es
*
a4 fi
Oe |
et th ames i" ang i
oF cf
= te he OF pete W te tos ed Pe RI va Retich wich SPH Maire AH tors HEP PR tah AT st
914595 2-4-8 atl
ii 53
Ore rt re Rta Pe) A tee @- ae
oy 4 aie: 7
. Nth ee te ee Po bee ee oe 2 Pigs beer et eeatntety ; $:4,4 if a Per ey) 4 ae pass , Wr htaca
a4 8 oa 2
% m) : Y . Cet ee ad a " "i ® ra rf « iss te ae ibe ee bes Lae ae: a ‘dedoe ae p ; : b PE he tebe! ua Aseet Pd ‘ ; a Pag
‘oa aye ‘afte. 8 Sb *
a8» * = i &. @ ‘wae 7, 418 “ at ne Sn ae am 4) Aylytoty a ae ee!
oe a me: ee OO bee yh He ptt Ashe -- peeties.s % aids wet ie SBF
oo a ae a
My (
ye ee a jar, B®
kg te? e484 * ot. *
Ser be eared
iy t:
eh De ©
Ben ame a a ®
MA ee 8 Rd. BAT ae Hs 1-4-8. 456 95%, 4
ore ee Pe es Propet note ee ree et 4436
+ ese hy i 0 he kee abe 2 ae re
‘-e * ~) phytate pede ye) tee 4. :
Tas TWE EDDALE. SS
THE JOURNAL
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY
OF
BENGAL.
EDITED BY
THE ACTING SECRETARIES.
VOL. Vill.
JANUARY TO DECEMBER, 1839.
NEW SERIES.
“Tt will flourish, if naturalists, chemists, antiquaries, philologers, and men of science, in different parts of Asza will commit their observations to writing, and send them to the Asiatic Society in Calcutta ; it val See if such communications shall be long intermitted; and will die away, if
CALCUTTA:
Bishop's College Press. 1840.
‘ var ee eae
5 Soe ‘i Ad oy om
:
i p ae w be i
A pe Rapa belees
Contents,
No. 80.—JANUARY.
_6
EF TI
Page. Prefatory Notice, weee soce aelete siecle cee cose s\eie'n i I.—A Grammar of the Pashtoo or Afghanee Language. By Lieut. Leach, .... ! II.—Sisupala Badha, or death of Sisupala by Magha. Translated, with Anno-
tations, by J.C. ©. Sutherland, Esq. .. = na0- weno eve 16 I1I.—On the Distribution of European Birds. By W. Jameson, Esq., onl
Medical Service, .... Sone si vie Breil alexa <mael IV.—On a new Genus of the Pissiroabrall Tribe. By B. H. i diaitale Esq., Ou
mandu (with plate), .. ons Soo. arem)> sisiale V.—Two new species of Meruline Birds. By B. H. Hodgson, Bea. “ (Ge areal
(weth plate), sivicie Sepie cece es rin ates 37 VI.—On the Egyptian system of Actibcjal Hatching. By Don Sinbaldp Demae
(with plate), atelete Shoe eietele iejera leila acre epeléie oO
_ VII.—Dr. Burke’s Report on the Value of Life among the Officers and Men in
H. Majesty’s troops in India, eniie cece sees Bee inom 48 VIII.—Observations on the Burmese and Munipoor Varnish Tree. By N.
Wallich, Esq. M.D. (with plate), .... ape S640 aa oe ee 70) IX.—Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, .... siete onic eae insert ee X.—Meteorological Register, .... S00 iota eels Ses piebope 00
No. 86.—FEBRUARY. I.—Report on the Settlement of the ceded District of Azimgurh, commonly
called Chuklah Azimgurh. By J. Thomason, Esq. SEG a7 Il.—Mr. Hodgson on Cuculus. .... wae é Jee 130 7 II1.—Report on the Coal and Iron Mines of Titcheer and Whoo Ge, ice By
Mr. M. Kittoe, ore Sees reise eee Sue alate esos Lol IV-—Objects of Research in Affghanistan. By Professor Lassen, .. . eeete) 145 V.—On the detection of Arsenical Poisons, &c. &e. By W. B. O’Shaughnessy,
Esq. M.D. cone : 990 eerere cee Seite eisiele > 147 IV.—Proceedings of the fini Soniety, sees ceee wees eees 130 VII.—Meteorological Register, .... cece calely eee oeee eee. | BOS
No. 87.—MARCH. I.—Notice of an Inscription on a Slab discovered in February, 1838, by Capt.
T. S. Burt, Bengal Engineers, in Bundelkhund, near Chhatarpur, soohy WE) II.—Account of a J ourney to Beylah, and Memoir on the Province of Lus. By
Lieut. Carloss, Indian Navy, .. «- aeicle alelere Saes eit Ke! III.—On three new species of Musk (Moschus) inhabiting the Himalayan dis-
tricts. By B. H. Hodgson, Esq. .... Sore ae ns price eae IV.—On Isinglass in Polynemus sele, Buch., a species which is very common
in the Estuaries of the Ganges. By J. M’ Clelland: Assistant Surgeon, (with
tar aires eiiatele sen oisilm ahs feiolcl a Gein ohl, | piye ein, isis: wees SOP
yar
iv Contents.
Asistant Surgeon, formerly Curator of the Museum of the Asiatic Society.
Page. V.—Journal of the Mission which visited Bootan, in 1837-38, under Captain R.
Boileau Pemberton. By W. Griffith, Esq., Madras Medical Establishment,
(with map,) ws... «eve seus ister eoee Seb eeu 208 V1I.—Report on the Museum of the Asiatic Society. By Dr. Wm. Jenapaoes -. 241 VII.—Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, cece sees sees cree 240 VIII.—Meteorological Register, .. braids cece seee sees sees 200
No. 88.—APRIL. I.—Journal of the Mission which visited Bootan, in 1837-38, under Captain
R. Boileau Pemberton. By W. Griffith, ae Madras Medical Establish-
ment. (concluded) .. “fe ar ae . Bt saisee ok {I.—Account of Tamba Patra Plates dug if at Baroda: in Gaigeane with
Facsimile and Translation. .. d Ce ee se deguelh taeue III,—Collection of Facts which may he useful for the doniproheveaby of Alex-
ander the Great’s exploits on the Western Banks of the Indus (with map.) 304 IV.—Remarks upon the Rain and Drought of the last Eight Seasons in India.
By the Rev. R. Everest, Landour. .. «ave ,olo V.—Statistical Record of the duration of Agence in 13, 019 fatal cases in Hin-
doos.—Extraordinary mortality among Lying-in Women—Compiled by Dr.
Duncan Stewart, Superintendent General of Vaccination. .. thy Jeane ORG VI.—Summary description of four new species of Otter. By B. H. Hodéean! Esq.
Resident at Catamandu, Nepal. : sees! OlO VII.—On the Geographic Distribution of the Mulpatige, Maleduiles ‘aah Stri-
gid ; being the first of a series of memoirs intended to illustrate the Geogra-
phic Distribution of the Ornithological Kingdom. By Wm. Jameson, Esq.,
Assistant Surgeon Bengal Medical Service, &c. ‘ icrge a VITI.—On the use of Wells, &c. in Foundations; as practiced he die natives
of the Northern Doab. By Capt. ns sctitiie of the Doab
Canal. a ie : oe ever 327 IX.—Proceedings of the Asiatte Society. ve Ae oe coos J4l X.—Meteorological Register, 40 se Ar “is on > .oees;, OF0
No. 89.—MAY. I.—Notice of Inscriptions in Behar, communicated by Mr. Ravenshaw. veoe 347 II.—The ‘ Mahimnastava,’’ or a Hymn to Shiva; with an English transla-
tion. By the Rev. Krishna Mohana Banerji..... aeicie cece cose SOO III.—Account of a Journey from Calcutta via Cuttack and Pooree to Sum-
bulptir, and from thence to Medniptr through the Forests of Orissa. By
Lieut. M. Kittoe. (continued) .... esas eoee eee esos S00 I1V.—Proposed publication of Plates of Hindu Architectural Remains. ieee oot V.—Papers relative to the New Coal Field of Tenasserim. Gets Bese SoCo VI.—Memoir on the Regeneration and. actual state of Medicine in Egypt—
Translated from the Italian of J. E. Mino, Doctor in Philosophy, Medi-
cine, and Surgery. Leghorn, 1838. .... cece wees 393 VII.—Note on the dissection of the Arctonix Collars or Sand Hod: By
George Evans, Esq. late Curator to the Asiatic Society. eoee oeee 408 VIII.—On the Cultivation of Roses and the Manufacture of Rose-Water and
Uttur at Ghazeepore. .... SAS haber occ PP beta nota se!
. 1X.—Memoranda on the Museum of the Asiatic Society. py Dr. M’Clelland. 415 » X.—Observations on the ‘‘ Report on the Museum of the Asiatic Society, by Dr. Wm. Jameson,”’ published in the Journal for March, 1839. By J. T. Pearson, é 4]
Contents. Vv Page. XI.—Proceedings of the Asiatic Society for May, .... sees cece wees 429 XII.—Proceedings of the Asiatic Society for June, .. cece secs eoee 432 XIII.—Proceedings of the Asiatic Society for July, .. < Seis cee eoee 433 XIV.—Meteorological Register for ey eave wees eleisje seee coee 442 XV.—Ditto ditto for June, alae le serie Biersie alelaie wees 644 XVI.—Ditto ditto for July, sabe miele Sains piaele ae coos 444 No. 90.—JUNE. 1.—Extracts from the Narrative of an expedition into the Naga territory of As- sam. By E. R. Grange, Esq. Sub-Assistant to the Commissioner, Assam,.. 449 II.—Report by Lieut. John Glasfurd, Executive Engineer, Kumaon division, on the progress made up to the Ist May, 1839, in opening the experimental Copper Mine in Kumaon, Ss erelera S5te eisvale apes aliens NEAL III.—Account of a Journey from Calcutta via Cuttack and Pooree to Sumbul- pur, and from thence to Medniptr through the Forests of Orissa. By Lieut. M. Kittoe. (continued ) aieels Slater iets siete coon 474 IV.—Notice of a Grant engraved on Copper, found at re in the Saugor Territory, 3 ar at sone. 481 V.—Mr. Middleton on ne Meteors of cane 10th, "1839. oe sees 49D VI.—Note to the Editors on the Native mode of preparing the AO shuned Oils of Jasmine and Bela. By Dr. Jackson, Ghazeepore. .. ie cece. 496 - VII.—Report on the Manufacture of Tea, and on the extent nes produce of the Tea Plantations in Assam. By C. A. Bruce, Esq., Superintendent of Tea Culture. 50 : es Hs Ae ge cous 497 VIII.—Proceedings of tie Asatte Societe sh aE He 25 esos 026 No. 91.—JULY. I.—Specimen of the Burmese Drama, translated by J. Smith, Esq., communi- cated by C. A. Blundell, Esq., Commissioner, &c., Moulmein..... shieiod I1.—On the Bora Chung, or the Ground Fish of Bootan. By J. T. Pearson, Esq. atavers Ae Betois Seles Bialele ‘Siete Vi OOL Ifl.—Extracts from official srenoraa with demmuptins Hetails regarding the New Nizamut Palace of Moorshedabad—erected by Colonel D. M‘Leod, Chief Engineer of Bengal. Pace cece case cece cece wees OZ IV.—Researches on the Gale and Hurricane in the Bay of Bengal on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th of June, 1839; being a First Memoir with reference to the Theory of the Law of Storms in India. By Henry Piddington, Esq. .... 909 V.—Note on the ‘‘ Trochilus and Crocodile’’ of Herodotus. By W. C. Pn Esq. stasis < < sk 4 090) VI.—Documents inte is the aipliea ion of Camel Draught A Causes: communicated by C. B. Greenlaw, Esq., Secretary to the Bengal Steam Committee. te pia aalee esee eee merle ce is)! VIl.—Acconnt of a Journey from Calcutta via Gite and Pooree to Sambal pur, and from thence to Medniptir through the Forests of Orissa. By Lieut. M. Kittoe. (continued ) soins Brees Sees niciere Meets VOUG VIII.—Meteorological Register, .. cscs nese cece cose eoee 621 No. 92.—AUGUST. I.—Note on the Mechis, together with a small Vocabulary of the Language. | By A. Campbell, Esq. Assistant to the Resident at aoe in He aie of Darjeeling.) .s... ies os oe oe Blears) O20
Vi Contents.
Page.
II.—Researches on the Gale and Hurricane in the Bay of Bengal on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th of June, 1839; with reference to the Theory of the Law of
Storms in India. By Henry Piddington, Esq. once IlI.—Extracts from Mr. M‘Clelland’s paper on Indian Binatinidins As. Res. Vol. XIX. Part II. oF ae - = eee
IV.—Account of a Journey from Calcutta via Cattsck and Pooree to Sumbul- pur, and from thence to Medniptir through the Forests of Orissa. By
Lieut. M. Kittoe. (continued) 585 bs ai siels omits saree V.—Note on a pillar found in the Ganges near Pate and of another at Kurra, near Allahabad. By Lieut. M. Kittoe. a Seni -VI.—Note by Messrs. Jessop & Co. of Calcutta, on the srpetiiie of the Iron Ore of the district of Burdwan. ee eves VII.—Note on the habits of the Coel, and on the Sicoeem of lsiualers By Major Davidson. oe Behe VIII.—Note on the Scapes of Kinnbivombdea and Basal ae of Lapidodenira By Lieut. N. Vicary. : ve oe . . cece IX.—Proceedings of the Asiatic Bucci: st =- “ owe X.—Meteorological Register, .. ee ee oe ele eeee
No. 93.—SEPTEMBER.
I.—Sanscrit Inscription on the Slab removed from above the Kothoutiya gate of the Fort Rohtas. By the Editors. a ah ts ieee II.—On Camel Litters for the Wounded. By H. Piddington, Esq. os sece III.—Note by Dr. Kean of Moorshedabad, on Dr. Stewart’s Table of Mortality among Hindu Females. .. aa cece IV.—On fifteen varieties of Fossil Shells ines in avictia! Srieas and “Nerbudda territories. By George G. Spilsbury, Esq. Surgeon, &c. .. 5 piste V.—Note on the River Goomtee, with a section of its bed. By V. Tribeca Esq. Jounpore. .. oe 5 ws oe oe owe’ VI.—Memoranda relative to ex thinieits on the sisi athntcon of tT teacawh Signals by induced Electricity. By W. B. O’Shaughnessy, Esq. M.D. As- sistant Surgeon ; Professor of Chemistry, Medical College, Calcutta ; and Officiating Joint-Secretary to the Asiatic Society of Bengal. we eee VII.—Extract from a Memoir on the Preparations of the Indian Hemp, or Gun- jah, (Cannabis Indica) their effects on the Animal system in Health, and their utility in the Treatment of Tetanus and other Convulsive Diseases. By W. B. O’Shaughnessy, Esq. M.D. Professor in the Medical College of Cal-
cutta, &e. &e. *.. ie eis VIII.— Memoir on the Climate, Soil, eyuce wa Hegende of Atehaniaiaad and the Neighbouring Countries. By Lieut. Irwin. at a wets 1X.—Meteorological Register, Se 6 - aie an as cece
No. 94.—OCTOBER.
I.—Memoir on the Climate, Soil, Produce, and Husbandry of Afghanistan and the Neighbouring Countries. By Lieut. Irwin, (continued) .... alee II.—March between Mhow and Saugor, 1839. see eatate 0 balsa releiera If].—On an Aerolite presented to the Society. wees ace eoee IV.—Extracts from the Mohit (the Ocean, ) a Turkish work on Navigation in the Indian Seas. Translated and communicated by Joseph Von Hammer, Baron Purgestall, Aulic Counsellor, and Professor of Oriental Languages at. Vienna, &c. &c. Sisters aretaie Been aside Pyonce one e Pareles
631
690
671 681 683 684° 689
687 692
693 702
704
708
712
714
732
745 777
779 805 822
823
Contents. Vil
Page. V.—Description of an Astronomical Instrument presented by Rajah Ram Sing, of Khota, to the Government of India. By J. J. Middleton, Esq. of the
Hindoo College, Calcutta. sale seee woes seine See) coll VI.—Extract from a Memoir on the nites ies of the Indian Hemp, or Gun- jah, (Cannabis Indica) their effects on the Animal system in Health, and their utility in the Treatment of Tetanus and other Convulsive Diseases. By W. B. O’Shaughnessy, Esq. M.D. Professor in the Medical College
of Calcutta, &c. &c. (concluded) ....- soos cece Soee suse GOO VII.—Memorandum on the Explosion of Gunpowder under Water by the Galvanic Battery; with a notice of the successful destruction of the ‘‘ Equi- table’ at Fultah Reach. By W. B. O’ ug atk aE M.D. Assistant
Surgeon, &c. &c. .... Hor arly SAE wedi, COL VIII.—Proceedings of the eee pees S60 esse aia e A Oe) Notices, .... aiviets ate brapete Silos dieiee Aone dee GOO
1X.—Meteorological Register, .... aie ealars cece wcee eae) (SOF
No. 99.—NOVEMBER.
I.—Memoir on the Climate, Soil, Produce, and Husbandry of Afghanistan and the Neighbouring Countries. By Lieut. Irwin, (continued) .... Sarefai SOO II.—Journal of a trip through Kunawur, Hungrung, and Spiti, undertaken in the year 1838, under the patronage of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, for the purpose of determining the geological formation of those districts.—By Lieut. Thomas Hutton, 37th Regt. N.I., Assistant Surveyor to the Agra
Division. aisle iit loreray tN slate : Sacre SEP Slit staan cole III.—Notes on various Fossil Sites on the Nurindde. ; illustrated by specimens and drawings. aa ole ole : mise ctelste ece eee cau
1V.—Proceedings of the Asiatic Suckers sen nelle V.—Meteorological Register, ....
sles cece Aiclets Oo eeo8 eees @een eevee e@eee 971
No. 96.—DECEMBER.
I.—Third Report on Tenasserim—the surrounding Nations,—Inhabitants, Na- tives and Foreigners—Character, Morals and Religion.—By John William Helfer, M.D. Levers A Mates ies sais S505 Nose | 083
11.—Memoir on the Climate, Soil, Produce, and Husbandry of Afghanistan and the Neighbouring Countries. By Lieut. Irwin, (continued) .... wees 1005
{11.—Journal of a Mission from the Supreme Government of India to the Court
of Siam, ee eeeo e2eeoo eeee e@eae @eo e@eaeo @oaee@ 1016 IV.—Remarks on the Geology, &c. of the country extending between Bhar and Simla. eeo00 e200 @es0 eee08 eo0ee e008 e@oce08 @eec0 1037
V.—Note on the process of washing for the gold dust and diamonds at Heera Khoond. By J. R. Ouseley, Esq. .... eoee cece aeive eeee 1057
V1.—Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, cievaiel| > i sila cscs ever 1009
VII.—Meteorological Register, .... cece esee 6op sees eooe 1069
é
} Pu , FLL bert eee
PREFATORY NOTICE.
The acting Secretaries have this day the honour to submit to the Asiatic Society, and to the Subscribers to the Journal so long connected with that Institution, the first number of a new series.
On the sudden departure of the late inestimable Secretary, Mr. James Prinsep, much difficulty arose as to the continuation of the Journal, he so long and so admirably managed. While no member of our Society could lay claim to Mr. Prinsep’s universality of attainments, or presume to enter, without self-distrust, on even a portion of his pursuits, almost all were already over-burthened by official or professional du- ties. Some were deterred, moreover, by the consi- derable pecuniary risk which the management of the Journal involved. Under such circumstances it was arranged that the Rev. Professor Ma.an, of Bishop’s College, in association with Dr. O‘SHAUGHNEssy, should continue the Journal at the risk of the latter. But this plan was defeated in imine by the illness of Mr. Malan, and the necessity of his proceeding to the Cape.
Mr. J. C. C. SurHERLAND having been appointed to act as Joint-Secretary with Dr. O‘Shaughnessy, during Mr. Malan’s absence, has consented, however, to under-
i
take the management of the part of the Journal de- voted to Oriental literature and antiquities. On his col- league will devolve the supervision and arrangement of matters relative to Natural History and General Science. The Editors propose no alteration in the plan of the work. It will be their constant aim to imitate Mr. Prinsep in the discharge of their editorial duties. It will be their indescribable pride, should they succeed in sustaining the high rank to which he elevated his Journal among the most distinguished periodicals of the day.
But the Editors have no desire to’ conceal their apprehensions of the possible failure of' this attempt. Both may without affectation describe themselves as men having a full share of responsible occupation. The hours of a scanty leisure are all they can assign _ to this new care, nor have they in themselves the in- exhaustible resources which enabled Mr. Prinsep to fill up so perfectly, whatever deficiency any depart- ment of the Journal might experience. Thus circum- stanced, they would fain call on the Members of the Asiatic Society, for the good name of that respected body, as well as for the public utility, to exert them- selves to support, nay to preserve, this Journal. Such exertion will be the best token of respect and gratitude to Mr. Prinsep—a feeling in itself enough to induce all to contribute their contingents, however trifling, in furtherance of the pursuits, which under the constant patronage of the Asiatic Society, he cultivated with such extraordinary success.
The Editors have pleasure in stating, that in the important departments of Oriental Geography, Modern
lil
Dialects, Statistics, and Natural History, they are already amply supplied with most valuable materials. To Colonel Stacy and his gallant companions with the Army of the Indus, they look with confidence for numerous contributions in the History and Numis- matology of the interesting countries on the route of the Candahar expedition. In fine, the Editors enter- tain sanguine hopes of, still preserving the “ Journal” for the Society, and the Public, provided the old con- tributors participate in some degree in their anxiety to accomplish this object. Asa claim on the co-operation of those who have hitherto been so instrumental in maintaining the character of this Periodical, the res- ponsible Editor assures the Subscribers that any pecu- niary returns which may exceed the expenses, will be devoted to increasing its bulk, improving its quality, and adding to the number of its illustrations. The Work is thus the property and benefit of a “ Joint Stock Company,” of which the Editors are but the honorary, though anxious servants.
*, Contributors are deemed entitled to 50 copies of their papers, which will be forwarded, bearing postage, by letter or banghy dak wherever they direct. Copies of the Journal are dispatched by each Overland Mail to the leading Periodicals in Europe and America.
~ , _+ 4 * al é . , b. — f So
i
eke *. 4% iar ite i ok : 7 ees j thy ; a o ; Tos ’ j wit ~ $ P that ¥ x } i ‘ " eB yer , i nh igh ‘ a ; ; ' : Finis 7 BS a 1h : ‘ ; ; ’ i = . ‘ ite ; p3 f ok, i » vf aA iv ‘
ee vant “peal peel dase abisaitn Pt a ue) iRise sith awber abe balige te oylgg pi 2 fe Lape eh iw eoaneg tied ema eithets POAT -
a fa eg pray iw? Avot weil {7 205
a3 ie ails tevin.
Ola rast bare’ ered PE a we ar ees sai otto? bos ‘G0’ eit iOS ‘yet Ds)
LP OY a he ap Dae rE Ss by es Oda! a an, Se ree | er? ¥3 a8 ‘ ai he t p tj ; a é 4 sy * be ; ’ a < AS ri L - iF a ee Piey eck T He. STS ” Zeer j Saree pee. rad Rene LASS
et ; eee a cos hae at Pe AO On fe ee . Ie a tees ep cie de Appt it ba TFT) peitt Ga Fiore 3 sdhiies : oh
; ‘ - . >
ohh e508
Jase UR ap ait Hise vad foe >
+ Leica | 4 fi . £ an BEE EM een” Se ia) he ee tira Owe Abe HES a yo" a » PRO Baty es } ik TEC Te gO Geeea kl td ae ae” ta . : = ie : . ¢ i bis apy Arey 4 ‘ is i “a = ee 5 Lie Be = A a LAW Pee | =e Pages fe ot | Came yy! . sa —_ ear? ¢ « oat ge ae zt ae 5 [22 3
ys oa 7 : & j - T j ’ ' 4 4 4 % - ue wage went | j 5 Fess pi bh ; . i 4 ' E ve ~ 4 4 >) gos POTS ae i : = °
| ihm o2% co ie at
“ <
/ - ie. Kite pals * goin zug! atl = yen p Lg “4 ; t \ ‘ 3 y , rat Pi Rn ae q - ; “ ¥ m * Ae M4 ¢ be ve 4 a ee 7%
- ron , : 1 Me . Sar 8g, : wat’ oft ee bes a4 eae iS Sie thu Fat ’ ‘ sinks y : te wy > j ; « #) we . ‘ ‘ Ret ta i ?. ‘ ; - a . i ak
JOURNAL
OF
THE ASIATIC SOCTETY.
No. 85.—JANUARY, 1839.
Art. 1—A Grammar of the Pashtoo, or Afghanee Language. By Lisot. R. Leacu, Bombay Engineers, Assistant on a Mission.
To the Secretary to the Asiatic Society. Political Dept.
Sir,—I am directed by the Honorable the President in Council to forward to you the accompanying Grammar of the Pashtoo or Afghan Language, compiled by Lieutenant Leach, for such notice as the So- ciety may deem it to merit.
2. Iam further directed to request that the Grammar in question may be returned when no longer required.
I have the honor to be, Sir, Your most obedient humble servant, H. T. PRINSEP, Secy. to the Govt. of India. Fort William, 20th Feb. 1889.
This language is called Afghanee or Avghanee by Persians and other foreigners, and Pashtoo, Pukhtoo, and Pastoo, severally, by the Afghans of Candhar, Peshawar, Teerai, and by the Afreedees, Khy- beerees, &c. Ke.
The language is decidedly of Sanscrit complexion, from the fre- quent occurrence of the @ 7h and @ kgh ; indeed these two letters with the Devnagary ‘S compose the peculiarity of the language.
B
2 Grammar of the Pashtoo or Afghdnee Language. [Jan.
The difference between the Peshawar and Candhar dialect is, that in the former the Persian @ is used, when in the latter the Sanscrit
W occurs.
The Candharee is reckoned the purest dialect ; and when correctly spoken, resembles in the plaintiveness of its tones the peculiar dialect |
of Ireland.
The Alphabet is as follows.
Afghanee. Devna- English.
gary. j 3 a — q b ee eee p ‘all a t cy th tis z. t goa ST j Ge eee a | ch c h é kh E 3 @ 3 te g J < 2, S y) 3 Ue qq. U*. q Ure oF I Lye ee ue ef b
aoe gers aa aka
Pronunciation,
as the second a in parable, as the English,
Ditto, ditto,
as the Continental 4
as ¢h in things,
as the English @,
as the English 7,
as the English,
as the aspirated h,
as ch in the Scotch loch, the Afghan z used for coupling, the Continental d,
as th in those
the harsh English d, the English 7,
the peculiar Maratha d, the English z,
the French 7 in jour, the English s,
the English sh, unknown in English, the Arabic dwad,
the Arabic dzwad, the Arabic ¢,
1839.] Grammar of the Pashtoo or Afghanee Language. 3
The Alphabet ( Continued.)
Afghanee. Devna- English. Pronunciation. Gary. b Z .» the Arabic 2, & 7X... the Arabic mark for guttural vowels, é ; gh . the Persian guttural, es Ui f . the English 7, 3 . K__... the harsh English 4, wl @ ... xk... the English £, rex4 Hos. |... the English’g, a a a . the English J, ° a - M ... the English m, w up < ir Al . the English x, 3 ic me Ww . the English », or v, 3 ane h_,.. the English A, me c= Fucus y ... the English y, i 7 Ree keh ... the Sanscrit.
The same story is told of the Afghan language, that the Mah- rattas tell of the Canarese, viz., That_a certain king sent his vizier to collect all the vocabularies and dialects of the earth; on the vizier’s return he proceeded to quote specimens before his royal Master: when he came to speak of the Afghanee dialect, he stopped, and producing a tin pot containing a stone, began to -rattle it. The king in surprise asked the meaning of this proceeding. The vizier said that he had failed to get a knowledge of the Afghanee language, and could only describe it by rattling a stone in a tin pot.
It is also said, that Mahammad, the Arabian prophet, gave it as his opinion that the Afghanee was to be the language of the infernal regions, as Arabic was to be that of heaven.
In the comparison of languages, in which Arabic is called science, (ilm) ; Turkish accomplishment, (hunar); Persian sugar; Hindus- tanee salt ; the Afghan is complimented with the appellation of the ‘“braying of an ass.”
4 Grammar of the Pashtoo or Afghanee Language. [Jawn.
An Afghan is immediately discovered by another by the correct- ness with which he distinguishes between a masculine and feminine noun. ;
we, Declension of a Noun Masculine.
Singular. Plural. Nominative ds, a horse asan, horses Genitive da ds, of a horse da asano, of horses
Accusative & Dative ....
‘Ablative la ds, from a horse la asanoo, from horses
as ta, a horse asanoo ta, horses
Decilension of a Noun Feminine, ending in a Vowel.
Singular. Plural. Nominative aspa, a mare aspe, mares Genitive da aspa, ofa mare da aspo, of mares Accusative & Dative... aspeta, a Mare aspota, mares Ablative la aspe, from a mare la aspo, from mares
Examples of forming the Feminine from the Masculine Noun.
Masculine. Feminine. spe, dog spai, a bitch Khar, a donkey khara, a she-ass buz, a he-goat buza, a she-goat gid, a fat-tailed ram gida, a female sheep orara, nephew orera, niece tara, uncle tarala, aunt
Declension of a Compound Noun.
Singular. Plural. Nominative gha sadai, a good man gha sadee, good men Genitive dagha sade, ofa good man daghasadee, of good men Acc. & Dat. gha sade ta, a good man gha sadota, good men Ablative la ghasade,fromagood man la ghasadee, from good men
Declension of the 1st Personal Pronoun.
Nom. Za, I muj, we Gen. zma, mine. zmuj, ours Ace. & Dat. mala, me. mujla, us
Abl. lama, from me. la muj, from us
1839.] Grammar of the Pashtoo or Afghanee Language. 5
Declension of the 2nd Personal Pronoun.
Sengular. Plural. Nom. ta, thou taso, ye Gen. : sta, thy istaso, yours Acc. & Dat. tala, thee tasola, you Abl. la ta, from thee la taso, from you
Declension of the 3d Personal Pronoun—proximaie.
Nom. dagha, this dagho, these
Gen. dade, these da deev, of these Ace. & Dat. dela, this deevla, these
Abl. . lade, from this la deev, from these
Declension of the 3rd Personal Pronoun—remote.
Nom. hagha, that hagho, _ those
Gen. dahagha, of that da hagho, of those Acc. & Dat. hagha ta, that hagho ta, those
Abl. la hagha, from that la hagho, from those
Declension of the Reflective Pronoun.
Nom. Pakhpul, I myself Gen. Akhpul, my own Acc. & Dat. sth) ‘sen’, Wanting
Abl. sap Mies le Nd itto
Declension of the Interrogative Pronoun—animate.
Singular. Nom. sok, who Gen. da cha, whose Acc. & Dat. cha ta, who Abl. la cha, from whom
Declension of the Interrogative Pronoun—inanimate.
Nom. sa, what Gen. asa, of what Ace. & Dat. sala, why
Abl. lasa, from what
OOwsw SMP wy
Grammar of the Pashtoo or Afghanee Language.
you dwa dare salor pinz shpaj avo atha nah las
you visht do visht dre visht salerisht pinzvisht shpaj visht ovisht athvisht — novisht dergh
you salweght doo salweght dre salweght salor salweght pinz salweght shpaj salweght 0,0 salweght ath salweght nah salweght pinzast
you shpeta - doo shpeta dre shpeta salor shpeta pinz shpeta shpaj shpeta 0,0 shpeta ath shpeta nah shpeta avya
Cardinal Numbers.
1] 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
you las dwa las dyar las swar las pinz las shpadas olas
athlas nolas
shil
you dergh do dergh dre dergh salor dergh pinz dergh shpaj dergh 0,0 dergh ath dergh nah dergh salweght
you pinzost doo pinzost dre pinzost salor pinzost pinz pinzost shpaj pinzost 0,0 pinzost ath pinzost nah pinzost shpeta
you avya doo avya dre avya salor avya pinz avya shpaj avya 0,0 avya ath avya nah avya atya
‘(Jan.
1839.] Grammar of the Pashtoo or Afghanee Language.
81 you atya 91 you nawee 82 doo atya 92 doo nawee 83 dre atya 93 dre nawee 84 salor atya 94 salor nawee 85 pinz atya 95 pinz nawee 86 shpaj atya 96 shpaj nawee 87 oowa atya 97 oova nawee 88 ath atya 98 ath nawee 89 nah atya 99 nah nawee 90 nawee 100 sil
1000zil 1,00,000 lakh
kror 1,00,00,000
Ordinal Numbers.
Ist yawam 6th shpajam 2nd doowam 7th owam
ord dreyam Sth atham
Ath salaram 9th naham
5th pinzam 10th lasam, &e.
Conjugation of the Auxiliary Verb (masculine. ) Indicative Mood. Present Tense.
Singular. Plural. Ist Person, zaiyam, I am muj yoo, we are 2nd taiye, thou art taseyast, you are ord hagha, dai, he is haghadee, they are
Perfect Past Tense.
Singular. Plural. Ist Person, zawum, I was muj Woo, we were 2nd_ do ta we, thou wast tasi wast, you were 3rd do hagha woo, he was hagha woo, they were
Imperfect Past Tense.
Singular. Plural. ist Person, za kedam, I was being muj kedoo, 2nd do takede tasi kedast, ord do haga keda hagha keda,
Pluperfect Past Tense—Hanp BEEN.
Ist Person za sawai wam mu] siwee woo 2nd do ta suwal wee tasi siwee wast
3rd do hagha sawai woo hagha siwee woo
~~
8 Grammar of the Pashtoo, or Afghanee Language. [Jan.
Future Tense—~SHALL BE.
Ist Person, zakeajam muj keajam 2nd do ta keaja - . tasi keajai 3rd_—s do hagha keajee hagho keajee
Imperative Mood. ta sa, be thou tasi sai, be you.
| Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense.—May BE.
Ist Person, zawam muj woo 2nd do ta we tasi wast 3rd do hagha see hagho soo
The Relative Conjugation Ir ts expressed by Ka. Perfect Past Tense.
Ist Person, za wai muj wai 2nd ta wal tasi wai 3rd hagha wai hagho wai
Infinitive Mood Kepa, “ BEING,” or “ TO BE.” Past Participle, Sawai woo, “ BEEN.”
Conjugation of the Verb Watryit, “to speak.” Present Tense.
Singular. Plural. Ist Person, za waiyam muj, waiyoo 2nd do ta wai tasi waiya’st 3rd = do hagha wai hagho wai
The feminine gender only changes the Ist Person Singular, as a woman says, 2a waiyama.
Perfect Past Tense.
Ist Person, ma’ waiyil muj waiyil
2nd do ta’ waiyil ta’si waiyil
3rd_ do hagha’ waiyil hagho waiyal Imperfect Past Tense.
Ist Person, ma’ waiyil muj waiyil
2nd do ta’ waiyil ta’si waiyil
3rd do hagha’ waiyil hagho waiyil
1839.] Grammar of the Pashtoo or Afghanee Language.
Pluperfect Past Tense.
Ist Person, ma waiyalaiwo
Qnd do. ta wo waiyil
3rd do. haghd waiyalaiwo
Singular.
Ist Person, za bawowaiyam
2nd ditto ta bawowaiye
ord ditto ~hagha bawowai
muj waiyaleewoo tasi waiyaleewoo hagho waiyalai woo
Future Tense.
Plural. muj bawowayoo tasi bawowaiyast hagho bawowai
Imperative Mood.
ta wawaya
tasi wowayast
Subjunctive Mood.
lst za wowayam 2nd ta wowaye 3rd hagha wowayee
Present Tense.
muj wowayoo tasi wowayast hagho wowayee
Perfect Past Tense.
lst ma waiyalaiwoo 2nd ta waiyalaiwoo 3rd = hagha waiyalaiwoo
muj waiyaleewoo tasi waiyaleewoo hagho waiyaleewoo
Adverbs, Post- and Pre- positions, Conjunctions, Se. &c.
porta, above
kghata, below
danana, in
dabandee, out
dilta, here
halta, there
de khawa, on this side hagha khawa, on that side doudande, before douroosta, behind jirr, quickly
ro ro, slowly
man rwaz, to-day paroon, yesterday sabha rwaz, to-morrow ba, till
saranga, how bul jalé, again os, NOW
biya, afterwards makh 4 mukA, in front bas, enough ham, also
ho, yes
nah, no makava, don’t ka, if
para, sake of wodya, gratis az, than
0, holla
sarra, with
10 Grammar of the Pashtoo, or Afghanee Language.
mudam, always
kala, when cherta, where
rwaz, day, shpa, night, halak, boy, z0e, son,
jilai, girl, loor, daughter, peghla, maid, plar, father, mor, mother, uror, brother, khor, sister, oba, water, or, fire,
dode, bread, — ghahar, city, kalai, hamlet,
kijde, tent woollen
kor, house khoona, room ghole, a yard wanai, tree bootai, bush
tirkh, brushwood
mar, snake
ta 00z, peacock
[Jan.
wo, and
ya, or
bela, without wale, but
Vocabulary of Nouns.
as, horse,
aspa, mare, osai, deer, khar, ass, ghatar, mule, behan, colt, yaboo, poney, chirg, fowl, chirga, hen, kaftara, pigeon,
‘gidada, fox,
chaghal, jackal, koj, hyena, spai, dog, pishee, cat, mujak, mouse,
zirka, Greek partridge
huja, leak gazir, carrot
malkhaze, thyme
anar, pomegranate _ hindwana, water melon
mana, apple meda, man
ghaza, woman mandina, female nareena, male
vaj, bear
bizo, monkey
sarkaza, hog
bza, she-goat
waz gadai, he-goat murghumai, kid
mej ewe
maj, ram
warg maj, fighting ram dusherla, middling ram psherlai, ram wuchkulai, ram
urai, lamb
ghwa, cow
ghwayai, bull sukiwanda calf
chughuka, sparrow oogh, camel ghanum, wheat wurijjee, rice urbushee, barley nakhud, pulse phascolus, maximus pyaz, onion tanzire, partridge kurak, quail thalla, sole of foot warghawe, palm of hand punda, heel
padkai, ancle pandai, calf — zangoon, knee khwale, perspiration pgha, leg
waroon, thigh
nas, belly
1839.] Grammar of the Pashtoo, or Afghanee Language.
malga, salt
tel, oil ghodee, ghee shakar, sugar marach, pepper largai, wood kuchee, butter hagge, an egg shide, milk maste, curds shalumbe, butter-milk lastai, pestle khat, bedstead tiltak, coverlid balight, pillow nihale, bed ospana, iron surp, lead
mio, copper kal, year
zyad, brass myasht, month sirazar, gold speen zar, silver tirkha, bitter garm, hot
sod, cold klak, hard narm, soft ~ ae garan, dear arzan, cheap spuk, light duroond, heavy wach, dry noombd, wet zulf, lock of hair tsoonee, woman’s hair bret, mustacheos jeera, beard arkh, armpit
kunatai, bullock tatar, beast
las, hand
oja, shoulder
sha, back
ghada, neck shund, lip ghagh, tooth zinne, chin barkhoo, cheek paza, nose
sajme, nostril stirgha, eye banoo, eye-lash waridza, eye-brow tandai, forehead ghwaj, ear partookh, trousers
partoogagh, breeches string
ozgar, idle pagde, turban khaj, sweet turwa, sour mukh, ‘nail spajme, moon store, star wah, woo, wind garz, dust zona, light tyara, darkness angoor, grapes oma, raw pakha, cooked shkar, horn swa, hoof changul, divided hoof wadai, wool pumba, cotton
. jibba, language
gAwajai, hunger tajai, thirst kough, shoes
1]
12 Grammar of the Pashtoo, or Afghanee Language.
tirkhe, armpit kund, widow oghke, a tear meda, husband ghaza, wife daroo, gunpowder purod, grass ghalla, grain speen, white
soor, red
tor, black
abee, blue
zyad, yellow sheen, green mahee, fish ghwashe, meat Imar, sun rikeboona, stirrups muloona, bridle ghar, hill
seen, river khight, brick nikka, grandfather wurr nikka, great grandfather masai, grandson
(Jan.
chaplai, slippers
doond, blind
gung, dumb
koon, deaf
god, lame with both legs rast, straight
koj, crooked
tsappa, upset
lewanai, mad
khapa, angry
ranzoor, ill
starai, tired
dard, pain
ldér, road
safar, journey
noom, name
zeen, saddle
kad wasai, great grandson kosai, great great grandson zoom, son-in-law warindara, sister-in-law orara, nephew
orera, niece
tra and aka, uncle troree, aunt
Vocabulary of Verbs.
ratalal, to come tlal, to go
ravdal, to bring odal, to carry away patakedal, to place odaradil, to rise porta kawil, to raise kghenastan, to sit akhistan, to take wenissa, to seize khudal, to eat chghil, to drink zbeghil, to suck chichil, to bite ghwkhan, to chew the cud
talal, to weigh
ve pemawal, to measure pakhawal, to cook khlas wal,
waz wal, Ls open paranatal,
tadal, to blind parkawal, to cut seere kawal, to tear matawal, to break zghastal, to run lwastan, to read girzedal, to stroll skawul, to pull pakawal, to wipe
1839.] Grammar of the Pashtoo, or Afghanee Language. 13
jo owal, to chew khandil, to laugh jadil, to weep wahal, to beat jagh kawal skandal, to pinch gandal, to sew beredal, to fear tukhedal, to cough telawul, to push ghakha wal, to press mityaze faints Sue
lad eghwurzawul, to spit kawal, § | ghwul kawal, to ease one’sself dakawul, to fill [ment leedal and katal, to see jaghawul, to play on an instru- tishawul, to employ lirekawal, putting away
bazee kawal, to play mzaka kandan, to dig
waiyil, to speak paghal, to sow
wuruk kawal, to lose waswa, to burn
mudal, to die
purewatal, to fall zejal, to bring forth purawal, to borrow por warkawal, to lend put wal, to conceal ghakhauwal, to bury zij dedal, to tremble khals wal, to loosen garawul, to scratch togawul, to pour pookawul, to blow
. to call
ca 7, RE
Sentences and Dialogues. — The Afghan Salutation—‘ Roau Bop.”
Jod e gha taze gha khushal e gha § Are you well ? quite fresh ? quite raghale ? happy ? welcome ?
Answer. Jha wose pa khair wose f Ao Stee be well. May all be makhwar reje. , right with you. May you ne- ver be badly off.
Sta noom sa de ? What is your name? Ta soke ? Who are you?
Kum yanye? Who is there ? ‘ Tasi chare zai Where are you going ? Tasi la kum zae raghaliyast Whence come you?
Dwa myésht me sooeedee chi la@ It is two months since I came Candhara raghale yam from Candahar.
Da lar da Shikarpoor de? | Is this the road to Shikarpoor ?
Za khabar neyam pakhpula mu- \ I don’t know, I am myself a tra-
sapar yam Lar waghaiya
Tsa khabré la Badshah Avaradi-
leeyast ?
veller. Shew the road.
Have you heard any news of the
king ?
14 Grammar of the Pashtoo, or Afghénee Language. [ JAN.
Wai ee chi Shikarpoor ta wara| They say he has arrived at Shi- seda. karpoor.
Da Hinduwdno pa kaghaz kghe da Hardt da babata tsa apne lawoo?
| What was the news from Herat f in the Hindoo’s letter ?
Kshilawoo da kajar tag oda Kam- — 2 ree os he: = ersians ran chapdw pa Farrah bande Seeeee es, BA at Kamran
oda MahammiadSiddeck"Klen had made a descent on Farrah, Aaa hie dial and taken away Mahammed : Sideek Khan prisoner. So rwaze soo,ee dee chi Kasid la) How many days is it since a Cos- Loodiane raghale de ? sid arrived from Loodiana ? Kaza durwagh zam na gham pinz
rwaze soo i dee \ If I remember right it is five days.
Wale jar ra naghale? Why have you not come quickly ? Ma psheen spareshan SI will go out riding by afternoon \L prayers. Za be khartsa yum muwajam me|I have no money, will you give raka? me my pay ?
Madar woka chi da hinde mudda Mat till the bill of exchange be poorda see
Dode zma da_ para ae chi | aii ets dinner for me, as I am
wujee yum chi wakfuram s hungry and have an appetite.
Tsa bara sta zoe zma deedan lara | What’s the reason your son does ranaghai ? not come to see me ?
Sa lara da kar na kave? Why don’t you do that ?
Tasta sawe ? What is become of you ?
kameesa pa tso mazdooree ba will you take for making six jod ke P shirts ? Da ghar moom laree ka na laree Has this mountain a name or not?
Ka za spansee darkam dé int I give you ready money, what
Sardardn da Candahar chi dee pa )The Sardars of Candahar when
wakht da mukadame chi da they want to get money from cha tsakha tsa ghwadee akApul any one in time of need, are in da ourate psol wa hagha sadee the habit of pawning their wives ta giroje kghee dee jewels
AkhApul maindina biya wo poo- ) They instruct their wives to get hawee chi bya pa fand tara da- the jewels out of pawn by a khpul psol bidta zeenee ravda § contrivance of their own.
Pa Candahar ki jha 4s tsa keenruet {| What is the price of a good horse laree P- in Candahar ? Gha 4s pa salor souwa pa ldésrazee A good horse can be got for 400 Rs.
Derawat tso zara rupo, ee mdlyd \ What is the revenue of Derawat laree in thousands ?
Dergh zara rupo,ee malya laree It is a revenue of 30,000 Rs.
1839.] Grammar of the Pushtoo, or Afghanee Language. LS
Shah Shuja chi raghalai woo ae When Shah Shuja appeared, all daran tola raza woo chi ghar theSardars were content to give warkee baghair la you Sardér} up the city except Kohn Dil Kohn Dil Khanchi waigil chi| Khan, who said, my head with zma sar daio da Kala Kungre} these parapets.
Tasi arvedalai dai chida Maham-} Have you heard the uncle. of mad Shah aké Shikarpoor lare > Mahammad Shdéh has arrived raghalai dai? in Shikarpoor ?
ra) a Specimen of Afghan verse from Abdul Rahman.
Har matloob chighwaje ta, gp When the musician turns the da rabab serew of the Rebeck
Pada tauk jhee zma zada semen “oe each turn that is made my kabab heart is burnt.
Chi saiye panagima pa peiiadinas When I pay attention to the tune um and the tone
Dewana sham grewantsiree most | I get mad, and tear my clothes okhrab frantic and lost.
Hame tar hame guftar hose as ar- \ The strings and burthen of the ka song so distress me Chi hetsok na takat lareenatab That none could bearit orendure it. Let there be music first, then the theme of absence,
Third, let a poet recite his good
Youve saz, bulawdze da belto ;
Dream shaar paraghaz ka intikhah
5 verses, . ee i Sa Fourth, let a cupbearer be near Che mak/ na mahtab li dilaivee Who has never been looked on by na aftab : sun or moon—
Da talor wada fitne dee pa tslor? These four are four traitors in kunja four corners—
O pinzame surdeedai da mai nab) And the fifth bea bottle of the spajame wakt da noubahar o da best wine, and the sixth the time zawanee of the new spring and youth,
Ou owam shughal da bayazoda) And the seventh reading of al-
kitab § bums and books.
Chida hoomree 4fatoona sara tol t If all these wonders be collected shee | together
Turo tsok saranga zeenee kande) Who can deliver himself from ijtanab them ;
Chida hasee dilbardn par as ar-) He who is not affected by any of naka these rarities
_ Yaba devee yd deewaz dai yédaw 1 Must be either more than human, ab a wall or a beast.
a
16 Grammar of the Pashtoo, or Afghanee Language. (Jan.
Da tsargand bashee parhez da par-\ Here the abstinence of abstainers
hez ga f will be discovered Kakadar shee pa spahade pa shrab biti ay he he aoe Za Rahman lareeyé zohda pana) May God defend Rahman from ghwadam hypocrisy ;
Dareeyd zohad 4z4b de hamitab § Hypocrisy is trouble and reproach.
(True Copy) H. Torrens, (Signed) R. Lracu.
Depy. Secy. to the Govt. of India. With the Govr. Gent.
Argt. II.—Sisupa’ta Bap’ua, or death of Sisupa'ta by Ma’Gua. Translated, with Annotations, by J. C. C. SuTHERLAND, Esq.
——<—$<$<—$_ 0 ———— Book 1.—The conference between KrisHna and Na’rapa.
Salutation to the fortunate GANEsa !
faaafa Rafrafeqaasaatfearareaee aegis | qeeee MATA gcMqangysata ete: XII
1. Hari, husband of Sri, dwelling in the fortunate abode of VasupeEva, to reform the world, though himself the abode of worlds, saw descending from the sky, the sage, who sprang from a portion of the being, that was conceived in the golden mundane egg.
fearqatenifaancifearnc fancy: fara: | ~ c ‘ 6.45 LA hss Binh te AUN E UC disap chun SICH beds” °
qaeaaearaaitcacag: aaa frecranaa aaa: RII
2. Is this the Sun itself parted into two orbs? Is it fire shining with light divested of smoke? The motion of the luminary whose -eharioteer has no legs is curvilinear. The ascent of flame is a well
known property of fire. What is this, which descends diffusing light around ? Thus was the sage contemplated by wonder by the people.
1839.] . Conference between Krishna and Narada. 17
qafeanifaeaaraifcagcraa woo fataartaareagea frafararradqariatrmaredarcecraai raz: ait
3. The sagacious hero gradually recognized him. First, he remarked a mass of light; then, perceived an organic shape ; next, discerned the human form ; and, lastly, knew him to be Na’rapa.
AMAR AZ CA TA AAT ATL YS HACIA TTS
ququidaaaisegaaarene raafaedaeraT ie!
4. Who, gray like a heap of levigated camphor, clearly resem- bled for a moment (whilst close under vast fresh clouds,) SamBuu whitened with ashes, and clad in the skin of a mighty elephant thrown over [his shoulder ].
eMAAAT TAA ATS ACTS TOTO aT: | farafayrafeaeretrereeretegaadaahireg yi
5. Who, shining like the Moon in the sultry season, and wearing braided locks, yellow as cream, and splendid like the filaments of the lotus, resembled the king of mountains covered with multitudes of twining plants that thrive in the region of snow.
fragaishqaasgarsfiamaamnisaasara ie . qquqarafaarceacifasraan fefraeTeas leit
6. Who, brilliantly white, girt with a yellow cord made of hya- cinthoid alectris, and clad in the skin of a black antelope, shining like antimony, mocked the person of the hero, conspicuous by his black apparel, fastened to a golden cord,
A At faeyqusnyesfcaadhecenaray ceateaaed (a 2 oN @ . =. e A
| Rad hermayqeraagarateat {ate 191
7. Who, white as snow, and wearing for a scarf a string made of the fibres of climbing plants, gathered from the golden soil, and long like the down on the body of the king of birds, resembled a cloud _ streaked with flashes of lightning, in the season in which clouds be-
come unfrequent. D
18 Conference between Krishna and Narada. [ Jan. 3 frerfaaissrarqenrr eure eae faa geryat | 5 q ~ e THA ACA TANT RAAA eZ AIeFATSA IE 8. Who, seemed the king of elephants that bears InpRa, ornament- ed with trappings made of the beautiful skin of a spotted deer, covered
with hair, delicate, glossy, and naturally variegated, decorating a body white like the slips of the stalk of a lotus.
THAT ATT TTA TUT A SIT AS TAM AAT qemare cay ftargarranrara eee SATA TAT 1
9. Who held a rosary of clear crystal beads, but seemingly half filled with coral beads, in front being divided by the rays, emitted from the nail of his thumb, reddened by the strings of his lute con- tinually struck by him.
A AN Caf scars Foes aes g AACS SAT: eqLMAg AAR Ta VSATAA TATA SAT SAS Nl
10. Who looked again and again at his lute surnamed “ the large,” wherein the rising and descending melodies of various octaves be- came distinct, by musical notes, which consist of different sets of measured sonorous lengths, and which were separately sounded by the impulse of the breeze.
eR CIT CE Gi RiGnicClCrCRICICICCUISG? WHA SOU ASAT AS VLA SIATTTA TAT: UII
1]. That Treasure of Knowledge, which is possessed by such as have subdued their passions, dismissing the inhabitants of the sky, who followed him with humble salutations, alighted at the house of him who is armed with a discus, and has stript demons of their conquests, an abode elegant like the palace of InpRa.
MATA HATA TE CoAT HY FTAA | farteaferatfraatag esas ATMS TASS ETT: NURI
12. The devout saint, an image of the descending Sun, was not yet — standing before the immortal hero, when he hastily rose from his lofty throne, like a thunder-cloud from a mountain.
1839.] Conference between Krishna and Narada. ieee:
A ON PN PARAS eA AATAATAOYARA MTA ATTY: | ies ode ~ eqUTiarara a fae aA AAA TAT ACAI ATS 1X Shi 13. The son of Duarri alighted before the son of. Devaxt1, and as the feet of the saint touched the surface of the earth, it was hardly
upheld by multitudes of serpents underneath, who bowed, in despite of their exertions to raise their dilated necks.
AACA ERAS TTU ATTA AT YAAEATT HT TAPIA MIealras wa heraAT TATA AA HAT: 1% Bit
14. The primeval being shewed due honour to that venerable person with an arghya and other ceremonies; for wise persons enter not, with complacency, the houses of them who do not perform the sacred rites of civility.
AATASATTS TITAS [PAA AAC ACTH ATSAAT LTT | PARAS a HT AA fer SATA AMAT AS ATT TAMT XY
15. Ere the people observed them, as they stood rivalling moun- tains of snow and of antimony, the primeval sage had made the saint sit down in front of him on a seat presented with his own hands.
ACA TATA AAT TT Tas Hea HAHTATSr | Praterige aay ea ACT ACS egAa ACTA 11 Ui
16. Sitting on a lofty throne before the foe of Kansa (who shone like a vast sapphire) the sage exhibited the beauties of the Moon resting on the orient mountain opposite to the dusk at eve.
Fraraaearaafawee aaa TAA: aeiqaresaaa eqs Tara eae aa: Yo 17. The being who is dear to pious votaries, pleased the saint by
special honour shewn to him as he sat down ; for the wise delight in repeatedly conciliating venerable guests by respectful treatment.
HUTA ATTA AALS rsa ATTA aURAS TAT: adtafedefa haat S CAAT: LEI
18. Harr bowed his head as he received the fluid poured into his hands by the sage from a gourd, which contained water collected from every holy stream, and most efficacious to remove all taint of sin.
20 Conference between Krishna and Narada. (Jaw. THT PATA ACY AIA TAT VATA TT eas TA faraseqs mare agra yeaa aeaast MK
19. The golden throne on which the hero, whose body was black like a fresh cloud, sat down at the bidding of the saint, surpassed
the beauty of the cliff of Swmerw, embellished as it is by the fruit of the Eugenia. ;
AA TATMMACATIATIFAT: HSTCATC UTA SHAT Als: fagqdarsasiataze: frarfircrfeenarerathrra: Roi
20. Resplendent like the orb of the Moon, and clad in apparel that equalled the lustre of tried gold, he resembled the ocean embraced by the flames of submarine fire.
O
ANNOTATIONS—Book [.
V.1. BrauMa was born in an egg bright as gold (Menu, c.i. v. 9.) and from his hip sprang Narapa. Krisuwna being an incarnation of VisHnv bearsthe titles of that deity; the name Hart, and the attribute of pervading and containing the universe are therefore given to him, at the same time that he is mentioned as the son of VasuDEva. His wife RukMIN1 is in like manner considered as an incarnation of Sri or LuKsHMI. In the original, Sri is the first word of the couplet, purposely introduced there as an auspicious beginning of the Poem.
V.2. The first part of this triplet is an interpolation. The Scholiast leaves it unno- ticed, Aruna is the dawn, or the Charioteer of the Sun, and is figured without lower extremities. .
V. 3. The sagacity of Krisuna is here meant to be contrasted with the stupid wonder of the people.
V.4. On certain festive days Siva dances before his wife Panay,
V. 5. The mineral anjana that used for collyrium is here meant.
V. 6. Batarama, brother of Krisuna, derives several of his titles from the black apparel constantly worn by him.
V.7. Visunvu’s bird named Garuda, is surnamed King of Birds. The down on his body is figured as much larger than that which is observed in his kindred of royal vultures.
The King of Vultures, ifthe bird usually so named were meant by Sir William Jones, (As. Res. vol. vi. p. 128), has been described as a native of America and the West In- dies. The Pandits of Behar suppose the gigantic crane to be the Garuda. |
V.8. The spotted Axis is the species of deer alluded to in this place. Azravata, surnamed King of Elephants, bears Inpra, the sovereign of demi-gods. He is figured white like the royal elephants of Ava.
V. 9. Narapa being an ascetic is painted as here described, with a rosary in one hand, and his Indian lute in the other, his hair braided like an anchorite, his com- plexion fair, and his body covered with ashes, a sacerdotal string by way of scarf, a yellow cord round his waist, and the skin of an antelope on his shoulders.
V. 10. Narapa’s lute, surnamed Mahati or “ the large,’? Saraswami’s is called
‘“* Kachhapi’”’ (testudo), as Viswayasa’s Vrihati or ‘the best,’ and TomBuru’s “ Kalavati.’’
1839. ] Conference between Krishna and Narada. 21
The dissertation of Sir W. Jones, on the musical. notes of the Hindoos, may be consulted (A. R. vol. iii. p. 45). Murchana is here rendered according to the passage quoted by the Scholiast from a musical treatise. ‘‘'The ascent and descent of the seven notes in due order are called Murchha.’’ There are seven in each octave, and consequently twenty-one in the three octaves.
V. 11. The knowledge of God is attained by completely subduing worldly appetites. The discus is KrisHna’ s weapon of offence.
V. 13. Duarrti isa titleof Branma. Drvaxki was mother of Krisuna. In the infernal regions vast serpents, analogous in figure to the common Naga, are supposed by Hindu mythology to uphold the world on their dilated necks.
Their sensation of Narapa’s weight as he alighted, is termed by the Scholiast a beautiful exaggeration.
V. 14. Water with rice and grass presented to a guest in an oval vessel is named Arghya. Tt is one of the most auspicious ceremonies at the solemn reception of a guest.
V. 15. Primeval sage, like primeval being in the preceding verse, is a title of
VisHNv, applied like all other titles and attributes of that deity, to Krisuna.
' V.16. Kawnsa wasslain by Krisuna. The Scholiast cites a passage from AGasTYA where sapphires (if this gem be really meant by the Sanscrit terms Maha Nila and Indra Nila) are described as produced in mines in the island of Sinhala or Silan.
The earth is supposed by Hindu poets and mythologists to be terminated by mountains. The Sun rises from behind the eastern range, and sets behind the western.
V. 18. Narapa, lke otherascetics, bearsa gourd by way of water-pot; making con- tinual pilgrimages he had attached water from every holy river or lake.
V. 19. In conformity with the opinion of the Scholiast, Jwmbw is here taken for the fruit of the Hugenza, which when ripe is of a very dark colour; but Jumbu is also the name of a river which flows from the mountain Sumeru.
V. 20. The notion of submarine fire may be founded on volcanic phenomena ob- served in ancient times.
Art. III.—On the Geographic Distribution of Birds, but more par- ticularly of the European Species; with a critical examination of Mr. Swainson’s account.’ By Wm. Jameson, Esq., Bengal Medical Service.
The advantages to be derived from a study of the geographic distribu- tion of the organic and inorganic kingdoms, as presented to our view at the present day, are of the greatest importance, seeing that until this subject has been properly examined, that of a former world must remain imperfect ; and probably if more attention had been paid to it, many of the numerous errors connected with the distribution of fossil animals would not have been committed. Lately the foot- marks of birds’ have been discovered in a formation sad to be as old as the new red sandstone ; and the author, from an examination of these marks, has not only been able to point out the genus, but even characterise the species. The presumption in doing this, is scarcely
1 Read to the Wernerian Natural History Society of Edinburgh. 2 Prof. Hitchcock in Sillim. American Journ. of Science.
22 On the Distribution of European Birds. [J an.
worthy of attention. Cuvier from an examination of the internal ske- leton of birds, declared that it was, in many instances, impossible to tell the genus, far less than the species. Let us therefore receive with caution such observations, even although they have been consi- - dered as plausible by several of the leading geologists.' We examined the casts of those so called foot-marks, in the collection of the Royal College of Surgeons of London,” but were not at all convinced of their ornithological origin, and till we have further evidence than such impressions, we would be inclined to argue the contrary; for we are as much, or rather more, entitled to infer that they are only vegetable impressions.° To find the remains of birds in such a for- mation as the new red sandstone would invalidate one of the grand principles of geology. |
In tracing out the geographic distribution of the animal and ve- - getable kingdoms, various methods have been adopted. Some authors, as Humboldt and Latreille, have attempted to trace them according to parallels of longitude and latitude; others, as Illiger, * Fischer,” &e., according to the various Continents—which no doubt is the most unobjectionable method ; for we find, that when the former is properly examined, it will not stand the test of minute examination, seeing that we have in each of the individual Continents great groups entire- ly confined, and which have no representatives in any other of the other Continents under similar degrees of longitude and latitude, as we ought to find, if the views of Humboldt, &c. were correct.
Till the laws which regulate the distribution of both the organic and inorganic kingdoms are explained, such a method can never be adopted. We no doubt find secondary causes, such as light, heat, moisture, greater or less distribution of water, configuration of the land, exercising a powerful influence, which is particularly marked out in certain quarters of the globe ; and from authors looking to these. individual places alone, they have put more stress upon these causes than what we are entitled to do. Thus, for example, in Northern India, where we find the climate in some places to resemble so much the European, we have a large series of quadrupeds, birds, insects, plants, &c. either identical with the European, or undergoing such slight modifications, as to entitle them to be considered as — local varieties, or at least the representatives of the European species.”
1 Buckland’s Bridgewater Treatise.
2 For liberty to examine these we were indebted to Mr. Owen.
3 Our reasons for coming to such a conclusion we shall afterwards give.
4 Abh. d. Akad. d. Wiss. Zu. Berlin. 1806, p. 236 et 1812 a, 13, p. 221.
5 Synopsis Animalium et Conspect. Distribut. Geographie.
6 Vigors, Zool. Proc. Pt. i. pp. 7, 22, &c. Gould’s Cent. of Birds. Wils. Cab. Lib. India, vol. iii. p. 78. Jameson, Wern. Trans. in Ed. New Phil. Jour.
1839-] On the Distribution of European Birds. 98
But although these secondary causes seem to have a certain influ- ence in some places, yet that is far from being universal, all appearing to be subject to some great principle hitherto undiscovered, and which will probably remain for ever so. —
Nor is it alone in the organic kingdom that we find the distribu- tion liable to vary from unknown causes. In the mineral kingdom we observe phenomena of a similar nature. Thus we find, as has been well remarked, “the geographical distribution of minerals to be very different from mountain rocks ; we do not find the same species everywhere, on the contrary, they seem to have many kinds of distri- bution, in this respect approaching more nearly to what we observe in the physical arrangement of animals and vegetables on the surface of the earth.””’
It is foreign to our purpose at present to give all the methods which have been proposed by Humboldt, Latreille, Fabricius, Swainson, &c. in order to point out the erroneous grounds upon which they are based, but shall at present confine our attention to that one most recently given, viz. by Swainsen ; and as he has entered into some detail, in regard to the birds of one of his divisions, allowing us an opportunity of refuting his statements, we shall therefore direct particular atten- tion to it; we are the more induced to do so, as no person has ventured to point out the erroneous views of this author, which seem to have been based upon a few and unsatisfactory data.
By Mr. Swainson the globe has been divided into a series of zoological regions or provinces, denominated, Ist. the European or Caucasian ; 2d. Asiatic or Mongolian ; 3d. the American; 4th. the Ethiopian or African ; and, 5th. the Australian or Malay. In the European or Caucasian province he includes the whole of Europe properly so called, with part of Asia Minor and the shores of the Mediterranean. In Nor- thern Africa, he states, the zoological peculiarities of this region begin to disappear ; they are lost to the eastward of the Caucasian mountains, and are blended with those of Asia and America to the north. 2. The Asiatic range comprehends the whole of Asia east of the Ural mountains, which form a natural and well defined barrier between the two Continents. The chief seat of this zoological region is, he states, probably in Central Asia; its western confines blend into the European towards Persia, and disappear in the west of the Caucasian chain ; it is united to the African range among the provinces of Asia Minor, and is again connected with Europe, and also with America, by the arctic regions of the three Continents ; finally, its
7 Jameson, Werner Trans. Annals of Phil. vol. yi. p. 301.
24 On the Distribution of European Birds. [Jan.
most southern limits are marked by the islands of Java and Sumatra, where the zoological characters of the Australian regions begin to be apparent. 3. The American province, he states, is uni- ted to Europe and Asia at its northern limits, and comprehends the whole of the New World, but into. which it blends at the other extremity is uncertain. 4th. The African province. In it he includes the whole of Africa south of the Great Desert ; part, at least, of the countries on the Mediterranean exhibits a decided affinity to - the European range ; while the absence of large animals in Madagas- car, and the presence of genera peculiar to New Holland and the extreme point of Southern Africa, lead us to the fifth, or Australian range. 5. Australian province. Australia, New Guinea, and the neighbouring islands, mark its limits in that direction; Australia Proper is its chief seat, and it spreads over the whole of the nume- rous islands in the Pacific Ocean; and he moreover remarks, whether this province blends with that of America or Europe, re- mains for further discovery; but its connexion with Africa and Asia has been already intimated. That the zoology of each of the individual Continents blend with each other at their junction, is a fact that never once has been questioned; but with regard to Madagascar forming the connecting link between Australia and the African Continent, Mr. Swainson can claim no originality in this statement, seeing that it was several years before the publication of Mr. Swainson’s elaborate work, pointed out by M. Lesson ;* and it is a remarkable fact that lately several animals considered truly African have been detected in New Holland,’ and, on the other hand, several pouched animals, which tribe were supposed to be peculiar to New Holland and America, have been discovered in Madagascar.
The divisions which’ Mr. Swainson has proposed, appear at first sight very plausible ; but when thoroughly inquired into, will not bear the test of examination. Thus to arrange under one and the same division the Continents of North and South America, Mr. Swain- son has taken for granted what nobody has admitted, cr can admit, viz. that the geographic distribution of birds is subject to the same laws as those which regulate man." Upon this argument the whole of his divisions seems to be founded, which is quite at variance with all that is yet known in regard to the geographic distribution of ani- mals. In fact, there is no ground whatever for such an argument ; nor have we any evidence whatever, on the other hand, to maintain that
8 Annal. de Science Nat, 9 Proceedings of Zool. Soc. of London.
10 The divisions adopted by Mr. Swainson being in accordance with the views of
Dr. Pritchard in regard to the distribution of man.
1839. ] On the Distribution of European Birds. 25
man is liable to be influenced by the same physical laws as those which act upon the lower animals.
If we take into consideration the Continents of North and South America, we shall find them fully as well, if not better, marked out aS zoological provinces—at least South America—than any of the others enumerated by Mr. Swainson. Thus among the Mammalia in South America, we find, the genera Priodon, Apara Encoubertes, Dasyprocta Hydrochaerus, Calogenys,'® &c. entirely confined ; and in regard to the ornithological kingdom, the genera Pipra, Itupzcola, Alector, Crax, Penelope, Dicholophus, Crotophaga, Rhamphastos, Rhea Tanagra, Trochilus, &c. are almost entirely unknown in the Northern Continent. No doubt a few extend their migrations as far north as Mexico; and of the family Trochilide, or Humming-Birds, four are found throughout the Continent of North America; two!' of these however must be considered as accidental. One, the T'rochilus colubris, extends as far north as the 57° or 58° on the west coast, '? it also frequents the warm plains of Saskatchewan, and Mr. Drummond found its nest near the sources of the Elk river. It advances towards the north as the season lengthens, and delays its visits to the Northern States till the month of May, and still as remarked by Nuttal, as if determined that no flower shall blush unseen, or waste its sweetness on the desert air, it launches at once on wings as rapid as the wind, without hesitation, into the flowery wilderness which borders on the arctic circle." Another species, T'rochilus rufus, first discovered by Captain Cook at Nootka Sound, hence denominated the Nootka Sound Humming-Bird, has a much more extensive range, having been found by Kotzebue as far north as the 61° parallel of latitude on the Pacific coast ; and there are specimens in the Edinburgh Royal Museum of the same species from Mexico. Specimens have also been observed by Swainson from the same quarter, being killed near Real del Monte. In the T'7xochilus (ornismya) sephanoides, Less. we see a similar distribution in the Southern Continent, it having been discovered by Captain King at the Straits of Magellan, and in honour of whom it has been named the Melisuga Kingii by Vigors,* although erroneously, for it does not at all differ from
10 For the different genera of quadrupeds proper to the two continents of America, see Hliger. Loc. Cit. Fischer. Loc. Cit., and Richardson’s excelent Report on North Ame- rican Zool. in Trans of Brit. Asso. vol. v. for those found-in North America.
{{ Audubon’s Amerc. Ornith.
12 Nuttal’s Amerc. Ornith. vol. ii. p. 605
13 Nut. vol. i. p. 585
'4 Zool, Journ
26 On the Distribution of European Birds. [Jan.
Lesson’s species,'” who is quite correct in giving this name as a synonym. Lesson’s specimen was received from Chili, and in the Edinburgh Museum there are several specimens, one of which was received by Pro- fessor Jameson from Mexico. The occurrence of Humming-Birds and Parrots in such high southern latitudes was long ago pointed out by Cook. His observations, however, were called in question, and denied by Buffon, but happily found to be quite correct by King." But are four species, two of which are accidental visiters, to be consi- dered equivalent to nearly one hundred which are confined to the Continent of South America?’ The same applies to the Tanagers ; for of the three species found in North America, one alone is pro- per to it, the other two being also found in South America. The species we allude to, arethe Zanagra rubra, Lin.and T. astaca Gm. Numerous other examples could be given from the families Pszttacide, Falconidee, Musicapidee, Tyrannide, &c. tending to shew the exclu- siveness of the ornithology of South America. Again, when we turn our attention to North America,'* we find it characterized by certain tribes, which however are not so numerous as those of the other Con- tinent, but quite sufficient in number to mark it out as provincially distinct from South America. But it is not only by the mam- malogical and ornithological kingdoms that these Continents are so pre-eminently distinguished from each other. In every department of animated nature we find similar characters, to notice any of which is foreign to our subject at present. But although we have divided the Continents of America into but two provinces, yet we believe the time is not far distant when the mammology, ornithology, entomo- logy, &c. shall be better examined, and more attention paid to the individual members of each class ; we shall then instead of two have many zoological provinces. For as in the botanical so in the zoologi- cal kingdom, we shall no doubt find series of birds, quadrupeds, &c. having as their fixed places of abode certain regions of the world, beyond which, although a few may migrate, yet upon a careful exa- mination, the greater number will be found to be confined. This statement is well borne out by the collections which frequently reach this country.
Thus what ornithologist who has paid any attention to the subject of the geographic distribution of birds, could not at once distinguish a collection from Southern, from one from Western Africa ; or a collec-
15 Man. Ornith. vol. ii. p. 80. Hist. Nat. des Ois. Mouches, p. 69. 16 Zool. Journ.
17 In Mexico a good many species occur.
18 Richardson Loc. Cit. Faun. Bor. Amery. &c.
1839. ] On the Distribution of European Birds. 27
tion from Northern India, from one from Southern India; or a col- lection from the Malayan Peninsula from one from any other part of Asia. ‘The same holds true in regard to collections from different parts of the American Continents. Moreover, in the Continent of Australasia we have an ornithology in the neighbourhood of Port Jack- son quite different from that we find at Moreton Bay. Thus the Alectura lathamt, Gray,”” found at the latter, is not found in the neighbourhood of Port Jackson, its place being there supplied by the Menura lyra Sh. or M. Novee Hollandic Lath. It has also been shewn by Professor Jameson, that even in some of the larger islands we have a zoology quite different from that we meet with in the adjoining Continents. Thus he states—In the island of Sumatra, which is only a secondary one in point of magnitude in the Archipelago of Notasia, we meet with the Ele- phant, Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus, &c.; but the species of animals are often different from those in the neighbouring Continents — . Thus the Rhinoceros of Sumatra is different from that of Asia. Madagascar produces many species of snakes, which are found no where else. The inhabitants of Van Diemen’s Land are very different from those of New Holland, and the greater number of mammiferous animals and reptiles are specifically different from those met with in the neigh- bouring Continents.—That many of the islands of the Indian Archipe- lago have a zoology peculiar to themselves, has been proved by the researches of Raffles, Horsfield, Sonnerat, Leschenault, Reinwardt, Dussumier, Duvaucel, Diard, Belanger, Kuhl, &c., all of whom have increased our knowledge more or less in regard to them. Nor are the islands farther in the south without their own peculiar Fauna. Thus we find in New Zealand not only a great many species, but even many genera which are found to exist no where else. It is here that we meet with that most extraordinary bird the Apteryx Australis, first described by Shaw, but whose existence has more than once been called in question,” although erroneously, as has been pointed out by Yarrel.” 5
In New Guinea we also.meet with a particular Fauna. It is here that we find the splendid group of Paradise Birds. We have
19 Proc. Zool. Soc.
20 Lesson Tracte d’ Ornith. p, 12. et Man. d’ Ornith. vol. ii. p. 210.
21 Tran. Zool. Soc. vol. i. and Zool. Proceed. pt. i. pp. 24,80. Of this bird there are now several specimens in Europe. In the collection of the Zoological Society of London we saw one specimen, in the Liverpool collection there is an im- perfect specimen, and we believe that there is a very fine specimen in the collection of the Earl of Derby, from which Yarrel drew up his description and made his drawing. See Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. i.
28 On the Distribution of European Birds. (JAN.
therefore in our tables more for convenience, or rather till we get more information on the subject, arranged the birds under the heads of the different Continents, and including all the islands south of Java and Sumatra in the Continent of New Holland, adopting the term of Australasia.
. Let us now enter more in detail, and trace out some of Mr. Swainson’s so-called zoological provinces. We shall first notice his European or Caucasian Province. :
In tracing out the geographic distribution of this province, Mr. Swainson has divided the birds into a series of groups, or orders, thus Rapaces, Grallatores, Natatores, Gallinaceee, Scansores, &c., which we shall now notice individually. In regard to the first of these groups, he makes the following statement—“ The rapacious order, next to the aquatic tribe, is of all others inhabiting the land the most widely spread. This is particularly the case among the nocturnal species. it is remarkable that of thirteen different Owls inhabiting Europe, six only are peculiar ; and two of these more particularly inhabit the arctic regions. Of the rest, four occurin America, two in South- ern Africa, and one both in Asia and America. The Falconide, or diurnal birds of prey, in regard to their species, have a more restricted distribution than the nocturnal; yet of these, the Eagles enjoy no inconsiderable range ; of four discovered in Europe (I here ‘use his own words?) one is more properly arctic, three have been found in several parts of Africa, and one occurs in Ameriea—leaving three only to Europe. It is singular, he continues, that those rapacious birds which, from the peculiar structure of their wings, have been supposed to enjoy the greatest powers of flight among their con- geners, should nevertheless have a much more’ limited range. This is proved by the fact, that of eight genuine Falcons inhabiting Europe and Northern Africa, two only have been discovered in America. it has, however, recently been stated that the Peregrine Falcon of Australia is absolutely the same as that of Europe.” Upon the whole, the distribution of the forty-four European birds of prey appears to be thus regulated—three are more properly arctic; eleven are found also in America, two in Asia and Africa, and one in Asia and America; leaving twenty-seven, or more than one half, as
22 Geography and Classification of Animals, p. 22. See also Murray’s Encyclop. of Geography, vol. i.
23 In regard to the identity of the peter: Falcon of Europe od Australia there can be no dispute. We examined minutely the specimen described by Horsfield and Vigors in the Linnean Trans. now deposited in the Museum of that Society, but could not discover one trivial character of difference. For permission to examine it, and the collection generally, we were indebted to Prof. Don.
1839. ] On the Distribution of European Birds. 29
characteristic of European Ornithology.” How Mr. Swainson could have come to such conclusions, seems to us very remarkable ; not one of the statements which he has made, being at all correct. Thus of the thirty-five species of diurnal rapacious birds found in Europe and comprehended in the genera Vultur, Neophron, Gypaetos, Falco, Aqui- la, Halicetus, Pandion, Circeetus, Astur Accipiter, Milvus, Nauclerus, Elanus, Pernis, Buteo, Butaetes, and Circus, four are common to Europe and Asia; three common to Europe and Africa; three common to Europe and North America; ten common to Europe, Asia, and Africa ; four common to Europe, Asia, and North America ; one common to Europe, Africa (?) and North America ; one common to Europe, Asia, and Australasia ; one common to Europe, North and South America; one common to Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America; and three (?) cosmopolite, or found in all the different Continents of the world; leaving only four species proper to Europe, or in the proportion of 1 to 83, and it is even doubtful at present whether all the four species are confined to Europe. But Mr. Swainson has marked out in a particularly prominent manner the genera of Falcons and Eagles, properly so called, in order to shew that the distribution of birds is not in an equal ratio with their powers of flight—a statement no doubt quite correct; but he has been very unfortunate in his illustrations, for among all the tribes of European birds, the Falcons and Eagles possess a most extensive distribution. Thus of the nine species of Falcons (one or two of which seem to be only occasional European visitants), two alone are proper to Europe ; three common to Europe and Asia ; one common to Europe and Africa; one common to Europe and North America ; one common to Europe, Asia, and North America ; and one common to Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia, North and South America.” That the maxim, as the powers of flight so is the distri- bution, is not correct, many instances could be given; and in no tribe have we a stronger evidence to the contrary than in the Ralliide, seeing that they exist in the western hemisphere, so far north as Hudson’s Bay, and in the eastern, as far south as the Sandwich islands, having thus a range of about 105° of latitude, and nearly 280° of longitude ; and it is well known that the powers of flight in this 24 Ch, Luc. Bonaparte, in his Catalogue of American and European Birds, gives a new name to the Osprey of America; upon what grounds we know not. Gould in his work on the Birds of New Holland, now publishing, has described the Osprey of that quarter as a new species, to do which he is not at all entitled, there being no characters whatever presented to mark them as specifically distinct. In the Ed. Museum
there is one specimen from New Holland, agreeing in every character with specimens, killed in Europe. The same remarks apply to the American species.
30 On the Distribution of European Birds. , (Jan.
tribe is not at all well developed, at least to such a degree as to account for its extensive distribution. Nor does this remark apply to this group alone, many other examples, if it were necessary, could be given. In regard to the Eagles, Mr. Swainson’s statements are equally in- accurate. Thus of the nine Eagles included in the genera Aguila, Halicetus, Pandion, and Circaetus, two are common to Europe, Asia, and Africa ; one common to Europe and North America ; one common to Europe and Asia; one common to Europe and Africa; two common to Europe, Africa, and North America; one cosmopolite ; leaving only one proper to Europe; for it seems not at all improbable, that the Agudla tmperialis will be found extending throughout the African Continent.” Moreover it may be stated as a general rule, that in whatever families we observe a large series of modifications, there we have a wide distribution. This is strikingly the case in the Falconide, Anatide, Sylviade, Muscicapidee, Columbide, Fringillide, Laride, Turdide, Laniade, &c. Nor is this rule confined to the ornithological kingdom; we havea similar arrange- ment exhibited in the mammalogical, as well as in many of the other kingdoms of the organic world; and when we direct our attention te the inorganic, we can trace out a similar arrangement. Thus in those families in the mineral kingdom in which the physical and external characters are very various, in them we find a most extensive distribution, as is well exemplified by the quartz, calcareous spar, and garnet families, modifications of which occur in every formation, from the oldest up to the newest ; in every climate, from the inhos- pitable regions of Melville island to the tropics, and in all the inter- mediate spaces ; and, on the other hand, from the tropics as far south as 70°, and also at all heights and depths yet attained by man, viz. from 20,000 feet above, to 1600 feet below, the level of the sea.” In regard to the nocturnal birds of prey, comprehended in the genera Strix, Bubo, Otus, Scops, Surnia, Ulula, Syrnium, and Noctua, we have the following statement to make, which is quite at variance with that given by Swainson. Thus of the fifteen Owls found in Europe, three ‘only are proper to it, one of these doubtful; common to
25 Mr. Gray, in General Hardwicke’s Work on Indian Zoology has figured a bird under this name, which however is quite a different species. The specimens noticed in the Asiatic Society’s Journal for November, 1838, as varieties of the Aquila chrys- aetos by Dr. Evans, are quite different birds; in fact they do not belong to the genus Aquila at all, being characteristic specimens of the genus Halietus. The bird is a new species, and the only other specimen we have seenis in the collection of the Zoological Society, London.
26 Jameson’s manuscript Lectures on Miner. see also Man. and Syst. of Mineralogy.
1839.J On the Distribution of European Birds. ol
Europe and Asia, two; to Europe, Asia, and Africa, two; to Europe and North America, five ; to Europe, Asia; North and South America, one; to Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America, one; to Europe, Australasia, and North America, one; thus leaving a proportion of I to 5; and from these statements it appears evident that the noc- turnal birds of prey do not possess such a wide distribution as the diurnal, as stated by Swainson.
But Mr. Swainson in summing up his observations gives, as already stated, 27 species as peculiar to the European or Caucasian province—a number four times larger than we from a most careful and extensive examination have made it; the number being only seven, and it is even doubtful whether all these are peculiar to this so called zoological region or province.
Having now finished our analysis of the distribution of the Rapa- cious order, we shall now proceed to another of Mr. Swainson’s divisions, viz. the Gallinacece, whose distribution we shall follow out in a similar manner. “ On looking,”” says he, “ to the whole number of our Gallinacec, we find twenty seven species, fourteen of which have their metropolis in Europe ;. the remainder are thus dispersed— five extend to Western Asia ; five to the confines of the great African Desert ; two are dispersed over Central Asia and Africa; whilst two occur in North America.” In the above statements Mr. Swainson differs very considerably from our examination ; at least it is difficult to understand what he has included in his Gallinacec, for to make up the number of species we must include the genera Columba, Tetrao, Bonasia, Lagopus, Pterocles, Francolinus, Perdix, Cotur- nix, Hemipodius, Otis, Cursorius,and Glareola, comprehended under which we have twenty-seven species ; of course leaving out the Tefrao rupestris, a doubtful species, and which has only been met with in Europe once or twice. Nor do we include the Phastanus colchicus, an imported species. We however comprehend the Tetrao hytridus,” considered erroneously by some: naturalists as a hybrid between the Tetrao urogallus and the Tetrao tetrix, it presenting many characters to mark it out as a distinct and well marked species. Of the twenty seven species found in Europe, five are common to Europe and Asia ; three common to Europe and North America; one or two(?) common to Europe and Africa; and four common to Europe, Asia and Africa; thus leaving fourteen proper to Europe, or in the proportion of nearly 1 to 1 ; and of these, one alone is peculiar to the British islands, which is
27 Loco. Citato. p, 23. 28 Yarrel, Proc. Zool. Soc. Gould’s Birds of Europe.
32 On the Distribution of European Birds. . [J AN.
rather curious, it being the only bird which is so. Moreover the manner in which Mr. Swainson has traced the distribution of this tribe is much to be questioned, it appearing to us a more plausible than real. one, many of his statements no doubt being founded on the peculiarity of the country ; at least we are not at all aware of any thing being stated by any author which would authorize him to make such state- ments, and he makes no mention of being guided by personal examina- tions, which he no doubt would have done had he travelled in these regions, seeing that there is no individual more ready to inform us of the extent of his travels.
In regard to his next division, we have the following statement—” “The Swallow-like birds, Fiss¢rostres,” says he, “are well known by capturing their food on the wing, and by their migratory habits ; only one, the common or European Kingfisher, being stationary. Hence it is, that most of the European species occur in other regions ; the pro- portion of those which appear confined to Northern Africa is as 1 to 3.” He does not give any more details in regard to the Fisszros- tres, leaving his readers to fill up the rest by their own imagination. In his proportional number of species he is not correct. Thus of the fourteen included in the genera Hirundo, Caprimulgus, Merops, Coracias, Alcedo, three are probably confined to Europe ; and of the others, three are proper to Europe and Asia; to Europe and Africa, three ; to Europe, Asia, and Africa, three ; to Europe, Africa, and North America, one ; and to Europe, Asia, Africa, and North Ame- rica (?) one ; thus leaving a proportion of 1 to 3m ; but as many of the species, as stated by Mr. Swainson, of this order are migratory, it ren- ders the proportional number very doubtful; at least it is very liable to vary. |
In regard to the Scansores, Mr. Swainson states their number to be fifteen, including probably the genera Picus, Apternus, Yunz, Sita, Certhia, Tichodroma, Upupa, and Cuculus, eight of which he states are confined to Europe ; and as for the distribution of the other seven, as in the Fiss¢rostres, he gives usno information. The number of species however is eighteen, and of these eleven are proper to Europe; two common to Europe and North America ; three common to Europe and Asia; one common to Europe, Asia, and Africa ; and one, the Wryneck ( Yun torquilla) common to Europe, Asia, and North Ame- rica, which was many years ago pointed out.” Whether all of the above ten species are proper to Europe, is at present a question, owing
29 Loc. Cit. p. 24. 30 Jam. Edin. New Phil. Jour. and James Wilson’s Quart. Rey
1839.] On the Distribution of European Birds. 33
to the near approximation of several species from Northern India, which still require further examination ; and before the point can be settled, a large series of specimens will require to be examined. In the Indian Creeper (Certhéa vitticauda, Jam.)" and Indian Nuthatch, (Sttia Himalehensis)” although we have many characters in common with the European, yet still there are many others entitling us to con- sider them as specifically distinct. The occurrence of the former species in Northern India was a most interesting discovery, pointing out that the genus Certhia is more widely distributed than was originally imagined. In several of the Woodpeckers of Northern and Southern India we have also a great similarity with the European spe- cies, and in fact so remarkable, as to cause several of the more recent writers to consider them as identical.
In noticing the Crow and Starling families ( Corvide and Sturnidee ) Mr. Swainson has made some most extraordinary statements. Thus he states that not only several species, but even peculiar genera are left to characterise this portion of the world. Tv us this is quite unin- telligible. Species we have, we will admit, but as for genera in this group peculiar to Europe, there are none ; and even among the whole birds of this so called province, there is not one genus peculiar to it, if we except one or two among the Sylviade, whose generic characters however must be called in question ; and even if they should latterly be found to be correct, it would give but little more weight to Mr. Swainson ; for there is no group hitherto more neglected, and_of which our knowledge is so imperfect, than the Sylviade.
For many years, no doubt, the genera Cinclus’ and Nucifraga were supposed to be confined to Europe ; but species belonging to the former have been found in North America and Northern India; and in regard to the latter, we have one species occurring in Northern India, considered erroneously by some authors as identical with the European— it is the Nucifraga hemispila of Vigors. We shall after-
31 This bird has received other two names. It has been described by Vigors as the Certhia Himalayana, Proc. Zool. Soc. Pt. i. p. 174, and by Swainson as the Certhia Asiatica, Anim. Menag. p. 393.
32 Jard. and Selb. Zool. [llust.
33 The distribution of the Dippers stands thus—In Europe we have two species, one proper, the other being also found in Northern India. In America N. and S. (? ) one species (Cinclus Americanus). The new species described by Bonaparte is the above. Audubon, since the above was written, informed us that he had receiv- ed two new Cincli and a true Nucifraga from the Rocky mountains, the latter however had been long before described asa Corvus. Brehm has described a third species under the name of Cinclus melanogaster, it however appears te me to bea mere yariety of the Cinclus aquaticus.
KB
34 On the Distribution of European Birds. [ Jan.
wards notice the European genera in regard to their distribution, but in the mean time shall confine our attention to the distribution of the species. In regard to the species included in the genera Corvus, Sturnus, &c. Mr. Swainson states their number at twenty- one found in Europe, thirteen of which, or more than one half, habitually reside ; four occur in Northern and Central Africa; one common to Europe, Asia, and Africa; and three found in America. Nor are the above statements even in regard to the species cor- rect. Thus of the seventeen species, for we cannot make out more, included in the genera Corvus fregilus, Pyrrhocorax gar- rulus, Nucifraga, Pastor, and Sturnus, six are proper to Europe ; four common to Europe and Asia ; one common to Europe and Africa ; three common to Europe, Asia, and Africa; two common to Europe, Asia, and North America; and one common to Europe, Asia, Aus- tralasia (?) and North America. We mark Australasia with an inter- rogation, for the occurrence of the Corvus corone in that Continent seems doubtful. It is upon the authority of M. Lesson,” that we make the statement ; who, however, we rather think has confounded with it a nearly allied, but quite.distinct species. M. 'T’emminck” has also in his Catalogue of the Birds of Japan given the Garrulus glandarius, and marks it as the Japanese variety, which it undoubtedly ought only to be considered, for the characters which it presents vary so little from those of the European, and are of such a trivial nature. It is not to be confounded with the Garrulus bispecularis of Vigors,” a well- marked species, also presenting a close affinity to the European, it however is confined to Northern India. In the Garrulus melanoceph- alus, Bon.” we have another species presented, bearing a close affinity to the European, but it not only differs in several characters, but also, like the two Indian species, has a quite different distribu. tion, representing in its locality the common Garrulus glandarius.*
34 Ann. de Sci. Nat.
35 Man. d’ Ornith. vol. iii. Introd.
36 Proceed. Zool. Soc. Pt. i. p. 7. Gould’s Cent.
37 Gen. Mem. of the Acad. of Turin, vol. xxxvil. ‘p. 298.
38 Strickland on the Birds of Asia Minor. Proc. of Zool. Pt. iv. p. 97.
(To be Continued. )
1839.] On a new Genus of the Fisstrostral Tribe. 35
x Art. IV.—On a new Genus of the Fissirostral Tribe. By B. Hi. Hopeson, Ese. Catamandu.
[ Note by the Editors.—This and the following paper were transmitted to the late Editor more than two and a half years back, and were acknowledged at the time, though by some accident afterwards mislaid. The expert ornithologist will perceive that Mr. H’s. genus Raya is equivalent to the Psarisoma of Swainson, and the - Crossodera of Gould; but, by referring to dates, it will be seen that Mr. H. was the first person to characterise this new form, of which he has given two species. |
Dentirostres todide, Swainson.—Fissirostres todide, Vigors.—
Syndactyles, Cuvier.
Genus—new, Raya nobis. Species two, new, Sericeogula and Rubropygia. Rai and Raz Sziga of the Nipalese. Habitat, Central and lower regions.
These singular birds might be considered with almost equal pro- priety as the Dentirostral type of the Fasstrostres, or the Fissirostral type of the Denétirostres.
Swainson would regard them in the latter light; Vigors in the former; Cuvier would probably have placed them with hesitation among his Syxdactylés. ‘They seem to me to be compounded of 77- tyra and Eurylaimus—two parts of the latter, and one of the former.
The bill is shorter, broader, more arched along the culmen, less suddenly hooked, as well as more deeply cleft in the head than in Tityra ; it is longer, and more covered by those frontal plumes which entirely conceal the nares, than in Eurylaimus. The nos- trils have exactly the same character as in Z%tyra, but they are considerably more advanced, being nearer to the tip than to the gape. The wings agree in their gradation with those of T7tyra, but they are shorter and feebler than in that genus, or in Eurylaimus; and in. consonance probably with this feebler structure of the wing is the elongation and extreme gradation of the tail of our birds, a feature in which they differ alike from JZ2tyra and from Lurylaimus.
The feet of the Raye, like their bills, more nearly resemble those of Eurylaimus than those of Tityra; and whilst they differ from both genera by the smoothness of the acrotarsia, they depart from their otherwise strict correspondences with the feet of the former genus by the essential circumstance of a more restricted junction between the toes. In Eurylaimus the exterior toe is united to the end of the second phalanx, the interior, to the end of the first. This, the typical syndactyle structure, is only half developed in Raya ; the connexion between whose lateral fore toes reaches forward only to the mdddle of the respective joints.
26 On a new Genus of the Fissirostral Tribe. [ Jan.
With these preliminary remarks we shall proceed to characterise the genus or sub-genus Raya, thus— Bill shaped as in Eurylaimus, but equal to the head, or longer,
and having the soft frontal zone more produced, and concealing the nares ; orbits nude; head large and crested; gape very wide and smooth ; wings scarcely exceeding the base of the tail, rather feeble ; the third and fourth quills longest and equal; the first and second, very slightly gradated ; the primaries plus the tertiaries by about half an inch.
Tarsi longer than central digit, slender, smooth, more or less plu- mose ; toes and nails as in Eurylaimus exactly, but the connexion of the lateral fore toes reaching only to the centre of the second and first phalanges respectively ; tail elongated, firm, conspicuously and equally gradated throughout; tongue short, flat, triangular, sub- fleshy ; the tip pointed, cartilaginous, and sub-bifid or sub-jagged. In manners, and food assimilating with Trogon, and with Rucia ( nobis ).
Ist. Species. Sertceogula. Silken-throated Ray, nobis. Parrot- green, changing into verditer blue below; head and neck, superiorly, black ; inferiorly, silken yellow ; a narrow band of the latter co- jour circling round the brows, and bottom of the'neck, so as to enclose the black colour ; a blue spot on the crown, and top of the back, and a yellow one behind each ear; tail, and external edge of the pri- maries blue ; wings and tail, internally, jet black ; orbitar skin yel- low ; iris hoary brown ; bill lively green ; legs dull greenish or yel- lowish ; crest vague ; tail considerably elongated, and wedged ; the gradation equal, and complete ; tarsi plumed at top only ; 11 inches long by 13 wide, and 23 oz in weight ; bill 13 inch; tail 53; tarsus 1; ; central toe ae and nail 2 hind toe, Ms and nail a Sexes alike.
2nd. Species. Rubropygia. Red-rumped Raya, nobis. Structure less typical ; colour slatey grey blue ; lower part of the back, tertia- ries, and upper tail coverts, red ; wings, tail, tibie, and a band from the eyes to the nape, black ; primaries with a blue speculum, and blue tips ; the latter margined on the inner side with white ; rec- trices, except the two central ones, broadly tipt with white ; head con- spicuously crested ; tail shorter, and rather rounded than wedged ; tarsi half plumed ; bill soft blue ; iris brown ; orbitar skin, orange ; feet greenish ; size 7 to 73 inches by 103 to 11, and 1{ to 13 02; bill
14 inch; tail 31; tarsus 15 ; central toe 11; hind toe §. Sexes 16 16 16 16
alike. Nepal. May, 1836
ssaey Yqe7 2292 SPY YPPIGT
‘qou oe 5, snuasd Supe
y
“gS MdIA OPISUL
*
MOTTA eaprisyno
stgou eIqig snuaep aq].
1839. ] Two new species of Meruline Birds. OV
Art. V.—Description of tivo new Species of a new form of Meru- line Birds. By B. H. Hoveson, Esq. Catamandu.
Merulidee philedones, Cuvier.—Merulide crateropodine ? Swain- son.— Tenuirostres meliphagide, Vigors.
Genus—new, Szbia nobis. Sibya of the Nipalese. Habdtat. Lower and central regions of the hills.
What shall we say to a Meruline form compounded of the bill and tongue of Chioropsis, the nares of Cinnyris, and the wings, tail, and feet of Cinclosoma ? for such is the general, though not the precisely accurate, indication of the form I am about to describe.
Cuvier has separated from the promiscuous heap of the Meruline Birds a group which he tells us is distinguished from the Mezles by a slenderer, sharper, and more arched bill, and by a brushed tongue. To this Cuvierian group my birds unquestionably belong; but the group itself is so large, and its contents have been so little accurately ascertained, that small way is made to a definite conclusion by the determination of that point. There are a vast number of the aberrant Thrushes, both short legged and long, which closely approximate by the bill and tongue towards the Tenuzrostres ; but I am nevertheless of opinion that these relations are of secondary, not primary, importance. The birds in question are Thrushes, as Cuvier considered them to be; but whether or not they can be, most of them, ranged with propriety among the Brachypodine and Crateropodine of Swainson, I know too little of his general system to enable me to judge.
It may serve to illustrate the character of our birds to say, that they appear to me to belong to the latter sub-family, serving in many res- pects to link together the two. Mr. Swainson considers the long- legged Thrushes to be equivalent to the Tenwirostral Promeropide. It is certainly remarkable that in one of our species we have the long, broad, and gradated tail of Promerops.
Genus—SIBIA NOBIS.
Generic character.— Bill and tongue as in Chloropsis ; but the bill more depressed and more keeled towards the base; and the tongue forked as well as brushed. Wares basal, lateral, elongated, pervious, Junated, and almost lineated by a large, soft, sub-arched and nude membrane.
Nareal bristles, none ; rictal, small ; frontal plumes smooth ; wings, medial, round, acuminate, firm ; fifth and sixth quills longest ; first and second considerably, third and four trivially, gradated ; primaries _ plus tertiaries nearly one inch; tarsi elevate, stout, nearly smooth; toes submedial, simple, stout ; fores compressed, hind depressed and large ;
38 Two new Species of Meruline Birds. [Jan.
lateral fores and hind subequal, last strongest ; nails stout, moderately ~ curved, acufe ; tail various, as in Pxomerops or in Cinclosoma. Species Ist. Pdeaotdes. Pie-like Sibia mihi. Saturate slatey-blue ; paler. and greyer below ; darker and merging into black on the wings and tail; speculum on the secondaries, and tips of the rectrices, white ; legs plumbeous ; bill black ; iris sanguine ; tail very long, and gradated conspicuously and equally throughout ; head not crested ; 14 wees long and as many wide; bill 1} inch; tarsus 14; central toe ; hind toe a3 its nail /; tail 82; waibite 14 to 12 oz. Sexes alike.
— 7
Sls
Species 2nd. Nigréceps. ae Szbia miht. Rusty, with the en- tire cap and the wings and tail, internally, black; central wing coverts white toward their bases, slatey toward their tips ; outer webs of the primaries slatey-grey; of the secondaries and tertiaries, slatey; the last, rusty, like the body ; two central rectrices con-colorous with the body towards it, then black; the rest wholly black, and all with broad slatey points; bastard wing black; legs fleshy brown; bill black ; iris brown ; tail moderately elongated, gradated only in the six laterals ; head with a full soft garruline crest ; outer web of the secondaries rather enlarged, discomposed, and curled downwards ; size 83 to.9 inches, by 105 to 11, and 13 oz. in weight ; bill 1 inch; tarsus - s central toe 10, and nalts hind toed, and nail § ; tail —
16°
41, Sexes alike.
ord. Species. Nzpalensis, nobis. Described already as a Cinclosoma,' and forming a singular link of connexion between the Cznclosome and the Size. I postpone what I have to say upon the habits and manners of these birds to a future opportunity; at present it must suffice to observe, that they are indissolubly linked to the 6 ae by the nature of their food and manner of taking it.
Nepaul May, 1636.
ae ae ARIRMNNIAREGAST eens yeeerensy ne aioweseneae er
Art. VI.—On the Egyptian system of Artificial Hatching. By
Don Srinpaitpo Demas.
Several unfruitful attempts have been made in different parts of Europe since the labours of Reaumur to introduce the artificial mode of hatching eggs. In some parts chickens have heen brought forth which have not propagated; in others, for instance in Aranjuez, instead of chickens, hard eggs have been made. Notwithstanding these failures, being persuaded that they proceeded rather from igno- rance on the part of the experimentalist than from any real or insuper-
1 Note.—As Soc. Transac. Phy. Class., vol. xix. p. 143.
%
1839. | On the Egyptian system of Artificial Hatching. 39
able obstacle in the nature of the country where the experiments were performed, since my arrival in Egypt I determined to study in person minutely all the proceedings, without trusting to accounts which would always leave me uncertain of the truth. The enterprize was by no means an easy one. Few in Egypt possess the art, and those few make a secret of it. Besides, this first difficulty vanquish- . ed, so much patience and perseverance is necessary to remain for 21 days in an oven at 34° of Reaumur, full of the pestiferous smoke of burning dung—contending incessantly with the stupidity and pre- judices of the Arabs, who always suspect some sinister motive, and to every thing oppose difficulties, (believing, among a thousand other follies, that the thermometer warms the room in which it is intro- duced, )—that no traveller before me, that Iam aware of, has examined the matter in a satisfactory manner, or has given a circumstantial description of it. Nevertheless, my intimacy with my countryman Gaityany Bey, who rendered me every facility which the Government could offer, my knowledge of the vulgar Arabic language, and my con- stitution of the south of Europe, enabled me to overcome all the obstacles which hitherto embarrassed all Europeans who attempted to investigate this subject.
Before entering on a description of the process, I will stop a moment to shew that the artificial hatching, practised from time immemorial in Egypt, is not only a curious fact, but an eminently useful one ; since it facilitates with surprising rapidity the reproduction and abundance of the fowl, as well as the egg; both of which may be reckoned among the most pleasing and salutary articles of food for man.
The operation is carried on in an oven, generally composed of eight divisions or cells. In each of them 6000 eggs are hatched every 21 days, for the space of 34 or 4 months. It is admitted that Egypt con- tains more than 200 of these ovens. Deducting one quarter of the eggs which may be lost, we shall see that this artificial hatching gives 374 millions of chickens in one third of the year; which again must produce an immense number of eggs,’ Thus it happens that al- though latterly the price of all provisions has been doubled in that country, I have bought in Upper Egypt one egg for half a para, and the best fowl for a piastra.’ It is to be considered also, that the power of establishing these ovens is given by Government to the highest bidder; and that from this circumstance a considerable re- venue is received, which cannot fail to raise the-price of the article.
1 In the Encyclopedia Britannica the number of ovens is stated to be 360;
and the chickens produced 92 millions; which I think at least in the present day is a very exaggerated calculation.
2 One Company’s rupee=10 piastras. 1 piastra=40 paras.
40 On the Egyptian system of Artificial Hatching. [JAN.
To produce 273 millions of chickens without artificial heat, at least two millions of productive hens would be required in the space of four months! ;
The artificial mode of hatching does not oppose any obstacle to the natural one, since a hen born by means of the oven, or under the wings of the mother, at every season of the year can as well in Egypt as in any other country cover and hatch its own eggs.
One great inconvenience has been attributed to this method—it is said that the fowl degenerates, and consequently its egg.
This opinion originated in observing that the fowl of Egypt is ge- nerally smaller than that of Europe. The fact is true; but I can by no means agree that it is the consequence of artificial hatching. It is to be considered, Ist, That in Egypt several animals are of smaller size than those of other countries. 2d, That the artificial hatching consist- ing only in applying to the egg the same degree of heat that it might receive under the hen, without changing any of the natural operations, the number of days which it employs in vivifying it, &c. there is no plausible reasons to suppose that the chicken does not under this process attain its natural size. 3d, That there is in some parts of Upper Egypt a large kind of fowl called dégany or dinderany, and its eggs placed in the oven produce fowls equal in size to the mother. 4th, and to me the most convincing argument of all—if the action of fire could so reduce the fruit of the egg during its develop- ment, other circumstances being the same, the same cause must continue to operate every year, and small as this annual diminution may be considered in the number of ages that this method has been practised, (we find artificial egg hatching mentioned by Herodotus,) the fowl of Egypt ought to be reduced by this time to the size of a fly at least. Lastly, even admitting the hypothesis of degeneration, we must admit that the decrement has operated in a very- slow and imperceptible manner. This diminution being so inconsiderable, can by no means neutralize the beneficial results of artificial hatching.
The economy and benefit that this method is capable of diffusing among those who practise it being sufficiently demonstrated, I will pro- ceed to give a circumstantial narrative of all the steps of the opera- tion, as I have seen it practised in the ovens established in Ghisa, a suburb of Cairo, situated upon the right shore of the Nile. ;
The building is composed of a corridor with vaulted roof 40 feet long and 5 broad (A BC D, fig. Ist) The vaulted roof has five small apertures to give light. In the centre, tothe right hand, there is a door of 33 feet high and 23 broad (E, fig. Ist); this leads to another corridor (F G HI, fig. 1st) 48 feet long by 5 broad, also with vaulted
1839,| On the Egyptian system of Artificial Hatching. 41
roof, in the centre of which there are three apertures (J K L, fig. 2nd) of nine inches in diameter, to give light from above ; to the right and left hand of the corridor there are five divisions or cells of two stoves. Each inferior room or stove has an-aperture of 14 feet square (M, fig. 2nd). ‘The superior room has another aperture above of two feet five inches in height, and one foot nine inches broad (N, fig. 3rd); it has also an aperture of one foot square in the wall of the right hand, and another of equal size in the left, which I have seen constantly stopped up with tow (d, fig. 4th). The walls of the said upper stove begin rectangular from the ground, finish in a vault of 63 feet high (O, figs. 3rd and 4th), with a hole in the top of nine inches diameter (P, figs. 3rd and 4th). The ground of this room is nine feet long and eight broad (X Z V U, fig. 5th) and has in its breadth, that is to say in the same direction with the corridor, two grooves (Q Q, RR, fig. 5th.) of nine inches broad and two deep, and in the centre an aperture almost round of two feet in diameter (S, fig. 5th). The. first room entering to the right hand is destined to keep a fire always kindled ; it has only one stove, and its door is larger than the others (T, fig. 2nd). The first room to the left hand has no hole in the ground of the upper stove, but only a fissure of two feet, which separates the ground from the interior of the wall, to which it is notwithstanding united by several iron bars in the form of an oblique grate, (b, fig. 6th.) In this cell the materials destined for combustion are thrown through the hole in the top. They pass through the grate as through a sieve, and are taken away by the inferior aperture to be transported to the opposite cell which contains the magazine of fire.
There are, lastly, to the left hand of the exterior corridor two rooms 15 feet square, with vaulted roofs of 12 feet high, with an aperture in the top; they are intended for the preparation of eggs, as well as a place for chickens recently born, &c. (f and g, fig. Ist).
The material for constructing the oven, is the same employed generally in Egypt for the houses of the peasants; that is to say, mud mixed with straw. The vaults are constructed with burnt bricks. The ground which divides the cell in two stoves is sustained upon two trunks of palm trees parallel to the corridor, and a bed of branches of the same tree supported by the said trunks. Upon
this entablature is spread the mud which forms the ground whereon the fire is placed.
A little straw or tow is prepared on the ground of the inferior room; upon it a mat is placed, and upon the mat 6000 eggs,
G
o
4° 42 On the Egyptian system of Artificial Hatching. ee ‘Tila
which are not more than twenty-one days old, taken from a-hen-yard in which there is a cock.
For combustibles the dry dung of animals is used, which the Arabs reduce to small pieces with their hands; this material they call (jmong Cdims). In the first room to the right hand two pyra- mids of burning dims are formed, covered with common earth. The dims must take fire slowly, without making a flame. It is taken up with a fire shovel, put on to a plate of baked earth, and afterwards placed in the grooves (Q Q, R R, fig. 5th) which have been first half-filled with cold dims. Again a little dims is placed upon the burning portion, and upon the whole a little earth is strewed. The burning dzms which is taken from the magazine is continually replaced with an equal quantity of cold material. i
On the morning of the day destined to begin the operation the fire is placed in the cell to warm it, and at sunset the 6000 eggs are disposed in the manner explained. The fire is renewed three times a day—at dawn, at midday, and at sunset; there is however no very religious exactitude observed in this. If the fire put on in the evening is yet alive at the dawn of the subsequent day, it ig left, and is not renewed till midday. In one instance, which I saw, being ready about 12 o’clock to put on the fresh fire, a quarrel hap- pened, and it was not put on till 8 o’clock. At sunset it was not re- newed, and this dzms lasted till the dawn of the subsequent day.
When the new fireis put on, the door of the superior stove is left open, also the hole of the vault, and if the fire is too strong, even the small door of the inferior stove. The aperture in the ground of the superior stove is always covered, as well as the two apertures in the walls to the right and left hand. When the heat begins to mitigate and the smoke to disappear, all the small doors of the inferior stove are stopped up, afterwards the hole at the top of the vault, and lastly the door of the superior stove, which is not generally stopped. The doors of all these apertures are merely handsful of tow for each. When the fire is recent, and the heat at its greatest strength, the ther- mometer marks 33° or 34° of Reaumur. When the fire is extinct, and before it is renewed, the heat is 30° sometimes as low as 29°.* Six or
* Reaumur. Fahrenheit. Centigrade.
2a y=. 86. (Bee wep 28 y=, 95 = 35 32 = 14 = 40 36 = — hag 8 ES: = 45
— 1839.] On the Egyptian system of Artificial Hatching. 43
seven times every twenty-four hours the operation that I am going to describe is practised.
A man entirely naked enters by the door (N, fig. 2nd); he either carries a light in his hand or he opens the hole of the vault to procure light; he opens also the round hole in the centre of the ground, and comes down through it to the inferior stove. He carries all the eggs placed on the side V fig. 7th to the side U; and those of the side U to the side V. The eggs placed under the central hole are found sensibly colder than those placed at V and U, and these latter not so warm as those of the sides X and Z. Generally they are heaped toward the corners. This operation is very neces- sary not only to apply the heat to all the points of the egg, but to apply it in the same proportion to all the eggs, so that development may not be effected sooner in one than in another. This removing of the eggs is performed during the day, and several times during the night. Thus the affair proceeds till the 7th day. On this day, as on the 8th, the whole of the groove before the door RR, fig. Sth, is not filled with fire, but only 2 or 24 feet near the entrance. By these means the heat is diminished gradually ; and during these two days the thermometer at its greatest height marks only 32° or 31° of Reau- mur. . After the 8th day fire is no longer placed in the room. We should naturally expect that the cell unprovided with fire would return to the natural temperature of the surrounding air, but it is not so. We have already said that in the oven there are eight cells destined to the process of hatching. Three or four days after that on which the eggs have been put in the first room, they are placed in the second, and so on successively. The consequence is, that though one or two cells may be without fire, the others contain it ; besides which fire is always burning in the chambers wherein the fuel is prepared, the door of which is never stopped, while its temperature ranges from 36° to 38°. All these fires produce a degree of heat which diffuses itself through the whole building, and maintains even in those rooms which are without fires a temperature varying from 27° to 274°. On the 14th day another operation is performed. Half the eggs are left in the inferior room (fig. 8th) and the other half are brought to the upper one upon a cir- cular bed of tow (fig. 9th); in this way they continue wrapping them up two or three times a day, but without bringing down those from above, or carrying up those from below. ‘To this operation of di- viding the eggs they do not attach much importance. During my ob- _ servations of the operation, this division was not executed till the 16th day, because they had no tow ready to prepare the circular bed with. When the eggs are divided, the man does not enter again through the
44 On the Egyptian system of Artificial Hatching. [ JAN.
door of the superior stove, but through that of the inferior one, arrang- ing the eggs below ; afterwards standing up he pushes his head and arms through the hole of the roof, and arranges those above.
The eggs which have not been in the oven eight days they call «sp (el tart) the fresh. I have eaten some of them after two or three days baking, and they were good. Towards the sixth or seventh day, they look at them before a light. Imf the egg appears opaque and obscure, it is inferred that the operation will succeed ; on the contrary, if it is transparent and white, they conclude that the chicken will not be formed. The people who keep the oven eat these eggs or sell them. They have the appearance and taste of boiled eggs. Those which go on without fire after the eighth day they call ¢ gio (meléh) the
good. Lastly, those which have continued more than twelve days.
in the cells they call bo Summa (el mésku) which has taken; or that wherein the chicken is already formed. The cells where eggs are divided half below and half above, as they are placed after the
fourteenth day, have their doors constantly stopped with great care. .
During the last days of the process the hole of the top of the vault is not only stopped with tow, but with a great deal of earth upon the tow. Four or five days before the end of the operation, the door in the upper stove being open, as well as the hole of the vault, the thermometer in- dicates 26°, the hole being stopped 274°, and the door being stopped 27°. Two days before the birth of the chicken, being all well stopped, the temperature reached to 25°, and the day before to 284°. At the mo- ment that the chickens are coming to life the heat is 284°; and in the inferior stove, in which there are about a thousand recently born, 30° ; an augmentation which proceeds no doubt from the animal heat of the
. young birds, since there is no fire in the room, nor has there been any in it for thirteen days.
It is also curious to observe that the temperature varied during the last few days ; this probably is the effect of the animal heat which begins to develope itself in the inside of the eggs.
If we reconsider all the facts I have detailed, we shall see that the hatching of which we are speaking, consists only in applying to the egg equally and regularly during twenty-one complete days, a degree of heat which beginning with 33° or 34° of Reaumur, falls to 274° or 27°, and rises again to 28° or 29° with the help of the animal caloric, produced by nature in the process of hatching.
As soon as the chickens are born, the egg-shells are thrown away. The eggs of the inferior stove are carried to the upper, and the chicken to the inferior, which is reserved for them. These are treated with
——— ee se ee
1839.| On the Egyptian system of Artificial Hatching. 45
very little care. They take them up in handsful and throw them below. Here they remain till the subsequent day, on which they are draw out to the corridor, where they pass some hours ; sometimes one whole day. After this they are carried in covered baskets to par- ticular houses, as will be explained, where they begin to eat ground corn or hard eggs. During the day they are exposed to the sun ; be- fore sunset they are carried to a room to be sheltered from the cold. The Arabs never help the chicken in breaking the egg-shell.
During the hatching at which I was present, the natural tempera- ture in the shade varied from 13° to 16°; the day on which the chick- ens were born it was 16°, and the thermometer exposed to the sun about midday marked 29°. On the subsequent day, under the same circumstances, it rose to 333°. The weather was always perfectly fair excepting the fifteenth day, on which a little rain fell during the night. All the apertures were on that occasion well shut up, and the dampness produced no bad effects.
I have always placed the thermometer in the upper stove (n. fig. 3) in which the fire existed. ‘That which served me for these observa- tions compared with others of Reaumur’s, was found to be rather lower than these.
The oven in which I studied this description, began its labours on the 2d of February last. Generally they begin fifteen or twenty days later. The hatching season closes in the month of June at the latest.
In the midst of summer the sun is more powerful, and the eggs more abundant and cheap. Why, then should this operation be prac- tised in the spring ?
To give a satisfactory answer to this objection, there must be facts of which I am not possessed, never having had either opportu- nity or time to set one of the ovens in operation during the hot season. However I am fully convinced in my own mind that spring is the season best calculated for this operation in Egypt, according to the present mode of working ; for the first inventors of these ovens would not have fixed upon this season but through expe- rience, having no doubt made repeated trials.
Where facts are wanting, conjectures founded on observations and reason, may frequently in a great measure supply the deficiency ; I shall therefore state what I conceive to be the reasons for giving spring the preference to summer in the lighting of the ovens.
1. During the spring months a hot southerly wind prevails, which ceases at the commencement of summer, yielding to a strong, cold, northerly one; this fills the whole atmosphere with dust and fine
sand, of which there is such abundance in Egypt; it is therefore im-
46 On the Egyptian system of Artificial Hatching. [J AN.
possible that the little tender chickens just hatched should be able to withstand the inclemency of such weather ; whereas if hatched in spring, they become strong enough before summer sets in.
2. The great difficulty of collecting a sufficient quantity of fresh eggs during the summer, must be a decided objection for putting them into the ovens at that time, for in five or six days all the eggs become spoilt, and it takes some time to gather the required number of eggs ; indeed this is the reason which the natives themselves assign when questioned on the subject.
Whatever may be the weight attached to these opinions, yet the very circumstance of this artificial hatching being practised in spring furnishes us with a strong proof that its introduction not only in hot but in temperate climates is feasible.
In this firm conviction, and with the anxious desire of its adoption in other countries with success, I shall venture to offer a few remarks which I trust will be profitable.
Without waiting to shew the different modifications and improve- ments of which the Egyptian ovens are capable, I shall only mention that the system of large ovens is subject to many inconveniences.
1. This work becomes a monopoly to a few, and Government consequently levy a tax on the establishment. _
2. The collecting of so many thousand fresh eggs becomes a work of labour and expense.
3. Taking care of the newly-hatched chickens would be attend- ed with immense trouble and loss; for at sunset they must be placed in a warm room, their food and drink must be attended to, and cleanliness, and other little cares, must-not be neglected to rear them, whilst the oven-keeper must be looking after more fresh eggs to continue his subsistence. In fact, these serious inconveniences have been felt and remedies adopted.
In some districts people bring eggs to the ovens on their own account; these they mark with ink or otherwise, and pay the proprie- tor for the use of the oven and his superintendence, taking the chickens away when hatched.
In other districts Government allot six or eight villages for the exclu- sive use of the oven-proprietors, to whom alone the villagers must sell the eggs. In this case the proprietor farms out a certain number of chickens to several poor families, either paying them when the fowls are sold for the trouble of rearing them up, or receiving back generally one half for the number of chickens given; the persons taking as many above that number as they may have succeeded in rearing, as a com- pensation for their trouble.
1839.] On the Egyptian system of Artificial Hatching. 47
A small oven worked by a single family on their own risk and profit, would be free from these inconveniences, and no doubt would remunerate them for their labour and expense.
An oven for that purpose ought to be of a rectangular shape, made of baked clay, 3 feet high and 3 feet broad, and from 4 to 6 feet long, with a double roof, so that the fire might be spread evenly on the whole. The lower roof should have a hole to allow of the heat passing into the oven where the eggs are. ‘The upper roof must have an aperture for the smoke to issue, and if necessary to lessen the heat, and also for the purpose of introducing a thermometer. ‘This aperture should be made like the lid of a box to lift up, for the greater convenience of removing the ashes, and renewing the fire; one of the walls of the oven should be made to open to admit of the hands being introduced to remove and shift the position of the eggs.
This oven moreover must be kept in a closed room, out of the way of any current of air; while the room where the oven is placed would be further useful for keeping the newly-hatched chickens till they gain strength.
Perhaps it would be an improvement if the oven were made with a double wall an inch or two apart, and the space filled up with some non-conductor of caloric, such as cork or triturated charcoal.
I think that any potter could make such an oven for the sum of five or ten shillings, and that this artificial hatching might thus be car- ried on in almost every country house, on a small scale, at all seasons of the year, particularly summer, with successful results. A high tem- perature must of course be more favourable than a low one for this process. In Egypt itself this fact is acknowledged by a common pro- verb among the people,
gods US, toys gS gery US Spill GS
cytes Slay a Ut KiS
** The chicken of the bean (i. e. the chicken hatched at the season of beans) eat and die; the chicken of the mulberry eat and die; but the chicken of the apricot eat and thrive.” The season for beans is in February, and that of apricots in May.
Besides this, a curious circumstance once occurred which still more strongly proves that this is the best season for hatching. Three eggs were forgotten, and left in a basket in July in the house of Mr. Aime _ at Cairo; these were hatched spontaneously, and produced three
chickens which thrived. Why should not then two or three hundred in a smal] oven succeed ?
48 On the Egyptian system of Artificial Hatching. [ JAN.
Before I conclude this brief account, I would just mention that this artificial mode of hatching will apply equally to turkey’s eggs. Several Europeans had put them into the ovens in Egypt, and a few did suc- ceed in being hatched, but Arabs being totally ignorant of the prin- ciples of the oven-hatching, they subjected them to the same condi- tions as fowl’s eggs—hence the failure of the greater number. But that they might be hatched artificially was evident from some of the eggs which were put in having been hatched. By this means the supply of turkeys would also be cheap and abundant.
I have no doubt that if this artificial] hatching of turkeys as well as fowls were introduced into any country, and commonly adopted in farm houses, it would tend greatly to the advantage of the land.
References to the Plate.
lst. General plan of the oven.
2d. Section of the corridor F G H IL. 3d. Section of one cell in the direction of the corridor F G H I. 4th Section of one cell in the direction of the corridor A B C D. oth. Floor of the upper story of one cell.
6th. Floor of the upper story of the cell Y.
7th. Floor of the under story of a cell.
8th. Floor of the under story of a cell after the 14th day.
9th Floor of the upper story of a cell after the 14th day.
Art. VII.—Report on the Mortality among Officers and Men in H. M. Service in Bengal, and on the comparative salubrity of different Stations. By the late Dr. W. A. Burxker, Inspector- General of Hospitals.*
To W. W. Birp, Esa. President of the Committee for the Insurance of Lives in India.
Sir, I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter, which a protracted and severe illness. prevented my replying to as soon as I could have wished. I shall now endeavour as faras possible to comply with the request of the Committee in affording all the information
in my power regarding mortality in the rank of officers as well as men
* For this very valuable paper we are indebted to Mr. Martin, the Surgeon to the Native Hospital of Calcutta. Dr. Burke’s tabulated returns form an important addition to our knowledge of the laws of vital statistics. In connexion with this paper the reader should consult Mr. H. T. Prinsep’s paper on the “* Value of Life in ~ the Civil Service.””—Journal of the Asiatic Society, 1832, p. 277, and 1837, p. 341; and his ‘‘’Table of Mortality,’’ founded on the registers of the Lower Orphan School, 1838, p. 818.—Eb. ;
..
f fp At j ay apr ay y aug yy exe prot rele ft pad yous? ip
]
Pai, +, % 9 et 4 Lat SAS eh Fr haha et Fs pr asegpior: s Ep
‘
=
aa
ee
8 Ta
Me ter oe Se
Oe alge
1839. ] Dr, Burke's Reports. 49
in His Majesty’s service in Bengal, and the comparative salubrity or otherwise of the different Stations for European Troops in this com- mand.
As to the healthiness of the Stations occupied by H. Majesty’s Troops in Bengal, the following abstract from their Sick Returns will serve so far, to afford the requisite information for a period of four years, as to their comparative degree of health from 1830 to 1833 inclusive.
| Officers. Men | Women. Children. Pec eete s a | Cars Se ee ae Geel ees eee pla! | Siete bol By 21 13 (5 9] bo Bol So BO la 1 SS 1S 1 ao Poe Pepe y eet fg Eel. 1 as ater en gp Ga ere, 3 ‘| 2/9 -5 3 aS & Ss ae Bt B&B |S-=| wal & Om} tx © Stations. |S| nmlSaleol mn | 28!) Pal 212s) On| wm 123] i S| ol, AISe ev a) Sool 0 |e wm! & be o |. RY 5, B{ Boole a, 2 oo 5] BS o{ sg! a |oe| fe Galea eS | Se) Bele os) B5| Ss ele? ; FL | aan se ra an 2 = | Bn e 2 toe SF les SS eS or eee Meerut,.. ..| 4/222} 3)1°35} 5,900) 117) 1-98] 722} 16) 2°21)1,200) 59) 4-91 Cawnpore, ..| 4/226) 7/3°10) 5,950) 271) 4°55] 914; 37} 4:04/1,572)| 145) 9-22 Ghazeepore, ..} 4/109} 3/2°75) 3,754) 143) 3°80) 456) 15) 3-29} 845) 56} 6-62 Berhampore,..{ 4/118} 9|7°62} 3,515) 236) 6°77; 473) 27) 5°71} 865} 70) 8-09 Chinsurah,....| 4/119} 6/5:04} 2,523) 154) 6°10] 469} 28] 5:96} 756] 28] 3:70 Fort William, | 4/119} 715-88) 3,097; 235) 7°59) 447; 48]10.73| 761) 124)16:29 Kurnaul, .. ..| 3| 81} 1)1°23) 2,827; 85! 3°00) 404 7| 1°73} 679} 45) 6°62 Agra, .. -. +o} 2| G3} -.) ..| 1,913) 29) 1-31} 208 3] 1:45} 336] 30] 8-92 Dinapore,.. ..| 2| 56) 1/1-79| 12612} 56] 3-84] 189, 8} 4-23] 299] 37]12-37 Boglipore, ..| 1} 27) ..] «| 1,037; 41) 3°95; 119 1 5°05} 190) 16] 8-42 ChirraPoonjee,} 1! ..| . ae 38 6)15°79) 4 tis sie Landour, es e080 4} 26 o¢@ Pah) 16 5°82) e ° eo ®
[er fe
| 4-43'7,503 | 610!
Among the Officers there were ten more deaths, but none of which occurred in any of the above Stations, viz.—
LES SS ESOT SOS CER MEA ORR MGT EE Sn etc ag Art Dy
COME IVED's of 'c 6 o.s es ,n0 ons a A anastasia ce PO A in ni Zi atin'se fy 0 8 s0 ashlee eis. als Vedat cis) 6 Gtk At Sultanpore Benares............ i Cae oer toh Sei he e 7 16 IRUIRD ai hoe GA RER, eeG | On the Tis... vss. ue ae aie ages nd eo ore ic ial
Giving the following proportions of deaths among the Officers His Majesty’s service for four years, from 1830 to 1833 inclusive—
¥ Total Total Total ratio of Average strength Deaths, deaths to strength. 1140 47 412
Bf
5
50 Dr. Burke’s Reports. TJ an.
Among the Men also there were other deaths, not within the scope of the foregoing Statement ; in consequence of which an abstract is give to include the whole of the casualties regimentally among all His
Majesty’s Troops throughout the Bengal command, for the period 1830 to 1833. | |
¥
4 0 =f, oy n Se Set ot 3 oe Wen lee (Shee lees Sore wale IS | © | £4 lSH S$] _- P REGIMENTS. SSiaeeias_, 138 .SiQlABSsizcs] z a Soi oss | Belo 2 135.1 8 2 Bolegriog jn | | eA |eeea) =z Osi, . = a = 3 rs SI BS Ba IAs 2 S wo = o agses| 3s |<1o | A ja] & Pas ee) ie Soe llth Lt. Dragoons, ..| 4 |2,626 ot ST AS 92 | 3:50 | 18 3 a 5 W6th Lancers, .. ..| 4/2488] 121] 12/16 | 149 | 5-83 | 36/2 58 Sd. Buffs, ss 43,138 | 185 | 13] 7| 205] 653] 4/863 13th Lt. Infantry, ..| 4 (3,917) 87| 6| 4] 97| 301] 13|2#° ° i — 14th Foot, ., «1-1 (1,350 | 58 67 | 496| 08 23 . Es 16th Ditto, .. ..| 41/3047] 199 7 215 | 7-05 | 20 gg 8 é 26th Ditto, .. ..) 4/3447] 53] 3/24] 80] 232/10 lea oom Blst Ditto, - eof 413,925] 100] 18] 18} 136] 372] 8|8" ab : Sams 38th Ditto, .. «| 413,927 | 146 | 20) 22) 188) 4781 4/8 2e8 : we DO 4, 44th Ditto, 4/3,510{ 135] 9 149) 424) uN 12 85 anes 49th Ditto, .. 4}2,909| 110] i] 2| 223] 766] 8lasse AAS
oo nee || oe ee
Total, .. ..| 0 [83,485] 1,369 | 107 |125 | 1,601 | 4-78 {133
Shewing the strength and deaths, and the ratio of deaths to strength, in His Majesty’s Regiments, in the Bengal command.
Total Average Total Total ratio of strength. Deaths. deaths to strength per cent. DLP TS ii. so 33484 1601 4:78.
_ It is to be observed that the strength of the troops in this statement 4s as given in the Regimental Returns on the Ist January of each year, and which differs from the mean annual strength; the latter being 32041, the ratio of total deaths to it is 4:99. In the different Stations of His Majesty’s Regiments in the Presidency of Bengal, there is so little difference in the periods and duration of the seasons, as well as in their general temperature and climate, that it is upon the innate features of each Station itself, and from the data afforded by
1839.] Dr. Burke's Reports. 51
its Returns, that its comparative salubrity would appear to be best deduced.
The steadiness or mutability of the climate, or considerable anoma- lies of weather, or physical properties, seem more to influence the health of the troops than either its heat or its cold, abstractedly consi- dered.
The causes of sickness in many Stations must be traced to other sources than climate.
The soil of Bengal being composed of alluvial matter, formed by the detritus carried down by the great rivers, and accumulated for ages, there is a poison in the exhalations of such soils, the nature of which is unknown; but from it emanate all those species and varieties of fevers, (dependent on marsh miasma as their remote cause) so fre- quent in Bengal, and to which one general character appertains— periodicity, or remissions, and exacerbations.
A large proportion however of the cases of sickness and deaths among the European soldiers, may be more or less attributed to ex- cesses, especially in the use of spirituous liquors.
The relative healthiness of each Station is according to the Returns, as follows, from 1830 to 1833 inclusive—
Deaths to strength.
Pott Wiig 16. 7. So oes escvceewee . {09 per cent. Berhampore: . 2. 2) 68 04 Ses Lee ee 6°77 Chinsurah ....... eee ae soie'> sm twee od GLO Daemmete srr ees ee ee ce. te scan = 4°55 POR IIONS u Fie a I ia Sapa tnstinanatoiconor aeha onpvork esas B95 Dinapore ........ Tote ee cc ae ae 3°84 Ghazeepore........ tei pretty heal We ces 3°80 IROEUT ohersngs = gah au) «ety ole aaa jaan: ie) = BY 3°00 DECOR cree Seer ee ye oe more t-OG Ba EPR es ron Sethe! clan soartnk tas Senet Ghtins a alle aie Ooms 19)
There are given Classification Tables, taken from the Regimental Returns, shewing the different classes, numbers, ages, and deaths, of
the soldiers of His Majesty’s service in Bengal for the years 1826 to 1833, viz.
% ‘sassepo BATjoedsed Pur sodord avo} oUt aye} aoa Jay} “poureyioose uoyM ‘spremiayse yng “ureyIeose Udy} JOU 5, plnos suoasing ey} seSe asoyM USUT asoy} 0} parfdde sem ,,“uMOUYUN ,, ULI} OT} ‘Spormbas arom SuInjeyy 9804} xeak ysiy ay} SuUIIq 9Z8T eee eal ————S eo) ee oh aan i. el Cs ee eee a A Sr | Le SK 0 !o | 6lr | 0 | 0.10 {G=| 0-(-0 20. | 506-0 110 |0 |0 |0 ;0 {0 {0 | 0 0 | g ft t* “umouquy | 0 Oo | ct }0 | 90 | Goats) 6 ree Ge [16 | 0-4 ce) wTlo ;e |O |stj;o yt ,o yea e+ ‘srvak gy tepuly SL-ET QL! GLUT | 8E | PEs, 96 | Trt] 12 | £8 | 2 | OTT| GT | 06 l Zi | £e | &@ | PH] el | Ze | ¢ | 69T ar | ett] “ shore z ; | es “ce ra 86-11 161} 6GP9T| GP vel ET | 9Z1| 82 | OFT] 61 | 191} 66 ery 6 | 98 | 06 se 8 | |) 8 | OLG| ST | ELT CE 03 OF = 19-FI | £26} 698°T) TS 966 06 ot 0€ pe op | 961! FF | 92T; &% | SPT) GT ue €% | €1Z| & | 6Tt! SI | OST * ogre * S) : a R, || 691E | 296) SG%) Fe | e 8% A1e op | bbT| FT | es ce | DLT) 9b | 91S) &% | SPT 9% | 88] 9 | i9|% | 96] “ S%0e ~ a 689% | G22] STOT] 4 [2] Te | we a | PT) 9S | 961; 12 | 16 4 09 | GOT) SI | I? 1 po} Tl; 0 | 9 | 0 | TZ steed 06 09. 8T MOLT “© ~~ ee | eee A Tsetse aememneniens | opener) BSE ef ee fl | ee eee a ie ——— S slelelzlel 2 si Ziel ZlPlZISiZiSl Fle Zlziele = Q ELE VEIBL ELBE BEL El ET es BL By & Be) S| eel ese aay Te wee le | oe ep el pel 4 el. let de): bel tS & foe m ne ms or | | mi mi mn = m n Los A ef o's. ee Se Mee Oe te ee ee te ot |e oe |e S78 FS. = 00 = oon >. mp rp a > Soo (Be S | Es me S| ox esu am oS ae of Sis SBE ies Se BU es Se |as2| Ee PBF | BE | eee | Be | FE S88 Bee ec: a > we eo Ps [obs Fob: | OF m je¥ee s¥eu : Re — : — i ~ ae 5 ' og ir eee t Coal ae
‘9681 eS ‘punwuuo, jobuag ay) us buracas sdoo.y, s.fysaloyy “H £0 sya pun saby ‘uapy fo sassvj) juasafiip ayy fo UANJAT
fag) 1a 0 | 0 fo }0 {ojo It * SuMouyy P ! o1otfolt to | 9r {°° ‘seed gt s9pug LE:8 : st} 78} 9 | 9h | mI] “ ace * 6F-€ : ot | ££ | ot | ooze} Tr | sot} “ semoe “ . Nee | sz} 93} or | eat] or | zt] “ cence “ Bw | i Sf ea | 62 | eI] 9T | 99 | 8 | Pet] “ seoroz “ S 69-11 i ei| or} o |S 1% | 02 |‘seed og gt word ~ {——_|—_—_ JI] I FH I I I IS I Se EI SI < : ce Si zie] 4 es g 5 | s|e1e|8 = i n'y } os : 2 ° . : : : & aa > = = ‘aay RQ aS | & e « || & | set i hee Be | eee ae S FS | | a eas oe rs = : 2%, Z i = we aos Re ssv19 one ge | | | oe ha amg 7 “Sx = | | sg 8 | BES |. Boe a : : ; : E § = - as ‘A = NN ee ee es
1839.]
Dr. Burke's Reports. (Jan.
54
me cnc lf es | ee fs | me Pe | ee |) ee ft | ff | |] | |
‘quad red yySuang 0} syjyeoq jo uonsodoig
0 | Ter SIT} €1eT 66 | 80P‘T Z9T| FO8‘T 01%) 90T‘E 0¢ | 6¢9
e% | 0 41 | 0 LI1| eI poTl € e1%| 02 9gr| 2Z 86 | 8 Z| 8
2 |
400.7 WIRE 100, IPT
‘881
uw
en |] pen ef | es ff ef me ff me ff rc tees
6 | 0 & | 9 O@t| IT | 21% ZIT] LT | 891 €e1] 8 | 86 G8é| OT | 06 oo] 0 1% 2) S| 2 F E io” og ; SY Be | SOS of 2 | eee ¢ } Hee
*suooseICy MmSrT WIT
sate yen
Gpoyce “ ceoog “ gg orcz “ GZ 06“
"SSVIQ
55
| 0 | 0 | 10-2 | £-¢ _ |) 098 oy } a i S 69:2 cS) ri Ss 60-81 a) % ne s & || #2 +g <n QR 38 mo, ae a
0 | 02 O | ZIT COT! O6P‘T t8 | 80CT 9CT} S18‘T €22| LZ6% Se | OI — (Oi 2 a 5 eee eee” 3 S "[e10],
o lo lo lolzlo lez | ze | E SeI| F 9% | 008) 8 li 66T| SI e | 6e| F Mei ztio zie |S & | 8 |: S | ‘ | eee bes) S
0 0 0 VI | 0 9 0 PI Tel 8 set & | 06 ect 9 | 621; € | F8 S61, €L | 986! OL | 62E L6P| 0G | 98€) HG | SES Zo: | 102 | (8h 1:62 1's i abe | oil g | ‘ : i _ ¢ S
007 WOT
0 0 c fo ler zt g | 2c ae SII ocr! ze! Z0z ort 08 | er e 16 1et ziolz Ele | & =a ee 5 |
| zs ge |) She
rt
0<<|-0|.0 <|.0 4|.0 1.0 Fic), 2°. umonxan 0 is O | ZL] 0 | oF |*°) ‘sxeak gf repug 9 | SGT] FI | FIZ) 8 | OST] “ oOpoce “ 9 | 2? iy ¢ | 9rt] “ ceo “ 8Z | 621! G a OPT) (208 OGG. 9Z | O6€, TV | SPI; ZI | Zat] “ G20 “ L le | j |e Z |G j'steed 0g 01 gT Morg vj 4z/ os alg) z
@ tq?) oO
J Bl ee ee ee a8Y
@ & @
re Pos Oe ‘SSVI
Bimal] Sig | ee
rae. et lel leg
Sg ” Boo Bog
g ee
[Jan.
6 Ei | 48/% | 89) 4 tell De) Ties GC" OGuie Soepagee €6-¢ | 86 | OLL‘T| OL | 9FZ1 9 | 4619 | GET) e | ogT OLl} 9T 7 ce beds Osi 6PT| & ru G | GI] “ cenoe “
9 T 09-F | SGI} 899°% | Z| SGT] TT | SIF} OT | ese] OL | Gzt| 4 | 90E] ST | 20z, OL} O | ZI vl) 91 862, é ras & i) 16he < "ape 0s ag. | T T
| | | a = || 69b | £9 | 2erT] 8 | GOI] 8 | 0 | 6 | 9c%) b | GFT Pet) 6 | GIT, 9 | 0 | 8 | Te) 8 je T | MI 9 | O@t] “ tue “ = S vb | Lb | 2G0T| 9 | P02 10 )8 | PIT| € | Ter cel] € | TIT) ¢ f° | | 2 Ce bi Ge Gale 4) 18m, a =ze O10 { fe || 2019 | 26 |r |etlo loro | cclo | a se] 1 a | 0 6st 0 | 991, T | 40] % lel o ee ‘sxead 0% 0} QT Wor, I i | Bi |. aa (aaa a es ae es mee ae el fas fname We ce cl fee em aed ee —— ——— — — — —|__|__ g EL EL EVZIE ZI EEL EL EIEIZ(E/E/ S1 2/2] 212 Fig) ele] e e aie rs a 2 Ss as S 3 5 eS & S Ors Fs 3 " mn ba m ad Md m nm m nm x 0g | | : ee gee eee ot eee ee ae ae ee = ete Pe le be fe ls BS | PE (ESS | pe | vi oll ww) > > > a > = =~ 2° 5 = By a ie 2 > pg) Ee rd ta tay fe) tay es rs St we {ese} Se fh “e a iteimer heree feirRe (oo Bo (aa Se [lia Be [oP fos BER locket
‘OS8T
56
0 0 lo jo 10 | e1o0 |0 f° ** ‘umouqag 4 86-2 pL | IL | Gel} OF | Seal BE | os |“ cporce 10-9 | | : os |z.|t9tl9 | 86) | ost] “ seroe “ Te | Ie | : | 26P) | t | 908] 6t | 9st] €@ | I9€] » | 802] ZI | eet] “© oerce “ 2 || tee | | | tet} 1t |-zt] 2 | 68 |p | earl “ wore “ AS S Z9-% ll bP | 421% 16 1 | 2ot. ~ 20 “ ec || +10 co} 0 | ett | P | 0 | Fe [steed og mgr mong wn ee | | ef} ff SN | | | | ——s | | —_ | c-_-@umrm—-— = UY) 4) S| 415) 219) Z So o o io o | & S ae wee Vimeo ene so eee a8y oS a & & is ~ ee Q Fe gl pees 1 Gee de BS — ee) — bw ee. So ce ors a ‘SSVI ok eee ides] Raguesly tq ” Ae cas go} geet ob s+ *< 08 o Se 500" z = 2 Pe | Pe
1839. ]
[Jan.
Dr. Burke’s Reports.
a
ia) Ge huge) Oo ee 4 oe SO Bier Or oF Oc Oi Om Pir toe fo to.-fer].o |'¢ i} ** ‘saedgisepag
Se ae ee ee oe ee ee cae ee SSS | a Se eS Se eC eee, | ee ee ee ene
ee
1L-G| 94 |66E1| 9 Gtt LT ORF | 2 661} 8 Uh ie COl] PE | 606) 0 GL | Gt | 291] ST | 642) GL | 92 “< ©F 03 SE
66-E| 99 |CGgr; OF | GAT) 8 60€| ¢ E8ti OF | Pla) ¢ Vall & 9E1} T €4 | Ot | 6ST) & 248 | G 91} “f ¢¢ 03 0E
ee
16-9} SGt\gcrs| GT | OFZ IE | GTS] GE | SBE] 16 | T8t} 6 | 20a] ot | 681] 6 | zcT] SE | OTS! 9 | Hla F | BE; “ OF 0466 49-E| 6 |290119 | |e | t 1S | G6] | ool ¢ | ogat 2 | ss|o | wei} z | s9}¢ | ss] t | agi) “ paoree © TI-T| 8 ct2| 0 21 fb 3 & 0 L1cb6' 0 601| & SIT| 6 | OT] t C61) F ce |.0 936} FE | Gg 6 5.03 05 “* v0-1]¢ | sori t | ot} r | eetit |g |o |p6}o | zit [r }o | wo |é |o | et) t | St J steed 0g 03 8) wory po ee ee) Se) Se ee ee St er aie pe | i ee et
eed ere ee eee o | & ab eS o =| > | & pow ols ae a ° = esia/B)/e)/8B}/e1/B joa! Bia); Bj oa] 8 aia )/a |e} eae? aye} Bye] Bh eo
et ee ae es BS ca eee ed ee aa a er an aed e) a. @ aoV
5s. a 1 a] ce g ac] a] r$ bar ad a)
w7eo ° . _e ° ° . . . a ° -
= ces =
m4 S *S190UR'T
Aa : . . ; t *AIUVpUyT ‘sung |suooseiq |‘suooseig ‘SSVI 8 TOL | 1004 WIGH"300T WHF) “3004 HIE} “3007 STE] 200 39S] 300T IT} GSe7 Mey lao 300g pel arry WI91ATSTT WTI
Se
ra)
"CEBT
59
Dr. Burke's Reports.
1839. ]
0 01820. 0 S50 P| Oe 196.5 )0- OL OR ee sO: mio 56. 1-0-2 | ge 1 Oe ot I ¢ LL8 ne ET | Sol] OF | 19 | 9T | 003; 6 | GE |e | gtr ct | 41a) % | o£ | ¢ | ert] os | Ter 641 4S-C) 92 \Prbl| es | SB] g | Tet| OT | C4I) ¢ | zet] r | H9I16 | ect]s | 92] 8 | sor > 28 | Sel BEL | FBT/GIGS| GS | 093 vB | 9BT| Gs | 863) Gt | Geo] TT | 68E! 3% | GOs e GEt| 03 | 66 | ca | 908 “a1 G9.) 86} /998>\=9 = | $9 | G1) VOC), O 1 66 | T | 6 oh Pe} POch tc 106") Ona) 161i Geil BS 1oOr oye #9 94019 (984) 0 | 02| Tt | 8Iz]| 0 | tt] 0 ; Tr | t | BELO jot.|o jeztlo |e6le | oz aa OF06 86E-|:0 | OT |0r7) 62) Go 1 S| 0-1 BF Om o 4 Op | conn) tf 2orl_0._ | oF SHEL Bel Ziel 2) e)2/e) 212) 2) el2/e) 2/2! 2 el 2] ele Pe Bal, Pil geet Bat Flee edo Bh ie Gagol | eleR: | BiB | mel Bam | 8, EB: S g g | : g g sy jf S 2 g 22 ee PF | : : : 3 2 eta -
s E ‘[2I0J, |°100,9 TI6F]"00,7 YIP) -2004 ISS] "300,77 STE|"I00F TI19B|00q YIOT inert 7 ee 286 e587 abi Tey ate TH
“SEBI
c
ce
«ec
ce
ce
cP 01 ¢¢
OS 01 6%
5 01 GS
66 91 06
"as
"SSVT)
‘sea Qi Iopuy
ce
ee
0
8
T
¢
0
T
0 | Gt |'stvod OZ 0) ST worg
s a
Dr, Burkes Reports. [ JAN.
60
91-8 | VS -6 * } PO-L 86-8 | LE°8 9LET 84:9 LheB TLG 86-2 8E-G pees 78 Gp or GE - “ : 209 66-9 4G°G C02 6P-¢S 8g-IT OGG LE.G 66°¢ 10.9 CG.G eeee te cs 0} og “e Ga-8 GleOL | 09-8 86:8 vE-8 T9-PL 98-G SEeL 13-9 GB.G 09-h cece “© 9g 03 6g pee 6§.9 ££:6 69°24 9L9 C6 TI 69-Tt PhS LL‘T 6o- 10-G 9G.P eeee ‘e CZ 03 02 ec £68 Gh-01 60-81 68-4 69-TT 68-93 | 8¢-0 0¢-0 POT PLO G90 jeer ‘sreak OG 0} gI woly = bai ice os =e > ct 38 = Sou| S83 3 Som | uy oOo ¢ £5 | §%¢ & Pes | Be S| 608t | “seer | ‘zest | ooet | * §% | ‘sest | “zest | “reer | ‘ossr "s8v19 < or = Se} 8s as ae ot 3s 5
4.
1839. | Dr. Burke's Reports. | | 61
The General Abstract of the foregoing shews that for the four first years, viz. 1826-27-28 and 29 the ratio of deaths is, From the age of 18 to 20 years 16:12 per cent. 90085. (4) +988 seoy ad tO 20 «5, AOS 3 iam 20. t0.8> 3)”, 10:02 ¢ a a a5 to 45. ,,, “54 a
For the four last years, viz. 1830-31-32 and 33, the ratio of deaths is, From the age of 18 to 20 years 0°58 per cent. "arto od” aes poe in 25, AO). 5. DOO SsvineetO Cooks, ap ae % 35 to 45 4, 6°78
There will be observed a striking difference between the ratio of deaths in each class of the two periods of four years; viz. first, from 1826 to 1829, and, second, from 1830 inclusive. But there is to be taken into consideration, that in the first period there are included the casualties (in 1826) of the Troops His Majesty’s service who had been in active service at Bhurtpore, Ava, and Arrakan. During the campaigns, in the latter places especially, the deaths from disease among the young soldiers recently arrived in India, was very great.
Thus in the 13th Regiment Light Infantry, that had arrived in India in May 1823, and was composed chiefly of young soldiers, the mortality was,
Strength. | Deaths. Proportion. At Bengal from May : ety December. 1go8 653 45 689 for 8 months At Aya in..,......1824 . ..608 231 37°99 Mendon i654): 441825 377 115 30°50
In the 38th Regiment, which arrived in Bengal in May 1823, the | mortality was,
Strength. Deaths. Proportion. In 1822 inBengal.. .. 748 94 12°65 per cent. _ Im 1823 do. .. .. .. 695 D2 7°48 In 1824 in Ava .. .. 648 185 28°77
SeerG20 GD ss ee ts ADE 162 . 35°37
62 ‘Dr. Burke's Reports. | [ FAN.
In the 44th Regiment, which arrived from England in November 1822, the mortality was,
Strength. Deaths. Proportion. ‘In 1823 in Bengal 661 73 11:43 per cent. In 1824 at ee ee 598 88 14-96 and Arrakan In 1825 at Arrakan 500 208 40°60
There is a difference however in the mortality of young recruits of Regiments when on active service, and the contrary ; as, for example, in the 13th Light Infantry, which in 1826 in Bengal was joined by 600 recruits, of whom there died in that year 79, being a proportion of 13:16 per cent in Bengal.
His Majesty’s 3lst Regiment arrived in Bengal in June 1825, and was joined in that year by 500 recruits, of whom there died 65, a proportion of 11 per cent, in Bengal.
The volunteers are generally men from the age of 30 to 30, in which class the ratio of deaths from 1826 to 1829 (including a period of active service) was 6°92, while during the same period, the ratio in the class from 18 to 20 years was 16:12 per cent.
Besides the sending from England of lads too young for the service in India, there was another important circumstance as affecting their health, which was that of their having been sent out at improper periods ; for they arrived in Bengal at the hot and rainy seasons, found to be more especially obnoxious to the lad or boy recruits; and of such, unfortunately, was the chief part of those sent out in 1826 to 1829, as well as before.
From the difference of habits of “military and civil life, young ‘soldiers are in every climate peculiarly liable to disease, and c@(erds paribus the younger the more susceptible to feel the change; and this change has a direct tendency to induce a highly inflammatory diathesis, leading to such explosions of disease as witnessed here among the recruits. The tendency to disease exists it-is true in all seasons in India in the young and plethoric, but it is in the hot and rainy seasons, and particularly at the commencement and termination of the rains, that endemial diseases are most dangerous, and fatal ; yet this was the very time at which these recruits principally arrived in Bengal.
I took the earliest opportunity, and seized every occasion, to make the strongest representations on these important subjects, and of sending out soldiers for His Majesty’s service to India at proper
1839. | Dr. Burke's Reports. | 63
age, and season ; and there are on record my memorials on these subjects to the Commander-in-Chief in India, and to the Medical Department in England—of December 23d, 1826 ; May 3ist, 1827 ; 6th January, 1828; and_ December, 1829—and upon which the Home authorities at last acted. In these memorials it was represented by me,
lst. That the soldier should arrive in India at the ege and period when he can be of the greatest use when called upon for actual service. That age to be 24 or 26, or full grown manhood, as most - favourable to health, and least so to disease in India.
2nd. That recruits and soldiers should be embarked in England, so as to arrive in Bengal at the commencement of the cool season, when they might be marched to their several Stations up the country, instead of proceeding by the river.
These memorials I accompanied with various statements; such as those in this communication, in proof of the great comparative mortality among the lad recruits particularly; as also the com- parative mortality between the soldiers arriving in Bengal in the hot and in the cool season, as by the following abstract of statements from December 1825, to July 1829, of casualties of detachments His Majesty’s service, arriving in Bengal from England, being,
In the cold season, per cent, Mo te erate client, Neen, MOI In the hot season, yi Re ee cee Mecca oot, en) Proceeding by water to join thst « COGS tee ats vate 5's» GSO On marching to join their corps, Brel Neen aco Vee ort ta a UG)
Average of casualties on the voyage out, -. -. .. .. 1°50 Average of casualties from the date of arrival in Bengal
to joining their corps, .. .. ests 675 Ditto of casualties of the whole of ca detachments ) from their eee England to Join their corps in 8-0
Bengal, ai Seg | MER og Se mesP ay
The accompanying Returns* elucidate these subjects still further, shewing the state of each Regiment His Majesty’s service, their strength, the numbers who joined, and that died, from the date of their arrival in the Bengal command to the 31st December last.
On consulting the monthly admissions in the returns of sick, an abstract from which is given on the other side, the number of cases of disease (and they are particularly of the acute kind) and casual- _ ties, will be observed to correspond in a most remarkable manner with the range of the thermometer, especially at the Stations in Upper India ; and so great is the difference between the cold season and the
* The Returns alluded to, will form an appendix to the next Number.—Ep.
64 Dr. Burke's Reports. [ Jan. \
hot, that a partial illustration is afforded: of the influence of climate which sets all theory on the subject at defiance.
Among the soldiers exposed to the same degree of heat, the influence of the ingesta seems to be more powerfully injurious to the constitu- tion than climate. There is a marked difference in the ratio of sick and - easualties between the Cavalry and Infantry Regiments, stationed in
- the same cantonments, of His Majesty's service in India, in favour of the latter. In the Cavalry the soldier’s pay is greater, and among them a superabundance of stimulant food and drink keeps so great a number in an almost perpetual state of proximity to inflammatory diseases.
During the cold months the men continually expose themselves, especially in the Upper Stations, to the direct rays of the sun, which is a great cause of disease, even when all accumulation of heat is pre- vented by the coolness of the breeze, for then the infringing of the direct rays of the sun upon an opaque body causes a greater increase of temperature than is observable by a thermometer.
Abstract from the Monthly Returns of Sick shewing the proportion —
of the average daily sick, and of deaths to strength per cent for four years. 6
oe
Proportion of the average daily sick to. strength per cent.
|Proportion of deaths to | strength per cent.
Months,
| |
otal proportion of the
proportion of deaths
ge daily sick to to strength per cent.
strength per cent.
1830|1831)1832) 1833
avera
1830/1831] 1832] 1833
rc
T | Total
January, .-| 712| 5-94] 6-33] 5-45} 621) 26, 23) 31) 15] 24
February, 7:58} 5°85) 5:96) 5:52] 6:23) 20; 10) 12} 18) 15 March, 8°64| 5:80} 6-10) 5°89} 661) 18) 19) 15) 15) 17 April, .---| 9:24) 7:14] 6-88) 6:22} 7:37; 28) 19} 17; 15) 20 May, 9°75| 8:47] 7°88] 6°78] 8:22} 20; 44) 25] 25) 29 June, 9°34| 8°47] 7-36] 7:19} 8°09] 31) 37| 32] 37) 34 July, 9:14) 8:36! 7-61] 7°72] 8-21) 30| 44] 34] 74] 46 August....| 9°49) 9:10) 7-74/ 8-29) 8°65) 34) 47) 35] 74) 48 September, | 10°71} 8:32| 8-03] 9.79! 9-21] 71) 46) 43)1:15; 69 October, ..{ 8°92) 8:12) 8-20) 8-29} 8:36} 47; 64; 52) 30) 48 November, | 8:16] 7:18) 7:05] 7°79] 7°54| 51} 60] 43] 35] 47 December, |
-6°77| 7-06 6-23] 7:40 Pw 33; 221 gal 44} 38 Total, ....| 872) 748) 7-11'7-18! 7-62! 4:15| 4:39] 3°73] 4-98] 431 _
The sick at Landour and Chirra Poongee are not included in the above.
1839. | : Dr. Burke's Reports. 65
By the returns for four years, the minimum of sickness and deaths ‘occurs in February. January and it are the driest months. The maxi- mum of sickness and deaths occurs in September ; being the cessation of the rains, when the exhalations have brought the surface to the consistence of mud—a state that appears especially to generate the miasmata producing fevers, &c.
Berhampore.
With respect to the localities of the Stations “as affecting their salubrity or otherwise,” as required by the Committee, I have in reference to the return of the sick, &c. at the several Stations, given at the commencement, further to add, that at the Station of Berham- pore, the Barracks are so placed, that one particularly is close to a large stagnant tank, into which the sewers of the Barracks and necessaries, &c, empty themselves, so that in the dry and hot season especially, the men are enveloped in the stench from it. That the influence of its exhalations spreads far, I have no doubt. The malaria from it, as well as numerous other sources, is of course the active cause of much of the mischief that infests the Station of Berhampore.
For the period of four years, from 1830 to 1833, inclusive, the average proportions of deaths to strength per cent was, af Berhampore,
PUAUGES ee arate Eo aM fata ta la ha “ep 762 per cent per annum. Men ...... eUcheh. = RiVEMRESYerE eye & 6:77 OS eS ae eee 571 SMM PERE Sees 6 cn asshieh s Styne wea ie 8:09
Cholera prevailed epidemically in Berhampore in 1829 and 1830, and commenced in the temporary sheds recently erected, (not far from - the great tank before mentioned) for part of His Majesty’s troops; after which it appeared in the women’s quarters—a low one-storied brick-building ; afterwards on the ground story; and then in the upper story of the Barracks next the great tank, &c.
Fort William.
In the Station of Fort William, in the Barracks generally occupied by His Majesty’s troops, the apartments for the men are deficient in height and ventilation. The buildings are too crowded together. The estimate of space, and of domestic convenience, has been too con- fined for the climate. ;
From the crowding of the buildings, and height and proximity of the fortifications, the radiation of heat is not only very great, but there is prevented the dissipation of those malarious vapours of which there appears to be so copious a supply from various sources in Fort William. | |
K
66 Dr. Burke's Reports. ' [ JAN.
One of the consequences of all these is, in the warm season especi- ally, the men feel so oppressed at night that they Jeave their rooms and* expose themselves to all the causes and bad effects of suppressed trans- — piration.
The average ratio of mortality in His Majesty’s troops quartered in Fort William is as follows, for four years from 1830 to 18338—
ite a ere eae Ar 5°88 per cent per annum. LCD nese sis sate ols. «pear 9 s.0.6.0 7°59 PE coe a kas susan eye oh ee 10°73 RMIT ss pos soe 5s 0g gine a s.0. 2 16:29
Fort William is one of the worst, if not the very worst, of the Mili- tary Stations in India for children.
Cawnpore. In the Station of Cawnpore for the period of ree years, from 1830 to 1833, the average proportion of deaths to strength is,
Oficers.i er srajtoids.o dt wisalaut ote 3°10 per cent per annum. Men. Pid: os eens - sganl- ani aae 4°55 WOMMEH ais bern wyere dente ob ee 4:04
PC BUGPR nig G6 6 pie ee «ese 2 ose 9°22
As to the locality of this cantonment, none of the Barrack build- ings come close to the river, excepting the Hospital in which the sick of the King’s Regiment of Infantry are, treated. The soil rests on asub- stratum of Kunkur, which is favourable to the dryness of the Station. The declivity of the site secures it against any accumulation of mois- ture ; the drainage is also facilitated by several small ravines or gullies, which intersect the cantonment, each of which during the rainy season becomes a streamlet ; thus the water does not lodge, but runs quickly off into the river (above which all the Barracks are sufficiently elevated) or it is speedily absorbed, so that the wet season at Cawnpore is generally found pleasanter than in many other Stations in Upper or Central India.
The site of the Barracks of His Majesty’s Infantry Megihient i is pretty high, that of the -King’s Cavalry Regiment not so high; but that of all however is sufficiently elevated to allow of the water pass- ing off.
The ground in the rear of the King’s Infantry Regiment’s Barracks is broken in many places, by the violence of the periodical rains, into deep fissures and ravines, containing numerous cavities, which, however individually small, may form in the aggregate a consider-
1839. | Dr. Burke's Reports. ; 67
able deposit of stagnant water, which before its final evaporation cannot fail to be an agent more or less active in the generation of miasmata. :
In the Barracks for the European troops here, the plans adopted by the architect would appear to have arisen from the idea of a Regiment standing in open column of companies, which however ingenious in a military point of view, is rather objectionable in a medical one, as it makes one building a screen to another, and thus opposes perfect perflation, an object of paramount importance where masses of men are to be congregated together, and where a perpe- tual current of air becomes the grand neutralizer of insalubrious miasmata.
The prevailing winds are from the west and east, varying to the north or south. If the buildings were placed in echelon this might be prevented.
Meerut..
in the Station of Meerut the locality is in Meerut deemed good. There are a few jheels and swamps in the vicinity ; but not near, or considerable enough to have much effect on the health of the troops. The country around is flat ; the soil is sandy, with a slight declination to south sufficient to carry off the heavy rains into the Kallee Nuddy to the eastward.
Notwithstanding the northern latitude of Meerut, considerably without the tropics, and in the third climate, the heat is intense in -the dry and hot season, and tropical diseases are prevalent during the hot and rainy seasons. For the period of four years, from 1880 to 1833, the average proportion of deaths to strength is, at Meerut,
eas espe so, sls 8) oa Yarisng eh ie 1:35 per cent per annum. EE aio 2ii5\ clear ay folie ein jars @coNa wate 1-98
WV igmiiets( Sasisitinr. Mies isisicre%s dere 2:21
COLA ELT ate nS ee 4:91
The diseases are such as arise from sudden and considerable varia- tions of temperature and malaria, and especially among the soldiers, aggravated by exposure to the sun and intemperance.
Dinapore. In the Station of Dinapore the aspect of the Barracks being the reverse of what it should have been in respect to the prevailing winds, free perflation is. prevented. The roof is flat and chunamed; the
length of each building is 800 feet, and width 20 feet; there is a verandah on each side.
68 Dr. Burke's Reports. [Jan.
The masses of men, women, and children in ,these Barracks, is another cause of the unhealthiness experienced generally in them by the troops. There are no separate accommodations for the women and children. The doors and windows are jealousied.
The cold weather here was generally ushered in by severe hepatic and dysenteric affections. And in the oft season there were severe ardent fevers, very sudden in their operation, and often terminating in apoplexy.
In His Majesty’s 13th Light Infantry for the period of two years, for 1830 and 1831 last, at Dinapore, the average proportion of deaths to strength was,
/
CPIMMEIN Ah eerste es a eee Are oe 1-79 per cent per annum. iL ia ae hipaa Beihai 3°84 Women og os en cece: os 4:23 COUGren see. Wes cae e eects 12°37
The facility with which the men could obtain toddy, and dele- terious liquors in excess, was one great source of disease and mor- tality, as also the difficulty of confining the men within bounds, there being no enclosure to the Barrack compound.
The 13th being a Light Infantry corps, their movements were more likely to expose them to profuse perspiration, and consequently to more frequent alterations of heat and cold, with the usual bad effects.
Boglipore.
In the Station of Boglipore the Barracks formerly occupied by His Majesty’s 3rd Buffs, were merely a set of buildings erected tem- porarily in 1825 as stables for some Native Cavalry, and were very inimical to health.
Ghazeepore.
The Station of Ghazeepore appears to hold a middle station as to healthiness. ‘The soil is readily permeable by the rain falling on its surface, which sinking down to a very considerable depth before it finds a hard bottom to detain it, is soon out of reach of superficial evaporation, and cannot afford the constant supply of moisture necessary in co- operation with other agents to produce the maturity of marsh mias- mata. From the continuation of these circumstances it might a prioré be thought that the Station possesses to a great degree an immunity from marsh miasmata. .
1839. | Dr. Burke's Reports. 69
For the period of four years, from 1830 to 1638, the average propor- tion of deaths to strength is,
UENO OTS oi /a)a's 30's 4 '«, ne WHE oe 2°75 per cent per annum. "LS nO lg ie oe NE iin pil ee 3°80 OND re hae 3'29 MME NY a cist ahaa: te & brie:'ch Sup adhedacore 6°62 Kurnaul.
In the Station of Kurnaul the locality of the Barracks for His Ma- jesty’s Regiment is the best the place afforded. The soil generally is light and sandy on the surface, but at the depth of 12 or 15 inches it is a stiff clay ; in some parts however it is calcarious, (and of which the natives make lime). The large canal in the immediate vicinity forms an irregular semicircle near the Station, and tends in a great measure to drain that part.
For the period of three years, from 1831 to 1833, inclusive, in which it has been occupied by a King’s Regiment, the average proportion of deaths to strength per cent is,
ROMNCCTO” oes CU eee cs eee 1:23 per cent per annum. te ee, ot toe eee ets oes 3°00 RY amie ee ee ES 1°73 rdw ee OS PIED! 6°62 Agra.
In the Station of Agra the cantonment for His Majesty’s troops is stated to be elevated about 170 feet above the level of the river Jumna, from which the distance is about the same as from the Fort, that is 14} mile. The immediate banks of the river are deeply in- dented with water-courses, which serve to convey the rain water into the river.
The 13th Light Infantry Regiment has been healthy ever since its arrival there, a period of two years, in which there died 29 men; but almost all of them had the foundation of their disease laid in Dinapore. This comparative healthiness, as far as locality is con- cerned, arises from the cantonment enjoying constant ventilation, the water running immediately off, the drainage being good, and there being no stagnant pools, or sources of malaria in the vicinity, and especially that the troops are well accommodated, and so are the sick.
Setting aside intemperance, which is the cause of so many diseases of the soldier in India, they may be said to have enjoyed a state of health at Agra almost equal to what a Regiment would be found to do in the healthiest parts of Europe.
70 Dr. Burke's Reports. [ JAN.
For the period of two years, for 1832 and 1833, in which there has been a King’s Regiment in Agra, the average proportion of deaths to strength per cent is,
PECTS AERO iicks cick. Zass see se eX ag
PPOr Ve Sa Pes oie ee ee Ses week 19] WV OMT Asi kk Rie da. ae. ca Soaiinoell 1°45 Riibdtemiciciiicr: MR sadie. onitat.25- «jomkesateh 8:92
I have the honour, &c. ( Signed ) W. R. BURKE, Inspect. Gen. Hospitals H. Majesty’s Forces in India.
—
RS
Art. VII.—Observations on the Burmese and Munipoor Varnish Tree, “ Melanorrhea usitata,” which has lately blossomed in the Honorable Company's Botanic Garden. By N.Wauutcu, M.D.
When I published my account of this tree in 1830,* I had only met with it in fruit, and was obliged to confine the description of the flower to what could be gathered from a few decayed and not very perfect samples in my possession. The generic character was chiefly derived from specimens of another species, Melanorrhea glabra,t a native of the coast of Tenasserim. As I have recently had a tree of M. usitaia in flower in this garden, I am able to furnish the following details, accompanied by a lithographic sketch of a flowering panicle, from a drawing made by one of the painters of the establishment.
The individual tree to which I allude is one among several which were raised from Munipoor seeds presented by Mr. George Swinton. The seeds were sown in July 1827, and began germinating exactly a fortnight afterward. About the same period some seeds that had been procured from Martaban, being more fresh, sprang up seven days after being put into the ground. The trée which has blossomed is the largest among the seventeen individuals which we at present possess. It measures in height about 22 feet, with a clean stem of seven feet, having a circumference near the base of 14 inches. It has not many branches, and is now very scantily furnished with leaves. It began opening its flowers on the 20th of January last, and continu- ed nearly one whole month in flower. There are at present a small number of fruits on the tree, which I expect will ripen in the course of next month.
“* Plante Asiat. Rar. 1. p, 9. tab. 11 and 12. + Ibid 3. p. 50 ab, 283.
Melanorrhoca usttate Walt Z.
1839.] Observations on the Burmese and Munipoor Varnish Tree. 71
Panicles of flowers terminal on leafless branchlets, broad-oval, spreading, much and loosely subdivided, 12 to 16 inches wide at the base; the divisions cylindric, covered with much soft down. There is a small linear, caducous bract under each branch. Flowers white, inodorous, rather large, two or three in each fascicle, supported by pedicels half an inch to an inch in length. Calyx smooth, consisting of five sepals which are marginally soldered together into one, forming a conical, attenuated, obtuse hood, slightly marked with paral- lel veins; it falls off the instant the coralla is ready to expand, leaving an annular vestige on the peduncle immediately under the coralla ; its base circular, irregularly slit a little way, in four or five places. Petals white, imbricating and slightly contorted in estiva- tion, lanceolate-oblong, rather obtuse, with entire, a little undulated, ciliated margins, thin and membranous, pubescent on both sides, mi- nutely reticulated, half an inch long. Torus large, fleshy, hemispherical, pitted for the insertion of the stamens, its base five-lobed. | Stamens very numerous, straight, spreading in all directions, half the length of the petals ; filaments subulate, smooth ; anthers oval, versatile. Ovary very small, obliquely oval, smooth, supported from the centre of the torus by a short, cylindric, pubescent pedicel, one-celled ; ovule sus- pended from a lateral ascending funicle. Style rising obliquely from the vertex of the ovary, subulate, not reaching to the ends of the stamens. Stigma minute, obtuse.
The accompanying figure represents a panicle of flower reduced to one half of its natural size. Fig. 1, flower-bud, the hooded calyx commencing to detach itself, and at Fig. 3, completely separate. Fig. 2, corolla in estivation. Fig. 4, the same fully expanded. Fig. 5, petals separate, showing the pitted torus. Fig. 6, ovary opened show- ing the insertion of the ovule.
72 Asiatic Society. 1839. Art. [X.—Proceedings of the Asiatic Society.
Wednesday Evening, the 2d January, 1839. The Right Rev. the Lorp Bisuor of Calcutta, Vice-President, in the chair. The Proceedings of the last Meeting were read. The Meeting then proceeded to the election of Office-bearers for the ensuing year, when the following gentlemen were chosen :— The Right Rev. Lorp Bisuor of Calcutta, The Honble. SirJ. P. Grant,
H. T. Pauiszp, Esq., ba Were elected Vice-Presidents.
Col D. MacLeop, J Mr. W. Cracrort, Capt. Forszs, Mr. W. P. Grant, Dr. STEWART ] Mr. D. Hike » : vasa : aia Rahal of the Committee of Dr. Geo. Evans, Dr. meneck cha Dr. M‘CLELLAND, Dr. Gooprvsz and Mr. R. O’SHavuecunessy, proposed at the last Meeting, were
balloted for, and duly Spl Miomiers of the Society.
Messrs. A. Porteous and J. Cowl were proposed by the Officiating Secretary, seconded by the Vice-President.
Dr. O’SHAUGHNESSY apprised the Meeting that the Committee of Finance had recommended 20 rupees per mensem, as an increase to the Clerk HERAMBANATH THAKUR’S salary.
Resolved,—That the meeting approve of the decision of the Committee of Finance, and that it take effect from the date of the Clerk’s application. :
Read a letter from J. K. Kane, Esq., Secretary of the American Philosophical Society, acknowledging receipt of the first part of vols. 19 and 20 of the Asiatic Researches, and vols. 5 and 6 of the Journal of the Asiatic Society.
. Library.
Read a letter from J. Vaucuan, Esq., Librarian of the American Philosophical Society, forwarding the following works for presentation to the Society—
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol 6, Part 1, New Series.
Transactions of the Literary and Historical Committee of the Society.
Read a letter from M. Cassin, Book Agent of the Society in Paris, enclosing account of sales of oriental publications sold by himin France, and forwarding from the proceeds thereof several recent publications for the use of the Society. He had likewise sent several books for sale in this country.
Resolved,—That the books for sale be advertized on the cover of the Journal, Asiatic Society, with their prices. *
A brochure by the Royal Society of Camwell, presented by Capt. . fs JENKINS through Dr. Watuicu.
Meteorological Registers kept at the Mauritius, during the last six mit of 1836, and first six months of 1837, were presented by M. JuLien DESJARDINS, Secretary of the Natural History Society of the Mauritius.
Read a letter from MapuusHupaNna Gupra, forwarding specimens of the plates for the “ Sarira Vidya’ engraved by Native artists.
The Officiating Secretary with reference to the very high cost and inferior execution of the plates submitted, proposed a reference by the overland mail to Professors Quain and Paxton, by whose friendly co-operation he had no doubt casts of their anatomical wood-cuts could be procured at half the price, and in half the time the Native artist would require.
The proposition” was seconded by Baboo Ramcomun Sen, and unanimously agreed to.
“
1839. ] Asiatic Society. 73
Antiquities.
Read a letter from J. P. Grant, Esq., Officiating Secretary to the Government of India, intimating that measures have been taken by the local authorities to prevent any further dismantling of the Kanarak temple, or Black Pagoda.
Museum.
Read a letter from Major Hay, with reference to a Museum of Natural History collected by him from the Cape and the Eastern Archipelago,
Resolved,—That the Officiating Secretary be requested to inform Major Hay, that the present state of their funds entirely precludes their purchase of his collection, but that the Society will be happy to allow the use of their rooms for the reception of the specimens, and to employ their establishment for their care and preservation. It was further decided that the Society make a repre }O8 Government on the subject.
The pee eine Secretary ‘hen laid before the Meeting the Annual Report of the past year’s transactions.
[This Report will appear in a subsequent number. |
Baboo Ramcomut SEN submitted the Account Current of the Society for the past year, in which a balance of rupees 7,759: 1: 2 stands in favour of the Society on the 3lst December, 1838.
{The Account Current will be found at the end. ]
Proposed by Baboo Ramcomut SEN, seconded by Mr. Harz, and unanimously agreed, that a sum ofrupees 4,500 be invested in Company’s five per cent. Govern- ment Securities.
The Officiating Secretary informed the Meeting, that with reference to a communi- eation made by him to Messrs. SHERRIFF and Co. regarding the repairs of the Society’s house, that these architects report that the roof of the house is in a very ruinous state, and unless immediate steps are taken, serious danger is apprehended. .
Mr. H. T. Prinsep remarked that Mr. JamEs Prinsep thought that additional rooms might be built for the Museum.
Resolved,—That Col. MacLeop be requested to furnish a plan to that effect, and an estimate of the probable expense, in order that the Society may determine on the subject at their next Meeting.
After the conclusion of the routine business, Mr. H. T. Prinsep called the at- tention of the Members present to M. Masson’s large collection of coins and relics then exhibited on the table.
This collection Mr. PrinsEp stated had been made from the funds advanced to M. Masson by the Government; the proceeds having been forwarded through Col. Porrincer to Bombay for transmission to the Honble. Company’s Museum in England, were ordered by the Right Honble. the Governor General to be first sent to Caleutta for examination and arrangement by the gentlemen connected with this Society.
The articles having consequently been sent round in the “ John Adam’’ from Bombay, were laid upon the table of the Society in order that if any gentlemen were dis-
posed to undertake their examination and arrangement, the Society might form them * into a Committee for the purpose.
The collection consisted of some hundred gold and silver coins and several thousand copper coins.
Some discussion arose as to the steps to be taken by the Society with this collection. By an unfortunate coincidence, all the leading numismatologists of the Society being absent from Calcutta, either through illness (as Mr. James Prinsep and Professor
* Matan,) oron Military duty (as Col. Sracy, Capt. Cunnineuam, and Mr. TREGEAR)
it was suggested that the Government be requested to forward the collection to England, where the Court of Directors might refer the examination to Mr. J. Prinsep, who will no doubt be happy te meet the wishes of the Court.
- L
*
Asiatic Society.
peas id Asiatic Society,
[ JAN. 3
Establishment and Charges.
To paid Secretary’s Office Establishment, from December 1837 to 30th November, 1838.....-..ee0e Bie ean AE oe »» Dittoefor Contingent charges......seeeseee .
Oriental Library. s ,, Paid Establishment for the Custody of Oriental Books deposited by Government, from ditto to ditto, at 78 Rs.
Labrary and Charges.
»,» Paid Establishment, from ditto to ditto.... 1,627 15 0
», Contingent Charges........ 2 ine usliaia Renkaties'» epee ee bo
s7 ce OF DiNd UMP EPOOKS « 4.5 sai» on of, oe et ars ae 285 12 O Museum.
», Paid Establishment, from ditto to ditto .. 2,619°11 6
35 COMMOPENDOUATSES ys os rec aade samidinstee ity Toda AiO
9° Miieina Oepinitets. 0%... osc. 5 5 eons @ oe6se 246 O QC
Printing. ,, Paid Mr. Huttman for printing 20th vol. Ist. part of the Researches. 2... acce cccccecs conppvnincs ve asioviee's ve 4 mossinauth for plates.. » 6 «:jeie0:9:4 qelMlme «06 406 » MSC aa »» der. Eluttman for Paper for dittor sc. ..s0c0 o>. ose bode « >» Munnoololl for Oriental Catalogues... 2... cess eevee , Building.
,», Paid for making a Cook Room for the Librarian in the Becretary’s CCl’ x6 anle's «.caleleeiene ve vie
Journal Asiatic Society.
», Paid J. Prinsep, Esq. for the Journal Asiatic Society being supplied to the Members of the Society in 1837.
,, Remitted to England for the bust of Mr. Wilson.......|.
Establishment and Charges for the Statistical Committee.
,, Paid Establishment for the Statistical Committee... .... Balance in the Bank of Bengal... wre ce eeees weeenees
Co’s,
TUPeesienitieas els
O Ll 0
936 0 0
»
2,238 13 5
| 3,571 3° 0
925 0 0 244 0 0 120 0 O 250 0 0
@eeeees
7,621 1 4
1,539 0 0
199d
eb Ska
ite) oc © Go f= Ke
383 3 0 77a 2
eeee 20,688 9 é
1839.) Asiatic Society. ny 45
*
for the year 1838. — Cr.
- By Balance of account closed up to 3lst Dec. 1837... .. soesreseoves| 2020 3 10 Members. |
,, Collections made for quarterly Contributions and ad-| mission fee from January to December, 1838.... ....) 7,848 15 6 © Subscriptions for Busts. si :
_ »» Subscriptions made for the Busts of Sir William J ones, |
H, T. Colebrooke, and H, H. Wilson.... .seee. seee] 1,778 O OO] ® \———___—_—| 9,626 15 6 Government Allowance. | E ,, Cash received from the Sub-Treasurer, allowance for the} Custody of Oriental Books tr ansferred from the College} of Fort William, from Ist Dec. 1837 to 30th Nov. 1838,| Be Ge. coon ease Abe See Leta Moa. «atatos od ae. rO », Ditto ditto for the Museum of the Society "from. ditto. to| rie EAU eB wintehaca ie « pisvs.wnne .| 2,400 0 O 5, Ditto ditto towards the Publication. of Oriental “Works, | and Works on Instruction in the Eastern languages, for] et gpd Moy. 15s0 af 900 Hs. cs cacao ss ene mmaad oU:,.O- 0 | ———_——_| 4,336 0 0 », J. Prinsep, Esq. balance of the Fund appropriated for| the publication of Oriental Books.....ccscc asseaces| 3000.1 (4 », Sub-Treasurer, interest on the Government Securities de-| posited with the Govt. Agent up to 30th June, 1838.,.] 803 5 2 i eel 4,402 6 3 o's, RAPER gees ccdele seen eben sys 120,008 19> 7
RAMCOMUL SEN,
f Officiating Secretary Asiatic Society. Caucurta, of é . é
31st December, 1838.
—_—|—- | ———- | ————— | | | |
n
=) os
a
HII NO
at | a
"May UND “ITO
Nn
i=)
=
Calis)
n
=
alls
Ss NAN SY Taos Se ——
ite)
MADOC OD Pre DO
Pa]
a oN on
“Apyo*yeays*.A19
Dien a
ASMOAA us SS cos
“yes “wana
“Aep [re “Appa
‘MAJ UIN ‘19
-18°€8 | £88°
X.— Meteorological Register.
“op “Azey 10 ‘auy
‘op "Iea]o "2 *JO1@A0 “Apyo *yeIYS “110
-azey “op
“Apo
ges’ fe iquiiy
Cee. “Op
P06 “op
Of6‘ _Ieayo
Sb6{ “umm “410 jazey “UINd "ALD
€16. oP
crs “op
T IZ FT |9‘EF 1608 | Z82 62 |OT8 6% "1eayo
5 SS ee
“LayautorsA FT
ney]
D go) i is) wn n me 2} =)
‘yurodmaq Ag
> of gS ES or 50 La cr
oo = i
a0) 2 =e oe < ‘
“aINssal gd ot1eydsouyy
*AapaWIOAA FY
‘W ‘dp UooUlaITy
"6E8T ‘huonune fo yruoyy ayp sof vag hossy ayy yo yday ‘sagsibagy yoorbojo.soajayy
PIO.
“AAG Jo qyoodsy
“T9JOULOIV,
purig
n
™~
s
LD <t CO
n
OD co N
st lorye 2) =)
io
n “ “n
ashy 1 0O Ne) i
a *~
aE ~ ie.) ies) to
nn
~ © n
uD) Od O> G3 CO
n
lord
+ inane li
N GO
Gy n n
n n nN
OND SNS
<6 60 OD) uD 1D SO
POS
“ “ n
OnAONs DONON Lin iNe)
orm
0019
st o> CO 00
Omer
OrMOooo ND Seale ilalyy laste) ics © 19 1010
nN
) S> o> GO
“FS 22 “WIND *.10
Nn oN
LD 1 6YD LO 109) SO
*iaMoys ‘op
n
O10 N Wes
n
“YS*TUN9"JOLAO
Ate SS55
_
Dor
> 00
Vos
n n
100)
— Oigao Mote
ns
ZF up
NS
NN
isieiisi ane oot — a
DW ite)
allel iss) = ON op ito weit)
n oN
O31 BO
ns Oidgstrm WOON
OOD Aarne
soos st
—_— ee fl —— | — — | ———— | — — | |
PIO
"39.10 |
“u0Ty -d011Q
B @ Coal i) Lar}
2 S 5 it on _ oO an — << ro) '
& “ ro E. a0) a
“uoTssoida q
ee al¥ o | = ae =|2
"LoJaWLOIe |
= ae, ra =e B oth 28 36 op cect ae
puis
"UyUOT am} jo Aeqg | m= NOD Him Or Om
“TYCO AA. “Aayowors A FY ‘ainjeroduta J,
staoydsouny
‘W "V QT “uooua.0,7
“
JOURNAL
OF
THE ASIATIC SOCIETY.
No. 86.—FEBRUARY, 1839.
Art. 1.— Report on the Settlement of the ceded portion of the Dis- trict of Azimgurh, commonly called Chuklah Azimgurh, by J. Tuomason, Esq. Collector of Azimgurh, dated Agra, De- cember 16th, 18377.
Ist. The completion of the settlement of Chuklah Azimgurh, affords the opportunity for offering some remarks on its state. The settlement operations have extended from the year 1833 to 1837, and been conducted either by myself, or others acting under my superin- tendence. I am hence desirous to place on record the principles which have guided me, and to note some circumstances, a correct understanding of which is essential to the future prosperity of the district. My remarks are intended to be strictly practical, and to convey impressions and opinions having reference to the locality.
2nd. A brief statistical account of the Chuklah will form a fitting introduction to the subject.
ord. It lies between the 25th and 27th degrees of north latitude, and the 82nd and 84th degrees of east longitude. It is bounded on the west by the Oude territories, on the north by the river Goggra and district of Goruckpore, and on the-south and east by the river of Benares. The country is generally low, with water near the surface, and abounding in large jheels, or lakes. It is traversed from west to east by several rivers or streams, all of which take their rise from lakes situated either in the district itself or in Oude, at a short dis- tance to the west between the Gogera and the Goomtee, and fall into
_the Ganges; of these the Surjoo and the Tonse are navigable during
the rains, whilst the Phurchee, the Koonwur, the Bainsehee, the Munglaai, the Beysoo, and the Gunghee, are never navigable, but are highly valued for the irrigation which they extensively supply.
M
78 Report on the District of Azimgurh. [Fss.
4th. The soil is generally fertile, and peculiarly adapted for the cultivation of the Sugar-cane. There are however Salt or Oosur plains, which no culture can ever render productive.
5th. The size and general character of the several sub-divisions of the district will best appear from the following tables. They show the arrangements which have been made for the fiscal and civil adminis- tration and for the police of the district, and the charge which the . establishments constitute on the resources of the district.
I.
Table showing the size and resources of the several Pergunnah Divisions of the Chuklah.
Name Name Se Nae eee 5 mPa sg
of of S |seclesylase| 42 [eee |
Pergunnah. Tuppah SH te) lg See eer ee 2se rs
om Chey a) ~~
S$ |RCAScHiess| ss | Bee St
Zz |< a < = 0) dala De Aitenee, ¢ & 4 ..| 361| 43,867] 22,642] 7,989] 74,498] 81,587] 46,271 fermen, (os RUBS PH) ae) Saul ae ae
Go al oor, ee ee ee 2 > > F) > ’ Suggiee,.. |Akberpoor, ..| 71} 7,120] 17353] 6,620| 15,093) 14’918| 10,599 Buchour, .-| 40] 38,203) 720) 1,681 5,604 5,656) 3,494 Baroohhur, ..| 37| 3,117] | 808] 3,126] 7,051] 888i] 4,710
Birman, ..._..| _35| 3,975] 1,055} 3,330) 8,360] 7,498] 4,461 Bindrowl, .. —..| 120} 11,327] 1,986) 13,136] 26,449} 24,447! 18,886 Bilaree, .. ..| 72] 6,086) 1,45]| 5,651] 13,688] 14,245] 9,806 Chinchool, | 92]10,536] 5,316) 9,494! 25,345) 16,794| 12,059
Havelee ae 93| 4,684] 1,180| 3,866 9,730 8,630) 9,595
mabad, ee 2 5) Khas, .e «| 64} 8,202) 7,689} 8,152] 24,043} 14,558) 10,908 Koorkoonar, 52] 6,118} 1,556} 3,876} 11,550} 12,019) 3,983
—— | —— | ff fF
Total of P even 676| 64,867 | 23,114] 58,932| 1,46,913] 1,27,646| 84,501
Sugegree, .. Ghosee, ... Jonas AD Seder 60 9,760] 4,152} 3,971] 17,883 ~ 90,507 7,319 Havelee, ...... 159| 14,800} 8,039] 15,727| 38,566 28,271) 11,416
Simree, .... ..| 28] 38,750] 2,401) 5,532] 11,683] 7,951) 2,473 Koorhunee, ....| 65) 8,783] 3,717) 7,121] 19,621] 17,560! 9,958
Gontha, .. ..| 63] 8,118] 3,109] 6,214) 17,441} 19,790] 11,506 Chow © °*8™2 | 375] 45,211] 21,418] 38,565! 1,05,194] 94,079) 42,672
——
te ff
Mithoopoor,|.>. .. ..| 327] 38,647| 10,276|26,784| 75,707 | 58,887-6| 38,724
Uturahee Roo- shungunge, oe.
pooeenee ef | ee | cece eee | ee
Mahol, .... : 89] 22,006] 7,101|17,429| 46,636] 46,926| 29,481
1839.]
Report on the District of Azimgurh.
19
Table showing the size and resources of the several Pergunnah Divisions of the Chuklah.—( Continued.)
Population.
14,107 30,863 22,215
96,666
18,407 19, 106
1,83,617
2,706 2,004
aes Se
27,412
6,472 8,421
14,893
1,369 22,800
a, ee 182 (feo) & em BA oe ee oe | ae [ee Name Name le eae | (ues aye eB 2 aaa ee |S | ae lees] Boe | Me | ese ergunnah. ‘uppah. oe Se i> O84 s Mat 3 F et 2 ee [seg| 258 22° (S83 Zila 4 < a ns Powai, .. ..{ 118| 14,923/11,547| 5,6621 32,1321 29,810 Deedargunge, | 162] 23,759} 15,798 9,140} 48,697) 52,412-4 Mahol,” ;...| 165] 18,783 15,534] 5,263| 39,580} 38,553 Total of Per- fave [a ae ce hee ellie Sande oll nyaal ae 534! 79,571] 49,980] 37,494) 1,67,045] 1,67,711 Nizamabad, |Utharsee, ..| 75] 8,557| 1,968] 3,165! 13,690| 17,907 Belah, *i1 112) 153576] 5,312} 15,461] 36,349] 417941 ee 2) 182} 14,205] 5,385] 12,619} 32,209] 31,487 Dobartah, ':.| 122} 12,106] 4,120] 7,596} 22,829] 27,995 Dowlutabad, ..}| 114] 19,838} 4,427] 20,278) 44,543] 47,982 Dealpoor, ..| 56 7,793| 1,708} 11,203} 20,704) 20,3835 Kotah, ‘| 136] 13,347| 6.8731 9,811] 30,031] 30,658 Goozarah, 83 8,070} 2,947; 7,494| 18,511] 18,563 Nundaow, ..! 130} 14,172} 4,330] 17,241] 35,743] 41,654 Hurbunspoor, | 140] 12,446} 4,680] 8959] 26,065] 28,889 Total of Per- EN Pe, es gunh. Niza-6 {1150} 1,26,110| 41,750] 1,13,807| 2,81,667] 3,07,4)1 mabad, Kurriat 2 | amdhyee, 98] 2,876] 1,691] 2,572] 7,139] 6,844 Mittoo, Taree, 38} 3596] 965] 3100! 7,661| 7,452 Total of Per- aire nae gunh. Kurri-6} 66{° 6,472] 2,656] 5,672] 14,800) 14,296 at Mittoo, .. Cheriakote, |Havelee, “122| 8,185] 3,241| 3,354! 14,780! 16,320 Khanpoor, 78 6,013; 2,355} 4,102] 12,470) 11,643 Dhurwara, 52| 7,186| 3,099} 4,269} 14,554) 12,152 Suleemabad,..| 38 2,575| 1,444; 1,251 5,270 4,969 Total of a? oe ee gunh. Cheri-6| 290] 23,959110,139} 12,976] 47,074| 45,084 akote, rs Belhabans, |Ooturuha, ..| 89/ 12,764) 5,312| 6,478] 24,554] 25,548 Duhkunha, ..} 74} 7,218] 3,223] 31834] 14,275] 14,389 TBelisabane, | 163] 19,982] 8,535} 10,312] 38,829] 39,937 Mahomeda- ali sce | a Sareea are pees eg She ..| 30] 1,566} 903] 1,355] 3,824] 3,757 : ehrozpoor, ..| 121) 14,304) 8,125} 12,187) 34,616] 32,543 Purduha, ..| 61| 9,842] 5,987 8,981} 24'810| 21,079-8
9,755
[ Fre.
ect of Azimgurh.
tr
. . >
Report on the Di
80
8 eae [e}OT—" YIN} oy} 0} uotyeutrxordde we ynq jsoq ye LaAeMOY SI 4]
Q “WINDIID JUaLayIp Lapun pue ‘suosied yusraytp Aq epeul soyeuit}so TeIeAas Jo asereAe ay} Woy ATS st uoTyefndod ayy, a SOAT] BY} SUIINP daIJ-JUIL play ore YIM sainus, voyeeyy 2
3
S
AG GGS'6L'L | 0 GI ZP9'OO'ET | GLG‘ZG'ET | 6OE‘OSP | 9E0'8L% | TE2‘6z'9 . —~ |} €20‘98 OT 8 689°8I'T | SZ8FZT | TTZ‘0S L06°9T OTZ‘°LZS
a ee ee a ee ee eee ee :
© Sil upp |o o gs | zo | goss | re8 018%
o 8s ¢ R ‘ G ¢ ‘
s.8 8P6 GG 0 0 100 ¥ TSG SG 9PL 6 6FG & 96C ZI
% 81) SIZZI Ol bv EC SI OVS ST bL6 66 T 08c*L
» 8 || 688 0 0 ‘189 2 889 6 SOP D 69P T vI8se SO)! 2€2°2 O50 66S GL 06¢ €T 968 G C96 T 662
ae \—|| 989° Dr 205; OSE8 TGs 996 @ 9GL 68P°
S) | Esp 0 8 LOGL 1 2 982 @ 626 965 € Pee POT'9L 0 O 6GP SG EGE 66 €88 [1 696 © 8LP eI
3 S|} 2266 0 ZI OST CI 102 GI GGG G ToL T 86LS SS ||— —— |---| —— se
$ = G69 FT G9 LL LE poe FI ogs‘s 888°E 988F
> 5 are § Sugar irae | erp, 5 aes) ak pains ae inte ips ee a . CeZTOT |0 € oOGZ‘eLT | 90P°L6T | 80869 LEG OP 190 18 es dtl a ae Pal oy EL ee pi ae | ae a eee ee |e a a ee ea = S b8c‘s8 0 <0 828°C1 COTZI T2g'e LrE C6%'9
rs L86‘LT O OT IvZ6I 896 €% rIE 8 GPS G COL 6
4 829 ‘ZT 0 0 980,06 GOL 06 TeV 9 886 F £866 S'S] OFFS Or O- Pel Ie OLE Ve T€Z8 028 °S 6186
» S|} 9189 0 0 O186l O6P ST LOGS $89 € 846'9 ere CZL‘6 0 0 + SCTE GPL 1G BOL L 841 961 8
SS 6Z1'C 0 O 996 IT 1&2. 91 £66 9 699 PV 940 S 8 ~ | oe fi le eee eebe| mes Ss ° ome fo) aR 2 i oy = = Be ns ee: | See | eet -Bie g % a BEB. g eh gene ee (ee nol 3S | S mn 3 > soe ca ar 3 = @ © oF i <8 a4 oH i 7 ae © , @ & Ln
|
‘aytur arenbs ay} 0} s}ueziqeyut c-s9¢ pue ‘sezprut arenbs {z7‘z,
“S}IWIpPe ased oy} JO ainyeu oy} se YONU se pajoaii0d uaeq sey pue ‘sodue}s
1r¢‘e ee ae ee ee 91S