 18th and 22d congresses, 1823-25, and 1831-33. In 1837 he was chosen U.S. senator to succeed Robert H. Golds- borough, deceased, for the term expiring, March 3, 1837, and he took his seat Jan. 11, 1837, and was elected for a full term, to expire March 3, 1843. He died at Berlin, Md., Oct. 24, 1840. SPENCE, Robert Traill, naval officer, was born in Portsmouth, N.H., in 1785 ; son of Keith Spence of Kirkwall, Orkney Islands, wlio settled in Portsmouth as a merchant, and afterward be- came purser of the U.S. frigate PhiladeljjJda, and married JIary. only daughter of Robert and Mary (Whipple) Traill. Robert T. Spence was war- ranted a midshipman in 1800, and served under Decatur in the Tripolitan war, being on gun-boat Numbers when she was destroyed Aug. 7, 1804. He was commissioned lieutenant in 1807, and serv- ed under Commodore Rogers in the war of 1812, being promoted master-commandant in 1813. and past-captain. 1815. When stationed in the West Indies in 1822, he vigorously defended the jeopardized rigiits of Americans, and in 1826 was given command of tlie West India fleet, but died before having port. lie was inarrieJ to Mary Clare, daughter of Nicholas :MaoCubben and Anne (Jennings) Carroll, of Annapolis, Md., and had several children, including: Car- roll Spence; Charles Lowell Stuart- Spence ; Robert Traill Spence, M.D., and Stephen Decatur Spence. His sister, Harriet Brackett Spence, married the Rev. Charles Lowell, D.D., and be- came the mother of James Russell Lowell. Capt. Robert T. Spence died near Baltimore, Md., Sept. 20. 1827. SPENCER, Ambrose, jurist, was born in Salisbury, Conn., Dec. 13, 1765 ; a descendant of William Spencer, who came from England to Cam- bridge, Mass., 1631, becoming a landed proprietor of Hartford, Conn., and a deputy of the general court in 1639. Ambrose attended Yale College, and was graduated from Harvard, in 1783 ; studied law with John Canfield. at Sharon, Conn., and practised in Hudson, N.Y. He was married in 1784. to the daughter of John Canfield. He was city clerk, 1786-93 ; a member of the state assem- bly, 1793-95, and state senator, 1795-1804. He submitted and carried through a bill for the abolishment of capital punishment, in all cases except those of treason and murder, and was instrumental in the erection of a state prison near New York city. He was appointed assistant attorney-general of Columbia and Rensselaer counties in 1796 ; M-as attorney-general of New York state, 1802-04 ; justice of the supreme court, 1804-19, and chief justice, 1819-23. He was associated with Peter J. Munro, in the prepara- tion of reforms in the chancery system of the state in 1808 ; was presidential elector in 1809 ; opposed the granting of a charter to the Six Million bank, and was a member of the state constitutional convention of 1821. He practised law in Albany, 1821-29 ; was mayor of the city, 1824-26, and was a representative in the 21st congress, 1829-31. He removed to Lyons, N.Y., in 1839, and engaged in agricultural pursuits. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by the University of Pennsylvania in 1820, by Harvard in 1821, and by Columbia in 1823. He died in Lyons. N.Y., March 13, 1848. SPENCER, Cornelia Phillips, author, was born in Harlem, N.Y., March 20, 1825; only daughter of the Rev. Dr. James and Judith (Vermeule) Phillips, and granddaughter of Cor- nelius Vermeule of New Jersey, a soldier in the Revolutionary war, and Elizabeth (Middagh) Vermeule. Her father came to America from England in 1818, taught a classical school in Harlem, N.Y., 1818-26, and was professor of mathematics in the University of North Carolina, 1826-67. She was carefully educated at home by her parents, and was married in 1855 to James Spencer of Alabama, who died in 1861. Her only SPENCER SPENCER child, Julia, was married in 1885 to James Lee Love, associate professor of mathematics at the University of North Carolina, subsequently in- structor in mathematics in Harvard university. Mrs. Spencer made her home with her daughter in Cambridge, Mass., after 189-4. Her life was spent mainly in literary work. In recognition of her loy-dl service to the University of North Carolina in the years succeeding the civil war, she received from that institution the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1895, the first woman in the soutli to be so honored. Slie is the author of : The Last Ninety Days of the Civil War (1866) ; First Steps z'?i JVorth Carolina History (1888); Centennial Catalogue of the University of North Carolina (1889); and numerous contributions to periodical literature. SPENCER, George EHphaz, senator, was born in Jefferson county, N.Y., Nov. 1, 1836. He was educated in Montreal college, Canada ; re- moved to Iowa wliere he was secretary of the state senate in 1856, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1857. He served in the Federal army as captain and assistant-adjutant-general, 1861- 63 ; recruited a regiment which was made the 1st Alabama cavalry, U.S. volunteers, in 1863, of which he was commissioned colonel ; commanded a cavalry brigade, under Gen. Judson Kilpatrick, Army of the Tennessee, on Slierman's grand inarch ; was brevetted brigadier-general for " gal- lantry on the field," March 13, 1885 ; resigned from the army, July 4, 1865, and settled in prac- tice in Decatur, Ala. He was U.S. register in bankruptcy, fourth district of Alabama, in 1867 ; w;i3 elected a Republican senator from Alabama under the reconstruction act, taking his seat, July 25, 1868, and was re-elected in 1873, his sec- ond term expiring March 3, 1879. He was chair- man of the committee on military affairs in the 45th congress ; was pi'ominent in the exposure of tlie star-route postal lines in 1881 and in the estab- lishment of two-cent letter postage in 1883. The last years of his life he spent on a ranch in Nevada, where he had large mining interests. He was married in 1863 to Bella Zilfa, who was born in London, Eng., March 1, 1840. and came to this country at an early age. She is the author of: "Ura, The Lost Wife" (1864); " Tried and True, a Story of the Rebellion (1866), and " Sur- face and Depth" (1867). Shedied in Tuscaloosa, Ala., Aug. 1, 1867, and he was married secondly, ill 1877, to a daughter of William Loring. Gen. Spencer died in Washington, D.C.. Feb. 19. 1893. SPENCER, Jesse Ames, educator, was born in Hyde Park, N.Y., June 17. 1816. He was graduated from Columbia. A.B., 1837, A.M., 1840, and from the General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1840. He was admitted to the diaconate, June 28, 1840, and advanced to the priesthood by Bisliop Benjamin T. Onderdonk, July 28, 1841. He was rector of St. James's church, Goshen, N.Y., 1840-42. He spent the next winter abroad, because of ill- health, and on his return devoted himself to liter- ary work, but went abroad again, 1848-49. He was secretary and editor of the Protestant Epis- copal Sunday School Union and Church Book society, 1851-57 ; rector of St. Paul's cliurch at Flatbush, N.Y., 1863-65; professor of Greek lan- guage and literature in the College of the City of New York, 1869-79, and professor emeritus, 1879- 81. He was custodian of the Standard Bible of the church. He received the degree of A.M. from Trinity in 1854, that of D.D. from Columbia in 1852 and from Trinity in 1872. He is the author of : The Christian Instructed in the Ways of the Gospel and the Church (1844); History of the Reformation in England (1846); Tlie East: Sketches of Travel in Egypt and the Holy Land (1850); History of the United States from the Earliest Period to tlie Death of President Lincoln (1856-69): Greek Plays {1870) : The Young Ruler who had Great Possessions, and other Discitssions (1871) ; Sketch of History of the Protestayit Episcopal CJmrch in the United States (1878) ; Five Last Tilings: Studies in Esch at ology (188'7). He edited the New Testament in Greek, and other books. He died in Passaic. N. J., Sept. 2, 1898. SPENCER, John Canfield, cabinet officer, was born in Hudson, N.Y., Jan. 8, 1788; son of Ambrose Spencer (q.v.). He was graduated at Union college in 1806, was admitted to the bar in 1809 and in 1811 was made master in chancery. He was judge-advocate-general in 1813 and as- sistant attorney-general for western New York, and also district attorney in 1815. He served as a Democratic representative from New York in the 15th congress, 1817-19, as a member of the New York assembly in 1820-21, and as state senator, 1824-28. He was a member of the board that revised the state statutes in 1827, and until 1830 was attorney-general specially appointed to prosecute the masons supposed to be connected with the abduction of William Morgan. He was again a member of the New York assembly in 1832 and was secretary of state, 1839-40. He was secretary of war in President Tyler's cabinet, 1841-43, and secretary of the U.S. treasury, 1843-44, when he resigned because of his opposi- tion to the annexation of Texas. He was a re- gent of the University of the State of New York, 1840-95, and in 1849 received the degree of LL.D. from Union college. He edited, with John Duer and Benjamin F. Butler, a Revision of the Stat- utes of Neiv York (3 vols., 1846). L. B. Proctor wrote a '• Review of John C. Spencer's Legal and Political Career (1886). Secretary Spencer died in Albany, N.Y., May 11, 1895. SPENCER SPINOLA 5PE.NCER, Piatt Rogers, educator, was born in East Fishkill. N.Y.. Nov. 7, 1800; son of Caleb (a Revolutionary soldier, who died in 1806) and Jerusha (Covell) Spencer; grandson of Robert Spencer, and a descendant of John Spencer of Rhode Ishmd who sailed from England. March 26, 1633. He removed with his family to Jeffer- son. Oiiio. in ISIO : taught writing, and until 1832 was variously engaged as a student, teacher and bookkeeper. He was an earnest advocate of total abstinence, to which principle he had be- come convert in 1832 ; was county treasurer for twelve years ; a zealous promoter of the anti- slavery movement ; influential in organizing several business colleges in the United States, and was an instructor in business colleges throughout the country. He was the originator of the Spen- cerian system of penmanship, and in 1848 pub- lished Spencer atid Rice\'s System of Business and Ladies' Penmanship, which appeared in a second edition as Spencerian or Semi-Angular Penman- ship. He was married, April. 1828. to Persis, daughter of Duty Ebenezer and Sallie Warren of Ashtabula, Ohio, and of his children, Ellen (Spencer) Mussey (q.v.), became prominent in Washington in the legal profession. He is the author of several books on penmanship and the Key to Spencerian Penmanship completed in 1864. He died in Geneva, Ohio. :May 16, 1864. SPERRY, Nehemiah Day, representative, was born in Woodbridge, Conn.. July 10, 1827 ; son of Enoch and Mary Atalanta (Sperry) Sperry ; maternal grandson of Asa and Eunice (Johnson) Sperry and paternal gra.ndson of Simeon and Rachel Sperry, and a descendant of Richard Sperry, born in Wales, who arrived in New Haven about 1643. He attended public and private schools ; taught school, and worked on a farm, in a mill and. as a builder. He was select- man of the town of New Haven in 1853 ; common councilman of the city, 1853; alderman in 1854; secretary of state of Connecticut, 1855-57, and postmaster of New Haven, 1861-85, 1889-93. He was chairman of the Republican state committee, 1856-64, and was president of the state conven- tion that nominated Grant electors in 1857 ; also a delegate to the Republican national con- vention of 1864, and served as secretary of the national and executive committees, 1863-64. He was married first in 1847 to Eliza, daughter of Willis and Catharine Sperry of Woodbridge, Conn., and .secondly in 1874 to Minnie B. Newton, of Lockport, N.Y. He declined a nomination as representative to congress in 1886, and was a Republican representative from the second Con- necticut district in the 54th-.58th congresses, 1895- 1905, serving on the committee on post offices and post roads, and as chairman of the committee on alcoholic liquor traffic. SPICER, William Francis, naval officer, was born in New York city, Feb. 7, 1820. He was ap- pointed midshipman in the navy, June 21, 1839, and in 1843 entered the naval school at Philadel- phia, Pa. On July 2, 1845, he was advanced passed midshipman, and June 28, 1853, was commissioned master. He was promoted lieutenant, Feb. 25, 1854, and in 1861 was stationed on the Niagara, which did blockade duty on the Atlantic coast. Later, in the Western Gulf blockading squadron,, he participated in the attack on Fort McRea in Pensacola harbor, Nov. 22, 1861, and subsequently engaged in the search for the Siunter. He was promoted lieutenant-commander July 16, 1862, commander Jan. 2, 1863, and was stationed on the Cambridge, participating in the attacks on Fort Fisher, Dec. 25, 1864, and Jan. 13, 1865. He served on the Dakota, 1867-69 ; was stationed at the Charlestown navy yard, 1869-72 ; was promoted captain April 22, 1870, and when war with Spain threatened in 1874-75, he was in command of a monitor in the Gulf squadron. He was promoted commodore in 1877, and was commandant of the Charlestown navy yard, 1877-78. Commodore Spicer wrote many ballads which were very popular among sailors. He died in Charlestown, Mass., Nov. 29. 1878. 5P1NNER, Francis Elias, representative and U.S. treasurer, was born in German Flats, N.Y., Jan. 21, 1802; sonof John Peter Spinner. His father was a Roman Catholic priest who became a Prot- estant and came to America, becoming pastor of Reformed churches in New York state. The son engaged in bu.siness at Herkimer, N.Y., enlisted as a lieutenant in tlie militia, and in 1834 had be- come major-general. In 1839 he entered the Mo- hawk-Valley bank of which he subsequently be- came president, and served in the naval office of the New Y^'ork customs-house, 1845-49. He was a Free-soil Democratic representative from New Y'ork in the 34th congress, 1855-57, and a Repulj- lican representative in the 35th and SOtli con- gresses, 1857-61. He served on several important committees, and on the special committee ap- pointed to investigate the Brooks-Sumner assault. He was appointed U.S. treasurer by President Lincoln, at the instance of Secretary Chase, March 6, 1861, and held the position through suc- cessive administrations until June 30, 1875. He was the first person to employ women in the government service, and his unique signature be- came well-known on the various issues of green- backs. He died in Jacksonville, Fla. , Dec. 31, 1890. SPINOLA, Francis B., representative, was born at Stony Brook, Long Island, N.Y., March 19, 1821. He was educated at Quaker Hill acad- emy, N.Y. ; was admitted to the bar in New Y'ork city in 1844; and engaged in manufactur- ing there. He served as alderman, five years ; as. SPOFFORD SPOFFORD supervisor, three years ; as a member of the New York assemblj-, six j-ears ; as state senator, four years, and was a delegate to tlie Democratic national convention of 1860. He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, Oct. 2, 1862, for recruiting and organizing the " Empire " brigade, composed of four regiments ; was twice wounded at Wapping Heights, Va., July 23, 1863, and was honorably discharged from service, August, 1865, when lie resumed his business in New York city. He was alternate to Daniel Planning, delegate-at- large from the state of New York to the Demo- cratic national convention of 1884 ; was again state senator, and a Democratic representative from the tenth New York district in the 50th, 51st, and 52d congresses, serving from Dec. 5, 1887, until his death in 1891, when he was suc- ceeded by William Bourke Cockran. He died in Washington. D.C., April 14, 1891. SPOFFORD, Ainsworth Rand, librarian, was born in Gilmanton, N.H., Sept. 12, 1825; son of the Rev. Luke Ainsworth and Grata (Rand) ; Spofford : grandson of Eleazar and Mary (Flint) Spoff ord, and of Daniel and Susanna (Hemenway) Rand, and a descend- dant of John Spof- ford, who emigrated from Yorkshire, Eng. (where Spoff orth cas- tle, an ancient ruin, still stands) to Amer- ica, and settled in Rowley, Essex county, Mass. He removed with his parents from East Bradford, Mass., in 1835, to Amherst, Mass., where he was educated under pri- vate tutors, but did not enter college on account of impaired health. In 18-44 he settled in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he be- came a book-seller and jmblisher. He was married Sept. 15, 1852, to Sarah, daughter of Phineas and Polly (Wheeler) Partridge, of Franklin, Mass., who died in 1892. He was associate editor of the Cincinnati Daily Commercial, 1859-61 ; first assistant librarian in the congressional library at Washington, D.C., 1861-64; librarian-in-chief, 1864-97, serving as register of copyrights from 1870, and chief-assistant librarian from 1897. He received the honorary degree of LL.D., from Amherst college in 1882, and was elected to mem- bership in several historical and philosophical societies. He edited Catalogues of Congressional Library (1864-1882) ; American Almanac and Treasury of Facts (1878-89) ; was associate editor of: Library of Choice Literature {\%%\-%%); Library of Historic Characters and Famous Events (1894- 95); Library of Wit a7id Humor {188i) ; and is the author of: Practical Manual of Parliamentai'y Rules (1884); A Book for all Readers : An Aid to Collection, Use, and Preservation of Books, and the Formation of Libraries (\^Q0) ; and of numer- ous lectures and articles in reviews and cyclo- pedias. SPOFFORD, Harriet Elizabeth Prescott, author and poet, was born in Calais, Me., April 3, 1835 ; daughter of Joseph N. and Sarah (Bridges) Prescott. She attended Putnam Free school, Newburyport, Mass., 1849-52, and was graduated from Pinkerton academy, Derry, N.H. She was obliged to employ her literary talent at an early age and first became known as a writer in 1859, through her serial story In a Cellar, pub- lished in the Atlantic Monthly. She was married in 1865 to Richard S. Spoflford (1832-88), a lawyer of Boston, and in 1867 removed to Deer Island, near Newburyport, Mass. She is the author of : Sir Ro- han's Ghost (1859) ; TJie Amber Gods, and Other Stories (1863) ; Azarian (1864) ; New England Legends (1871); Tlie Thief in the Night (1872); Poems (1881); Art Decoration Applied to Furni- ture (1881); Marquis of Carabas (1882); Poems (1882): Hester Stanley at St. Mark's {\S9>^); The Ser- vant-Girl Question (1884); Ballads about Authors (1888) ; A Lost Jewel (1891); The Scarlet Pojijyy (1894); .4 Master Spirit (1896); Li Titian's Garden, poems (1897); Hester Stanley's Friends (1898); Priscilla's Love Story (1898); The Maid He Married (1898), and Old Madame and Other Tragedies (1900). SPOFFORD, Henry Martyn, jurist, was born in Gilmanton, N.H., Sept. 8, 1821 ; son of the Rev. Luke Ainsworth and Grata (Rand) Spof- ford ; and elder brother of Ainsworth Rand Spof- ford (q. V.;. He was graduated from Amherst college, Mass., A.B., 1840. A.M., 1843; was a tutor there, 1842-43 ; principal of an academy at Minden, Claiborne parish. La., and studied law, 1843-45 ; was admitted to the Louisiana bar in 1845, and began practice in Shreveport, La., in partnersliip with Judge Olcott, brother-in-law of Rufus Choate, He was district judge, 1852-54 ; associate- justice of the supreme court of Louisiana, 1854-58, and then removed his practice to New Orleans, La., where, after 1861, he went into part- nership with John A. Campbell (q. v.). He was married about 1857, to Ophelia, daughter of Thomas Martin, of Pulaski, Tenn., and in 1870 retired from his profession and settled in Pulaski, Tenn., where he was administrator of the estate of his father-in-law. He was elected in 1876 as a Democrat by the " Nicholls " legislature, U.S. senator from Louisiana, but the seat was success- fully contested by William Pitt Kellogg, who had been elected by the "Packard" legislature. SPOONER SPOTS WOOD He received the honoruiy dei^ree of LL.D., from Amherst college iu 1877. He is tlie author of many judicial opinions published in vols. 10 to 13 of the Louisiumi Annual Rejjorts. and co-author of: The Louisaiia Magistrate and Parish Official Guide (1847). He died at Red Sulphur Springs, W. Va., wherfi he had gone for the benefit of his health. A 11 u'. -n. 1880. SPOON EK, Henry Joshua, representative, was born in Provitlence, R.I., Aug. 6, 1839; son of Josiiua (1803-1 809), and Ann Crawford (Noyes) Spooner ; grandson of James and Sally (Luther) Spooner and of Captain John Miller and Abijah (Updike) Noyes. He was graduated from Brown university, 1860 ; from the Albany Law school, LL.B., 1861 : and admitted to the New York bar. He was appointed 2d lieutenant, in the 4th Rhode Island volunteers in 1862 ; was in the battles of South Mountain and Antietam : promoted 1st lieutenant and adjutant in September, 1862, and was mustered out of service in February, 1865. He was admitted to the Rhode Island bar in June, 1865 ; and was justice and clerk of the court of magistrates of Providence, 1866-09. He was mar- ried, Nov. 16, 1868, to Mary S., daughter of David A. and Abby E. Brown. He was a representa- tive in the state legislature, 1875-81, serving as speaker, 1879-81, and was a member of the judiciary committee, 1876-79. He was elected a Republican representative from the first Rhode Is- land district to the 47th congress to complete the term of Nelson W. Aldrich, who took his seat as senator, Dec. 5, 1881, and was re-elected to the 48th, 49th, 50th and olst congresses, serving, 1883- 91, and during tlie last term as chairman of the committee on accounts and a member of that on military affairs and irrigation of arid lauds. He was defeated in 1890 as a candidate to the 52d con- gress by Oscar Lapham, and in 1891 resumed his law practice in Providence, R.I. SPOO.NER, John Coit, senator, was born in Lawrenceburg. Ind., Jan. 6, 1843 ; son of Judge Philip L. Spooner. His father removed to Madi- son, Wis., in June, 1859, and he was graduated from the University of Wisconsin, A.B., 1864, A.M.. 1867. During the civil war, he served as private in the 40th regiment, Wisconsin volunteers: was appointed captain in the 50th regiment, and was mustered out of service, July, 1866. with the brevet rank of major. He returned to Madison, studied law under his fatlier, and was admitted to the bar in 1867. He was private and military .secretary to Gov. Lucius Fairchild ; assistant attorney-general of W- i.sconsin, 1867-70 ; removed to Hudson, Wis., and practi-sed law, 1870-84, serving as general solicitor for the Chicago and Northwestern railway company. He was married to Annie Main, of Madison, Wis. He was a member of the state legislature from St. Croix county in 1872, and was elected U.S. senator, as a Republican, serving, leS8.')-91, being defeated in 1891 for re-election by William F. Vilas, Democrat. He was chairman of the Wisconsin delegation to the Republican national conventions of 1888 and 1892 ; was unanimously nominated as the Republican candidate for gover- nor of Wisconsin in 1892, but was defeated, and removed from Hudson to ^ladison in 1893, where he was actively engaged in the practice of law. He was re-elected U.S. senator in 1897 and again iu 1903, the term to expire March 3, 1909. He received the honorary degree of Ph.B. from Wisconsin university in 1864, and was regent of the university, 1882-85. He was offered the sec- retaryship of the interior in President McKinley's cabinet in December, 1898, which he declined, as he did a position on the Joint High Commission the same year. On Jan. 3. 1901, when President McKinley was making up his cabinet for his second term. Senator Spooner declined the posi- tion of attorney-general. SPOTSWOOD, Alexander, governor of Vir- ginia, was born iu Tangier. Africa, in 1676. He became a soldier early in life, and served under the Duke of Marlborough at Blenheim, attaining the rank of quartermaster-general in the British army. He was appointed governor of Virginia in 1710; and became extremely popular, intro- ducing constitutional reforms and receiving the co-operation of the general assemblj-. He was instrumental in the restoration of William and Mary college ; and established a school for the education of Indian children. In 1716 he formed the first exploration partj- to venture iiito the Appalachian mountains. This party consisted of his personal friends, Indian guides and servants, each gentleman wearing a small golden horse- shoe, and being afterwards called the '• Knights of the golden horseshoe." He named Mounts George and Spotswood and took possession of the Valley of the Virginia in the name of King George I. He instituted the order of " Tramon- tane " to encourage further explorations, secured a treaty with the Six Nations in 1772; and in- troduced the i)lan to extend the Virginian settle- ments, to interrupt the means of communication between Canada and the Gulf of Mexico. He was removed in 1772 on account of a controver.'jy arising as to his right of appointment of church livings. He was deputy-postmaster-general of the colonies, 1730-39, and postina.ster of Pennsyl- vania. He established the finst iron smelting furnace in Virginia, and uuiintained courtly es- tablishments on tlie Rapidan and at Yorktown. He was appointed major-general in 1740, and given command of the expedition to the West Indies, but became mortally ill before embark- ing. His Official Letters were published (3 vols., SPOTTAS SPRAGUE 1882-85), and his speeches in the assembly, 1714- 18, appeared in William Maxwell's "Virginia Historical Register." His son Robert was killed by Indians in 1757. Governor Spotswood died in Annapolis. Md., June 7, 1740. SPOTTS, James Ilanna, naval officer, was born in Fort Jolinson, N.C., March 11, 1823. His father was a major in the U.S. army during the war of 1812, and served as chief of artillery to General Jackson, at the battle of New Oi-leans. James was appointed midshipman in the U.S. navy, Aug. 2, 1837 ; attended the naval school at Philadelphia. 1842-43 ; was promoted passed mid- sliipman in June, 1848 ; served during the Mexican war on the Lexington, 1846-49 ; was promoted master, April 8, 1851, and lieutenant, Nov. 25, 1851. He was attached to the East India, Pacific and. Lake squadrons, and in 1861 was stationed at Key West as captain of the port. He was promoted commander, Aug. 5, 1863 ; commanded the Magnolia of the East Gulf squadron in 1862 ; the South Carolina of tlie South Atlantic blockad- ing squadron, 1863-64, and the double-ender Paiotucket, of the North Atlantic squadron in 1865, taking part in the engagements with Fort Fisher, Dec. 23-26, 1864, and Jan. 13-16, 1865, and in the bombardment of the batteries on the Cape Fear and James rivers. He was promoted captain in July, 1866, commanded the steamers Saranac and Pensacola of the Pacific squadron, 1870-73 ; was lighthouse in- spector, 1873- 74 ; was pro- moted com- modore in Sep- tember, 1873, and rear-ad- miral in May, 1881. Hecom- u.s.s."PE,.s.^. SQUIRE, Watson Carbosso, senator, was born at Cape Vincent, N.Y'.. May 18. 1838 : son of the Rev. Orra Squire ; and grandson of Col. Ebenezer Wheeler of the war of 1812. He attended Falley seminary. Fulton. N.Y. ; taught school in Rose Valley, N.Y\, 1853, and at Marcellus, N.Y., 1854- 55, and was graduated from Wesleyan university, Conn., A.B., 1859. He began the study of law, bnt soon after became principal of Moravia insti- tute. New York, which position he held until April, 1861. wlien he enlisted for three months' service ;is a priv.ate in Company F in tlie 19th New York infantry. He was promoted 1st lieu- tenant. May 7, and served in the upper Potomac until September. 1861, when he was mustered out and resumed the practice of law in Cleve- land, Oliio. being graduated from the Cleveland Law school in 1862. and admitted to practice in tlie supreme court of Ohio in .June of the sfiine year. He raised and was commissioned captain of a company of sharpshooters, which was mus- tered into service in January, 1863, as the 7th Independent compjiny of Ohio sharpshooters, and subsequently known as General Sherman's body- guartl. With tliis ompany he i)arti(ii)ated in all the openitioiis of the Army of tlie C'uiiiberhind. being a pait of the time in coinniainl of a ]iro- visional battalion of Oliio sharpshootfis : was judge-advocate of the District of Tennessee, 1864- 65, and also served on the staffs of Major-General Rou.sseau and Maj. George H. Thomas. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel and colonel for meritorious service in August, 1865. He was subsequently connected with the firm of E. Rem- ington & Sons of liion. N.Y^., manufacturers of firearms, visiting foreign countries in the interest of the business, and subsequently becoming man- ager of the company. He was married, Dec. 23. 1868, to Ida, daughter of Philo Remington of Ilion, N.Y. He purchased property in Washing- ton Territory in 1876, and after severing his con- nection with the Remington company, removed to Seattle. He was governor of Washington Ter- ritory, 1884-87 ; presided over the statehood con- vention at Ellensburg in Januarj-, 1889, and in November, 1889, was elected, with John Beard Allen (q.v.), one of the tirst U.S. senators from the state of Washington, dra%ving the short term, serving by re-election from Dec. 2, 18S9. to Marcli 3, 1897, and officiating as chairman of the com- mittee on coast defences. He was admitted to tlie bar of the supreme court of United Stntes in 1895. and after 1897 resumed the practice of hiw in Seattle. Wasli. STAHEL, Julius H., soldier, was born in Hun- gary, Nov. 4, 1825 ; son of Andreas and Barbara (Nagy) Stahel. He received his education in Budapest, fought in the struggle for independ- ence, 1848, under Louis Kossuth on the staff ot General Guy on, and was wounded. After the defeat of the patriots, in 1849, he resided in England and the Continent, and later came to New York, wliere he was engaged in jour- nalism up to 1861. when he joined the Federal army as lieu- tenant-colonel, 8th New Y^'ork volunteers, and left with his regi- ment for Washing ton. May 27, 1861. At the first battle of Bull Run, he was in command of the regiment attached to the 1st brigade, 5tli division, of the army under General McDowell, in reserve at Ccntreville. When the stanii)ej^;ji^" -"^N wrecked on its // ^?*;;ic^=ri^^il^X3^ way toward .' <^f^7^''^.- -■ 1 '^ Bluefields, Nica- ragua, Feb. 2, ^■*i^^,fl894. Admiral Stanton escaped without injury, and a court of inquiry convened at the Brooklyn navy yard, Feb. 26, 1894, to investigate the cause of the loss of the Kearsarge could not trace the accident to want of caution on the part of the officers and they were relieved from all blame. He was after- ward in command of the cruiser San Francisco, when that vessel was detailed for the use of the New York naval militia in manoeuvering, for practice afloat in the waters adjacent to and including Gardiner's bay and Fisher's Island sound. He was promoted rear-admiral, July 21, 1S94, and retired at his own request, July 30, 1894. In 1903 he was living in New London, Conn. STANTON, Richard Henry, representative, was born in Alexandria, Va., Sept. 9, 1812 ; son of Richard and Harriet (Perry) Stanton ; and brother of Frederick P. Stanton ; grandson of Benjamin Stanton and of Alexander Perry, and a descend- ant of John Stanton who came from England prior to the sixteenth century, and of David Perry of a Huguenot family of France. He at- tended the Alexandria academy ; studied law and removed to Maysville, K}-. He was married, ^•^3^^^ ^^-='^S: -^^_- .-g^ ' J*i^^-^ . ^ U.S.S. KEARSARCE.. Sept. 19, 1833, to Asenath, daughter of the Rev. Pharis and Elizabeth (Bonner) Throop of Fairfax county, Va. He was postmaster of Maysville ; a Democratic representative from Kentucky in the 31st, 32d and 33d congresses, 1849-55, and was pres- idential elector for Buchanan and Breckinridge in 1857. He was state attorney in 1858, and a delegate to the Democratic national convention in New York in 1868. He served as district judge, 1868-74. He edited the Maysville Monitor, and the Maysville Exjoress. and is the author of : A Code of Practice in Civil Criminal Cases in Ken- tucky (1855): Practical Treatises for Justices of the Peace, etc. of Kentucky (1861); Practical Man- ual for Executors, etc. far Kentucky (1862). He died at Maysville, Ky., in November, 1891. STANTON, Robert Livingston, educator, was born in Griswold, Conn., March 28, 1810. He attended the literary department of Lane Theo- logical seminary in 1834, and was gi-aduated at the theological department in 1837. He was or- dained by the Mississippi presbytery in 1839, and filled three pastorates until 1851. He was presi- dent of Oakland college, 1851-54, pastor at Chilli- cothe, Ohio, 1855-62, professor of pastoral the- ology and homiletics at Danville seminary, 1862- 66, and president of Miami university, 1866-71. He was an editor in New York city, 1871-72, and of the Herald and Presbyter in Cincinnati, 1872- 78. He removed to Washington, D.C., in 1878, and died on his way to a faith healing convention to be held in London. He was moderator of the General Assembly, 1866, and was a trustee of Lane university, 1870-73. Princeton and Wash- ington colleges conferred the degree of D.D. upon him in 1852. He wrote : Tlie Church and the Re- bellion (1864). He died at sea, May 23, 1885. STANWOOD, Edward, editor, was born at Augusta, Maine, Sept. 16, 1841 ; son of Daniel Caldwell and Mary Augusta (Webster) Stanwood ; grandson of Isaac and Joanna (Caldwell) Stan- wood of Ii^swich, Mass., and of Peter Eaton and Rebecca (Symonds) Webster of Salem, Mass.; great-grandson of Isaac Stanwood of Ipswich, a Revolutionary soldier, and a descendant of Philip Stanwood, who settled in Gloucester, Mass., in 1652. He was graduated from Bowdoin college, A.B., 1861, A.M., 1864; was assistant editor of the Kennebec Journal and correspondent of the Boston Daily Advertiser, 1862-67 ; was assistant on the editorial staflf of the Advertiser, 1867-82, and was married, Nov. 16, 1870, to Eliza, daugh- ter of Samuel and Jane (Blackstock) Topliff of Boston, Mass. On the death of Mr. Goddard in 1882, he succeeded to the editorial chair, which he resigned in November, 1883. He was as- sistant on the staflf of the Youth's Companion, Boston, 1884, and in 1885 was advanced to managing editor. He was special agent of the STAPLES STARK eleventh and twelfth census to collect statistics of cotton manufactures, and prepared a report on the cotton manufactures of the United States, and for tlie twelfth census a report on the textile manufactures in general. He was elected an overseer of Bowdoin college in ISSG, which in- stitution conferred tlie honorary degree of Litt. D. on him in 1S'J4. He is the author of : History of Pre.-iiilcntial Elcctioiis (1SS4) ; Histonj of the Class of IStJl of Bowdoin College (1897) ; History of the Presidency (1898) ; and American Tariff Controi'ersies iu the Nineteenth Century (1903). STAPLES, Waller Redd, jurist, was born in Patrick court-liouse, Va., Feb. 24, 1826. He was grailuated at William and ]Mary college in 1846 ; •was admitted to the bar in 1S48 ; was a represen- tative in tlie Virginia legislature, 1853-54; was one of the four commissioners sent to represent Virginia in tlie Provisional congress of the Con- federate States held at Montgomery, Ala., in 1861, and was a representative from Virginia in the 1st and 2d C.S. congresses, 1862-65. He was a judge of the supreme court of Virginia, 1870-82, and was a presidential elector on the Democratic ticket, 1884. He was one of three commissioners chosen to revise the Virginia statutes, 1884-86. He died in Richmond, Va., Aug. 20, 1897. STAPLES, William Read, jurist, was born in Providence. R.I.. Oct. 10, 1798; son of Samuel and Rutli (Read) Staples. He was graduated at Brown university, A.B., 1817, A.M., 1820, and was admitted to the bar in 1819. He was associate justice of the Rhode Island supreme court, 1845- 54, and chief -justice, 1854-56. He was one of the founders and was first secretary and librarian of the Rhode Island Historical society, and was secretary and treasurer of the Rhode Island society for the encouragement of domestic in- dustry, 1856-69. He was twice married, first, in 1821, to Rebecca M., daughter of Nicholas and Anna (Marsh) Power, who died, Sept. 14. 1825 ; and secondly, in October, 1826, to Evilina, daughter of Levi and Susan (Howe) Eaton of Framingham, Mass. He received from Brown the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1862. He edited " Collections of the Rhode Island Historical Society " (Vol. V.) and Gorton's "Simplicity's Defence against Seven-Headed Policy" (1855); and is the author of : Annals of I^ovidence to 1S33 (1843) ; Docu- mentary History of the Destntction to the Gaspee (1845) ; Proceedings of the First General Assem- bly of the Incorporation of Providence Plantation in 1G47 (1847) ; Rhode Island Farm Book (1859) ; History of the Criminal Laiv of Rhode Island ; Rhode Island in the Continental Congress and Report on the Coal Lands in Providence. He died in Providence. R.I., Oct. 19, 1868. STARK, Benjamin, senator, was born in New Orleans, La., June 26, 1820. He was graduated at Union school, New London, Conn., in 1835, and engaged in business. He moved to Oregon in 1845, and in 1850 was admitted to the bar. He was one of the founders of the city of Portland, was a representative in the territorial legislature in 1852 and in the state legislature in 1860. He was appointed U.S. senator from Oregon to fill the vacanc}' caused b}' the death of Edward D. Baker, and served from Feb. 27, 1862, until July 17, 1862, when Benjamin F. Harding was elected to complete the term. He was a delegate from Oregon to the Democratic national convention at Chicago in 1864, and from Connecticut to the Democratic national convention, New York, 1868. He died in New London, Conn.. Oct. 10, 1878. STARK, John, soldier, was born in London- derry, N.H., Aug. 28, 1728; son of Archibald Stark, a native of Glasgow, Scotland, who was an original proprietor of Dunbarton, N.H. John became an excellent hunter and trapper. In 1753 he was taken prisoner by the In- dians, and held cap- tive until ransomed by the Massachusetts colony. He was ap- pointed a lieutenant in Robert Rogers' corps of rangers, and served throughout the campaign around lakes George and Champlain, rising to the rank of captain. On the close of the war he resigned his commission and en- gaged in farming in Manchester, N.H. He was married, Aug. 20, 1759, to Elizabeth, daughter of Capt. Caleb Page, one of the original grantees of Starkstown, now Dunbarton, N.H. When news was brought of the battle of Lexington, he or- ganized a body of one hundred farmers, and at their head he joined the army at Cambridge. He was promoted colonel, organized a regiment of 800 backwoodsmen, and took part in the battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775, where he gave his famous order : " Boys, aim at their waistbands." He assisted in fortifying New York, and later commanded a brigade of General Gates's army in Canada, but rejoined Washington in New Jersey and commanded the van of the right wing at Trenton and Princeton. He resigned his com- mission, owing to some ill feeling as to promo- tions, and retired to his farm, but on receiving news of the capture of Ticonderoga, he led an in- dependent force of New Hampshire troops, and attacked Col. Frederick Baum's army of 500 men at Bennington, Aug. 16, 1777, completely routing tyd^yn. :/i^^>Ly^ - STARKEY STARR them as he did the reinforcements of 500 men under Colonel Breymann. He was promoted brigadier-general, Oct. 4, 1777, and received the thanks of congress ; commanded the northern department in 1778 and 1781, and in 1783 retired to his farm. In 1817 congress passed an act, giv- ing him a pension of sixty dollars a month. He, and Gen. Thomas Sumpter, were the last surviv- ing generals of the Revolutionary army. In August, 1887, a monument was erected in Ben- nington to his memory, and in 1899 one was erected at Peru, Vt., both being made of lime- stone in the form of an obelisk. He died in Man- chester, N.H., May 8, 1822. STARKEY, Thomas Alfred, bishop of New- ark and 123d in succession in the American episcopate, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., March 13, 1819 ; son of Josiah and Caroline M. (Kissel- man) Starkey ; grandson of Frederick and Susanna Kisselman, and great-grandson of Jacob Von Wrede of Munich, Bavaria. He studied civil en- gineering and engaged in that profession, 1839-43. He studied theology, 1843—47 ; was ordered deacon in the Protestant Episcopal church, Feb. 21, 1847, and ordained priest, May 21, 1848. He was a missionary in Schuylkill county. Pa., 1847-49; founded the church of the Holy Apostles at St. Clair, Pa. ; was rector of Christ church, Troy, N.Y., 1850-54; of St. Paul's church, Albany, N.Y., 1854-58; of Trinity church, Cleveland, 1859-69, and of the Church of the Epiphany, "Washington, D.C., 1869-72. He was connected with the Mission rooms, New York city, 1875- 1876 ; and was rector of St. Paul's church. Pater- son, N.J., 1877-80. He was elected bishop of Northern New Jersey in 1879, and was consecrated, Jan. 8, 1880. by Bishops Clark, Vail, and Little- john, assisted by Bishops Howe, Scarborough and Seymour. In 1886 the name of his diocese was changed to that of Newark. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Hobarfc college in 1864. In 1903 he aske'd for a coadjutor. owing to his increasing years. He died at East Orange, N.J., May 17. 1903. STARKWEATHER, John Converse, soldier, was born inCooperstown, N.Y., May 11, 1830 ; son of George Anson Starkweather (1794-1878), a Democratic representative in the 30th congress, 1847-49. He entered Union university in the class of 1850, but did not graduate ; practised law in Milwaukee, Wis., 1851-61, and on the outbreak of the civil war was commissioned colonel, 1st Wisconsin volunteers, and was engaged at Fall- ing Waters, and Edward's Ferry. He was mus- tered out, Aug. 21, 1861, but obtained a special order from the war department under which he reorganized his regiment and re-enlisted for three years. He commanded the 2d brigade, 8d division. 1st armj' corps, Army of the Ohio, at the battle of Perry ville, Ky., Oct. 8, 1862, being stationed on the extreme left and rear of Terrill's brigade, and when the latter gave way in confu- sion, he checked the attack. He commanded the 3d brigade, 1st division, centre, Army of the Cumberland under Rosecrans, at Stone's River, Tenn., and on Dec. 29, 1862, he was attacked by 3000 of General Wheeler's Confederate cavalry, and after a conflict of two hours, Wheeler fell back and was pursued by Starkweather for over one mile, the Union loss being 122 in killed, wounded and missing. He was appointed briga- dier-general, U.S. v., July 17, 1863, and com- manded the 2d brigade, 1st division, 14th army corps. Army of the Cumberland, at Chicka- mauga, Ga., Sept. 19-20, 1863, and the 3d bri- gade, 1st division, 14th army corps, in the Chat- tanooga campaign, Nov. 23-27, 1863. He was mustered out of service, May 11, 1865, and resumed his law practice in Milwaukee and in Washing- ton. He died in Washington, D.C., Nov. 15, 1890. STARR, Eliza Allen, artist, was born in Deer- field, Mass., Aug. 29, 1824; daughter of Oliver and Lorina (Allen) Starr ; granddaughter of William and Elizabeth (Starr) Starr and of Caleb and Judith (Hawks) Allen ; great-granddaughter of Samuel Allen of Deerfield, Mass., who was killed in the last fight with the Indians, Aug. 25, 1746 ; and a descendant of Dr. Comfort Starr, chirurgeon, of Ashford. Kent, England, who emi- grated to New England, March 21, 1634, and was a tutor in Harvard college in 1649. She studied art in Boston in 1846, and taught art in Brooklyn, Philadelphia and Natchez. She opened a studio in Boston in 1854, and moved to Chicago in 1856. She received the Laetare medal from Notre Dame university, Indiana, 1885, and a gold medal in 1893 from the World's Columbian exposition as teacher of art ; and in 1898 Pope Leo XIII. , as a mark of approval of her literary work, sent her a cameo medallion. She is the author of : Poems (1867 ; 1887); Patron Saints (2 vols., 1871 ; 1883); Pilgrims and Shriiies (2 vols., 1878); Sotigs of a Life-time (1887); Isabella of Castile (1889); ^'ilmt We See (1891); Christmastide (1891); Art in Our Age (1891); Tliree Keys to the Camera Delia Segnatura of the Vatican (1895) ; Tlie Seven Dolors of the Blessed Virgin Mary (1898); Tlie Tliree Archangels and the Guardian Angels in Art (1899). STARR, Frederick, educator, was born in Auburn, N.Y., Sept. 2, 1858 ; son of the Rev. Frederick and Helen Strachan (Mills) Starr ; grandson of Frederick and Sarah (Sackett) Starr, and of Henry and Maria (Parkins) Mills. He was graduated at Lafayette, S.B., 1882, S.M., 1885, Ph.D., 1885, and was teacher of sciences at Wyman institute, 1882-83. He was professor of sciences in the state Normal school at Lock Haven, Penn., STARR STAUNTON 1883-S4 ; professor of biological sciences at Coe college, 1S84-87. and was in charge of the anthro- pological department of the American Museum of Natural History, 1839-91. He was registrar of Chautauqua imiversity. 188.8-89. and in 1893 became professor of anthropology at the Uni- versity of Chicago. Besides his numerous maga- zine contributions, he wrote : On the Hills (1890); Some First Steps iti Human Progress (1895); Amrriean ItidiansilSdd); Indiutis of South Mexico (l^;t9). and Strange Peojiles (1900). STARR, William Q., educator, -was born in Riippahannock county, Va.. Sept. 26. 1840; son of William H., and Frances Starr. He attended Richmond college, 185-1-55. and was graduated from Randolph-Macon college in 1859. He studied at the Randolph-Macon college, divinity school, Boydton, Va-. and in 1859 became pres- ident of the Marengo Military institute in Alabama. He entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church, South, in 1860, was president of the Wesleyan Female college, 1873- 78, and in 1899 became president of the Randolph- Macon college, which position he still held in 1903. STARRETT, Helen Ekin, author, was born in Allegheny county. Pa., Sept. 19, 1840; daughter of the Rev. John and Esther Fell (Lee) Ekin ; granddaughter of Silas and Rebecca (Fell) Lee of Bucks county, Pa., and of William and Martha (Cowan) Ekin of "Westmoreland county, Pa., and a descendant of the Fell family of Longlands, England. She was graduated from the Pittsburg, Pa., high school in 1856. and was married, Feb. 15, 1864, to the Rev. William Aikin Starrett, son of William and Ellen (McEwen) Starrett of Al- legheny county, Pa. She was the founder of the Kenwood institute, a classical school for girls in Chicago, m., 1885, and principal of the same from its foundation for nine years. She then founded a school of her own. incorporated as the Starrett School for Girls. She is the author of : Future of Educate'! TT'omeu (1880) ; Letters to a Daughter (1882); Letters to Elder Daughters (ISSS); Gyppie, an Obituary (1884); Pete, the Story of a Chicken (1885); Letters to a Little Girl (1886); After Col- lege. Wltat For Girls ? (1895), and with her sister, Frances Ekin Allison, author of a volume of poems entitled Crocus and Wiiitergreen (1893). She also contributed to magazines and to religious and educational journals both as editorial and miscellaneous writer. Her home in 1903 was in Chicago. 111. START, Charles Monroe, jurist, was born in Bakersville, Vt., Oct. 4, 1839; son of Simeon Gould and Man.- Sophia (Barnes) Start: grandson of Moses and Margaret (Gould) Start ; great- grandson of Georgt" an g •H Library 2 ^ DO NOT / O 1 erf REMOVE // i THE 1 • -P 15 O 1 1 CARD (1) rH \\ +3 Cl •H O FROM ^ CO ^ U^ O P-. \\ psy THIS \ c o \v O .H W PC POCKET ^ i o H- ^.g Acme Library C*rd Pocket CO CO LOWE-MARTIN CO. LlMliu> 1. ^;,: ii[ii-\\'h^ :--! ill '^i;::^;!;''l^iH> :W i .,'..•;■;_). I', ;.■•.'■ ., ^^^^^1 \ ' f > Ik.